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S LC V STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING

L Tn Phng*

1. Khi nim v SEM


SEM l mt tp hp cc m hnh thng k, khng phi l mt phng php thng k ring r. C th hnh dung SEM nh l mt s tng hp gia phn tch nhn t khm ph vi m hnh hi quy a bin. V sao phi s dng SEM? Cc m hnh v phng php thng k khc (nh ANOVA, hi quy v.v) ch cho php nghin cu mt mi lin quan m thi. l mi lin quan gia mt bin ph thuc vi mt hoc nhiu bin c lp. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, c nhiu vn nghin cu t ra phi tm hiu nhiu mi lin quan cng mt lc. V d nh tm hiu mi lin quan gia s hi lng ca bnh nhn i vi thi nim n ca nhn vin y t, v chi ph khm cha bnh, v th tc hnh chnh. Trong trng hp ny, bin ph thuc l s hi lng ca bnh nhn, v cc bin c lp l s nim n ca nhn vin y t, chi ph khm cha bnh, v th tc hnh chnh. S dng hi quy a bin trong trng hp ny nhm tm hiu mt mi lin quan ny m thi. Tuy nhin, c th pht sinh cu hi nghin cu l: s hi lng ca bnh nhn c dn n s tun th tt ch iu tr hay khng, v do lm tng hiu qu iu tr hay khng. Nh vy, vi cu hi ny lm pht sinh 2 mi quan h: quan h gia s hi lng bnh nhn vi tun th ch iu tr; v quan h gia tun th ch iu tr vi hiu qu iu tr. Nghin cu ng thi 3 mi quan h ny khng th s dng phn tch a bin c in. SEM s gii quyt tnh hung ny. Khc vi cc m hnh phn tch a bin s dng phn tch phng sai (variance analysis), SEM lin quan n phn tch ng phng sai (covariance analysis). Tht ra, phn tch phng sai l trng hp c bit ca phn tch ng phng sai khi cc bin c tiu chun ho (standardized).

2. Cc bc tin hnh SEM


Theo Hair et al, c 6 bc trong qu trnh tin hnh SEM nh sau: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Xc nh cc cu trc thnh phn ring l (individual constructs) Xy dng m hnh o lng chung (overall measurement model) Thit k mt nghin cu cho ra kt qu c th nh gi tnh gi tr (validity) ca m hnh o lng (measurement model) Thit lp m hnh cu trc (structural model) nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh cu trc

Bc s, Thc s Y t cng cng

3. Chi tit cc bc tin hnh SEM


3.1. Bc 1
Xc nh cc cu trc thnh phn Mi cu trc s c o bng cc thang o c th. V d, s hi lng ca bnh nhn s c o bng thang o s hi lng. Cu trc th tc hnh chnh s c o bng thang o ring l. Ngi ta c th s dng nhngthang o c sn, hoc pht trin li t u cc thang o lin quan. Tuy nhin, khi s dng thang o sn c vn phi tri qua bc th nghim (pilot survey) kim tra tnh thch hp cng nh tin cy v gi tr ca thang o .

3.2. Bc 2
Xy dng v thit lp m hnh o lng (developing and specifying the measurement model) Bc ny lin quan n phc ha m hnh. V d n gin nh m hnh di y:

Trong m hnh ny, ta c tng cng 17 tham s cn c lng (estimated parameters). l h s ti (loadings) ca cc bin X1 X8 n 2 cu trc Supervision v Coworkers (k hin l L), phn d (k hiu l e) ca cc bin X1-X8, v h s ng phng sai (Cov) gia 2 cu trc Supervision v Coworkers.

3.3. Bc 3
Thit k mt nghin cu cho ra kt qu c th. Trong bc ny, cn ch nhng im sau y: Trong thit k nghin cu: Cn ch 3 vn : s liu l ng phng sai (covariance) hay tng quan (correlation); s liu trng (missing data); v c mu 2

Trong c lng m hnh (model estimation): Cn ch n 3 vn : cu trc m hnh (model structure); k thut c lng; v phn mm s dng

3.3.1. ng phng sai hay tng quan? S dng ng phung sai l tt hn. Hin nay, tt c cc phn mm SEM u c s dng ng phng sai nh ngun s liu phn tch. 3.3.2. S liu trng S liu trng (missing data) cn phi kim tra v phn tch, nht l trong trng hp s liu b trng khng phi do ngu nhin (nonrandom missing) hoc c hn 10% s liu b trng. C th s dng cc phng php thay th s liu b trng nh k thut multiple imputation hoc Expectation Maximization, hoc s dng k thut pairwise (xa tng cp, khc vi listwise l xo ton b d liu trng) trong trng hp c thn 10% d liu trng v c mu ln hn 250. S liu trng trn 15% s khng thch hp cho SEM. 3.3.3. C mu SEM i hi c mu ln. C mu nh th no l ln vn cn nhiu kin khc nhau, ph thuc vo: k thut c lng, phc tp ca m hnh, mc trng ca s liu, phng sai ca sai s trung bnh v.v Nu m hnh SEM c t 5 cu trc (construct) tr xung v mi cu trc c hn 3 bin (observed variables), v c h s communality cao ( 0.6) th c mu c th l 100 - 150. Nu h s communality trung bnh (t 0.45 0.55) hoc m hnh c cu trc cha t hn 3 bin th c mu cn thit l 200 hoc hn. Nu h s communality thp (t 0.45 0.55) hoc m hnh c cu trc cha t hn 3 bin th c mu cn thit l 300 hoc hn. Nu s lng cu trc nhiu hn 6, mt s cu trc cha t hn 3 bin v h s communality trung bnh hoc thp th c mu cn thit c th > 500.

3.4. Bc 4
nh gi gi tr ca m hnh o lng Cu hi t ra l m hnh SEM c gi tr khng? Tr li cu hi ny lin quan n 2 vn : Goodness-of-fit (GOF) ca m hnh v gi tr cu trc c hiu ca n (construct validity). Goodness of fit tm dch m mc ph hp ca m hnh, nhng trong ti liu ny, nguyn vn ca t goodness of fit c s dng thay cho t ting Vit. 3.4.1. Goodness-of-fit GOF dng ch m hnh SEM to ra ma trn ng phng sai (estimated covariance matrix) c tng ng vi ma trn quan st hay khng (observed covariance matrix). Hai ma trn ny cng tng ng, m hnh cng thch hp (model fit). 3.4.2. C bn v GOF Nh trn ni, mc ch ca nh nghin cu l tm ra m hnh ph hp vi gi thuyt a ra. C ngha l ma trn c lng (k hiu l k) v ma trn quan st (k hiu l S) s tng ng nhau. Do , gi tr ca 2 ma trn cng gn ging nhau th m hnh cng thch hp (fit). Mt trong nhng ch s thng k c bn ca GOF trong SEM l ch s 2. 3

2 ca GOF c tnh nh sau: 2 = (N - 1)(S - k) Nh vy, 2 ph thuc vo c mu v s lng tham s cn c lng trong m hnh. C ngha l tuy m hnh c th thch hp, nhng c mu ln th 2 cng tng theo. S tham s c lng cng nhiu th 2 cng cng ln. S lng tham s c lin quan n t do ca m hnh. t do (degree of freedom, vit tt l df) ca m hnh SEM c tnh nh sau: df = p (p+1) k Trong p l tng s bin quan st v k l tng s tham s cn c lng (free parameters). Nh vy, r rng df khng ph thuc vo c mu, hon ton khc vi df trong cc phn tch a bin c in. ngha ca 2 trong SEM: Khc vi cc thut ton thng k c in mong i mt gi tr 2 ln cho p value nh mt cch c ngha (<0.05), trong SEM, do ngi ta ch mong mun m hnh tin on khng khc vi m hnh quan st, tc l khng c c s bc b H0, cho nn m hnh l tt v thch hp nu p > 0.05, c ngha l 2 phi nh. Tuy nhin, nh trn ni, 2 ph thuc vo c mu v t do, cho nn c nhng trng hp m hnh fit tt, nhng do c mu ln v tham s c lng nhiu lm cho 2 tng. Chnh v vy, ngoi 2, cn phi xem xt nhng ch s khc khi kho st goodness of fit ca m hnh. Cc ch s khc bao gm: Absolute fit, incremental fit, v parsimony fit. 3.4.3. Cc ch s Absolute fit Cc ch s absolute fit l cc s o trc tip trn mt m hnh SEM. N khng dng so snh vi cc m hnh SEM khc ( xem m hnh no tt hn). Cc ch s absolute fit hay gp l: 2, Goodness-of-fit Index (GFI), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Root Means Square Residual (RMR), Standardized Root Mean Residual (SRMR), normed 2. 2 nh ni trn, ph thuc vo c mu v phc tp ca m hnh. Chnh v vy, mc d 2 ma trn quan st v c lng kh tng ng vi nhau, nhng do c mu ln v/hoc m hnh c nhiu cu trc nn 2 c th ln, v do kt qu ca p s khng phn nh ng thc cht s ph hp ca m hnh. Do , 2 mt mnh n khng th dng chn on GOF c. GFI l ch s t nhy cm hn vi c mu. Tuy cng thc tnh cho GFI khng c cha N, nhng t nhiu ch s ny cng chu nh hng bi c mu do N cng tc ng ln phn phi chn mu (sampling distribution). Khng c test thng k no cho GFI, ch c hng dn cch nh gi m thi. GFI c gi tr t 0 1. Gi tr cao ca GFI ni ln m hnh ph hp (model fit). GFI > 0.9 c xem l tt. Mt s cho rng nn 0.95. Ch s ny hin nay t dng v c nhiu ch s khc thay th. RMSEA l ch s ny cng c s dng thay th cho 2 do nhc im ca 2 ph thuc vo c mu v phc tp ca m hnh. Gi tr RMSEA thp ng ngha vi m hnh ph hp (model fit). Tuy nhin, hin vn cn tranh ci mc bao nhiu l thp, v ngng gi tr ca RMSEA l bao nhiu? C kin cho rng ngng (cut-off) l 0.05 hoc 0.08. Ch s RMR v SRMR thp ng ngha vi m hnh ph hp. SRMR > 0.1 gi m hnh c vn . Normed chi-square n gin ch l t l gia 2/df. T l ny 3:1 gi m hnh l ph hp. 4

3.4.4. Cc ch s incremental fit Cc ch s incremental fit khc vi cc ch s absolute fit ch n nh gi m hnh khi so snh mt cch tng i vi cc m hnh nn khc (alternative baseline model). M hnh nn hay gp nht gi l m hnh khng (null model), trong gi nh rng tt c cc bin quan st u khng lin quan vi nhau. M hnh ny hm rng khng th c mt cch thit k m hnh no khc c th ci thin c m hnh khng. Ty thuc vo phn mm s dng, c nhiu ch s khc nhau cho dng ny, trong TLI v CFI l 2 ch s thng dng nht. Normed Fit Index (NFI): NFI l t s gia hiu s ca 2 ca m hnh c lng v m hnh khng (null model) v gi tr 2 ca m hnh khng. NFI c gi tr t 0 1 v NFI = 1 biu hin mt m hnh tt hon chnh. Trong nhng m hnh phc tp thng c xu hng lm tng NFI, do ch s ny ngy nay t s dng. Tucker Lewis Index (TLI): TLI gn ging nh NFI, nhng gi tr ca n c th nh hn 0 v c th ln hn 1. M hnh c TLI t ti gi tr 1 l m hnh ph hp. m hnh no c ch s TLI cao hn th m hnh tt hn. Comparative Fit index (CFI): L ch s ci tin ca NFI c gi tr t 0 1. y l ch s ngy cng c s dng nhiu. CFI > 0.9 thng c xem l phn nh mt m hnh ph hp. Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI): RNI c gi tr t 0 1. RNI < 0.9 c xem l biu hin m hnh khng ph hp. 3.4.5. Cc ch s parsimony fit Nhm ch s ny dng cho bit thng tin m hnh no l tt nht trong s cc m hnh. Cc ch s ny gip la chn m hnh no tt hn (better fit) v/hoc n gin hn (parsimony). Trong s cc ch s parsimony fit, PNFI hay c s dng nht. Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI): y l ch s iu chnh (Adjusted) ca GFI ni trn. Cng ging nh GIF, khng c thut ton thng k no gn vi AGFI, cho nn ch s dng ch s AGFI theo hng dn, tng t nh GFI. Ch s AGFI ngy nay t c s dng. Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI): L ch s iu chnh ca NFI. Ch s PNFI cao ni ln m hnh ph hp, tng ng nh trng hp ca NFI. M hnh no c PNFI cao hn th m hnh ph hp hn. 3.4.6. Cc vn ny sinh vi cc ch s kim tra s ph hp ca m hnh Cc ch s c dng thit lp s chp nhn hay khng chp nhn m hnh nghin cu. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc ch s ny cng nh ngng (cut-off) ca n hin nay vn cn mt s vn cn tranh ci. Khi la chn m hnh, nh nghin cu phi i din vi 2 cu hi: Ch s no l tt nht phn nh mt cch khch quan s ph hp ca m hnh? Gi tr ngng no (cut-off) c p dng cho mt ch s?

Tr li 2 cu hi trn khng n gin, vthc t ny sinh mt s vn lin quan cc ch s ny. 3.4.7. Vn vi test 2 5

Nh trn ni, r rng nht l nu test 2 cho kt qu gi tr p > 0.05 gi cho mt m hnh s to ra mt ma trn ng phng sai ph hp. Tuy nhin, do test 2 ph thuc vo nhiu yu t ( phc tp ca m hnh, c mu), cho nn khng th ch vi test 2 c th gip cho nh nghin cu kt lun rng m hnh ph hp hay khng ph hp. Do , mt mt vn phi trnh by test 2, mt khc vn phi s dng cc ch s khc b sung cho 2. 3.4.8. Gi tr ngng (cut-off) cho cc ch s fit: 0.9 hay 0.95? Hu ht cc ch s incremental fit u chp nhn ngng 0.9 vo nhng nm u ca thp k 1990. Tuy nhin, hin nay, ngng ngy c ngh l 0.95 i vi nhng ch s TLI v CFI. Ni chung, 0.95 l ngng c chp nhn cho hu ht cc ch s fit. 3.4.9. Hng dn thit lp m hnh ph hp Chi tit di y ch nhm hng dn (guides for usage), khng phi l quy tc bo m cho mt m hnh ng v ph hp. S dng nhiu ch s khc nhau Thng thng, s dng 3 n 4 ch s l cung cp bng chng cho mt m hnh ph hp. khng nn trnh by tt c cc ch s (v s tha), m nn trnh by t nht 1 ch s ca incremental fit, 1 ch s ca absolute fit cng vi 2. Do , trnh by gi tr ca 2 v t do, CFI hoc TLI, v RMSEA l cung cp bng chng cho mt m hnh ph hp. Khi so snh 2 m hnh vi phc tp khc nhau, c th s dng thm PNFI. iu chnh ngng ca cc ch s da vo c im ca m hnh Bng di y c trch t ti liu ca Hair hng dn s dng cc ch s fit trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau.

Mt nguyn tc quan trng l m hnh cng n gin v c mu cng nh th quy tc p dng cng nghim ngt, v ngc li. So snh cc m hnh vi nhau nu c th C th l kh khng nh mt m hnh l tt hay khng, nhng s l d dng hn so snh m hnh ny l tt hn m hnh kia. Bng trn s gip so snh cc m hnh khc nhau.

3.5. Bc 5
Thit lp m hnh cu trc (structural model) Bc ny lin quan n vic thit lp mi quan h gia cc cu trc vi nhau theo m hnh c xy dng bc 2, da trn nn tng l thuyt. Cc mi quan h ny c th l quan h ph thuc (dependence relationship) biu hin bng mi tn 1 chiu, hoc quan h qua li dng tng quan (correlation), hoc khng c lin quan g vi nhau. Ty theo mi quan h, ta c nhng m hnh chnh, bao gm: m hnh Path, m hnh phn tch nhn t khng nh (Confirmatory factor analysis CFA), hoc m hnh cu trc (Structural model). Cc bi vit ring l tip theo s cp chi tit hn bc ny theo cc m hnh c lin quan.

3.6. Bc 6
nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh cu trc Giai on ny lin quan n vic nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh cu trc v cc mi lin quan l thuyt tng ng. Lu rng nu bc 4 khng thnh cng th cng khng th tin hnh bc 5 v bc 6 c. C 2 im quan trng trong bc ny. Trc ht, mc d s ph hp ca m hnh c chng minh, vn cn phi lu m hnh thay th hoc m hnh cnh tranh tng ng. ng thi, cn ch cc tham s c lng (estimated parameters) ca m hnh cu trc v n cung cp bng chng cho mi quan h l thuyt m s c minh ha bi m hnh. 3.6.1. Goodness of fit ca m hnh cu trc (Structural model GOF) Qu trnh nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh cu trc cng theo nhng hng dn chung nh bc 4. Mc d s dng cng b s liu, nhng ma trn ng phng sai do m hnh cu trc to ra s khc vi m hnh o lng v s thit lp cc mi quan h gia cc cu trc. Nn nh rng trong m hnh o lng, mi cu trc u c mi tng quan vi nhau (correlational relationship), nhng trong m hnh cu trc, mi quan h gia mt s cu trc c th bng 0. Do , trong hu ht cc m hnh SEM, 2 GOF ca m hnh o lng s nh hn 2 GOF ca m hnh cu trc. nh gi m hnh cu trc bng cc ch s cng theo nhng hng dn nh bc 4. 3.6.2. Ph hp cnh tranh (Copetitive Fit) Mc ch ca m hnh cnh tranh l, mc d m hnh kho st ph hp, nhng cng cn phi chng minh rng m hnh l tt hn so vi nhng m hnh khc tng ng. Nu khng s phi s dng m hnh tng ng thay th. So snh cc m hnh bng cch nh gi s khc bit gia cc ch s incremental v parsimony, cng vi 2 GOF ca tng m hnh. 7

TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.

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