FASTENERS Fasteners in construction refer to nails, rivets, bolts and screws.

Their function is to mechanically join, or fasten, materials together. Nails Nails are used to fasten wood. As early as the ancient roman period, nails were already being used. Early nails were made from iron. Early nails were rectangular or square in section. Most modern nails have circular sections. Nails have a head, a shank or shaft, and a pointed end. Materials - usually made from mild steel - nails can also be made from brass, stainless steel, copper, zinc, aluminium Common types of nail 1. Common Wire Nail (CWN) nail made from steel wire; it is a slender shaft, a flat head, and a diamond pointed end. Range of sizes is from 1 (25mm) to 6 (150mm), with increments of (6mm). 2. Finishing Nail A nail that has a slender shaft and a smaller head compared to a CWN. The smaller head allows the nail to be driven slightly below the surface of the wood so that it can be hidden from view by the application of putty. 3. Concrete Nail Made from hardened steel for driving into concrete or masonry surfaces. It has a diamond point and may have a fluted shaft for greater holding power. 4. Brad Finishing nail less than 1 (25mm) long. 5. Umbrella nail Nail with a large lead washer for use in attaching corrugated roofing sheet. 6. Tack A short nail, usually from 3/16 (No.1) to 1-1/8 (No 24), with a large head, used in upholstery making, shoemaking and saddle manufacture. Other nail types 1. Cut nail Nail having a rectangular tapering shaft; made from strips of steel or other metal. Used for restoration of historic structures. 2. Double headed or scaffold nail Nail with two heads. Used for temporary fastening so that the nail is easy to pull. 3. Fiber cement nails Thin shaft, flat, round head used for fastening fiber cement boards to wood framing. 4. Spikes Thicker shaft than ordinary nails; used for timber construction or for joining large, heavy pieces of lumber. Nail points 1. needle or round point 2. diamond point 3. chisel point Gripping Power In order to increase holding power, shafts of some types of nails have flutes, annular rings, or threads

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Screw A metal fastening device consisting of a slotted head and a shank with helical threads. It is designed to be driven into wood by turning with a screwdriver or other applicable device. Types 1. Wood screw Has a slotted head and its own point; used for fastening wood to wood. 2. Sheet metal screw Designed for fastening sheet metal to another metal. Has coarse threads. 3. Lag screw or lag bolt A large screw with a square or hexagonal, non-slotted head to be driven by a wrench. Used in heavy timber connections where placement of a bolt with nut is not possible. 4. Machine screw Used for fastening metals. It has a straight, threaded shaft with a slotted head; and is driven into a tapped hole. 5. Screw eye A screw with a ring head. 6. Thumb screw A screw with a flat, thick head with ridges along the sides of the head; designed for being turned by fingers. 7. Set screw a screw without a head but with a slot; designed for turning into a hole to prevent relative movement. 8. Cap screw Similar to a machine screw except that it does not have a slot in its head. Used for fastening machine parts. Screw Heads Type 1 flat 2 oval 3 Round or button head 4 truss 5 panhead 6 7 fillister bugle

Upper Surface Bearing Surface flat conical shallow spherical conical spherical flat shallow spherical flat cylindrical shape with rounded flat shoulder cylindrical with dome flat flat bell shape

Screw Slots 1. slotted 2. Phillips 3. Combination Phillips/slotted 4. Allen 5. Frearson 6. Square 7. Tamper-proof Bolts Are threaded metal rods, usually with a head, and designed to be secured with a nut. 1. machine bolt flat bearing surface; square or hexagonal head to be turned by a wrench 2. Carriage bolt rounded head, flat bearing surface with a square shoulder, allowing the bolt to be tightened without the shaft rotating 3. stove bolt a small machine bolt
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4. Expansion bolt A bolt with a sleeve that expands and grips the side of a predrilled hole as the bolt is driven into it. Used for masonry and concrete walls. 5. Expansion shield A lead or plastic sleeve that expands when a bolt is driven into it in a predrilled hole. 6. Toggle bolt A bolt with two hinged wings that can be folded to fit into a pre-drilled hole in a hollow wall (i.e.: a gypsum wall or plywood wall). After the wings slip past the hole, they snap back open. The bolt can thus be tightened by pulling it against the wall so that the wings act as stopper, and then turning the bolt. 7. J bolt Bolt in the shape of the letter J with threads on the long end. 8. U bolt Bolt in the shape of the letter U with threads on both ends. 9. Eye bolt Bolt with a thread on one end and a ring on the head.

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