Buoyancy:In physics, buoyancy is an upward acting force exerted by a fluid, that opposes an object's weight.

In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the over lying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the column than at the top. This difference in pressure results in a net force that tends to accelerate an object upwards. The magnitude of that force is equal to the difference in the pressure between the top and the bottom of the column, and is also equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy the column. For this reason, an object whose density is greater than that of the fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is either less dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a reference frame which either has a gravitational field or is accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a "downward" direction (that is, a non-inertial reference frame). In a situation of fluid statics, the net upward buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid displaced by the body [1] This is the force that enables the object to float.

Archimedes' principle: Archimedes' principle is named after Archimedes of Syracuse, who first discovered this law in 212 B.C.[2] His treatise, On floating bodies, proposition 5 states: Any floating object displaces its own weight of fluid. Archimedes of Syracuse For more general objects, floating and sunken, and in gases as well as liquids (i.e. a fluid), Archimedes' principle may be stated thus in terms of forces: Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Archimedes of Syracuse with the clarifications that for a sunken object the volume of displaced fluid is the volume of the object, and for a floating object on a liquid, the weight of the displaced liquid is the weight of the object. More tersely: Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle does not consider the surface tension (capillarity) acting on the body. The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform density). In simple terms, the principle states that the buoyant force on an object is going to be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational constant, g. Thus, among completely submerged objects with equal masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy.

e.g.:-Suppose a rock's weight is measured as 10 newtons when suspended by a string in

a vacuum with gravity acting upon it. Suppose that when the rock is lowered into water, it displaces water of weight 3 newtons. The force it then exerts on the string from which it hangs would be 10 newtons minus the 3 newtons of buoyant force: 10 3 = 7 newtons. Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects that have sunk completely to the sea floor. It is generally easier to lift an object up through the water than it is to pull it out of the water.

Buoyancy:Buoyancy is the force due to pressure differences on the top and bottom of an object under a fluid (gas or liquid). Net force = buoyant force - force due to gravity on the object

Bernoulli's Principle:Fluid flow is a complex phenomenon. An ideal fluid may be described as:

The fluid flow is steady i.e. its velocity at each point is constant with time.

The fluid is incompressible. This condition applies well to liquids and in certain circumstances to gases. The fluid flow is non-viscous. Internal friction is neglected. An object moving through this fluid does not experience a retarding force. We relax this condition in the discussion of Stokes' Law. The fluid flow is irrotational. There is no angular momentum of the fluid about any point. A very small wheel placed at an arbitrary point in the fluid does not rotate about its center. Note that if turbulence is present, the wheel would most likely rotate and its flow is then not irrotational.

As the fluid moves through a pipe of varying cross-section and elevation, the pressure will change along the pipe. The Swiss physicist Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) first derived an expression relating the pressure to fluid speed and height. This result is a consequence of conservation of energy and applies to ideal fluids as described above. Consider an ideal fluid flowing in a pipe of varying cross-section. A fluid in a section of length x1 moves to the section of length x2 in time t. The relation given by Bernoulli is:

[where: P is pressure at cross-section, K is a constant, h is height of cross-section, is density, and v is velocity of fluid at cross-section.]

In words, the Bernoulli relation may be stated as: As we move along a streamline the sum of the pressure {P), the kinetic energy per unit volume and the potential energy per unit volume remains a constant.