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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI


B mn in t Vin thng-Khoa in t
------------------------
BI GiNG MN:
THNG TIN S
1 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
BI GiNG MN:
THNG TIN S
Ging vin: Th.s. B Quc Bo
H ni 2007
Chng 7: Chng 7: iu ch tn hiu s iu ch tn hiu s
2
ieu che so
e co the truyen dan cac thong tin so bang song ien t,
can phai tien hanh ieu che so.
ieu che so la ky thuat gan thong tin so vao dao ong
hnh sine (song mang), lam cho song mang co the mang
thong tin can truyen i.
Ta cung co the hieu: ieu che so la s dung thong tin so
tac ong len cac thong so cua song mang, lam cho cac
thong so cua song mang bien thien theo quy luat cua
thong tin.
3 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
e co the truyen dan cac thong tin so bang song ien t,
can phai tien hanh ieu che so.
ieu che so la ky thuat gan thong tin so vao dao ong
hnh sine (song mang), lam cho song mang co the mang
thong tin can truyen i.
Ta cung co the hieu: ieu che so la s dung thong tin so
tac ong len cac thong so cua song mang, lam cho cac
thong so cua song mang bien thien theo quy luat cua
thong tin.
ieu che so
4 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
ieu che so
Song mang hnh sine co dang:
x(t) = A cos(2f
c
t + )
Co ba thong so cua song mang co the mang tin:la
bien o (A), tan so (f
c
) va goc pha ().
Do o, ta co the tac ong len mot trong 3 thong so
cua song mang e co cac phng phap ieu che
tng ng.
Ngoai ra, ta cung co the tac ong len mot luc 2 thong
so cua song mang e co phng phap ieu che ket
hp.
5 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Song mang hnh sine co dang:
x(t) = A cos(2f
c
t + )
Co ba thong so cua song mang co the mang tin:la
bien o (A), tan so (f
c
) va goc pha ().
Do o, ta co the tac ong len mot trong 3 thong so
cua song mang e co cac phng phap ieu che
tng ng.
Ngoai ra, ta cung co the tac ong len mot luc 2 thong
so cua song mang e co phng phap ieu che ket
hp.
Co cac phng phap ieu che sau:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK): ieu che khoa
dch bien o.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) : ieu che khoa
dch tan so.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) : ieu che khoa dch
pha.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): ieu
che bien o cau phng. ay la phng phap ket
hp gia ASK va PSK.
Cac phuong phap dieu che so
6 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Co cac phng phap ieu che sau:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK): ieu che khoa
dch bien o.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) : ieu che khoa
dch tan so.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) : ieu che khoa dch
pha.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): ieu
che bien o cau phng. ay la phng phap ket
hp gia ASK va PSK.
Cac phuong phap dieu che so
7 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Bit rate is the number of bits per
second. Baud rate is the number of
signal units per second. Baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.
Note: Note:
8 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Bit rate is the number of bits per
second. Baud rate is the number of
signal units per second. Baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.
Example 1 Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000
signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the
bit rate
Solution Solution
9 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Solution Solution
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
Example 2 Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries
6 bits, what is the baud rate?
Solution Solution
10 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s
ieu che ASK (2 ASK)
Mc thap nhat la ASK hai mc (2 ASK)
Bit 1 nh phan c bieu dien bang mot song mang
co bien o la hang so.
Bit 0 nh phan: khong xuat hien song mang.
Vi tn hieu song mang la Acos(2f
c
t)
11 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Mc thap nhat la ASK hai mc (2 ASK)
Bit 1 nh phan c bieu dien bang mot song mang
co bien o la hang so.
Bit 0 nh phan: khong xuat hien song mang.
Vi tn hieu song mang la Acos(2f
c
t)
, ,
'
'
'

'
= t s
, , t f A
c
2 cos
0
1 bit
0 bit
Dang tn hieu 2-ASK
12 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Tn hieu ASK hai mc
Ta co the tao ra c 4ASK, 16 ASK Tuy nhien cac
loai ieu che nay co kha nang chong nhieu kem.
Figure 5.3 ASK
13 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.4 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK
14 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Example 3 Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half-
duplex.
Solution Solution
15 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Solution Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud
rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a
minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore,
the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
Example 4 Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what
are the baud rate and bit rate?
Solution Solution
16 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the baud
rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit
rate is 5000 bps.
Example 5 Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),
draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find the
carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.
Solution Solution
17 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Solution Solution
For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is
BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of
each band (see Fig. 5.5).
fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
fc (backward) = 11000 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
Figure 5.5 Solution to Example 5
18 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
ieu che FSK (FSK hai muc)
Mc thap nhat la FSK hai mc (2 FSK, BFSK)
Ca hai bit nh phan 0 va 1 c bieu dien hai tan so
song mang khac nhau:
, ,
'
'
'

'
= t s
, , t f A
1
2 cos
1 bit
19 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Mc thap nhat la FSK hai mc (2 FSK, BFSK)
Ca hai bit nh phan 0 va 1 c bieu dien hai tan so
song mang khac nhau:
, ,
'
'
'

'
= t s
, , t f A
1
2 cos
, , t f A
2
2 cos
1 bit
0 bit
Dang tn hieu 2-FSK
20 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Tn hieu FSK hai mc
Figure 5.6 FSK
21 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.7 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK
22 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Example 6 Example 6
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex
mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz.
Solution Solution
23 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Solution Solution
For FSK
BW = baud rate + f BW = baud rate + f
c1 c1
ff
c0 c0
BW = bit rate + fc1 BW = bit rate + fc1 fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz
Example 7 Example 7
Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the
bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference
between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in
full-duplex mode.
Solution Solution
24 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Solution Solution
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is
allocated for each direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1 BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0 fc0
Baud rate = BW Baud rate = BW (fc1 (fc1 fc0 ) = 6000 fc0 ) = 6000 2000 = 4000 2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the
bit rate is 4000 bps.
MFSK FSK M muc
S dung M tan so song mang
Hieu qua hn ve s dung bang thong nhng loi nhieu
hn.
f
i
= f
c
+ (2i 1 M)f
d
f
c
= Tan so song mang
f
d
= o di tan so
M = So trang thai ieu che = 2
L
L = So bt trong moi trang thai ieu che
, , t f A t s
i i
2 cos =
M i . . 1
25 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
S dung M tan so song mang
Hieu qua hn ve s dung bang thong nhng loi nhieu
hn.
f
i
= f
c
+ (2i 1 M)f
d
f
c
= Tan so song mang
f
d
= o di tan so
M = So trang thai ieu che = 2
L
L = So bt trong moi trang thai ieu che
Multiple Frequenc-Shilt Keing (MFSK)
e tng thch vi toc o d lieu cua luong bit vao,
moi mot phan t tn hieu au ra co khoang thi gian
la:
T
s
=LT seconds
Trong o T chu ky bit (toc o d lieu = 1/T)
V vay, moi phan t tn hieu ieu che mang lng
tin la L bits
26 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
e tng thch vi toc o d lieu cua luong bit vao,
moi mot phan t tn hieu au ra co khoang thi gian
la:
T
s
=LT seconds
Trong o T chu ky bit (toc o d lieu = 1/T)
V vay, moi phan t tn hieu ieu che mang lng
tin la L bits
Multiple Frequenc-Shilt Keing (MFSK)
27 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
PSK
PSK hai mc (BPSK)
S dung hai goc pha bieu dien cho 2 bit nh phan
, ,
'
'
'

'
= t s
, , t f A
c
2 cos
1 bit
28 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
PSK hai mc (BPSK)
S dung hai goc pha bieu dien cho 2 bit nh phan
, ,
'
'
'

'
= t s
, , t f A
c
2 cos
, , + t f A
c
2 cos
1 bit
0 bit
'
'
'

'
=
, , t f A
c
2 cos
, , t f A
c
2 cos
1 bit
0 bit
Tn hieu PSK 2 muc
29 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Tn hieu PSK hai mc
2PSK
0 1
2PSK
2PSK ra
y(t)
NRZ vao
b(t)
30 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Cac v tr pha
Song mang
c(t)
S o nguyen ly
Figure 5.8 PSK
31 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.9 PSK constellation
32 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Phase-Shilt Keing (PSK)
PSK vi sai (DPSK)
S dch phase cua trang thai hien tai da tren s
tham khao pha cua trang thai trc o.
Bit 0 cum tn hieu hien tai ong phase vi
cum tn hieu trc o.
Bit 1 cum tn hieu hien tai ngc pha vi cum
tn hieu trc o.
33 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
PSK vi sai (DPSK)
S dch phase cua trang thai hien tai da tren s
tham khao pha cua trang thai trc o.
Bit 0 cum tn hieu hien tai ong phase vi
cum tn hieu trc o.
Bit 1 cum tn hieu hien tai ngc pha vi cum
tn hieu trc o.
Phase-Shilt Keing (PSK)
PSK 4 mc (QPSK)
Moi trang thai song mang mang thong tin 2 bit
, ,
'
'
'
'
'

'
= t s
|
.
|

\
|
+
4
2 cos

t f A
c
11
34 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
, ,
'
'
'
'
'

'
= t s
|
.
|

\
|
+
4
2 cos

t f A
c
|
.
|

\
|
+
4
3
2 cos

t f A
c
|
.
|

\
|

4
3
2 cos

t f A
c
|
.
|

\
|

4
2 cos

t f A
c
01
00
10
4PSK So do nguen l dieu che
NRZ vao
b(t)
c(t)
2PSK
S
I b
1
(t)
35 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
4PSK ra
y(t)
NRZ vao
b(t)
c(t)
2PSK
S
P
90
o

Q b
2
(t)
4PSK - Cac trang thai phase
1
I
Q
1 0
11 01
36 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
0
1 0
10 00
4PSK So do nguen l giai dieu che
LPF
So pha

4 PSK
vao
Luong bit ra
b(t)
c(t)
I
37 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
So pha
LPF
90
0

4 PSK
vao
Bo chia
cong suat
Luong bit ra
b(t)
Q
Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
38 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.11 The 4-PSK characteristics
39 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
40 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Figure 5.13 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK
41 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Example 8 Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 2-PSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode.
Solution Solution
For 2-PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 2000.
42 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
For 2-PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 2000.
Example 9 Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what
are the baud rate and bit rate?
Solution Solution
43 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
For 2PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the bit
rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
Phase-Shilt Keing (PSK)
Multilevel PSK
Using multiple phase angles with each angle having more than
one amplitude, multiple signals elements can be achieved
D = modulation rate, baud
R = data rate, bps
M = number of different signal elements = 2
L
L = number of bits per signal element
M
R
L
R
D
2
log
= =
44 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Multilevel PSK
Using multiple phase angles with each angle having more than
one amplitude, multiple signals elements can be achieved
D = modulation rate, baud
R = data rate, bps
M = number of different signal elements = 2
L
L = number of bits per signal element
M
R
L
R
D
2
log
= =
Perlormance
Bandwidth of modulated signal (B
T
)
ASK, PSK B
T
=(1+r)R
FSK B
T
=2DF+(1+r)R
R = bit rate
0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
DF = f
2
-f
c
=f
c
-f
1
45 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Bandwidth of modulated signal (B
T
)
ASK, PSK B
T
=(1+r)R
FSK B
T
=2DF+(1+r)R
R = bit rate
0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
DF = f
2
-f
c
=f
c
-f
1
Perlormance
Bandwidth of modulated signal (B
T
)
MPSK
MFSK
L = number of bits encoded per signal element
M = number of different signal elements
R
M
r
R
L
r
B
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
log
1 1
, ,
R
M
M r
B
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
log
1
46 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Bandwidth of modulated signal (B
T
)
MPSK
MFSK
L = number of bits encoded per signal element
M = number of different signal elements
, ,
R
M
M r
B
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
log
1
Bang thong cua tn hieu dieu che
V du: Tm bang thong cua tn hieu ieu che PSK 2
mc, 4 mc, 8 mc, 16 mc cho 1 luong E1, E3, E4.
47 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
So sanh ba loai dieu che
48 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
QAM
QAM la s ket hp cua ASK va PSK
Ve ban chat ay la 2 tn hieu c phat i tren cung mot tan
so song mang.
, , , , , , t f t d t f t d t s
c c
2 sin 2 cos
2 1
+ =
49 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
QAM la s ket hp cua ASK va PSK
Ve ban chat ay la 2 tn hieu c phat i tren cung mot tan
so song mang.
, , , , , , t f t d t f t d t s
c c
2 sin 2 cos
2 1
+ =
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a
combination of ASK and PSK so that a
maximum contrast between each
signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on)
is achieved.
Note: Note:
50 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a
combination of ASK and PSK so that a
maximum contrast between each
signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on)
is achieved.
Cac trang thai cua 4-QAM & 8 QAM
51 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Dang tn hieu 8-QAM
52 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
S DUNG PHO
BIEN NHAT
16-QAM
53 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
16QAM So do nguen l dieu che
NRZ vao
b(t)
c(t)
4PAM
S
I
b
1
(t)
b
2
(t)
54 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
16QAM ra
y(t)
NRZ vao
b(t)
c(t)
4PAM
S
P
90
o

Q b
4
(t)
b
3
(t)
16QAM - Cac trang thai phase
10
I
Q
1010
11 1011
55 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
00
I
10 00 01 11
01 1001
1000
Figure 5.17 Bit and baud
56 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
Table 5.1 Bit and baud rate comparison
Modulation Modulation Units Units Bits/Baud Bits/Baud Baud rate Baud rate Bit Rate
ASK, FSK, 2 ASK, FSK, 2--PSK PSK Bit 1 N N
44--PSK, 4 PSK, 4--QAM QAM Dibit 2 N 2N
88--PSK, 8 PSK, 8--QAM QAM Tribit 3 N 3N
57 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
16 16--QAM QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N
32 32--QAM QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N
64 64--QAM QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N
128 128--QAM QAM Septabit 7 N 7N
256 256--QAM QAM Octabit 8 N 8N
Example 10 Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced
points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?
Solution Solution
58 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45
degrees apart. Since 2
3
= 8, 3 bits are transmitted with
each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is
4800 / 3 = 1600 baud
Example 11 Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal.
Solution Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log
2
16 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps
59 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log
2
16 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps
Example 12 Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM signal.
Solution Solution
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since
log
2
64 = 6.
Thus,
72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud
60 GV: B Quc Bo BM TVT - H CNHN
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since
log
2
64 = 6.
Thus,
72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

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