A- C S L THUYT :

Trc khi a ra h thng bi tp cho hc tr luyn tp th gio vin cn phi yu cu hc tr

nh li mt s khi nim v ni dung l thuyt c bn ca phn Nhit ho hc nh sau:
1) KH L TNG:
* Kh l tng l cht kh m khong cch gia cc phn t kh xa nhau, c th b qua tng tc
gia chng.
* Vi kh l tng th c th p dng :
- Phng trnh trng thi:
P.V = nRT
(R = 8,314 J/mol.K = 0,082 l.atm/mol.K)

- Trong b
nh c hn h p khth
: P = Pi =
cn P = N .P = ni .P
i
i
ni

ni .RT
V

2) H V MI TRNG:
- H m: h trao i cht v nng lng vi mi trng.
- H kn: H ch trao i nng lng vi mi trng.
- H on nhit: H khng trao i nhit vi mi trng.
* Quy c:
H nhn nng lng ca mi trng
nng lng mang du +
H nhng nng lng cho mi trng nng lng mang du 3) BIN I THUN NGHCH:
Nu h chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc mt cch v cng
chm qua lin tip cc trng thi cn bng th s bin i ny c gi l thun nghch. y l s
bin i l tng khng c trong thc t.
4) S BIN I BT THUN NGHCH: l s bin i c tin hnh vi vn tc ng k.
Nhng phn ng trong thc t u l bin i bt thun nghch.
5) HM TRNG THI: l hm m gi tr ca n ch ph thuc vo cc thng s trng thi ca h,
khng ph thuc vo nhng s bin i trc .
V d: P.V = hm trng thi
P1.V1 = n.RT1 ; P2.V2 = n.R.T2
6) CNG (W) V NHIT (Q)
- L 2 hnh thc trao i nng lng.
- W, Q khng phi l hm trng thi v gi tr ca chng ph thuc vo cch bin i.
V d: Cng ca s gin n kh l tng t th tch V 1 n V2 to = const trong 1 xilanh kn nh 1
pittng c tnh bng cng thc:
2

W=-

.dV

(Pn : p sut bn ngoi)

* Nu s bin i l BTN th Pn = Pkq = const

2

WBTN = - Pkq .

dV = - Pkq . V = - Pkq .(V2 - V1)

* Nu s bin i l thun nghch: Gim P n nhng lng v cng b th tch kh tng nhng
lng v cng b. Khi Pn mi lc thc t = P bn trong xi lanh = Pk
Pn = Pk = n.RT/V
2
2
V2
dV
WTN = - Pn .dV = - nRT .
= - nRT .ln V
WBTN WTN
V
1
1
1
* Cc qu trnh thun nghch sinh cng ln nht khi h bin i t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2.
Lng cng ny ng bng lng cng cn thit a h v trng thi ban u mt cch thun
nghch.
7) NI NNG U:
- U ca mt cht hay mt h gm ng nng ca cc phn t v th nng tng tc gia cc phn t
trong h .
- U l i lng dung v l hm trng thi

- U ca n mol kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit .

8) NGUYN L I CA NHIT NG HC: (S BIN I NI NNG CA H).
U = U2 - U1 = W + Q
- i vi s bin i v cng nh: dU = W + Q
(: Ch nhng hm khng phi l hm trng thi)
- Thng gp cng c thc hin ch do s bin i th tch nn: W = -P.dV
dU = Q -

dU = Q = P .dV

P.dV

U = Q -

P.dV
1

* Nhit ng tch: Nu h bin i V = const dV = 0

U = QV QV l 1 hm trng thi.
* Nhit ng p: Nu h bin i P = const th:
2

P.dV

=P.

dV = P. V2 - P. V1

U = U2 - U1 = QP - P. V2 + P .V1
QP = (U2 + P.V2) - (U1 + P .V1)
t U + P.V = H = entanpi = hm trng thi
QP = H2 - H1 = H = s bin thin entanpi ca h.
* Nhit phn ng:
Xt 1 h kn trong c phn ng: aA + bB cC + dD
Nhit phn ng ca phn ng ny l nhit lng trao i vi mi trng khi a mol A phn ng vi b
mol B to ra c mol C v d mol D T = const.
- Nu phn ng c thc hin P = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng ng p
QP = H
- Nu phn ng c thc hin V = const th nhit phn ng c gi l nhit phn ng ng tch
QV=U
* Quan h gia QP v QV
QP = H = (U + PV)P = U + P. V
H = U + P . V = U + n .RT
QP = QV + n .RT
( n = n kh sp - n kh p )
Khi n = 0 QP = QV hay H = U

U = QV = n .CV . T
H = QP = n .CP . T
* Nhit dung mol ng p (CP) l nhit lng cn cung cp lm 1 mol cht nng thm 1 o trong
iu kin ng p (m trong qu trnh khng c s bin i trng thi).
T2

T2

T1

T1

* Tng t vi CV: H = C P .dT ; U =

CP, CV l hm ca nhit .

.dT

H
U
; CV =
T
T
H
U
P.V
M U = H - P. V CP =
=
+
= CV + R
T
T
T
Q, W: Khng phi l hm trng thi
QV = U; QP = H QV, QP l hm trng thi ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi
cui ca h m khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin i l thun nghch hay khng thun
nghch.
9) NH LUT HESS: H (U) ca 1 qu trnh ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui
ca h m khng ph thuc vo ng i.
Hp = Hs (sn phm) - Hs (cht u) = Hc (cht u) - Hc (sn phm)
10) NH LUT KIRCHHOFF:

Vi 1 mol kh l tng: CP =

n1 A + n2 B

H2
n3C + n4 D
T2
Hb

Ha

H1
n3C + n4 D
T1
Theo nh lut Hess: H2 = Ha + H1 + Hb
M:
n1 A + n2 B

T2

T2

Ha = (n1 .C PA +n2 .C Pb ).dT = -

(n .C
1

T1

T2

Hb =

(n .C
3

PC

PA

+n2 .C PB ).dT

T1

+n4 .C PD ).dT

T1

T2

T2

T1

T1

H2 = H1 + [(n3 .C PC +n4 .C PD ) (n1C PA + n2C PB )].dT = H1 +

.dT

- H1 thng c xc nh iu kin chun:

H T = H 298 +
o

o
P

.dT

298

Vi CoP = CoP(sp) - CoP(tham gia)

C P l nhit dung mol ng p iu kin chun (1atm).
- Trong khong hp ca nhit c th coi CoP = const
Th: H2 = H1 + CP.(T2 -T1)
HoT = Ho298 + CoP (T - 298)
11) ENTROPI (S)
- Trong s bin i thun nghch v cng nh T = const h trao i vi mi trng mt lng
QTN
nhit QTN th s bin thin entropi trong qu trnh ny l: dS =
T
S l hm trng thi (J/mol.K)
QTN
- Nu s bin i l bt thun nghch th dS >
T
- V l hm trng thi nn khi chuyn t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2 bng bin thin thun nghch
2
Q
hay bt thun nghch th S2 - S1 = S = TN
T
1
(STN = SBTN)
12) NGUYN L II CA NHIT NG HC:
Q
dS
T
- Trong h c lp Q = 0. nn:
+ dS = 0: trong h c lp entropi ca h khng i nu xy ra qu trnh thun nghch.
+ dS > 0 : trong h c lp, qu trnh t xy ra (BTN) theo chiu tng entropi ca h v tng cho ti
khi t gi tr max th h s t trng thi cn bng.
* Entropi l thc o hn n ca h: hn n ca 1 h hay 1 cht cng ln khi h hay cht
gm nhng ht v s dao ng ca cc ht cng mnh (khi lin kt gia cc ht cng yu).
o

VD: S

H2O(r)

< S H O (l) < S

2

S H (k) < S O (k)< SO

2

H2O (h)

(k)

S l 1 i lng dung .
13) S BIN THIN S TRONG QU TRNH BIN I TRNG THI CA CHT:

Khi cht nguyn cht nng chy hoc si P = const th:

2
Q H
T = const S =
=
T
T
1
H = nhit bin thin trng thi = Ln/c hoc Lh
14) S TRONG QU TRNH GIN N NG NHIT KH L TNG:
Xt n mol kh l tng gin n th tch t V 1 V2 to = const. V ni nng ca kh l tng ch ph
thuc nhit nn trong s bin i ny:
U = QTN + WTN = QBTN + WBTN = 0
2
V2
nRT
.dV ).
QTN = - WTN = nRT. ln
( = -(- P. V) =
V1
V
1
V
P
QTN
= nRln 2 = n.R.ln 1
V1
P2
T
15) S BIN THIN ENTROPI CA CHT NGUYN CHT THEO NHIT .
- Qu trnh P = const: un nng 1 cht nguyn cht t T1 T2, khng c s chuyn pha:
T2
QTN
S =
Vi Q = QP = dH = n.CP.dT
T
T1
T = const S =

T2

S =

n.C

T1

dT
T

* Trong khong nhit hp, coi CP = const S = n.CP.ln

- Qu trnh: V = const S = n .CV.ln

T2
T1

T2
T1

16) ENTROPI TUYT I

* Nguyn l III ca nhit ng hc:
- Entropi ca cht nguyn cht di dng tinh th hon chnh 0(K) bng 0: S(T = 0) = 0
* Xut pht t tin trn ta c th tnh c entropi tuyt i ca cc cht cc nhit khc
nhau.
VD: Tnh S ca 1 cht nhit T no , ta hnh dung cht c un nng t 0(K) T(K) xt
P=const. Nu trong qu trnh un nng c s chuyn pha th:
S = ST - S(T = 0) = ST =
Tnc

S
i =1

Lnc S
LS T
dT
dT
dT
n
.
C
.
+
n
.
+
n
.
C
.
+
n
.
+ n.C P ( h ) .
ST =
P(r )
P (l )

T
Tnc Tnc
T
TS TS
T
01
Gi tr entropi c xc nh P = 1 atm = const v nhit T no c
gi l gi tr entropi chun, k hiu l S0T, thng T = 298K S0298
17) S BIN THIN ENTROPI TRONG PHN NG HO HC:
+ Khi phn ng thc hin P = const, T = const th:
S = S(sp) - S(t/g)
0
0
0
+ Nu iu kin chun v 25 C th:
S 298= S 298(sp) - S0298(t/g)
+ V S ca cht kh >> cht rn, lng nn nu s mol kh sn phm (sp) > s mol
kh tham gia th S > 0 v ngc li. Cn trong trng hp s mol kh 2 v
bng nhau hoc phn ng khng c cht kh th S c gi tr nh.
18) TH NHIT NG
Sc lp = S h + S mt 0
a)Th ng p G:
Xt h xy ra s bin i P, T u khng i trong qu trnh ny mi trng nhn ca h mt
nhit lng Hmt do h to ra Hmt = - H h = - H

H
T
+ iu kin t din bin ca h:
H
S c lp = S h > 0 H T. S < 0
T
+ H trng thi cn bng khi H T. S = 0
+ t G = H TS nhit , P khng i th qu trnh xy ra theo chiu c
G = H T. S < 0
V t ti trng thi cn bng khi G = 0.
b) Th ng tch: (Nng lng Helmholtz)
Nu h bin i iu kin T, V khng i nhit ng tch m mi trng nhn ca cc h l
U mt
Umt
Smt = T
iu kin t din bin ca h trong qu trnh ng nhit, ng tch l
F = U T. S < 0
V t trng thi cn bng khi F = 0
Trong : F = U TS
V H = U + PV G = H TS = U TS + PV
G = F + PV
+ i vi qu trnh T,P = const G = Wmax
+ i vi qu trnh T, V = const S = Wmax
TM LI :
* Qu trnh ng p: P = const
- Cng: WP = - P.dV = -n.R.dT WP = - P. V = - nRT

S mt = -

T2

QP = H = n. C P .dT

- Nhit: QP = dH = n. C P .dT

T1

- Ni nng: dU = Q + W
- Entropi:

QTN
dS
T

U = H P. V = H n.R. T
T2
2
dT
QTN
S
STN = n.C P .
=
T
T
T1
1

Nu C P = const STN = n. C P .ln

* Qu trnh ng tch:
- Cng: WV = - P.dV = 0

T2

n.C

.d ln T

T1

T2
T1

WV = 0
T2

- Nhit: QV = dUV = n. CV .dT

QV = UV =

.n.dT

T1

Nu CV = const QV = n. CV .T
- Ni nng:
UV = QV + W
T2
T2
dT
QV
= n.CV .d ln T
- Entropi:
S
= n.CV .
T
T
T1
T1
- Entanpi: H = U + PV

S n. CV .ln

dH = dU + P.dV + V.dP = dU + V.dP

H = U + V . P

* Qu trnh ng nhit:
nRT
.dV
V
V2
V
V
P
dV
= nRT ln 2 = nRT ln 1 = nRT ln 2
WT = - n.RT .
V
V1
V2
P1
V1

- Cng: WT = - PdV = -

T2
( CV = const)
T1
(dV = 0)

- Nhit: UT = QT + WT = 0

QT = - WT = nRT ln

V2
V1

- Ni nng: UT = 0
- Entanpi: HT = UT + (PV)T = UT + nR. T = 0
QTN Lnc
Lh
=
- Entropi: S TN =
hoc =
T
Tnc
TS
* Vi qu trnh dn n kh l tng thun nghch
V2
QTN U W T2
dT
nRT
=
= n.CV .
+
dV
S =
T
T
T
V
T1
V1

T2
V2
+ nRT ln
T1
V1
V2
P1
V T = const
S = nRT ln
= nRT.ln
V1
P2
* Qu trnh on nhit:
- Nhit: Q = 0
Nu CV = const

S = n. CV ln

T2

- Ni nng v cng:

dU = Q + W = W = -PdV =

n.C

T1

dT
T

+Qu trnh bt thun nghch:

dUBTN = WBTN = -Png .dV = -P2.dV
UBTN = WBTN = -Png.(V2 V1) = n.CV. T
* PT Poisson: (Dng cho qu trnh thun nghch)
T . V 1 = const
P.V = const
C
= P
CV

nRT2 nRT1

) = nCV (T2 T1 ) T2 U = W = .... V2

P2
P1
* Qu trnh thun nghch: W = U = n.CV(T2- T1)
V1
T1. V 1 1 = T2 . V 2 1 T2 = T1.( )-1
V2
- Entanpi: H = n .CP(T2 T1)
Q
- Entropi: STN = TN = 0
T
* G = H TS = U + PV TS
G
G

= - S ;
= - V
T P
P T
Vi phn ng oxi ho kh c th din ra trong pin in:
G = - nEF
dG
dE
dE
= - nF.
= - S
S = nF.
dT
dT
dT
dE
H = G + T. S = nF( T.
- E)
dT
19) NGHA VT L CA G:
G = H TS = U + PV TS
dG = dU + P.dV + V.dP T.dS SdT = (W + Q) + PdV + VdP T.dS SdT
V W = W + (-PdV)
* WBTN = -P2(V2 V1) = - P2.(

Q T.dS
dG W + VdP SdT
Du = ng vi qu trnh thun nghch v cng ln nht.
dG = Wmax + VdP SdT
* i vi qu trnh ng nhit, ng p dP = dT = 0
dGT,P = W max G = W max
* i vi qu trnh BTN: W gim; Q tng khi hon ton BTN W = 0
20) MT S TNH CHT CA HM G:
dG = V.dP SdT ( coi W = 0)
a) S ph thuc ca G vo T:
G
G
=-S
= - S
- Khi P = const
T P
T P
G

G = H T. S = H + T.
T P
G
T .
G
G
- G = -H
T.

T P
H

= 2
T P
2
T
T
GT 2
T2

2
G
H
= 2 .dT
d.
T
GT 1
T1 T

GT2
T2

GT1
T1

H
T P
= 2
T
T

T2

G
.dT
2
T1 T

T1
o
GT G298
1
1
=
H o

T
298
T 298

Nu coi H khng ph thuc vo nhit th:

o

b) S ph thuc vo P:
G
=V
Khi T = const
P T

P2

P2

P1

P1

dG = V .dP GT ( P2 ) GT ( P1 ) = V .dP

- Vi cht rn, lng coi V = const khi P bin thin (tr min p sut ln) th:
GT ( P2 ) = GT ( P1 ) +V ( P2 P 1 )

P
nRT
GT ( P2 ) = GT ( P1 ) +nRT . ln 2
P1
P
o
o
Nu p sut bnh thng: P1 = P = 1bar (1 atm)
GT(P) = G T + nRT.lnP
(P tnh bng bar (atm)).
21) TNH G CA MT S QU TRNH:
a) Gin nn ng nhit kh l tng
P2
V1
G = nRT.ln
= nRT.ln
P1
V2
b) Trn ln ng nhit, ng p 2 kh l tng:
G = nA.RTlnxA + nB.RTlnxB
c) Qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch (ti nhit chuyn pha): Gcf = 0
d) Qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch T Tcf
Nguyn tc: p dng chu trnh nhit ng. V G l hm trng thi nn G ch ph thuc trng thi
u, trng thi cui, khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin.
e) G ca phn ng ho hc:
Gop = GoS(sn phm) - GoS(tham gia)
- Vi cht kh l tng V =

B - H THNG CC CU HI V BI TP PHN NHIT HA HC :

Bi 1:
Cho 100 g N2 0oC, 1atm. Tnh Q, W, U, H trong cc bin i sau y c tin hnh thun
nghch nhit ng:
a) Nung nng ng tch ti P = 1,5atm.
b) Gin ng p ti V = 2V ban u.
c) Gin ng nhit ti V = 200l
d) Gin on nhit ti V = 200l
Chp nhn rng N2 l kh l tng v nhit dung ng p khng i trong qu trnh th nghim v
bng 29,1J/mol.K
Gii
a) V = const W = P.dV = 0
U = QV = n CV .T = ( C P - R).(T2 T1) .n
P2
1,5
1) .273,15 = 14194,04(J)
= ( C P - R).( -1).T1.n = (29,1 - 8,314).(
P1
1
100
.22,4 = 80(l ) V= 2Vo = 160 (l)
b) Vo =
28
W = -P. V = -1(160 80) = -80 (l.at) = -80 .101,33 = -8106,4(J)
V

100
100
.29,1. 2 .T1 T1 = 29,1.
QP = H = C P .n .T =
(2.273,15 273,15) = 28388,1(J)
28
28
V1

U = Q + W = 28388,1 = 8106,4 = 20281,7(J)

c) T = const U = 0; H = 0
2
V2
dV
W = - nRT .
= - nRT.ln
V1
V
1
100
200
W=.8,314 .273,15.ln
= -7431,67(J)
28
80
U = Q + W = 0

Q = -W = 7431,67(J)
d) Q = 0 (S = const)
Theo PT poisson: T1. V 1 1 = T2 . V 2 1
T2 = T1.(

V1 -1
)
V2

W = U = n. CV (T2 T1) =
H = n C P .T =

Vi =

CP
CV

CP
R + CP

29,1
1,4
29,1 8,314

100
(29,1-8,314).(189,33 -273,15) = 6222,4(J)
28

100
.29,1(189,33 273,15)= - 8711,3(J)
28

Bi 2:
o
Tnh H S , 298 ca Cl-(aq). Bit:
1
1
H So, 298 = -92,2(kJ)
(a): H2 + Cl2(k) HCl(k)
2
2
o
(b): HCl(k) + aq H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H S , 298 = -75,13(kJ)
1
H So, 298 = 0
(c): H2 + aq H+(aq) + e
2
Gii:
1
o
Ly (a) + (b) (c) : Cl2 + e + aq = Cl-(aq) H S , 298 = - 167,33(kJ)
2

Bi 3:
Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
3Fe(NO3)2(aq) + 4HNO3(aq) 3Fe(NO3)3(aq) + NO(k) + 2H2O (l)
Din ra trong nc 25oC. Cho bit:
Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) NO3-(aq)
NO(k)
H2O(l)
o
H S , 298 (kJ/mol) -87,86 - 47,7 -206,57
90,25
-285,6
Gii:
Phng trnh ion ca phn ng:
3Fe2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) 3Fe3+(aq) + NO(k) + 2H2O (l)
o
o
o
o
o
H=3. H S , 298 (Fe3+,aq)+ H S , 298 (NO)+2. H S , 298 (H2O(l))3. H S , 298 (Fe2+,aq)- H S , 298 (NO3-, aq)
= 3.(-47,7) + 90,25 + 2.(-285,6) + 3.87,6 + 206,57 = -153,9(kJ)
Bi 4:
1) So snh H, U ca cc phn ng: CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2
2) Khi t chy hon ton 2 anome v ca D glucoz mi th 1 mol p sut khng
i, ngi ta o c hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng 500K ln lt bng:
-2790,0kJ v - 2805,1kJ
a) Tnh U i vi mi phn ng.
b) Trong 2 dng glucoz, dng no bn hn?
Gii:
1) H = U + P. V = U + n.RT
Phn ng trn c: n = 1-2 = -1
H = U RT
H < U
2) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
U() = H() - n.RT = - 2799 6.8,314.10-3.500 = -2824(kJ)
U() = H() - n.RT = - 2805,1 6.8,314.10-3 .500 = -2830 (kJ)
H o = 6. H So( CO2 ) + 6. H So( H 2O ) - H So( )

H o = 6. H So( CO2 ) + 6. H So( H 2O ) - H So( )

o
o
o
o
H S ( ) - H S ( ) = H - H = -2805,1 + 2799 = -6,1(kJ)
o
o
H S ( ) < H S ( )

o
Dng - glucoz c H S nh hn nn bn hn.

Bi 5:
o
o
1) Th no l entanpi sinh ca n cht? Tnh H S (O3 ) v H S ( kimcuong ) v d on hot tnh ho hc
ca chng t cc d kin sau:
o
H 298
(a): C than ch + O2(k) CO2(k)
= -393,14(kJ)
o
H 298 = -395,03(kJ)
(b): C kim cng + O2(k) CO2(k)
(c): 3As2O3 (r) + 3O2(k) 3As2O5(r)

o
H 298
= -811,34(kJ)

o
(d): 3As2O3 (r) + 2O3(k) 3As2O5(r) H 298 = -1090,98(kJ)
2) T kt qu trn v cc d kin sau:
H(O O) tnh t O2 = - 493,24kJ/mol; H(O O) tnh t H2O2 = - 137,94kJ/mol
Chng minh rng: Khng th gn cho O3 cu trc vng kn.
Gii:
1)- Entanpi sinh ca cc n cht bn iu kin chun = 0
- i vi nhng nguyn t c nhiu dng th hnh th khi chuyn t dng ny sang dng khc bao
gi cng km theo 1 hiu ng nhit. Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh hnh thnh n cht (dng th
hnh km bn) t dng th hnh bn iu kin nht nh c coi l nhit sinh ca n cht trong
nhng iu kin .
o
H S ca O3 v kim cng l hiu ng nhit quy v iu kin chun ca cc qu trnh:
3
O2 O3(k) ;
C than ch C kim cng
2

- Ly (a) (b):
o
C than ch C kim cng H S ( kc ) = 1,89 kJ/mol
- Ly (c) - (d):
3
o
O2(k) O3(k) H S ( O3 ) = 139,82 kJ/mol
2
2) Nu coi O3 c cu trc vng kn:
3
o
o
o
H S ( O3 ) = H lk (O3 ) - H lk (O2 )
2
3
= 3.(-137,94) - .(- 493,24) = 326,04 (kJ/mol) > 139,82(kJ/mol)
2
O3 c cu trc vng kn rt khng bn cu trc ny khng chp nhn c.
Bi 6:
Entanpi sinh tiu chun ca CH4(k) v C2H6(k) ln lt bng -74,80 v -84,60 kJ/mol. Tnh entanpi
tiu chun ca C4H10 (k). Bin lun v kt qu thu c. Cho bit entanpi thng hoa ca than ch v
nng lng lin kt H- H ln lt bng: 710,6 v - 431,65 kJ/mol.
Gii:
o
* (1) C than ch + 2H2 (k) CH4(k) H S ,CH 4 =-74,8kJ
(2)

C than ch C (k)

H tho = 710,6 kJ

H lk = 431,65 kJ
(3)
H2 (k) 2H (k)
Ly (1) [(2) + 2.(3)] ta c:
o
C(k) + 4H(k) CH4(k) H S ,ng / tu ,CH 4 = -1648,7(kJ/mol)
1
Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca lin kt C H l: (-1648,7) = - 412,175 (J/mol).
4
o
* (4) 2C than ch + 3H2 C2H6(k) H S ( C2 H 6 , K ) = -84,6 (kJ/mol)
Ly (4) [2 .(2) + 3.(3)] ta c:
o
2C(k) + 6H (k) C2H6 (k) H S ,ng / tu ,C2 H 6 = -2800,75 (kJ/mol)
Coi EC H trong CH4 v C2H6 nh nhau th:
E C- C = =1800,75 6(- 412,175) = -327,7(kJ/mol)
* Coi EC-H; EC- C trong cc cht CH4, C2H6, C4H10 u nh nhau th:
H So,ng / tu ,C4 H 10 = 3. EC- C + 10.EC- H = 3.(- 327,7) + 10( -412,75) = -5110,6 (kJ/mol)
* (5) 4C(k) + 10 H(k) C4H10 (k) H S ,ng / tu ,C4 H 10 = -5110,6 (kJ/mol)
Ly (2). 4 + (3).5 + (5) ta c:
o
4Cthan ch + 5H2(k) C4H10(k) H S ,C 4 H 10 = -109,95(kJ/mol)
* Kt qu thu c ch l gn ng do coi E lk(C C), Elk(C- H) trong mi trng hp l nh nhau. V
o
v vy s khng tnh r c H S ca cc ng phn khc nhau.
o

Bi 7: Tnh Ho ca cc phn ng sau:

1) Fe2O3(r) + 2Al(r) 2Fe(r) + Al2O3(r) ( 1)
o
Cho bit H S , Fe2O3 ( r ) = -822,2 kJ/mol;
2) S(r) +

3
O2(k) SO3(k)
2

Bit (3) : S(r) + O2(k) SO2(k)

H So, Al2O3 ( r ) = -1676 (kJ/mol)

(2)
o
H 298
= -296,6 kJ

o
(4): 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k) H 298 = -195,96 kJ

T kt qu thu c v kh nng din bin thc t ca 2 phn ng trn c th rt ra kt lun g?

Gii:

o
o
o
1) H pu (1) = H S , Al2O3 ( r ) - H S , Fe2O3 ( r ) = -1676 + 822,2 = - 853,8(kJ)

1
1
o
H pu
.195,96 = -394,58 (kJ)
( 4 ) = -296,6 2
2
KL: Hai phn ng (1), (2) u to nhit mnh. Song trn thc t 2 phn ng khng t xy ra. Nh
vy, ch da vo H khng khng nh chiu ca 1 qu trnh ho hc (tuy nhin trong nhiu
trng hp, d on theo tiu chun ny l ng).
o
o
2) H pu ( 2 ) = H pu ( 3) +

Bi 8:
1) Tnh hiu ng nhit ng tch tiu chun ca cc phn ng sau 25oC.
o
a) Fe2O3(r) + 3CO(k) 2Fe(r) + 3CO2(k) H 298 = 28,17 (kJ)
b) Cthan ch + O2(k) CO2 (k)

o
H 298
= -393,1(kJ)

o
c) Zn(r) + S(r) ZnS(r) H 298 = -202,9(kJ)
o
d) 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k) H 298 = -195,96 (kJ)

2) Khi cho 32,69g Zn tc dng vi dung dch H 2SO4 long d trong bom nhit lng k 25 oC,
ngi ta thy c thot ra mt nhit lng l 71,48 kJ. Tnh hiu ng nhit nhit . Cho Zn =
65,38
Gii:
1) H = U + n.RT
Do cc phn ng a), b), c) c n = 0 nn Uo = Ho
Phn ng d): Uo = Ho - n.RT = -195,96 + 1.8,314. 298,15. 10-3 = -193,5 (kJ)
2) Zn(r) + H2SO4 (dd) H2(k) + ZnSO4(dd)
Trong bom nhit lng k c V = const.
1
U = - 71,48.
= -142,96 (kJ/mol)
32,69 / 65,38
H = U + n.RT = - 142,96 + 1. 8,314 .298,15 .10-3 = - 140,5 (kJ/mol)
Bi 9: Tnh Ho ca phn ng tng hp 1 mol adenine C5H5N5(r) t 5 mol HCN(k).
o
o
o
Cho bit H S ,CH 4 ,k ) = - 74,8 (kJ/mol); H S , NH 3 , k = -46,1kJ/mol; H S ,adenin ( r ) = 91,1 kJ/mol
V CH4(k) + NH3(k) HCN(k) + 3H2(k) Ho = 251,2 kJ.mol-1
Gii:
o
(a) : Cgr + 2H2(k) CH4 H S ,CH 4 ,k ) = -74,8 (kJ/mol)
1
3
o
N2(k) + H2(k) NH3(k) H S , NH 3 , k = - 46,1kJ/mol
2
2
5
5
o
(c) : 5Cgr + H2(k) + N2(k) C5H5N5(r) H S , adenin ( r ) = 91,1 kJ.mol-1
2
2
(d) : CH4(k) + NH3(k) HCN(k) + 3H2(k) Ho = 251,2 kJ.mol-1
Ta ly: -5 .(a) + [-5 .(b)] + (c) + [-5.(d)] ta c:
5HCN(k) C5H5N5(r) Ho(4) = 251,2 kJ/mol

(b) :

Bi 10:
o
Tnh nhit thot ra khi tng hp 17kg NH3 1000K. Bit H S , 298( NH 3 ,k ) = -46,2 kJ.mol-1

C P ( NH 3 ,k ) = 24,7 + 37,48.10-3 T

C P ( N 2 ,k ) = 27,8 + 4,184.10-3 T
C P ( H 2 ,k ) = 286 + 1,17.10-3 T

Jmol-1K-1
Jmol-1K-1

Jmol-1K-1

Gii:
1
3
o
N2(k) + H2(k) NH3(k) H S , NH 3 , k = - 46,2kJ/mol
2
2
1
3
CP = C P ( NH 3 ,k ) - C P ( N 2 ,k ) - C P ( H 2 ,k )
2
2
1
3
= - 24,7 + 37,48.10-3T - [27,8 + 4,184.10-3] - [28,6 + 1,17 .10-3T]
2
2
= - 32,1 + 31,541.10-3 T
1000

o
o
H 1000
= H 298
+

o
= H 298 +

, dT

298
o
= H 298 +

1000

( 32,1 +31,541.10

T )dT

298

1000

3
( 32,1T +31,541.10

298

T2
)
2

1
(10002 -1982) 32,1(1000 298)= - 54364,183 (J/mol)
2
Khi tng hp 17 kg NH3 th nhit lng to ra l:
17000
Q=
.(-54364,183 .10-3) = -54364,183 (kJ)
17

= - 46,2.103 +31,541 .10-3.

Bi 11:
Tnh nng lng mng li tinh th BaCl2 t 2 t hp d kin sau:
1) Entanpi sinh ca BaCl2 tinh th: - 859,41 kJ/mol
Entanpi phn li ca Cl2: 238,26 kJ/mol
Entanpi thng hoa ca Ba: 192,28 kJ/mol
Nng lng ion ho th nht ca Ba: 500,76 kJ/mol
Nng lng ion ho th hai ca Ba: 961,40 kJ/mol
i lc electron ca Cl : - 363,66 kJ/mol
2) Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ho tan 1 mol BaCl2 vo mol H2O l: -10,16kJ/mol.
Nhit hirat ho ion Ba2+ : - 1344 kJ/mol
Nhit hirat ho ion Cl- : - 363 kJ/mol
Trong cc kt qu thu c, kt qu no ng tin cy hn.
Gii:
o

Ba(r)

+ Cl2(k)

Hth(Ba)

HS(BaCl , tt)
2

BaCl2 (tt)

Hpl(Cl2)

Ba(k) +2Cl (k)

Uml

I 1(Ba) +I 2(Ba)

Ba2+ +2Cl-

2. A Cl

Uml = H

- Hth (Ba) - Hpl(Cl ) - I1(Ba) - I 2(Ba) - 2A Cl

S(BaCl2, tt)

=- 859,41 - 192,28 - 238,26 - 500,76 - 961,40 +2 .363,66

=- 2024,79 (kJ/mol)

2)

BaCl2 (tt)
- Uml

Hht(BaCl2)
O
+H 2 H

Ba2+ +2Cl-

Ba2+
(aq) +2Cl(aq)

H2

Uml = H1 + H2 - Hht(BaCl2)
=-1344 - 2.363 +10,16 =-2059,84 (kJ/mol)
Kt qu 1) ng tin cy hn, kt qu tnh theo m hnh 2) ch l gn ng do m hnh ny khng m
t ht cc qu trnh din ra trong dung dch, cc ion nht l cation t nhiu cn c tng tc ln nhau
hoc tng tc vi H2O.
Bi 12:
Cho gin n 10 lt kh He 0oC, 10atm n p sut l 1atm theo 3 qu trnh sau:
a) Gin ng nhit thun nghch.
b) Gin on nhit thun nghch.
c) Gin on nhit khng thun nghch.
3
Cho nhit dung ng tch ca He CV = R v chp nhn khng i trong iu kin cho ca bi
2
ton.
Tnh th tch cui cng ca h, nhit Q, bin thin ni nng U v cng W trong mi qu trnh ni
trn?
Gii:
a) T = const U = 0; H = 0
U = Q + W = 0 Q = -W
2
2
V2
dV
W = - P.dV = nRT
= - nRTln
V1
V
1
1
Vi kh l tng: P1.V1 = P2 .V2

V2 P1
=
V1 P2

V2 =

P1
10
. V1 =
. 10 = 100(l)
P2
1

P1
= -10.10 .ln 10 = 230,259 (l.at)
P2
W = 230,259 .101,33 .10-3 = 23,332 (kJ)
Q = - W = -23,332 (kJ)
W = -(nRT).ln

b) Q = 0
U = W = n. CV . T =

P1 .V1 3
. .R(T2 T1)
R.T1 2

P1 .V1 3
. (T2 T1)
T1 2
Theo PT poisson: T.V- 1 = const
1
nRT
nRT
M V =
T.
= const
P
P
U = W =

1-

1-

T1 .P1 =T2 .P2

T1 = P2
P1
T2

T .P- 1 = const

1-

T1
P
= 2
T2
P1

3
C
= P = CV +R= 2 R +R =5
CV
3R
CV
3
2

1-

1-

T2 =T1 . P1 =273,15 . 10
P2
1

5
1- 1 - 3
=- 0,4
= 5
3

T2 =273,15 .(10)-0,4 =108,74 (K)

U =W = 3 . 10 .10 (108,74 - 273,15) .101,33 =9148,6(J)
2 273,16

1-

P1 .V 1.T2 10.10.108,74 ~
=
~ 39,81 (l)
1 .273,15
P2 .T1
c) Q = 0
U = W
nRT2 nRT1

n. CV (T2 T1) = -Png .(V2 V1) = -P2 .

P1
P2
3
T2 T1
n. R(T2 T1) = -nR.1
T2 = 0,64T1
2
1 10
P .V T 10.10.0,64T1
V 2 = 1 1. 2 =
= 64(l)
T1 . 1
P2 .T1
U = W = -Png(V2 V1) = -1(64 10) = -54(l.atm)
= -54(l.atm) .101,33 .J/l.atm = - 5471,82 (J)
Bi 13 :
1
Phn ng sau: Ag + Cl2 = AgCl
2
Xy ra di p sut 1 atm v 25oC to ra 1 nhit lng l 126,566 kJ.
Nu cho phn ng xy ra trong 1 nguyn t ganvani P, T = const th ho nng s c chuyn
thnh in nng v sn ra cng W = 109,622 kJ.
Hy chng t rng trong c 2 trng hp trn, bin thin ni nng ca h vn ch l mt, cn nhit
th khc nhau v tnh gi tr bin thin ni nng .
Gii:
- Do U l hm trng thi nn U = U2 U1 = const, cho d s bin i c thc hin bng cch
no. V vy U trong 2 trng hp trn ch l mt.
- V U = Q + W = Q + W - PV = Q + W - n.RT
Do nRT = const; U = const
Nn khi W (cng c ch) thay i th Q cng thay i
1
- U = H - nRT = -126,566 + . 8,314 .298,15.10-3 = - 125,327 (kJ)
2
Bi 14:
Tnh cng ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch 42g kh N2 300K khi:
a) Gin n t 5atm n 1atm.
b) Nn t 1atm n 5atm.
(Kh c coi l l tng). So snh cc kt qu v rt ra kt lun.
Gii:
2
2
V2
P2
dV
PdV
=

nRT
=

nRT
ln
=
nRT
ln
a) * WTN = -
1
V
V1
P1
1
42
1
WTN =
.8,314 .300. ln = -6201,39(J)
28
5
P1V1

V1 = - P2.V1 1 1
*WBTN = - Png . V = -Png(V2 V1) = -Png
P2

P2

V2 =

P
nRT P1
42
1
. 1 = nRT 1 2 = - .8,314 .300 1 = -2993,04 (J)
P1 P2
P1
28
5

P2 42
5
b) WTN = nRTln =
.8,314 .300.ln = 6201,39(J)
P1 28
1
= - P2.

nRT nRT

WBTN = - Png. V= -Png(V2 V1) = -Png

P1
P2

 1 1
P2
42
5
= -nRT.P2 = -nRT 1 = .8,314 .300 1 = 14965,2 (J)
P1
28
1
P2 P1

KL: - Cng m h thc hin (sinh) trong qu trnh bin thin thun nghch t trng thi 1 n trng
thi 2 bng cng m h nhn khi t trng thi 2 v trng thi 1. Cn trong qu trnh bin thin bt
thun nghch th cng h sinh nh hn cng h nhn.
- Trong s bin thin thun nghch th h sinh cng ln hn trong qu trnh bin thin bt thun
nghch.
15
O2(k) 6CO2(k) + 3H2O
2
300K c QP QV = 1245(J). Hi C6H6 v H2O trong phn ng trng thi lng hay hi?
Gii:
1245
QP QV =nRT = 1245(J)
n =
= 0,5
8,314.300
H2O v C6H6 phi th hi th n = 0,5

Bi 15:

Phn ng: C6H6 +

Bi 16:
Tnh nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca 0,5 mol H2O t -50oC n 500oC
P = 1atm. Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K l Lnc = 6004J/mol,
nhit bay hi ca nc 373K l Lh = 40660 J/mol.
o
C P ( H 2O ,h ) = 30,2 + 10-2T(J/molK) ; C Po ( H 2O ,r ) = 35,56(J/molK); C Po ( H 2O ,l ) = 75,3(J/molK)
Gii:
H1
H5
H3
H4
HO
H O H2 H O
HO
HO
H O (500oC)
2 (r)
o

2 (r)
o

-50 C

0C

273

223

H = H =
o

2 (l)
o

0C

2 (l)

2 (h)

100oC

373

o
o
n.C P ( r ) .dT +n.Lnc + n.C P (l ) .dT +n.Lh +
273

2 (h)

100oC
773

n.C

o
P(h)

.dT

373

= 0,5 .35,56(273 223) + 0,5 .6004 + 0,5 .75,3 .(373 273) + 0,5 .40660 +
10 2
+ 0,5.30,2 .(773 373) +
.0,5 (7732 3732) = 35172(J)
2
Bi 17: Tnh s bin thin entropi ca qu trnh un nng 0,5 mol H 2O t 50oC n 500oC P =
1atm. Bit nhit nng chy ca nc 273K = 6004J/mol; nhit bay hi ca nc 273K =
40660J/mol. Nhit dung mol ng p C Po ca nc v nc lng ln lt bng 35,56 v
75,3J/molK; C Po ca hi nc l (30,2 + 10-2T) J/molK
Gii:
o

H2O(r)
223K

S1

o
S
So3
So4
H2O(r) S2 H2O(l)
H2O(l)
H2O(h) 5 H2O(h)
773K
373K
373K
273K
273K

o
o
o
S = S1 + S2 + So3 + S4 + So5
373
773
273
dT Lnc
dT Lh
dT
C
.
+
+
C
.
+
+
C P(h) .
= n. P ( r )
P (l )

T 273 273
T 373 373
T
223
273 6004
373 40660
773

+
+ 75,3. ln
+
+30,2. ln
+10 2 (773 373) = 93,85(J/K)
=0,5. 35,56. ln
223 273
273 373
373

o
Bi 18:Tnh s bin thin entropi khi trn ln 200g nc 15 C vi 400g nc 60oC. Bit rng h
l c lp v nhit dung mol ca nc lng l 75,3 J/mol.K
Gii:
Gi T l nhit ca h sau khi pha trn.
Do Q thu = Q to nn:

200
400
. C P (T 288) =
. C P (333 T)
18
18

2.333 +288
= 318(K)
3
318
318
200
dT
400
dT
.75,3.
.75,3.
S h = S1 + S2 =
+
18
T
18
T
288
333

T 288 = 2.333 2T

T=

200
318 400
318
.75,3 ln
+
.75,3 ln
= 5,78 (J/K) > 0
18
288
18
333
Qu trnh san bng nhit ny t xy ra.
Bi 19: Tnh s bin thin entropi v G ca s hnh thnh 1 mol hn hp kh l tng gm 20%
N2; 50%H2 v 30%NH3 theo th tch. Bit rng hn hp kh c to thnh do s khuch tn 3 kh
vo nhau bng cch ni 3 bnh ng 3 kh thng vi nhau. Nhit v p sut ca cc kh lc u
u kc (273K, 1atm).
Gii:
V kh l tng khuch tn vo nhau nn qu trnh l ng nhit.
Gi th tch ca 1 mol hn hp kh l V th tch mi kh ban u ( cng iu kin) l V N 2 =
0,2V; V NH 3 = 0,3V; V H 2 = 0,5V.

Do %V = %n n N 2 = 0,2 mol; n H 2 = 0,5 mol; n NH 3 = 0,3mol.

V2
- S bin thin entropi c tnh theo CT: S = nRln
V1
V
S N 2 = 0,2 .8,314.ln
= 2,676J/K
0,2V
V
S H 2 = 0,5.8,314.ln
= 2,881J/K
0,5V
V
S NH 3 = 0,3.8,314.ln
= 3,003J/K
0,3V
S = S N 2 + S H 2 + S NH 3 = 8,56(J/K)
* Qu trnh khuch tn kh l tng l ng nhit nn H = 0
G 273 = H T. S = -273.8,56 = -2336,88(J)
Bi 20:
Trong cc phn ng sau, nhng phn ng no c S > 0; S < 0 v S 0 t.
C(r) + CO2(k) 2CO(k) (1)
1
CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2)
2
H2(k) + Cl2(k) 2HCl(k)
(3)
S(r) + O2(k) SO2(k)
(4)
Gii:
Phn ng (1) c n kh = 2 -1 = 1 > 0 S > 0
1
Phn ng (2) c n kh = 1 -1< 0 S <0
2
Phn ng (3), (4) c n kh = 0 S 0 t.
Bi 21:
Cho bit p:

C2H4(k) +H2O(h)
v cc s liu sau:
G

o
S , 298

C2H5OH
(kJ / mol )
168,6

C2H5OH(h)
C2H4(k)
68,12

H2O(h)
- 228,59

o
S 298
(kJ / mol )
282,0
219,45
188,72
a) Hi iu kin chun ca phn ng ny l iu kin nh th no?

b) iu kin chun v 25oC phn ng i theo chiu no?

o
c) Tnh H 298 ca phn ng. Phn ng to nhit hay thu nhit?
Gii:
a) iu kin chun: PC2 H 4 ( k ) = PH 2O ( h ) = PC2 H 5OH ( h ) = 1atm v phn ng c thc hin to, P khng
i.
b)
Gop = Go
- Go
- Go
S,298(C2H4k)

S,298(C2H5OHh)

S,298(H2Oh)

=168,6 - 68,12 +228,59 = - 8,13 (kJ)

<0
Phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun

o
Gp (298) =-8,13kJ

c)
o

o
o
S298,p =S298(C
H OH) - S
2 5

298(C2H4)

o
- S298(H
O)
2

=282 - 219,45 - 188,72 =- 126,17(J /K)

G = H - T. S
o
o
H298,p = Go298,p +T. S298,p
o

H298,p

=-8,13 +298(- 126,17 .10-3) =- 45,72866(kJ )

<0
phn ng to nhit

Bi 22:
Mt mol kh l tng n nguyn t 300K v 15atm gin n ti p sut 1atm. S gin
n c thc hin bng con ng:
a) ng nhit v thun nghch nhit ng.
b) ng nhit v khng thun nghch.
c) on nhit v thun nghch.
d) on nhit bt thun nghch.
Trong cc qu trnh bt thun nghch, s gin n chng li p sut 1atm. Tnh Q, W, U, H, Stp
cho mi trng hp.
Gii:
a) T = const U = 0 ; H = 0
2
V2
P1
WTN = - PdV = - nRTln
= -nRTln
V1
P2
1
15
WTN = -1(mol).8,314 (J.mol-1K-1) .ln .300(K) = -6754,42(J)
1
Q = -W = 6754,42(J)
Qu trnh gin n thun nghch:
Stp = Smt + Sh = 0
b) T = const U = 0 ; H = 0
nRT nRT
P2
1
WBTN = -Png(V2 - V1) = -P2(
) = nRT( - 1) = 1. 8,314.300.(
- 1)= -2327,92(J)
P2
P1
P1
15
QBTN = -W = 2327,92(J)
Stp = Smt + Sh
2
2
V2
P1
U W
dT
nR
Q
= nCV
Sh(BTN) = Sh(TN) = TN =
+ dV = nRln
= nRln
V1
P2
T
T
V
T
1
1
15
= 1.8,314 .ln
= 22,515(J/K)
1
Q
Q
2327,92
Smt = mt = - he =
= -7,76(J/K) Stp = 22,515 - 7,76 = 14,755 (J/K)
300
T
T
( Qu trnh gin n ny t xy ra)
c) on nhit Q = 0

on nhit thun nghch Theo Poisson

T.V- 1 = const
1
nRT
nRT
M V =
T.
T .P1- = const
= const
P
P
1-

1-

T1 .P1 =T2 .P2

T1 = P2
P1
T2

1-

1-

T1
P2
=
T2
P1

1-

T2 =T1 . P1
P2

Vi kh l tng n nguyn t th CV =

3
5
R; CP = R
2
2

= CP = 5
CV
3
5
11-
3
=
= -0,4
5

3
-0,4
T2 = 300. 15 = 101,55(K)
1
U = W = nCV(T2 - T1) = 1.
H = nCP(T2 - T1) = 1.

3
.8,314.(101,55 - 300) = -2474,87(J)
2

5
.8,314 .(101,55 - 300)= - 4124,78(J)
2

Q
=0
T
d) on nhit Q = 0
on nhit, khng thun nghch khng p dng c PT poisson
U = W nCV. T = -Png. V
nRT2 nRT1
3
n. .R(T2 - T1) = -P2(
)
P2
P1
2

STN =

P2
3
(T2 - 300) = -( T2 .T1)
P1
2
3
1
T2 - 450 = -T2 +
.300
2
15
nRT2
1.0,082.188
V2 =
=
= 15,416(l)
P2
1
nRT2
V1 =
= 1,64(l)
P2

U = W = 1.

3
.8,314.(188- 300) = -1396,752(J)
2
T

2
dT
Q
U W
= nCV
Stp = Sh = TN =
+
T
T
T
T1

= nCVln

T2
V2
+ nRln
T1
V1

= 1.

V2

P
V T dV
1

T2

nC

T1

V2

d ln T +

nR

V dV

V1

15,416
3
188
.8,314.ln
+ 1. 8,314 .ln
= 12,801(J/K) > 0
1,64
2
300

0
Bi 23:
Tnh G273 ca phn ng: CH4(k) + H2O (k) CO(k) + 3H2(k)
Bit:
CH4(k)
H2O (k)
CO(k)
H2(k)
0
H S , 298 (kJ/mol) - 74,8
- 241,8
-110,5
0
0
S 298
(J/molK)

186,2
188,7
197,6
130,684
a) T gi tr G tm c c th kt lun g v kh nng t din bin ca kh nng phn ng
373oK?
b) Ti nhit no th phn ng cho t xy ra iu kin chun?
(Coi H0, S0 khng ph thuc T)
Gii:
0
H pu
= 3.0 + 1(-110,5) -(-74,8) -(-241,8) = 206,1(kJ)
0

0
S pu
= 3.(130,684) + 197,6 - 188,7 - 186,2 = 214,752 (J/K)
Do H0, S0 khng ph thuc vo T nn:
0
G273 = H0 - T. S0 = 206,1 = 373.214,752.10-3 =125,9975(kJ) > 0
kc v T = 373K Phn ng khng th t din bin.
b) phn ng t din bin nhit T(K) th: GT0 < 0 H0 - T. S0 < 0
3
H 0 206,1.10
T>
=
= 959,71(K)
214,752
S 0
Bi 24:
Entanpi t do chun ca phn ng to thnh H2O t cc n cht ph thuc vo T theo
G S0,T = -240000 + 6,95T + 12,9TlgT (J/mol)
phng trnh sau:
Tnh G0, S0 v H0 ca phn ng to thnh H2O 2000K
Gii:
G S0, 2000 = -240000 + 6,95.2000 + 129.2000lg2000= -140933,426(J/mol)

G
= -S
dG = VdP - SdT
T P
G 0
1
12,9
= 6,95 + 12,5.lgT + 12,9T.
S = -
= 6,95 + 12,9lgT +
T . ln 10
ln 10
T P
12,9
= 6,95 + 12,9lg2000 +
= 55,1357(J/molK)
ln 10
0
0
0
H 2000 = G 2000 + T. S 2000 = -140933,426 + 2000. 55,1357 = -30662,054 (J/mol)
0
2000

Bi 25:
Mt Hc sinh khi lm bi tng trnh th nghim o nhit t chy mt hp cht hu
c cho rng: H = U + P. V. S t chy trong bom nhit lng k lm cho V = 0, do H =
U. Kt lun ny sai u?
Gii:
H = U + P.V H = U + (PV) = U + P. V + V. P
Hay H = U + (nRT)
Trong bom nhit lng k th: V = 0 nn: H = U + V. P = U + (nRT)
Bi 26:
Hy ch ra nhng mnh sai:
a) i vi 1 h kn, qu trnh gin n kh l on nhit h l c lp Q = 0; S = 0.
b) Mt h bt k c th t din bin ti trng thi c entanpi thp hn (H < 0) v entropi ln hn
(S > 0). Hay h c th din bin theo chiu gim entanpi t do (G < 0).
c) GT0 = H T0 - T. S T0
0
Vi phn ng ho hc T = const. Nu G > 0 Phn ng t din bin theo chiu nghch.

G 0 = 0 : Phn ng trng thi cn bng.

G 0 < 0 : Phn ng t xy ra theo chiu thun.

Gii:
a) Sai . Do S = 0 ch khi qu trnh bin i thun nghch.
Q
Cn vi qu trnh bin i bt thun nghch th S >
S > 0.
T
b) Sai . Do mnh ny ch ng trong iu kin T, P = const.
Cn vi qu trnh bin i m V, T = const th phi xt F.
c) Sai. Do vi qu trnh ho hc th phi xt gi tr:
G = G0 + RTlnQ ch khng phi da vo G0.
(Tuy nhin, c th coi rng GT0 << 0 th qu trnh c th xy ra c c iu kin chun v
iu kin thc. Khi GT0 << 0 th v nguyn tc ch c qu trnh ngc li mi xy ra, khng th
xc nh c chnh xc gii hn ca GT0 m theo qu trnh xy ra theo chiu ny hay
chiu khc. Mt cch gn ng c th coi rng cc gii hn ny khong chng 40 kJ/mol).
Bi 27:

Mt kh l tng c CV = 3R khng ph thuc T c gin n on nhit trong chn

1

V
T
khng ti th tch gp i. Hc sinh A l lun rng i vi qu trnh on nhit th 2 = 1 vi
T1 V2
T1
4
= do T2 = 1
3
23
Hc sinh B cho rng: U = Q + A = 0 + 0 = n.CV. T T = 0 T2 = T1
Hc sinh no ni ng? Hy ch ra li sai ca Hc sinh kia.
Gii:
- Hc sinh B ni ng.
- Hc sinh A ni sai : V qu trnh gin n trong chn khng l qu trnh bt thun nghch nn khng
s dng c phng trnh poisson.

Bi 28:

Tnh cht nhit ng ca mt s phn t v ion trng thi tiu chun ti 25oC nh sau:
CO32 (aq) OH-(aq)
C3H8(k)
O2(k)
CO2(k)
H2O(l)

H S0 (kJ/mol) -101,85
0
- 393,51 - 285,83 - 677,14 - 229,99
0
S (J/molK)
269,91
205,138 213,74
69,91
- 56,9
- 10,75
Xt qu trnh oxi ho hon ton 1 mol C3H8(k) vi O2(k) to thnh theo 2 cch :
a) Bt thun nghch
b) Thun nghch (trong 1 t bo in ho)
1) Tnh H0, U0, S0, G0 ca phn ng trong mi cch ni trn?
2) Tnh nhit, cng th tch, cng phi th tch (tc l cng hu ch) m h trao i vi mi trng
trong mi cch?
3) Tnh S ca mi trng v S tng cng ca v tr khi tin hnh qu trnh theo mi cch.
4) Mt m hnh t bo in ho khc lm vic da trn phn ng oxi ho C 3H8(k) bi O2(k) khi c
mt dung dch KOH 5M vi in cc Pt. Cc loi phn t v ion (tr KOH) u trng thi tiu
chun. Hy vit cc na phn ng catot v anot v phn ng tng cng trong t bo in ho. Nu
t t bo in ho , 25oC, ta thu c dng in 100mA. Hy tnh cng sut cc i c th t
c.
Gii:
C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(l)
1) Do cc hm H, U, S, G l hm trng thi nn d tin hnh theo cch no th cc gi tr U, H,
S, G cng nh nhau vi cng trng thi u v cui. Vy:
0
0
0
0
0
H pu
= 3 H S ,CO2 ( k ) + 4. H S , H 2O (l ) - H S ,C3 H 8 ( k ) - 5. H S ,O2 ( k )

= -3. 393,51 - 285,83 .4 + 103,85 = -2220 (kJ)

0
H pu
= 213,74. 3 + 4.69,91 - 269,91 - 5. 205,138 = -374,74 (J/K)

G 0pu = H0 - T. S0 = -2220 + 298,15 .374,74.10-3 = -2108,27 (kJ)

U0 = H0 - (PV) = H0 - nRT = -2220 - (-3).8,314.298,15.10-3 = -2212,56(kJ)
2) a) Qu trnh bt thun nghch:
- Nhit m h trao i vi mi trng l QBTN = H0 = -2220 (kJ)
2

- Wtt = -

P.dV = -P. V = -n

(k)

.RT

= 3. 8,3145.298,15 = 7436,9(J)
- W = 0
b) Qu trnh thun nghch:
- QTN = T. S = 298,15 (-374,74) = - 111728,731(J)
- Wmax = G = -2108,27(kJ) < 0 : H sinh cng
- Wtt = - n(k) .RT = 7436,9(J) > 0: h nhn cng
3) a) Qu trnh bt thun nghch:
2220.10 3
Qmt
QBTN
H 0
Smt =
==== 7445, 916 (J/K)
298,15
T
T
T
S v tr = Smt + S h = 7445,916 - 374,74 = 7071,176(J/K)
b) Qu trnh thun nghch:
111728,731
Q
Q
= 374,74( J / K )
Smt = mt = - TN =
298,15
T
T
S v tr = Smt + S h = 0
4) Cc na phn ng:
2
Anot: C3H8 + 26OH- 3 CO3 + 17H2O + 20e
Catot: O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHPhn ng tng cng:
2
C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) + 6OH-(aq) 3 CO3( aq ) + 7H2O(l)
S pin:
(-) Pt, C3H8(1atm)/KOH(5M), K2CO3(1M)/ O2(1atm), Pt (+)
0
H pu
= 3(-677,14) + 7.(-285,83) + 103,85 - 5.0 - 6(-229,99) = -2548,44(KJ)
0
S pu
= 3.(-56,9) + 7.69,91 - 269,91 - 5.205,138- 6(-10,74) = -912,43(KJ)
0
0
G 0pu = H pu
= T. S pu = -2548,44 + 298,15.912,43.10-3 = - 2276,399(KJ)

2276399
G 0
=
= 1,18(V)
20.96485
nF
[CO32 ]3
0,0592
0,0592
0
lg
E=E lg(5)-6 = 1,19(V)
6
5 = 1,18 20
[OH ] .PC3 H 8 .PO2
20
0
E pu = -

P = E .I = 1,19 .0,1 = 0,119(W)

Bi 29:
Tnh bin thin entropi khi chuyn 418,4J nhit t vt c t 0 = 150oC n vt c t0 =
o
50 C.
Gii:
Qu trnh bin i trn l khng thun nghch c coi nh gm 3 qu trnh bin thin thun nghch:
1) Vt 150oC truyn nhit thun nghch T = const.
418,4
Q
S1 = =
= - 0,989(J/K)
T 150 +273,15
2) H bin thin on nhit t 150oC n 50oC
S2 = 0

3) Vt 50oC nhn nhit thun nghch T = const

418,4
Q
S3 = - =
= 1,295(J/K)
50 +273,15
T
Do S l hm trng thi nn:
SBTN = STN = S1 + S2 + S3 = 0,306(J/K)
Bit -15oC, Phi(H2O, l) = 1,428 (torr)
-15oC, Phi (H2O,r) = 1,215(torr)
Hy tnh G ca qu trnh ng c 1 mol H2O(l) thnh nc -15oC v 1atm.
Gii:
Bi 30:

15 C, 1 mol H2O l

GBTN =?

-15oC, 1mol H2O(r)

(Qu tr
nh TN do
(1) H2O hi, b o ho
nm c
n bng v i H2O(l))
- 15oC, 1mol H2O
1,428 Torr

(2)

(3)

-15oC, 1mol H2O (h)

1,215 Torr

(1), (3) l qu trnh chuyn pha thun nghch

G1 = G3 = 0
P2
1,215
G = G2 = nRTln = 1.8,314. 258,15 ln
= -346,687(J)
P1
1,428
Bi 31:
C 1 mol O2 nguyn cht 25oC, 2atm, 1 mol O2 nguyn cht 25oC, 1atm
1 mol O2 25oC trong khng kh trn mt t (P = 1atm, O2 chim 21% V khng kh)
- So snh gi tr hm G ca 1 mol O 2 trong 3 trng hp trn hn km nhau bao nhiu J?. T rt
ra kt lun: Kh nng phn ng ca O2 trong mi trng hp trn cao hay thp hn so vi trng
hp khc?
Gii:
* G0 l hm Gibb ca 1 mol O2 1atm
- 1 mol O2, 1atm, 25oC 1 mol O2, 2atm, 25oC
(G0)
(G1)
P
2
2
G1 = G1 - G0 = nRTln
= 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln
= 1718,29(J)
1
P1
G1 > G0.
- Gi G2 l hm Gibb ca 1mol O2 25oC trong khng kh (0,21 atm)
1mol O2, 25oC, 1atm 1 mol O2, 25oC, 0,21atm
(G0)
(G2)
G2 = G2 - G0 = 1. 8,3145 .298,15.ln

0,21
1

= -3868,8(J)

G2 < G0.
Vy:
G2(1mol O2, 25oC, 0,21atm) < G0(1 mol O2, 25oC, 1atm) < G1(1 mol H2O, 25oC, 2atm)
- 1 cht c hm G cng cao th cng km bn 1 mol O2 25oC, 2atm c kh nng phn ng cao
nht cn 1 mol O2 nm trong khng kh th b nht c kh nng phn ng km nht.
Bi 32:
Nhit ho tan (Hht) 0,672g phenol trong 135,9g clorofom l -88J v ca 1,56g phenol
trong 148,69g clorofom l -172J.
Tnh nhit pha long i vi dung dch c nng nh dung dch th 2 cha 1 mol phenol khi pha
long n nng ca dung dch th nht bng clorofom.

Gii:

Hht (2)

94g phenol +CHCl3

Hht(1)

dd 2

+CHCl3

dd 1

H pha lo ng

H pha lo ng = Hht(1) - Hht(2)

=- 94 .(-172) + 94 (-88) =- 2004,87(J)
0,672
1,569
Bi 33:
Nhit ho tan 1 mol KCl trong 200 ml nc di p sut P = 1amt l:
0
tC
21
23
H
18,154
17,824 (kJ)
Xc nh H298 v so snh vi gi tr thc nghim l 17,578 (kJ)
Gii:
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff:
H294 = H298 + CP.(294 - 298) = 18,454 (kJ)
H286 = H298 + CP.(296 - 298) = 17,824(kJ)

H298 = 17,494 (kJ)

CP = -0,165 (kJ/K)
H298(LT) - H298(TN)
~~ 0,48%
H298(TN)
Vy H298 tnh c theo l thuyt sai khc vi gi tr TN l 0,48%.
Bi 34:
Tnh S ca qu trnh ho hi 3 mol H2O (l) 25oC, 1atm.
Cho: Hhh, H2O(l) = 40,656 kJ/mol; C P , H 2O (l ) = 75,291 (J/K.mol); C P , H 2O ( h ) = 33,58 (J/molK)
Gii:
Xt chu trnh:

25oC, 3 mol H2O (l), 1atm

S1
100oC, 3mol H2O(l),1atm
Q
S1 = 1 =
T
S2 =

T2

n.C

T1

P (l )

25oC, 3 mol H2O(r), 1atm

S3

S2

100oC, 3mol H2O (h), 1atm

T2
dT
373,15
= nCP(l)ln = 3. 75,291.ln
= 50,6822(J/K)
T
T1
298,15

40,656,10 3
Q2 n.H hh.l
=
= 3.
= 326,8605(J/K)
373,15
T
T
T

1
T2
dT
298,15
Q
S3 = 3 = n.C P ( h ) .
= nCP(h)ln = 3. 33,58.ln
= - 22,6044(J/K)
T
T1
373,15
T
T2
S = S1 + S2 + S3 = 354,9383 (J/K)

Bi 35:
a) Tnh cng trong qu trnh t chy 1 mol ru etylic kc v 25oC.
b) Nu H2O dng hi th cng km theo qu trnh ny l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2 (k) 2CO2 (k) + 3H2O (l)
n = -1

 W = -Png . V = -Png.

n.RT
= R.T = 8,314.29815 = 2478,82 (J)
Png

b) Nu H2O dng hi th: n = 2.

W = - n. RT = -2 .8,314 .298,15 = - 4957,64(J)
Bi 36:
Tnh S, G trong qu trnh gin khng thun nghch 2 mol kh l tng t 4lt n 20
o
lt 54 C.
Gii:
V S, G l cc hm trng thi nn S, G khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin l thun nghch
hay bt thun nghch m ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui. V vy:
V2
20
S = nRln = 2. 8,314.ln
= 26,76 (J/K)
V1
4
T = const H = 0; U = 0
G = H - T. S = 0 -(273,15 + 54) .26,76 = - 8755,1 (J)
Bi 37:
Mt bnh c th tch V = 5(l) c ngn lm 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 cha N 2 298K
v p sut 2atm, phn 2 298K v p sut 1atm. Tnh G, H, S ca qu trnh trn ln 2 kh khi
ngi ta b vch ngn i.
Gii:
5
T = 298K ; Vb (N2) = Vb(O2) = (l)
2
V2
V2
PN .V N
5
PO .VO
5
S = S(N2) + S(O2) = n N 2 .Rln + nO2 Rln
= 2 2 Rln
+ 2 2 Rln
V1
V1
2,5
2,5
RT
RT
PN .V N + PO2 .VO2
= 2 2
ln 2 = 0,0174(l.at/K) = 0,0174 .101,325 = 1,763 (J/K)
T
- Qu trnh ng nhit H = 0
G = H - T. S = - 298 .1,763 = - 525,374 (J)
Bi 38: Cho cc d liu sau y 298K
H S0 (kJ/molK)
Cht
S0(J/molK)
V(m3/mol)
Cthan ch
0,00
5,696
5,31.106
Ckim cng
1,90
2,427
3,416.10-6
1) 298K c th c mt phn rt nh kim cng cng tn ti vi than ch c khng?
2) Tnh p sut ti thiu phi dng c th iu ch c kim cng 298K?
Gii
1)

Ckim c ng

Cthan ch

G0298 =?

Ho = Ho than ch - Ho kim cng = 0 - 1,9 = -1,9 (kJ)

So = So than ch - Sokim cng = 5,696 - 2,427 = 3,269 (J/K)
0
G298, pu = Ho - T. So = -1900 - 298.3,269 = -2874,162(J)
Go < 0 (Tuy nhin Go khng qu m)
Phn ng t xy ra theo chiu thun khng tn ti mt lng nh kim cng cng vi than
ch.
2)

Cthan ch

Ckim c ng

G0298 =+2874,162 (J)

V = VKC - VTC = 3,416.10-6 - 5,31.10-6 = 1,894.10-6 (m3/mol)

Ta c: dG = VdP - SdT

 G
G
=V
= V

P T
P T
G P2 - G P1 = V(P2 - P1)
iu ch c kim cng t than ch th: G P2 0
G P1 + V(P2 - P1) 0
P2 - P1 -

G P1

P2 P1 -

V
G P1

(Do V < 0)
=1+

2874,162
1,894.10 3.101,325

V
P2 14977,65 (atm)
Vy p sut ti thiu phi dng iu ch c kim cng t than ch l 14977,65atm.

Nh vy 25oC, c
n bng than ch

kim c ng tn ti p sut khong

15000 atm. p sut cao hn qu trnh chuyn than ch thnh kim cng l t din bin, mc du
vi tc rt chm. Mun tng tc phi tng nhit v p sut, trong thc t qu trnh chuyn
than ch thnh kim cng c tin hnh khi c xc tc (Ni + Cr + ) nhit trn 1500oC v P
50000atm.
Bi 39:
Phn ng gia Zn v dd CuSO 4 xy ra trong ng nghim to ra lng nhit 230,736kJ.
Cng phn ng trn cho xy ra trong pin in th mt phn ho nng chuyn thnh in nng. Cng
in ca pin l 210,672kJ. Chng minh rng: U ca 2 qu trnh khng i, nhng nhit to ra thay
i. Tnh S ca phn ng, Smt v Stp? Cho T = 300K
Gii:
Zn + CuSO4 = ZnSO4 + Cu
- Khi thc hin trong ng nghim: (Tin hnh bt thun nghch)
VZn VCu Wtt = 0 ; W = 0
UBTN = QBTN = H = -230,736kJ
- Khi thc hin phn ng trong pin in (qu trnh thun nghch)
Wmax = - 210,672 (kJ) G = Wmax = -210,672(kJ)
HTN = HBTN = - 230,736(kJ)
QTN = T. S = H - G = -230,736 + 210,672 = -20,064(kJ)
UTN = Q + W + P. V = -20,064 = 210,672 + 0 = -230,736 (kJ) = UBTN
Q
20,064.10 3
- Sh = TN = = 66,88(J/K)
T
300
Q
230,736.10 3
SmtBTN = - BTN =
= 769,12(J/K)
T
300
Stp(BTN) = 702,24(J/K)
Q
Smt(TN) = - TN = -Sh Stp(TN) = 0
T
Bi 40:
- Gp = Wmax
Xt 1 phn ng thun nghch trong pin in th Gp = Wmax < 0
- Nhng mt hc sinh vit rng:
Trong mi qu trnh lun c: S v tr = Smt + S h (1)
Hmt = - H h
(2)
H mt
H he
H he
Smt =
= S v tr = + S h
T
T
T
T. S v tr = - H h + T. S h = -G h
Vi qu trnh thun nghch th S v tr = 0 G h = 0 Gp = 0

Hy gii thch mu thun ny.

Gii:
(2) ch ng khi ngoi cng gin n h khng thc hin cng no khc:
H = U + P. V U = H - P. V
Q = U - W = (H - P. V) - (-P. V + W)
Q h = H h - W = - H mt
Ch khi W = 0 th Hmt = - H h
* Trong pin: Wmax = G < 0 nn Hmt H h.
Bi 41:
Xt phn ng: Zn(r) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(r)
din ra trong ktc 25oC.
a) Tnh W, Q, U, H, G, S ca phn ng iu kin trn.
Bit:
Zn2+(aq)
Zn(r)
Cu(r)
Cu2+(aq)
H S0, 298 (kJ/mol) -152,4
0
0
64,39
0
S 298
(J/mol.K)
- 106,5
41,6
33,3
- 98,7
b) Xt kh nng t din bin ca phn ng theo 2 cch khc nhau.
c) Nu thc hin phn ng trn 1 cch thun nghch trong pin in th cc kt qu trn c g thay
i? Tnh Epin?
Gii:
0
0
0
0
0
a) H pu = H S , Zn 2+ + H S ,Cu - H S ,Zn + H S ,Cu 2+ = -152,4 - 64,39 = -216,79 (kJ)
0
0
0
0
0
S pu
= S Zn 2 + ( aq ) + S Cu (r ) - S Zn (r ) - S Cu 2 + ( aq ) = -106,5 + 33,3 - 41,6 + 98,7 = -16,1 (J/K)

G 0pu = H 0 - T. S 0 = -216,79 + 298,15 .16,1.10-3= -211,99(kJ)

0
Uo = QP = H pu = -216,79 (kJ)
W = 0; qu trnh BTN; W = 0
0
b) * G pu = -211,99 (kJ) << 0 ( - 40 kJ)
0
Do G pu rt m nn phn ng t xy ra khng nhng kc m cn c cc iu kin khc na.

216,79.10 3
Qmt H he0
=
=
= 727,12 (J/K)
298,15
T
T
S v tr = S h + Smt = -16,1 + 727,12 = 711,02 (J/K)
V S h c lp = S v tr = 711,02 (J/K) > 0
Qu trnh l bt thun nghch phn ng t xy ra.
c) Khi thc hin phn ng trn TN trong pin in th cc gi tr H0, S0, G0, U0 khng thay i
do H, S, G, U l cc hm trng thi nn khng ph thuc qu trnh bin i l thun nghch hay bt
thun nghch nhng cc gi tr Q, W th thay i.
C th: Wtt = 0; Wmax = G0 = -211,99(kJ)
Q = T. S = 298,15 .(-16,1) = - 4800,215 (J)
Q
Qhe
Smt = mt =
= 16,1 (J/K) S v tr = Smt + Sh = 0
T
T
211990
G 0
Epin = =
1,1(V)
2.96485
nF
Bi 42:
i vi nguyn t anien 15oC ngi ta xc nh c sc in ng E = 1,09337V v h s
E
nhit ca sc in ng
= 0,000429 V/K. Hy tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng ho hc?
T
Gii:
G
E
E
G = - nEF
= - nF.
= - S S = nF .
T
T
T
* Smt =

E
- E)
T
H = 2. 96485 .(298,15.0,000429 - 1,09337) - - 187162,5(J)
Bi 43:
Cho phn ng ho hc: Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
xy ra mt cch thun nghch ng nhit, ng p 25oC trong nguyn t Ganvani.
Sc in ng ca nguyn t o c l 1,1V v h s nhit ca sc in ng l
E

= 3,3.10-5 (V/K).
T P
a) Tnh hiu ng nhit Q, bin thin Gipx G v bin thin entropi S ca phn ng ho hc
cho.
b) Tnh Qtn ca qu trnh?
c) Nu cng phn ng ho hc trn thc hin cng nhit v cng p sut nhng trong mt bnh
cu thng th cc gi tr ca G, S s l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a) G = - nEF = - 2 .1,1 .96485 = - 212267(J)
G
E
S = = n.F .
= 2 .96485 .3,3 .10-5 = 6,368 (J/K)
T
T
H = G + T. S = 212267 + 298,15 .6,368 = -210368,4(J)
b) Qtn = T . S = 298,15 .6,368 = 1898,62 (J)
c) Nu phn ng ho hc thc hin cng nhit , p sut nhng trong 1 bnh cu thng tc l
thc hin qu trnh mt cch bt thun nghch th G, S ca phn ng vn nh cu (a). Do G, S
l cc hm trng thi gi tr ca G, S khng ph thuc vo qu trnh bin thin.
Bi 44:
Tnh cng ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch ca 48 gam kh
O2 c coi l l tung nhit 250 C khi:
a. Gin n t 10atm xung 1atm
b. Nn t 1atm n 10atm
p s: Wtn = -8,6.10-3J; Wbtn =-3,3.103J
b. Wtn = 8,6.10-3;
Wbtn = 3,3.104 J.

H = G + T. S = nF.(T.

IV- KT LUN - KIN NGH :

Trn y l h thng cu hi v bi tp phn Nhit ho hc m ti p dng trong ging dy. N
tng i ph hp vi yu cu v mc ch ging dy, bi dng hc sinh kh, gii trng
chuyn chun b d thi hc sinh gii cc cp . N c th dng lm ti liu hc tp cho hc sinh cc
lp chuyn Ho hc v ti liu tham kho cho cc thy c gio trong ging dy v bi dng hc
sinh gii Ho hc bc THPT gp phn nng cao cht lng ging dy v hc tp mn Ho hc.
Tuy nhin, y ch l mt phn rt nh trong chng trnh n luyn cho hc sinh chun b tham gia
vo cc k thi hc sinh gii cc cp. V vy, ti rt mong cc Thy , C ng nghip gp kin cho
ti v chuyn ny v cng nhau pht trin sang cc chuyn khc hc tr chuyn Ho ngy
cng c nhiu ti liu hc tp mt cch h thng hn.