Hans Joachim Harloff / Raffaela Blink

2 Jg, Issue 1 May 1997

THE ECOLOGICAL TURN IN THE CITY PLANNING CLAIMS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO THE HOUSING AND HOUSING DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANY
1 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND THE ECONOMIC CRISIS TIME RIPE ECONOMIES 1.1 The global ecological crisis - causes and consequences 1.2 The economic crisis mature industrial nations 2 THE ECOLOGICAL TURN IN THE INDUSTRIAL NATIONS 2.1 General Requirements 2.2 dual economic and social order 2.3 The task of psychology 3 LOANS AND URBAN PLANNING AND HOUSING 3.1 General environmental education for self-care structures 3.2 basic right to housing education 3.3 "small networks" 3.4 formation of "koquartieren" 4 Concluding remarks - THE HUMAN transformation of consciousness

In the following discussion, we present a model of social change. This will be profound and varied, so that the knowledge from other subject areas, as we represent them (Psychology and Economics), is required to complete the outlined image of a necessary and desirable social development and to make feasible. The considerations that we present are thus not considered by us as a finished or even mature. They are meant to criticize, to think further and complete. One thing, however, we are completely safe: changes in the direction indicated here are not only required for international considerations, but also and especially because national. Just one reason for this was previously highlighted. The unemployment rate is in continuation of the 40 hour week from now 10% (total German) increase up to 30%. Can anyone imagine that our social system may persist unchanged, and the country is governable, when in section and on time every three adults is unemployed and many people including all her life anyone?
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1 Global ecological problems and the economic crisis period mature economies 1.1 The Global Crisis - Causes and Consequences 2 "Population growth and technological advances bring us ever closer to the end of humanity, because both nourish the earth capital after the extinction of mankind, the sun will continue to the other creatures that of any ambition. are inspired, get with their lower entropy alive. " Wolfgang Fste wrote in an essay on the occasion of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. 1 3 It can not be the task of this paper to show the extent of the global ecological crisis in detail. Importantly, however, seems to us to point out the global context of

environmental degradation, exploitation and industrialization of developing countries: 4 The developing countries on the one hand, more and more degenerate into mere suppliers of raw materials. They live mainly on the export of raw materials and agricultural products, which are very cheap due to the low labor costs in these countries. Moreover, developing countries are in a constant competition with each other. 5 On the other side there are the industrial nations. Mainly export technologies, machines, etc.. Due to the high labor costs they are sold very expensive. Moreover, the competition is among the industrialized nations compared relatively low, especially when one considers that in some cases even existing global cartels in mind, so that the high prices of their products may also be required. 6 From these facts, there is an absolute imbalance of market power, that put it bluntly, the consequence is that the poor countries are getting poorer and the rich countries get richer. 7 But such exploitation is not only immoral, but also detrimental to the environment: for example, many in the industrialized nations based companies are relocating labor-intensive parts of the production in the socalled "low-wage countries" of the Third World and southern Europe. The associated transport costs are a lot of times lower than the saved wages. A good deal to say for the company, not least at the expense of the environment, will be considerably impacted and actually unnecessary by the thereby caused increased transport. 8 results As a result of this comparison, that the industrialized countries, partly also the countries of the "Second World" responsible as the main cause for the current GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT are: the first one is directly through industrialization as such - keywords such as global warming, waste problems, etc. may illustrate this - and also by the associated high consumption of resources. 9 The example of the food finishing this may be apparent: Thus, in the production of wheat in intensive cultivation times more energy is used as produced. In free-living cattle, the energy used is at least twice as high as that produced. In contrast, the usual in our intensive fattening cattle consumed 80 times more energy than is generated. When breeding of vegetables in the greenhouse these high consumption figure rises even to the six hundred times the value of the energy produced to. 10 In addition to these direct Quelllen environmental impact but also bear the industrialized nations indirectly responsible for the additional burden on the environment by developing countries, such as the above have identified exploitation contexts significantly. In addition, "... poverty polluted the environment and creates itself ... otherwise pollution Those who are poor and hungry will often destroy their immediate environment in order to survive: they are clear forests, their cattle will graze on the grasslands. and they will use marginal soils excessively, and in growing numbers they will flock to the congested cities. " 2 11 The responsibility for the removal of this misery lies with the industrialized nations - in the industrialized countries themselves rethinking including the appropriate consequences of actions must take place. (See Chapter 4 3/und). Ekhart Hahn even describes the ecological reconstruction of industrial society as "the central task of the late 20th and early 21st century." 3 12 - The ecological change in the countries of the third and fourth world must be co-financed by the countries of the first world at least. For example, the general demand for termination of deforestation in the world lung Amazon must be accompanied by a financial collection for the economic loss to Brazil. 13 - In addition, only the industrial, rich world can opt for a setting of the looting of the planet, the poor world has this not freedom of choice. 14 - In this context, for example, calls the Norwegian peace researcher and sociologist Johan Galtung, not only that "the peripheral countries must guarantee a lower limit and a minimum in terms of food, clothing and shelter for all their people," but also "the core countries are now gradually to an upper limit, or a maximum must think and act accordingly." 15 In summary, it can be quote again Wolfgang Fste: "Practical is recognized in the rich countries of the North be that she for a peaceful

compensation must share their wealth with the people, development aid is not enough that they have to leave the countries of the South to participate fairly in the global economy and that they must refrain from polluting industry goodbye. " 5

1.2 The economic crisis mature industrial nations 16 The consequences have to pull in the direction of ecological change their societies from international consideration of the industrial nations cover, or complement, as will be shown below, with what their own economic crisis suggests. 17 Economic development and economic growth taking place not continuously but in steps. Implementation of technical and / or organizational innovations (rationalization) across the board lead to unemployment in the manufacturing sectors, where such innovations are introduced. It comes-often overshadowed by economic crisis to structural crises. In developing economies, however, these structural crises are not harmful, but even necessary for economic growth. While being released in declining sectors by streamlining labor, other sectors to expand, that they need additional manpower. In particular, it takes strength to constantly develop new technologies and new industries emerge, where workers produce machines that replace the old branches of production workers. Thus, admittedly simplified terms, an agricultural machinery industry is only found in a fully employed economy and expand, forces are released, which are used to build machines when the country in agriculture (or elsewhere). Such restructuring of developing economies do not last long (2-3 years). Afterwards there is full employment again. The economy produces henceforth effective, ie it is grown. Average incomes have risen and therefore prosperity. In growing economies, structural crises are therefore not a problem. Although rationalization investments lead to release of labor, these are however - possibly after relocation and retraining -. In other industries and / or locations again at 18 The rationalization investments with the corresponding increases in productivity began in the agriculture and mining (primary sector) continued to in industry (secondary sector) and are now up in the service sector (tertiary sector) penetrated, by definition, is the least accessible of mechanization. In parallel with the industrialization and professional redeployment took place partly because of the release of agricultural workers, a process of urbanization, which is largely complete in the developed economies of North America and Northern and Western Europe. 19 The problem mature, highly developed economies seems to be that in enterprises and administrations are indeed carried out as before rationalization investments, but no or not enough replacement jobs are available for the workers thereby released. While still creating new technologies that parallel to its introduction in the economy must increasingly be made in new sectors of production, but extends the number of jobs created by it is no longer sufficient to compensate for the number of laid-off workers through rationalization. Here there may be a tendency that still increases with increasing

maturity of the economy. Jrgen Kromphardt (1995) in any case presented recently succinctly that it will no longer be full employment in Germany. 6 The research group Living in the City (1994) speaks in a future projection B for Germany in 2020 from the fact that the proportion of unemployed "at a high level settles "or the so-called two-thirds society at a relatively high average income level stipulated" was; 7 and Schmachtenberg even claims based on calculations of Henzler and Spaeth, 8 that the unemployment rate of the German economy - assuming that all rationalization would be exhausted first - could already be up to 40%. 9 On the other hand it is claimed by some experts that there would be in a developed industrial nation like ours enough work for all. Meant here is to protect the environment or to the development and production of new technologies that can be traditional goods producing environmentally friendly than before. Germany, is required, can and should the leading provider of such technologies. 10 This recommendation is, however, overlook the fact that the associated with their jobs only arise if demand for the intentioned environmental protection measures or new production techniques is effective, however, because there is no evidence of theoretically feasible and socially wnschbare work unfortunately does not create jobs before the Great Depression of the thirties there was a similar situation:..., the presence of sufficient development opportunities, but the first were not seen. Nevertheless, at that time the economies of the leading nations have slowly recovered and then continued to grow more vigorously. So many might hope that even now after a prolonged recession, our federal German economy will indeed evolve with full employment and ecological. 20 You have a long-term predictions to be extremely cautious because economic developments of so many and sometimes counteracting influence factors are affected, that the final result of the reciprocal influences simply can not be estimated. Thus, for example, also the authors of "Limits to Growth" (Club of Rome, 19.) who had predicted a quick end to the economic growth in the industrialized nations, miscalculated thoroughly in several ways and new developments could not be predicted. 11 In particular: 21 (1), the reserves of certain raw materials (including petroleum) underestimated. (2) was grasping measures for birth control, not seen before dying due to drought disasters, wars and epidemics (AIDS) and the extent overestimated population growth. (3) the ability to save on material in the production, the Dodge skill to alternative precursors and the possibilities for recovery of used materials (recycling) is not seen. 22 In addition, those lies were punished, who believed it would come in the rich nations to a decline in demand due to saturation effects and therefore to growth arrest. According to the motto "you can only . approached simultaneously in a car and as a result it makes no sense to have multiple cars, "Since cars can have very different functions, it fulfills very well needs to have several: the SUV to play, the small car for commuting to work or for shopping in the city and the trip limousine for the trip to the South. too, the demand for housing does not stop when everyone has a home. because it's fun to have one or more apartments in addition to and beyond a caravan or a motorhome for spontaneous travel without fixed goals and times. Moreover, Harloff has recently pointed out that housing is among other things a result of prosperity, as people will always need bigger apartments (and associated ancillary rooms) to accommodate their belongings can. 12 23 Our cautious conclusion in terms of employment and economic growth is thus: It is likely to remain in the highly developed industrial nations come to further economic growth (which also means that the situation of the exploitation of poor countries will remain by the rich), the increase of wealth. However, not all populations will apply equally in the industrialized societies. There will be some possibility of increasing unemployment, a growing segment of the population, the unemployed who will have no share in the increase of living standards, but on the contrary increasingly impoverished because with an increasing proportion of non-earners for the

government benefits they can not be maintained at current levels. Same lot meets the pensioners and welfare recipients, as well as their compensation must always be paid out of current national product. Would you want them to share in the rising prosperity, one would have the decreasing number of regular income earners with higher and higher taxes burden, although the latter are so high right now that not only tax avoidance and evasion, but also economic denial of service have become a problem.

Thus, we have the highly developed industrial nations in addition to a second group of unemployed people, pensioners and social assistance recipients, whose lot will deteriorate and will eventually push for a change in the social system. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the number of retirees relative to the number of working age will increase for the foreseeable future due to the unfavorable population pyramid. 25 But not only the supply of the unemployed, pensioners and welfare recipients is becoming increasingly difficult in economically mature countries. Also, the health care and the sick and the elderly are becoming more expensive and therefore the problem, the misery here is a multiple: increase the treatment and care costs. This means that the insurance rates must be continually raised. Here, the situation worsened in the extent to which this group of people is greater, for example, does not pay premiums for unemployment. The services of these people are provided by the state, but nothing else is, as of the tax payments of those who still had income.
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The rich industrialized countries, such as Germany, are thus in a situation requiring in many ways for social change. Both of the described situation of the third and fourth world and the developed countries thus arises a need for a global ecological change. We use it to "ecological change" primarily an end to the exploitation of existing relationships. This may relate to the exploitation of nature by man, as well as on the exploitation of man by man, it was - as shown above - in an international context, either within one's own country as between rich and poor, male and woman or apartment owners and tenants. 27 suggestions for the implementation of ecological change in the industrial nation of Germany give the next two chapters.
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2 The ecological change in the industrialized nations 2.1 General Requirements 28 already was in the late 70s, raised the question of how an environmental change might look like in the industrialized nations. In this context, were always re-emerging demands, then as now: - generally the reduction of resource consumption and consumption - resorting to their own resources - the restriction of transport systems - away from the centralization of production and trade chains = summarize: the idea of self-sufficiency - increased autonomy / democracy and basic

- Education manageable units. 13 How can the implementation of such claims in a highly developed society of the Federal Republic look like and what people win like? 30 should first be noted that ecological change in industrial society was initially understood as a call-back to the country. The "new society" should begin in the minds of people (change in consciousness) and this would be the easier to perform, the greater the distance even geopgraphisch - would be rejected for the affluent society. Groups of "dropouts" were in remote, mountainous regions, desert islands or otherwise infertile and therefore abandoned from other lands to there especially on the nutrition and housing sector spiritually and culturally to engage in self-care. 14 31 Today we pursue in contrast and in accordance with psychological findings about the enforceability of the necessary changes rather a policy of small steps. 15 It is not a complete departure from the existing social conditions required, as can the abovementioned environmental objectives (at least gradually) achieved within the framework of the existing social order. Seek these goals at the same time, as we shall see, also solving the structural problems of our economy is. It would be both economically and psychologically nonsensical and ultimately unenforceable, the cities want to depopulate and repopulate for the flat land. Moreover, does not include the requirement for an ecological turnaround consumption waiver or renunciation of par economic growth, but consumption growth and to get a different character. Ecological economists call set qualitative rather quantitative growth. What does that mean? It is not required but even turning away turning to welfare society. The term prosperity and quality of life, however it is redefined. Prosperity and quality of life involves before everything else physical and mental health. 16 We can also try the old-fashioned term happiness. To have happiness and to be happy means more than consumption of material goods - this is a way to be passive economic share. Happiness is in addition to the satisfaction of basic biological needs in addition to physical health and self-realization, especially in the social and intellectual areas and in productive (active) economically. The latter means that the person wants to make sense to contribute to their own social and livelihood (do meaningful work). Self-realization in the social field is present if the individual with his interpersonal relationships is satisfied. In the spiritual realm it means as much as life in accordance with their own moral and cultural value systems. 17 All these are, in economic terms, goods, however intangible, ie those that have no market value. Quality of economic growth (or perhaps one should say "growth company") means wealth creation both in physical as well as intangible assets and possibly in economically developed countries, or even just the intangible assets. The impression one can hardly help feeling that the aspiration of the people of the industrialized countries to exclusively quantitative economic 32 growth, ie, has led to a maximum range of material goods to an imbalance in the quality of life. We will not necessarily critics of economic growth preach the word, because in the third and fourth world this is undoubtedly necessary, but possibly also in terms of the "new poor" in the first world. Nevertheless, the concentration may have led virtually all social forces to increase the production of material goods to losses to shrink processes on the side of the intangible assets with us. We see this as a possibility, a question and not a statement. If the question to be answered with yes, it could be that macroeconomic zero growth or a decrease in the production of material goods opened even more opportunities for growth in intangible assets. No matter - we hold: Ecological change in the industrial nation is striving for general prosperity and quality of life improvement. This in turn means that there concerning the equipment there with material goods in the industrialized nations abundance, focus on increased production of intangible goods. 33 One must try to put the social conditions so as many people as possible - one of them recognized as meaningful,
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internally to perform satisfactory job - can achieve its full intellectual, culturally and - in harmonious, satisfying social relationships live (This third point is a request that children be given ideal conditions for development, adult good opportunities for building partnerships and establishing friendships may grow old and die and find old people with dignity.) 34 These first three conditions would create good conditions for the self-realization of the people and their mental health. At the same time, the social context of human life is to be formed so that - physical health of all individuals can be as comprehensive as possible to ensure - the basic biological needs (especially hunger, thirst and protect against harmful climate effects) of all be satisfied , and finally -. everyone can live free of fear 18

2.2 Cooperative Economic and Social Order 35 To implement the environmental change in the industrialized countries, we propose the introduction of a dual economic and social order. For an explanation of what is meant discussion of self-sufficiency, grassroots democracy and the formation of more manageable units in the following deepen. 36 First, the following should be strongly emphasize that we made to go from the continuing existence of the capitalist economic and social system, ie from the receipt of the market economy drive and steering function our economy 19 . Thus should not change much in our previous economic system basically. An amendment to the current Constitution, we keep working but for almost indispensable. As a rule, the half-time work should be introduced. This must be no compelling governmental regulation, but could also be achieved through tax provisions that a very high provide a low load at half-time work and full-time work, so that the motivation more than 20h to work during the week, is low. Couples with children would also relieve, but again only if both partners are working and that half day. 37 part-time job working as a rule would help solve a number of problems in the first place, of course, the unemployment. In the second place, it would bring us to the goal of equality between women and men a significant step closer. The women could be realized as well as the men in their professional life and the men had to meet more reason and opportunity to their domestic duties and live out educational and nursing talents. 20 Third, the adults, as we shall see, for additional productive activities in the neighborhood needed. These are unpaid work, which are not recorded in the national accounts. Yona Friedman has tried to introduce the concept for "modernized Quaternalisation." 21 38 In addition to the market of production and a second steering system is introduced that is best to identify with the concepts of self-care and self-management. Here we imagine that the people who live in the same neighborhood, independently organized and operated jointly interest. This is in addition and in addition to that supply, which is still made on the macroeconomic, controlled by the market, rather anonymous manufacturing and distribution processes. What additional production is carried out on neighborhood

level, which will decide the groups themselves. It offers itself, however, provide for such "goods" and activities that can be produced particularly good at the level of knowing themselves and adjacent living. This applies to child care, preschool education, for the care of sick and disabled people but also for many craft work pertaining to the care and preservation of apartments, houses and outdoor spaces of the neighborhoods. Conditionally can also imagine that food production (eg, herbs, fruits, vegetables) and preparation (community kitchens), and changing and making garments is made. All these proposals are less spectacular basically and most of it has already existed in one form or another in other contexts. 22 is new is the proposal comprehensively introduce such a second supplementary, neighborly organized production structure and try in this way, while 39 to redress imbalances of the current social order (unemployment), relative impoverishment of pensioners and welfare recipients, Unbezahlbarkeit of health care, as well as professional nursing and elderly care) and - - to contribute to global environmental change.

2.3 The task of psychology 40 In addition to the development of concrete ideas to reshape the industrial society towards greater environmental sustainability, the task of psychology is certainly also to contribute to the implementation of such models by focusing on the positives of the models for "the physical and mental well-being of the people "indicates, and thus initiate the necessary change in consciousness in society. On that point, can it include that people live healthy only in a healthy ecosystem and can stay healthy, that healthy and sustainable living conditions coincide so. 41 This concerns both the physical health: for example, the relationship between environmental toxins and cancer have been 200 years known: already in 1775, as was demonstrated in the context of England scrotum cancer among chimney sweeps and the use of tar and soot. More important in our context, however, the mental health, the ability to feel happiness. It must be clear that no consumer promises happiness, but that happiness can arise in social relations, in high-effectively unused spare time, as well as Skinner in his preface to "Futurum II" emphasizes (1976). 23 The introduction of the quaternary structure of self-sufficiency and grassroots democracy in the just described approach can succeed only if the requirements of psychological insights. So it was a pschologischer error if the ecological change of the industrialized nations in the seventies often described as a "back-auf's Country!" and "Back-to-simple-labor-intensive production methods!" described or has been spoken by the compulsion to use waiver and renunciation of economic growth in the rich countries. 43 No one wants to return to quasi-medieval living conditions, no one wants to miss and no one can force you to like something, not even for his own happiness. Therefore, it is very important to emphasize that material wealth is not diminished, but that the standard of living by the addition of intangible assets (see above) is set to increase. It is important to emphasize that it is not possible to dispense with quantitative economic growth, but qualitative social growth is to be obtained. 24 is just this aspect also emphasized, for example, Joan Davis (1994) when she asks, "emphasizes the current discussion on the changes in our lifestyle usually the role of renunciation. This is waiving often automatically equated with loss, without that we would have considered ourselves whether we, what are we to do without ever want. (...) When we talk about a new way of life, caused it to drop This ballast, which is our quality of life in the way. Is probably the waiver? " 25 44 It is important that the people full-time work is not prohibited (because prohibitions
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produce reactance), but the tax framework must be set so that the income from fulltime work is barely higher than in half-day work. Nobody omitted something (even the men!) If he works only half-time in the anonymous and often alienated market structure, but he gains the ability to provide meaningful work for themselves and members of their own group in the quaternary self-care structure, that is, it can realize themselves productive. To succeed, however, is required to work in the selfcare structure made jointly, organized on a democratic basis (ie, that each have a say and can mitbeschlieen) and the tasks to be distributed because of the individual tastes and interests of the individuals involved. On the other hand, it is psychologically important each be given the opportunity to work part time to work in the alienated basic market structure, because it will still be connected in the long run with much more prestige than someone, because "unemployed", exclusively in the supplementary is self-supply structure operates. 45 For the attention of psychological insights in the introduction of the quaternary structure of selfsufficiency also heard that no one is forced to join. Everyone can stay away from the to the groups (see below). The only downside is he has to do without the benefits that membership offers.

Let people decide to join the quaternary structure complement, it also requires the consideration of psychological insights. So we know for example from residential psychology and sociology, that in the housing industry grant from the participation of tenants in the management and maintenance of the housing stock by no means sufficient tenants to smaller repairs of apartment additions (eg replacing a bulb in the stairway u..m or for the care of Community Greens to move.) to the apartment building around. Such a thing only works when granting material benefits such as reduction in rent or granting of long-term job protection while protecting against unfair rent increases. 26 Or, to even give a second example, we know that a high level of environmental awareness is not enough to generate individual ecological behavior, but it need additional incentives in the form of time - and cost savings are given to retraining and conversion take place on environmental practices. 27 Therefore, it will be necessary to give rather high material incentives for joining quaternary self-care structures, at least in the initial phase. This would for example be that the services and benefits of self-care structure can indeed be used only by members and free to complete, while non-members will continue to rely on the expensive commercial craft and service companies. The next section further suggestions for material incentives are given.
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3 Concrete demands on city planning and housing 3.1 Fundamental to the formation of ecological self-care structures The formation of the recommended self-care structures builds on the familiar and the present, and is based entirely on a voluntary basis. Can join together, it builds on, first, to the traditional families and single-person households, which for the purpose of self-sufficiency to neighborhood groups ("small networks", see below) and "koquartieren" (see below). 28 Second, it is based on the encountered in the respective districts construction and settlement structures.
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So we go with our model, the supplementary quaternary self-care structure from the living area of the people (as opposed to labor and leisure) and there has always been present in the context of the diverse living acts self-sufficiency (for example, food preparation, child care and education) facilitate or add this to productions that are suitable for community care at neighborhood basis. 49 Therefore, this attaching
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the living area is recommended, because we know from the social and Umweltpsycholgie that the factor of proximity, the development of good neighborly or even friendly relations among people can support very strongly. 29 50 homeownership, small networks and koquartiere form the cornerstone of the quaternary structure of self-sufficiency. These three elements are described below and justify its necessity. 3.2 basic right to housing 51 adults or families have a basic human right to housing. This should be enshrined constitutionally. It is fully taken into account only through home ownership, which is why the tenants have the right and opportunity through implementing legislation should be allowed to buy their rented housing, if they so wish. Homeownership eliminates the fear of loss of accommodation and gives the former tenant the right to make the living space according to his needs and desires. Homeownership rates of all previous tenant can get one by giving them the right to lease. The current rent is split into an appropriate return on capital employed, which removes the hirepurchaser against the previous owners gradually, and an amount for maintenance of the house (and the corresponding pro rata home outdoor spaces). This "saves" the hire-purchaser and is henceforth responsible for the condition of the apartment, and the community of owners of the house, made up of all Mietkufern and apartment owners, ensures the preservation of the house as a whole and its outdoor spaces including related buildings (eg garages, storage rooms and .m.). 3.3 Education "small networks" 52 Twenty to a maximum of thirty families (including residential communities) and households, who live adjacent to each form a "small net." 30 Harloff (1988) defined based on Rust Wood (1981): "Small networks" ( KNe are connections / associations of the various households that are located in close proximity and operate its inhabitants in any form communal self-catering. The planned and practiced self-sufficiency may be more likely in the material ... it can be a social support system ... or it may be common spiritual and cultural activities act (eg recreational activity or meditation). " 31 Depending on the construction and settlement structure type, a CN from the residents about twenty neighboring houses are, at block and block development and in-line design with six and fewer storeys is it be a house to the residents of 1-3 houses and row development with more than six floors and with point-and wheel houses in the structures around the residents of a house or possibly only one or more floors., the CN can thus larger or smaller or be identical to the previously described community of owners of Geschobaues with previous rent. 53 The CN is the self-sufficiency first-order structure., at its level, the forms of self-care and self-help are taking place that is not a self-wellknow and at least one good-neighborly if even friendly relations are bound. This can be something like psychological assistance in emergency situations, common leisure activities, to be helping out with materials, equipment, etc. and a shared child care or for other shopping Go up to the sick and elderly. This was already in classical KNn way. 32 In addition, now come easy maintenance in the apartments and common maintenance and repairs of semi-public rooms in the house and around the house / houses around. The KNe (possibly in conjunction with owner associations), control over the use of the housing belonging to semi-public spaces such as hallways, stairwells, parking spaces, yards, etc. 54 Much terms of selfsufficiency in the CN is run informally, as in traditional functioning neighborhoods as well. For long-term and recurring tasks, however, it needs a formal organizational structure, such as a club, a civil partnership, cooperative or similar. Importantly in this context, that the inhabitants of the KNS have a large multi-

purpose room where everyone can meet. 3.4 Formation of koquartieren 55 koquartiere are the second-order self-catering units. They consist of two hundred to five hundred and fifteen to thirty neighboring households belong together KNn. Again, this figure is only a rough estimate. The group must still be manageable. They know each other still, but many only by sight. In koquartieren those services are provided for members / member networks that can not be created at the level of individual network. To think, for example, to major repairs and renovations to the houses. The technical know-how of the individual networks and there vorfindliche specializations are summarized at the level of koquartiers and exchanged. It may also go to social services or recreational area. With a high proportion of children in the neighborhood as the child care at the level of the networks is carried out. There are but few children, you will create one or two care facilities for the district. 56 koquartiere caused by ecological transformation and development of existing neighborhoods. As with the KNn is to start from the existing architectural structures also with them; existing space developments are taken into account. This Recommendation takes into account the recognition that the physical building structures encourage the formation of groups. People who live in the same multi-storey apartment building, know as a rule. They meet by chance in the doorway, on the stairs, at the mailboxes in the garbage cans, etc. These random contacts and the knowledge to live in the same house, creates loyalty, sense of unity and thus a loose group. Then you would build if you want to create KNe and koquartiere. The same relationship is created as loose with the residents at the end of a residential street to a turning circle around, or in larger neighborhoods in that one, etc. meet in the shops of daily needs at the doctor, at the pharmacy. However, the bond among residents of an entire city quarter is really very loose. Most people can not speak. The existence of a bond can be seen, however, the fact that many of the people in question occur spontaneously in contact when they surprisingly meet in an unusual place (eg abroad). Because the self-knowing and living-together is also important for the residents of koquartiere, even at this higher (second) level, the building structure should support the emergence of a wefeeling among the residents of the same neighborhood. Is there a problem, where structurally clearly prominent units of appropriate size are available - for example a high-rise "slice" with 500 apartments or suburban settlement that clearly stands out by style and / or by a green belt of the rest of the building mass. Where this selfremoval from the rest of the building mass is not present, it should be created by long-term reconstruction and deconstruction. While the KNe the semi-public spaces of their home and between their homes determine the koquartiere have, of course, limited by the powers of the city and county government may, on the public spaces of their territory. Even more than in the KNn is a permanent organizational and administrative structure of the koquartiere required. This is reminiscent of the political structure in rural communities, although the tasks are varied and sometimes differently in ecodistrict. The latter is always a priority to production management and coordination of needs between the KNn. These are used to supply and increasing prosperity of the member population. Less it comes to the exercise of public functions, but it is a "Quartiersrat" and may require an administrator. 4 Concluding remarks - The change of consciousness of the people
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It may be conceded that one can overcome the economic crisis and the economic

imbalances of the highly developed society with the help of the proposed measures. In particular, it seems certain that that unemployment stops, prevents the uncoupling of pensioners and social welfare of the social wealth creation and Unbezahlbarkeit of sick, disabled and elderly is (because largely returned to the responsibility of families and neighborhoods) counteracted. However, one may wonder where all the talk about protecting the environment, regardless of the third and fourth world countries, the ecological consciousness and thinking of future generations remains. That is to say that these goals were still not forgotten. We have quite deliberately, provided the aspects of crisis management and wealth creation through meaningful work in the quaternary structure and self-realization in his group and leisure references to the fore. The above objectives are, as we are sure, as a kind of byproduct fall off. 59 The relationship is as follows to see: Many, especially singles who have previously worked forty hours per week, are in the proposed dual economic and social order less deserve, because they are only half-day "busy" (the basic structure) or because they are higher than previously taxed. Although they have on self-sufficiency when they join a CN and this is a ecodistrict, some compensation, but they may still have reason to be frugal. For some but not the other may be true as well for others. Pairs, for example, which has only one "worked", zBweil small children had to supply, it should not be worse off because they now relate two half-time income after the introduction of the dual society. Because of the quaternary supplementary benefits also their material wealth is more likely to improve. The latter also applies for welfare recipients and pensioners, as long as the state benefits will not be reduced to them. More importantly: About the Group KNe developments of the "pressure" is also, in a way from the center of the group out to save. Imagine, for example, the car park in front of a KNS: Twenty cars, motorcycles, scooters, mopeds, bicycles forty. Each of the motorized vehicle tax and insurance costs (possibly rent for the garage), whether it is moving or not. And many vehicles are more "standing" as vehicles. Since one in CN constantly in order to organize the self-sufficiency and the corresponding quaternary "production" meet and thus the foundation of trust, sense of belonging, friendships, etc. grow, it would be almost a miracle if you do not would begin to save on fleet by him to and use of communal. This relationship applies generally, not only for the vehicles. Thus, it is expected that parallel with the enhancement of mental bond within the KNS more impetus will come to see themselves as a real group, and all the economic benefits (ie savings in supply and use of material goods!) To use. 61 Something third is added: Using the Hash draws closer firstly decreases the consumption attitude, because parts of consumption are not a substitute for existing social relations in today's society. Second is the opportunity for the enforcement of environmental objectives in a society in which individuals and small families are united in KNn and koquartieren, much higher than if the individuals and small groups are anonymous. This is due to pull and push effects of the group. This three part. 62 (1) positive role models are better perceived. (2) cause commitments (kologischerem it with another behavior to try again) that have been released into the group much more than private first names that you can throw overboard again without loss of face. And (3) that must not be ignored, there is pressure on dissenters in the foreseeable communities. This means that compliance with calmer environmental group objectives is enforced by social pressure.
60

This last remark about the social pressure manageable communities motivates us to point out that this pressure in a city will never be comprehensive. This is just the beauty of the introduction of ecological community structures in the city. There are
63

countless KNe and many, many koquartiere (in addition to the overarching general urban leisure activity facilities such as theaters, sports stadiums, etc.), all of which are so close together that the individual lots and own individual interests, spiritual and cultural about participation in the activities of various groups can live. Unlike in the village or very small communities he can thus escape the pressure of manageable communities to exploit their advantages over again partially and thus reach a maximum of individual self-development, in fact. 64 Thus, we hope to have shown that the introduction of a dual economic and social system not only of the economic crisis our country is taken into account, but is particularly long-term environmental goals also served. The proposed dual social order may not be easy to achieve, but we are almost certain that they considered politically and long term, not around it is to go in the direction indicated.

Comments
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21) FRIEDMAN, Yona (1978) Quaternalisation - A Utopia. In: Harloff, HJ (ed.) Conference Documentation - conditions of life in the future and the implications for education. Berlin. TUB documentation currently 6/78 S.2ff 22) FRIEDMAN, Yona (1978) ibid 23) SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic (1976) Walden Two Reissued. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. 24) HALF KNIGHT, G. (1994) Equality of arms of economy and ecology. In: Political Ecology Series # 39: Light prosperity? - Prospects for a sustainable Germany. 11/94 25) DAVIS, Joan (1994) lifestyle or life goal - Bypass does not lose. In: Political Ecology Series Special lifestyle or life style - life change through changing values 2 .Auflage 26) SELLE, Klaus (1990) to reach and requirements of residents engagement in the living area Twelve theses. In: Material Collection - Reports and materials from the working group inventory improvement projects (GTC) Issue No.12, October 1990. Institute for Space Development and planning Sociology, University of Hannover, Institute of Spatial Planning, University of Dortmund. S.2ff. 27) DIEKMANN, A. (1993) The limits of behavioral effectiveness of environmental awareness. . To: Hrning, K. (ed.) Environment and Society 28), see also the concept of "ecological station" of Hahn HAHN, Ekhart (1991) Ecological Urban Redevelopment - Concept and Theory. Science Centre Berlin for Social Research FSII91-405th HAHN, E. & Simonis, Udo E. (1994) Ecological Urban Renewal - A new mission statement. Science Centre Berlin for Social Research FSII94 40329) BELL et al. (1996) cited above (Section 12) 30) Trnkle, Margret (1978) from the isolation cell for communicative living. In: Jungk, R., Lutz, R., Mllert, NR, Ziegler, B. (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Future - An incitement to future practical design, Volume I. Tbingen: iva-verlag GmbH amber polke S.169ff. 31) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1988) "Small network" as a field social and environmental learning. In: Simonis, Udo E. (eds) Learning from the environment - learning for the environment. Berlin: Edition Sigma 32) Harloff, Hans Joachim (1988) ibid