Mechanical Engineering Department / 3

rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
52 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
CHAPTER SEVEN : DIFFUSERS.
Diffusers : They are used to decelerating the flow and increasing it's pressure. They
are used mainly in wind tunnels and jet engines.
7-1 Ram Recovery Factor :

=
o
o
d
p
p
r
2
For good diffuser (r
d
= 0.94 to 0.99).
where ;
r
d
: Ram recovery factor.
P
2
: Ram pressure.

A : Free stream capture area.

- The best choice of (

A ) is that (
1
A A <

) which makes the external compression

isentropic.
7-2 Diffuser Efficiency (
d
) :
2
2
1
1
1
)
2
(

(
(
(
(
(
(

=
v
k
k
k
p
o
p
kRT
d

2
1
2
2
1
1 ) (

=
M
k
p
p
k
k
o
d

1
2 2 2 2
)
2
1
1 ( ,

+ = = =
k
k
o
o
o
d
o
o
o o
M
k
p
p
p
p
r
p
p
p
p
p
p

T
p
M
External compr.
Internal compression
Mechanical Engineering Department / 3
rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
53 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
2
1
2
2
1
1 )
2
1
1 (

+
=
M
k
r M
k
d
k
k
d

1
2 2
)
2
1
1 (

+ =
k
k
d
o
M
k
p
p

p
o
c
v
T T
2
2
2
2 2
+ =
Ex.1 : Air enters an diffuser with a velocity of (210 m/s) and is decelerated to a
velocity of (60 m/s). The inlet static pressure and temperature are (80 kpa and 278 k)
and the exit pressure is (90 kpa). Calculate :
a- Ram recovery factor b- Change of entropy a cross the diffuser
c- Diffuser efficiency.
Assume the diffuser to be adiabatic and neglect the external compression.
Solution :
kpa p
p
p
kRT
v
M
o
o
5 . 104 7654 . 0 63 . 0
1
1
1
1 - c
1
1
1
= = = =
k T
c
v
T T
T k T
T
T
p
o
o o
o
c
2 . 298
2
300 9264 . 0
2
2
2
2 2
2 1
1
1
1
= + =
= = =

kpa p
p
p
kRT
v
M
o
o
8 . 91 0.98 1723 . 0
2
2
2
1 - c
2
2
2
= = = =

Mechanical Engineering Department / 3

rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
54 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
878 . 0
5 . 104
8 . 91
1
2 2
= = = =

d
o
o
o
o
d
r
p
p
p
p
r
k kg J
p
p
R s
o
o
. / 34 . 37 ln
1
2
2 1
= = A

508 . 0
2
1
1 )
2
1
1 (
2
1
1
2
1
=

+
=

M
k
r M
k
d
k
k
d

Ex. 2 :
2
2
2
1
1000 , 700 , 240 , 30 , 8 . 0 cm A cm A k T kpa p M = = = = =

s kg m / 5 =
-
, 85 . 0 =
d
r . Calculate (
d
p M , ,
2 2
).
Assuming the external compression to be isentropic and the diffuser to be adiabatic.
Solution :
k T kpa p M
o o
7 . 270 , 7 . 45 8 . 0
1 - c
= = =

kpa p
p
p
p
r
o
o
o
o
d
84 . 38
7 . 45
0.85
2
2 2
= = =

2 *
1
1
*
1
1
444 04042 . 0 cm A
p A
T m
o
o
= =
-
*
1
*
2
A A = (adiabatic flow through the diffuser).
To calculate (
*
2
A ) in case of adiabatic process use the relation :

T
p
M
External compr.
Mechanical Engineering Department / 3
rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
55 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
2 *
2
*
2 2
*
2 1
*
1
4 . 522 84 . 38 45.7 444 cm A A p A p A
o o
= = =
598 . 0 0.32 914 . 1
4 . 522
1000
2
1 - c
*
2
2
= = = =
d
M
A
A

7-3 Shock Diffuser :

The convergent part of the diffuser is canceled, and shock wave a head of the
diffuser is used as a diffuser.
1- At low supersonic speeds, a normal shock diffuser is used :
Ex. 3 : Assuming the flow through the diffuser to be isentropic.
Find (
d d
r T p , , ,
2 2
)
Solution :
k T T T T
kpa p p M M At
o oy ox o
ox o x
56 . 402
75 . 143 75 . 1
2
1 - c
1 - c
= = = =
= = = =

i
e

M x y
M< 1 M< 1

2
k T
kpa p
M
250
27
75 . 1
=
=
=

x y
M
2
=0.3
Mechanical Engineering Department / 3
rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
56 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
97 . 119 834 . 0 75 . 1
2
2 - c
kpa p p
p
p
M At
o oy
ox
oy
x
= = = =
At
k T
kpa p M
4 . 395
7 . 112 3 . 0
2
1 - c
2
1 - c
2
=
= =
834 . 0
2
= =
o
o
d
p
p
r
% 7 . 86 =
d

2- At high supersonic speeds, an oblique shock diffuser is used :

T
p
M
x y
x y
Oblique Shock
Normal Shock
Spike

T
p
M x y
x y
Oblique Shock
Normal Shock
Spike
Mechanical Engineering Department / 3
rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
57 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
Ex. 4 :
Calculate (
-
m , total stagnation pressure
o
oy
p
p
).
Solution :
At 3 . 39 10 2
3 - c
1
= = = =



and M M (weak solution).
266 . 1 2 . 39 sin 2 sin
1 1
= = = M M
x
At
k T
T
T
kpa P
p
p
p
p
M M
x
y
y x
3 . 304 17 . 1
85 7 . 1
803 . 0 266 . 1
2
1
2
2 - c
2
1
2
1
2 - c
2 - c
1
1
= =
= = =
= =
64 . 1 10) - sin(39.2 803 . 0 ) - ( sin
2 2 2 1
= = = M M M M
y

At Diffuser inlet :
64 . 1
2
= = M M
i
2
k T
kpa p
M
260
50
2
=
=
=

x y
x y
Oblique Shock
Normal Shock
Spike

10 =
1
2
2
12 . 0
1 . 0
m A
m A
x
i
=
=
e
i
Mechanical Engineering Department / 3
rd
Year "Gas Dynamics" Lecturer : Dr.Abbas Al-Rikabi
58 Date :16 / 12 / 2007
k T T
kpa p p
i
i
2 . 304
85
2
2
= =
= =
At
ox oi
oi
i
x i
i
i
i
p kpa p
p
p
A m A
A
A
M
= = =
= = = =
57 . 383 2216 . 0
07788 . 0 284 . 1 64 . 1
1 - c
* 2 *
*
1 - c
At 89 . 1 54 . 1
07788 . 0
12 . 0
1 - c
*
= = =
x
x
x
M
A
A
At kpa p
p
p
M
oy
ox
oy
x
2 . 297 772 . 0 89 . 1
2 - c
= = =
-
-
m = kg/s 2 . 56 =
i i i
i
i
kRT M A
RT
p
.
- 759 . 0
23 . 391
2 . 297
= =
o
oy
p
p
.