Ma Hoa Tieng Noi Trong GSM

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
C S TI THNH PH H CH MINH
KHOA VIN THNG II
_______________

N
TT NGHIP I HC

CHUYN NGHNH: IN T - VIN THNG
H I HC CHNH QUY
NIN KHO: 2008-2013

ti:
NGHIN CU K THUT M HO TING
NI TRONG DI NG

M s ti: 12 408160072

NI DUNG:
- CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG
- CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI
- CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI
- CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM
- CHNG 5: M PHNG

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn i Ho
MSSV: 408160072
Lp: 08VTA2
Gio vin hng dn: Phm Thanh m
MC LC

LI M U .................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG . 2
1.1 S ho v m ho ting ni .................................................................................... 2
1.2 M ho knh .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3 T chc cm .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Ghp xen ................................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Mt m ho ............................................................................................................ 6
1.6 iu ch ................................................................................................................. 7
CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI........................................................... 9
2.1 Chui thoi ............................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Pht m ................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1 Kch thch ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Vocal tract .................................................................................................... 12
2.2.3 m v ............................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3.1 Nguyn m ............................................................................................. 13
2.2.3.2 Ph m xt ............................................................................................. 15
2.2.3.3 Ph m dng .......................................................................................... 17
2.2.3.4 Ph m mi ............................................................................................ 18
2.3 Dng b lc ngun ............................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Vocal tract .................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Kch thch ..................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3 Dng b lc ngun tng qut ........................................................................ 19
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI..................... 20
3.1 Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni ............................................................ 20
3.1.1 Phng php m ho ting ni dng sng .................................................... 21
3.1.1.1 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) ............................................................ 21
3.1.1.2 DM (Delta Modulation) ......................................................................... 22
3.1.1.3 DPCM (Differential PCM) .................................................................... 22
3.1.1.4 ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM)-G.726 ...................................... 23
3.1.2 Phng php m ha ting ni kiu Vocoder ............................................... 23
3.1.3 Phng php m ha lai (Hybrid) ................................................................ 24
3.1.3.1 M ho phn tch AbS ........................................................................... 25
a, D on ngn hn STP (Short Term Predictor) ................................................... 26
b, D on di hn LTP (Long Term Predictor)...................................................... 32
3.2. ng dng cc phng php c s m ha m thanh trong truyn thng. .......... 33
3.2.1 . Cc yu c u i v
i mt b m ha m thoa i ............................................ 33
3.2.2. Cc tham s lin quan n ch t lu
ng thoa i ................................................ 34
3.2.3. Cc phu
ng php nh gi ch t lu
ng thoa i co
ba
n ................................... 34
3.2.3.1. Phng php nh gi chu quan (MOS) .............................................. 35
3.2.3.2. Cc phu
ng php nh gi khch quan ................................................ 35

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM .. 36
4.1 Cc b m ho ting ni d tuyn cho h thng GSM ........................................ 36
4.1.1 SBC- APCM ................................................................................................. 36
4.1.2 SBC-ADPCM ............................................................................................... 36
4.1.3 MPE-LTP ..................................................................................................... 36
4.1.4 RPE-LTP ...................................................................................................... 36
4.2 B m ho ting ni RPE-LTP ............................................................................ 37
4.2.1 Tin x l...................................................................................................... 37
4.2.2 Lc phn tch STP ........................................................................................ 39
4.2.3 Lc phn tch LTP ........................................................................................ 41
4.2.4 Tnh ton RPE .............................................................................................. 43
4.3B gii m ting ni RPE-LTP ............................................................................. 45
4.3.1Gii m RPE .................................................................................................. 46
4.3.2Lc tng hp LTP .......................................................................................... 46
4.3.3Lc tng hp STP .......................................................................................... 47
4.3.4Hu x l ....................................................................................................... 47
CHNG 5: M PHNG ............................................................ 50
KT LUN ...................................................................................................................... 52
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................. 53
CH VIT TT ............................................................................................................... 54
MC LC HNH

Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh bin i tn hiu trong GSM ............................................................. 2
Hnh 1.2 Bin i A/D ..................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.3 M ho thoi ..................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.4 M ho knh ..................................................................................................... 4
Hnh 1.5 Ghp xen tn hiu ting ni............................................................................... 6
Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh to thoi ............................................................................................ 9
Hnh 2.2 Pht m cua vocal tract ................................................................................... 10
Hnh 2.3 Dng sng ting ni cua on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn ............................. 11
Hnh 2.4 Log cng ph cua mt on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn ......................... 12
Hnh 2.5(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /I/ trong t bit .................................................. 14
Hnh 2.5(b) Log cng ph cua /I/ trong t bit .................................................... 14
Hnh 2.6(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /U/ trong t foot .............................................. 15
Hnh 2.6(b) Log cng ph cua /U/ trong t foot ................................................. 15
Hnh 2.7(a) Dng sng thi gian cua /sh/ trong m bt u t shop .......................... 16
Hnh 2.7(b) Log cng ph cua /sh/ trong m bt u t shop ............................ 16
Hnh 2.8 Dng sng thi gian cua /t/ khi pht m t tap ........................................... 17
Hnh 2.9 Dng b lc ngun tng qut .......................................................................... 19
Hnh 3.1 M hnh chung b m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS .............................. 25
Hnh 3.2 th hm mt xc sut cua 8 h s LAR u tin................................... 30
Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia khung, khung con v ca s Hamming ............................. 31
Hnh 4.1 B m ho RPE-LTP ...................................................................................... 38
Hnh 4.2 B lc phn tch ngn hn .............................................................................. 41
Hnh 4.3 p ng xung (tri) v p ng tn s (phi) cua b lc trng s ................. 44
Hnh 4.4 V tr cc mu trong 4 chui con .................................................................... 44
Hnh 4.5 B gii m RPE-LTP ...................................................................................... 46
Hnh 5.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng .................................................................. 50

MC LC BNG

Bng 2.1 co tht v v tr li cua cc nguyn m trong ting Anh ........................ 13
Bng 2.2 V tr co tht v ph m xt trong ting Anh.................................................. 17
Bng 2.3 V tr co tht v ph m dng trong ting Anh .............................................. 17
Bng 2.4 V tr co tht i vi ph m mi trong ting Anh ......................................... 18
Bng 4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 37
Bng 4.2 Lng t cc h s LAR
c
(i) ........................................................................... 40
Bng 4.3 Ni suy cc tham s LAR (J=khi hin ti) ................................................... 40
Bng 4.4 Bng lng t cho tham s khuch i LTP .................................................. 42
Bng 4.5 V tr bit cc tham s ng ra cua b m ho ting ni RPE-LTP trong khung
thoi 20ms ............................................................................................................. 48

LI M U

SVTH: NGUYN I HO LP: 08VTA2 Trang 1

Li m u
Ngy nay, khi cc phu
ng tin truy n thng pht tri n v s lu
ng ngu
i s
du ng
cc phu
ng ti n lin la c ngy cng tang ln th m ha ting ni c nghin cu v

ng dng cng rng ri trong cc cuc go i i n thoa i truy n th ng , gi in thoi qua
mng di ng, qua Internet hay qua v tinh, ... Mc d v
i s pht tri n cu
a cng ngh
truy n thng qua cp quang lm cho ba ng thng khng cn l v n l
n trong cc
cuc go i i n truy n th ng . Tuy nhin, bang thng trong cc cu c go i u
ng di , cc
cuc go i qu c t , cc cuc go i qua v tinh hay cc cuc go i di ng th cn phi duy tr
bang thng m t m
c nh t i nh . Chnh v th vi c m ha ti ng ni l r t c n thi t ,
gip gia
m thi u s lu
ng tn hi u c n truy n i trn u
ng truy n nhu
ng v n a
m ba
o
ch t lu
ng cuc go i.
Xu t pht t
nh
ng yu c u
trn , vi mc ch tm hiu su hn v k thut m

ho ting ni, em quyt nh thc hin ti Nghin cu k thut m ho ting ni
trong di ng.
Ni dung ti bao gm 4 chng chnh:
- Gii thiu s lc v x l tn hiu trong di ng.
- Qu trnh to ting ni.
- Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni.
- M ho v gii m ting ni trong h thng GSM.
tang tnh thc t cua ti, em thc hin chng trnh m phng m ho
ting ni chy trn PC bng Matlab.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phm Thanh m hng dn, tn tnh gip
em hon thnh ti ny. Nhng do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn lun van
thc hin cn nhiu thiu st. Em rt mong s nhn xt, nh gi, ng gp t thy c
v bn b.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONG DI NG

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC V X L TN HIU TRONGDI
NG

Qu trnh bin i v x l tn hiu GSM c m t nh sau:

Hnh 1Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh bin i tn hiu trong GSM

1.1 S ho v m ho ting ni
u tin, ting ni c microphone bin i sang tn hiu in dng tng t.
Microphone bao gm mt mn mng v mt cun dy t trong khe t trng cua mt
nam chm. gim lng d liu cn thit tng ng vi sng m, ta cho tn hiu qua
b lc thng di trong khong tn s t 300 Hz n 3.4 kHz. Sau , tn hiu ny c
bin i sang tn hiu s bng b bin i A/D dng k thut iu xung m PCM vi
tn s ly mu l 8kHz v m ho mi mu bng 13 bit. Do , lung tn hiu s sau
khi c bin i c tc 104 kbps.
Tn hiu s ng ra cua b bin i A/D c tc 104 kbps c nn li bng
b m ho ting ni. M ho ting ni l phng php nn tn hiu thoi dng s.
Yu cu cua m ho ting ni l phi m bo thi gian thc v cht lng c th chp
nhn c. Trong GSM, ngi ta s dng m Vocoder. Nguyn tc cua k thut ny
l thay v truyn i lung s t ting ni th ta s truyn i thng s cua c quan pht
m ti thi im pht ra ting . Nh vy, chui bit truyn i s ngn hn nn tc
s gim xung.

S ho v
m ngun
M ho
knh
Ghp xen Mt m ho
T chc
cm
iu ch
Gii m
ngun
Gii m
knh
Gii ghp
xen
Gii mt
m
iu chnh
Gii iu
ch
Ting ni
Ting ni


Hnh 2Hnh 1.2 Bin i A/D

Tn hiu s ng ra cua b bin i A/D c tc 104 kbps c chia thnh
tng on c chiu di 20 ms, nh vy mi on cha 2080 bit (tng ng 160 mu).
truyn i chui bit ny, ngi ta s thay th thng s cua b lc c chiu di 260
bit. Nh vy, 260 bit mi 20ms tng ng vi tc truyn tht s l 13 kbps.

Hnh 3Hnh 1.3 M ho thoi

1.2 M ho knh
M knh l thm vo mi t m cn truyn mt s bit d tha lm tang
khong cch Hamming cua b t m, nhm mc ch l gip cho u thu pht hin v
sa c nhiu li hn.
B chuyn i
A/D
Lc tn hiu trong
khong t
(300Hz 3.4kHz)
B lc thng
di
8000 ln/s
13 bit/mu
Tn hiu s
104kbps
B chuyn
i A/D
Tn hiu s
104kbps

LPC
RPE
L
T
P
B m ho thoi

20 ms block

B m ho ting ni a cc khi 260 bit/20ms n b m ho knh. Cc bit ny
c chia thnh 182 bit loi I (cc bit c bo v) v 78 bit loi II (cc bit khng
c bo v), da theo tm quan trng cua cc bit nhn c t cc th nghim chu
quan. Cc bit loi I c chia thnh 2 loi, Ia v Ib.
50 bit u cua loi I c bo v bi m CRC pht hin li v to thnh 53
bit. Cc bit thm vo ny c tnh da trn a thc to m g(x)= 1+x+x
3
. Sau , cc
bit loi I cng vi cc bit chn l (185 bit) c b sung thm 4 bit ui bng 0 v
c m ho xon theo hai a thc: g
1
(x)=1+x
3
+x
4
vg
2
(x)=1+x+x
3
+x
4
to thnh 378
bit. Cc bit nhm II khng c bo v. Nh vy, u ra cua m ho knh s l 456 bit
tng ng vi 22,8 kbps.

Hnh 4Hnh 1.4 M ho knh

1.3 T chc cm
Khi MS cn truy xut vo mng th s c h thng cung cp cho mt khe thi
gian. Mi khe thi gian c di 0,577 ms nhng thng tin truyn i trong khe ny l
ch chim c 0,546 ms. Thng tin trong khong thi gian ny c gi l cm v
khong thi gian cn li hai u l thi gian bo v di 0,031 ms.
Tu theo mi loi tn hiu khc nhau m cc t chc cm trong GSM khc nhau.
C 5 loi cm trong thng tin di ng GSM:
Cm thng (Normal Burst)

TB
3

57 bit thng tin F
1
Chui hng dn
26 bit
F
1
57 bit thng tin TB
3
GP
8.25
Cm thng (NB)
CRC3
Convolution
coder
50 bit
132 bit
78 bit
456 bit

TB: Tail bit (3 bit), l cc bit ui, t u v cui cm.
Chui hng dn: 26 bit, dng xc nh khe thi gian v gip my thu iu
chnh tn hiu thu.
Mi cm thng cha 114 bit thng tin v c chia thnh hai gi, mi gi 57
bit, xen gia hai gi l mt chui hng dn chiu di 26 bit. hai u cm s
dng bit ui cho mi u.
Cm iu chnh tn s (Frequency Correction Burst)
Cm ny cha 142 bit c nh lm tn hiu iu khin, cc bit khi to v kt
thc cm l 3 bit, c s dng cho knh FCCH.
TB
3

142 bit thng tin TB
3
GB
8.25
Cm iu chnh tn s (FC)
Cm ng b (Synchronization Burst)
c s dng ng b thi gian cho trm di ng. Cm cha 78 bit c
mt m ho mang thng tin v FN (s khung) cua TDMA v cua BSIC (m
nhn dng trm gc). Cm SB c s dng truyn knh SCH.
TB
3

39 bit thng tin Chui ng b
64 bit
39 bit thng tin TB
3
GB
8.25
Cm ng b (SB)
Cm truy xut (Access Burst)
c s dng cho cc knh iu khin 1 chiu cn li.
TB
3

Chui ng b
41
Cc bit thng tin
36

TB
3
GP
68.25
Cm truy xut (AB)
Cm gi (Dummy Burst)
Cm DB c t chc ging nh cm NB nhng thng tin trong cm DB l thng
tin gi, s dng cc bit hn hp. c s dng trong cc khe thi gian ri.
TB
3

Cc bit hn hp
58
Chui hng dn
26 bit
Cc bit hn hp
58
TB
3
GP
8.25
Cm gi (DB)
1.4 Ghp xen
thng tin di ng, do tc ng cua fading nn cc li bit thng xy ra tng
cm di. Tuy nhin, m ho knh t bit l m ho xon ch hiu qu nht khi pht
hin v sa cha cc li ngu nhin n l v cm li khng qu di. i ph vi
vn ny ngi ta chia khi bn tin cn gi thnh cc cm ngn ri hon v cc cm

ny vi cc cm cua khi bn tin khc. Do , khi xy ra cm li di mi bn tin ch
mt i mt cm nh, phn cn li cua bn tin vn cho php cc dng m ho knh khi
phc li c ng sau khi sp xp li cc cm cua bn tin theo th t nh pha
pht. Qu trnh ni trn c gi l ghp xen.
Cc bit sau khi m ho c chiu di 456 bit c t chc li v c ghp xen
theo 8 na cm. Mi na cm cha 57 bit. Vic ghp xen lu lng c thc hin
theo cc bc sau:
B1: Chia 456 bit thnh 8 nhm
- Nhm 0: 1, 9 , 17 .. 449
- Nhm 1: 2, 10, 18 .. 450
- Nhm 2: 3, 11, 19 .. 451
- Nhm 3: 4, 12, 20 .. 452
- Nhm 4: 5, 13, 21 .. 453
- Nhm 5: 6, 14, 22 .. 454
- Nhm 6: 7, 15, 23 .. 455
- Nhm 7: 8, 16, 24 .. 456
B2: Sau , cc nhm ni trn c ghp xen mc th 2. ghp xen ny ta
thy bn nhm u cua mt t m (c th l nhm 0, 1, 2, 3) c t vo v tr u
tin cua bn cm, bn nhm cn li c t vo v tr sau cua bn cm tip theo.
Phn cn li cua cc cm ny c dng ghp tn hiu cua cc t m ln cn. Nh
vy, truyn i ht mt t m 456 bit th phi cn 8 cm lin tip.

Hnh 5Hnh 1.5 Ghp xen tn hiu ting ni
1.5 Mt m ho

Mc ch cua mt m ho l bo mt tn hiu trn ng truyn v tuyn. Khi
MS v BTS giao tip vi nhau th gia chng c chung mt mt m. Mi cuc gi
khc nhau th c mt m khc nhau.
Trong GSM, thc hin mt m, u pht to ra mt chui tn hiu gi ngu
nhin kt hp vi chui tn hiu cn truyn. u thu mun khi phc li tn hiu
th my thu phi bit chui ngu nhin u thu, do vy chui ngu nhin c gi l
mt m.
Mt m ho tn hiu t c bng cng XOR gia chui ngu nhin vi 114 bit
cua cm bnh thng. gii mt m, ngi ta thc hin thao tc XOR gia tn hiu
thu vi chui ngu nhin ging u pht.
1.6 iu ch
iu ch l php ton chuyn i t mt tn hiu mang tin tc sang mt tn hiu
khc m khng lm thay i v tin tc mang theo.
iu ch s l qu trnh trong cc d liu s c m ho vo trong sng
mang hnh sin thch hp vi cc c tnh knh truyn. K thut truyn tn hiu iu
ch s cn gi l k thut truyn tn hiu dy thng.
Dng tng qut cua sng mang hnh sin s(t) l:
s(t) = A(t).cos[
0
(t) + (t)] (1.1)
Trong , A: bin

0
=2f :tn s gc
: gc pha
Gii iu ch s l qu trnh ngc li vi iu ch s nhm phc hi cc lung
bit t dng sng thu c cng t li cng tt, mc d tn hiu s c th mo dng hoc
nhiu.
GSM s dng phng php iu ch kho chuyn pha cc tiu GMSK (Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying). y l phng php iu ch bang hp da trn k thut
iu ch dch pha. gii thch GSMK, trc ht chng ta xt MSK bng cch so
snh n vi PSK. Ta c th trnh by sng mang c iu ch i vi PSK v
MSK nh sau:
s(t) = A.cos[
0
(t) +(t) +
0
] (1.2)
Trong : A l bin khng thay i.

0
=2f (rad/s) l tn s gc cua sng mang
(t) l gc pha ph thuc vo lung s mang ln iu ch

0
l gc pha ban u

i vi iu ch pha bn trng thi, ta c gc pha (t) nh sau: (t) = n/2
vi n= 0, 1, 2, 3 tng ng vi cc cp bit c a ln iu ch l {00, 01, 11, 10}.
i vi iu ch MSK ta c gc pha (t) nh sau:

t
k
i
i
(t iT)
i
(1.3)
Trong , chui bit a ln iu ch l {d
i-1
, d
i
, d
i+1
,)
k
i
= 1 nu d
i
= d
i-1

k
i
= -1 nu d
i
d
i-1

i
(t)=

2T
b
t
, T
b
l khong thi gian cua bit
Ta thy, MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging nh bit thi im trc
, (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n /2, ngc li nu bit iu ch thi im xt
khc vi bit trc th (t) s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 n -/2.
S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h
sau = d(t)/dt. Trong : (t) = (
0
(t) + (t) +
0
)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc s 0) ta c tn s sau:

1
= 2f
1
=
0
+ /(2T
b
)
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1, 0 , 1, 0, 1, 0, ) th ta c
tn s sau :
2
= 2f
2
=
0
- /(2T
b
)
thu hp ph tn cua tn hiu iu ch, lung bit a ln iu ch c a
qua b lc Gauss. GSM, b lc Gauss c s dng tch di thng chun ho
BT=0.3 , trong , B l rng bang tn.
Mc ch dng GMSK l to ra tn hiu bang thng nh, dch tn nh.

CHNG 2: QU TRNH TO TING NI


hiu c cc phng php m ho thoi, iu u tin l ta cn phi hiu
cu trc c quan pht m v c quan thnh gic cua con ngi, hiu v ngn ng, sinh
l, cc mc m thanh cng nh vic ng dng n vo trong cc k thut m ho thoi
hin nay.
M ho thoi c u im l c to ra da vo cu trc vocal tract (tuyn m)
cua con ngi. c im ny cng xc nh v gii hn cu trc cua tn hiu thoi.
2.1 Chui thoi
r hn ta xt qu trnh hai ngi hi thoi vi nhau, mt ngi ni v mt
ngi nghe. Chui thoi c to ra v truyn n tai ngi nghe nh trong hnh 2.1.
u tin, ngi ni s sp xp cc suy ngh cua mnh, xc nh xem th anh ta mun
ni g v t nhng suy ngh vo trong mt dng ngn ng bng cch chn cc t,
cm t, nhm t chnh xc v t chng vo ng cu trc ng php cua ngn ng
mnh ni.

Hnh 6Hnh 2.1 Qu trnh to thoi
Qu trnh ny kt hp vi no ngi ni, ni s a ra cc lnh di dng cc
xung. Cc xung ny theo cc dy thn kinh iu khin c v c quan pht m nh
li, mi, quai hm v dy thanh chuyn ng lm p sut khng kh xung quanh thay

i to ra sng m truyn trong khng kh. Sng m ny truyn n tai ngi nghe v
kch hot c quan th gic. C qua thnh gic cng to ra cc xung thn kinh a n
no ngi nghe v no s gip nhn bit, hiu c cc thng tin t ngi ni.
Cc dy thn kinh thnh gic cua ngi ni cng c hi tip li no. No s
tip tc so snh vi m thanh ni c nhng iu chnh thch hp. S hi tip ny
l rt cn thit gip cho ngi ni c th d on c ngi nghe c nghe r rng
v chnh xc hay khng ?
2.2 Pht m
Do hot ng v v tr cua c quan pht m nn m thanh cua mi ngi khc
nhau. Khi chng ta ni kh t phi s i qua vocal tract v ra ngoi to thnh ting ni.
Tn hiu thoi l tn hiu ng c dng sng rt phc tp. Bng cch phn tch tn
hiu, ngi ta thy rng phn b nang lng theo tn s trong mt on thoi ngn c
nhiu dng khc nhau. Nang lng phn b theo tn s c gi l ph cng sut. Ph
cng sut c th tp trung tn s cao, tn s thp hoc hai bn mt di tn s no
. Cu trc cua ph c th ngu nhin hoc xc nh iu ho. Ph cua cua thoi lun
thay i lm cho m ho cng thm phc tp. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta sp xp
thnh cc mc vt l khc nhau. Bng cch nghin cu c quan pht m v hot ng
cua n, cc dng tn hiu thoi khc nhau c xt ring l.
Hnh 2.2 cho thy s n gin hot ng cua vocal tract. Khng kh t phi
y vo kh qun, i qua dy thanh v cui cng vo hc mi v ming. Thanh mn
cho php mt lng khng kh va u t phi i qua hoc c th ngt lung khng kh
thnh cc xung tun hon.

Hnh 7Hnh 2.2 Pht m ca vocal tract


2.2.1 Kch thch
Tn hiu thoi l do khng kh t phi c bin i thnh dng nang lng kch
thch vocal tract rung v ta xem y l tn hiu kch thch trong b m ho. Dy thanh
rung to ra cc xung truyn n mi v ming. V vy, nang lng kch thch nhiu
tn s v cng cua cc tn s ny ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng cua vocal
tract.
Tng qut, kch thch c chia lm hai dng: hu thanh (voice) v v thanh
(unvoice). m thanh to ra do s rung ng cua dy thanh c gi l hu thanh. Tt
c cc nguyn m v mt s ph m l m hu thanh. m thanh c to ra khng
phi do s rung cua cc dy thanh m do khng kh b vocal tract co tht th c gi
l m v thanh, v d nh m s, p. c im cua m hu thanh v m v thanh
ph thuc vo:
- Kch thc chia nh lung khng kh t phi to thnh cc xung ta tun hon.
Nang lng thc hin iu ny l kch thch m hu thanh nh l cc nguyn m.
- Lung khng kh t phi n mi, ging nh l nhiu lon to ra do s co tht
vocal tract. Nang lng thc hin qu trnh ny l kch thch m v thanh nh m
s.
Ngoi hai dng trn cn c mt dng hn hp cua n v d nh z. Tuy nhin, ta
ch xt hai loi l hu thanh v v thanh da vo s c mt hay vng mt cua kch
thch tun hon. Do , z cng c xem l m hu thanh.
Pich
Tn s cua kch thch tun hon (hoc ta tun hon) c gi l pitch. Khong
thi gian gia im bt u cng nh im kt thc cua dy thanh n im tng ng
trong chu k k tip c gi l chu k pitch.

Hnh 8Hnh 2.3 Dng sng ting ni ca on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn

Hnh 2.3 cho ta dng sng thi gian cua mt on thoi di 40 ms cua m hu
thanh. Trc x l trc thi gian (ms). Trc y l bin . Gi tr bin cao im bt
u xung pitch, chu k pitch l 10 ms v tn s pitch l 1/10ms bng 100 Hz.
2.2.2 Vocal tract
Kch thch l mt trong hai h s quan trng tc ng n ting ni. Cho kch
thch l m hu thanh hoc m v thanh, khi vocal tract thay i s cho cc m thanh
khc nhau. Khi hnh dng v v tr cua vocal tract thay i th s lm cho tn s cng
hng cua vocal tract thay i theo.
Cc tn s cng hng ny cho cc nh ph nm cc tn s ng vi tng dng
vt l cua vocal tract. Tn s cng hng c gi l formant v v tr tn s cua
chng c gi l tn s formant.

Hnh 9Hnh 2.4 Log cng ph ca mt on thoi (m hu thanh) ngn

Hnh 2.4 cho ph trong mt on ngn cua tn hiu m hu thanh. Trc x t 0
n 4000 Hz. Trc y l log cng cua p ng tn s. nh hp cch u nhau 120
Hz l ho m hc pitch. Ba formant u tin v tr 400, 900, 2600 Hz.
Cch pht m
Trong vocal tract, s co tht v ng dn khng kh s to nn cch pht m.
to ra cc m khc nhau th kch thch c to ra bi vocal tract phi khc nhau. V
d nguyn m c to ra bi kch thch tun hon v lung khng kh i qua vocal
tract c tc khng b hn ch. Tuy nhin, tc ny khng u, n cn ph thuc
vo tn s formant. Ngc li, m v thanh khng c cc thnh phn tun hon v
c to ra do mt s s co tht.

Ph m dng hay cn gi l m bt, c to ra do p sut lung khng kh b
chn t ngt. Ph m dng c th l m hu thanh nh b hoc m v thanh nh m
p.
Ph m mi c to ra do lung khng kh qua vm ming, mi b gim
chuyn sang mi nh cc m m, n.
V tr pht m
Cch pht m xc nh nhm m thanh v v tr pht m xc nh chnh xc im
co tht. V tr chnh xc cua vocal tract s to nn m thanh c trng cua tng ngi.
Nguyn m c phn bit nh li to nn s co tht, v d:
- Mt nguyn m trc nh trong t beet
- Mt nguyn m gia nh trong t bet
- Mt nguyn m sau nh trong t boot
Trong t beet li s chm ln phn trn cua ming v phn sau cua rang, cn
boot th li li li pha sau gn quai hm to ra s co tht. Cc m p, t, k
c to ra do v tr khc nhau trong vocal tract ni s co tht c thc hin dng
lung khng kh trc khi ni.
p: ng mi.
t: li gia hai hm rang.
k: li sau ming
2.2.3 m v
Cht lng cua kch thch, v tr v cch pht m s to nn c im cua m v.
V vy, mc ch cua m ho thoi l nhm gip ta hiu c cc m khc nhau trong
cng mt ngn ng.
2.2.3.1 Nguyn m
Nguyn m l dng m hu thanh c pht m thay i khng ng . Bng
2.1 l danh sch cc nguyn m da trn co tht v v tr cua li.

Bng 1Bng 2.1 co tht v v tr li ca cc nguyn m trong ting Anh
Hnh 2.5 v 2.6 hin th dng sng log cng ph cua nguyn m /I/ (bit) v
/U/ (foot). Dng sng thi gian cho thy tn s cua /I/ cao hn nhiu so vi /U/.
V tr
Co tht
Trc Gia Sau
Cao /i/ beet /ER/ bird /u/ boot
Trung bnh /E/ bet /UH/ but /OW/ bought
Thp /ae/ bat /a/ father


Hnh 10Hnh 2.5(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /I/ trong t bit

Hnh 11Hnh 2.5(b) Log cng ph ca /I/ trong t bit



Hnh 12Hnh 2.6(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /U/ trong t foot

Hnh 13Hnh 2.6(b) Log cng ph ca /U/ trong t foot
2.2.3.2 Ph m xt
Ph m chu yu to nn do nhiu lon cua lung khng kh c gi l ph m
xt. Ph m xt c to ra do lung khng kh b vocal tract co tht, bao gm c m

hu thanh ln m v thanh. Bng 2.2 l danh sch ph m xt. Nhng t lit k trong
bng cho ta v d chung cua m v.
Hnh 2.7 l dng sng theo thi gian v log cng ph cua mt mu /sh/. m
l m hu thanh v dng sng thi gian ging nh l nhiu ngu nhin. Ph c dng
xc nh, khng bng phng. cao nh ph khong 2800 Hz.

Hnh 14Hnh 2.7(a) Dng sng thi gian ca /sh/ trong m bt u t shop

Hnh 15Hnh 2.7(b) Log cng ph ca /sh/ trong m bt u t shop

Co tht m v thanh m hu thanh
Rang/mi /f/ fit /v/ vat
Rang /THE/ thaw /TH/ that
Vm ming /sh/ sap /zh/ vision
Thanh mn /h/ help

Bng 2Bng 2.2 V tr co tht v ph m xt trong ting Anh
2.2.3.3 Ph m dng
Ph m dng hay m bt l dng khng kh b ngt t ngt do co tht. Chng
ch l nhng m ngn xut hin nhanh. Tn hiu dng c th l m hu thanh hay l
m v thanh. Ph m dng trong ting Anh c cho trong bng 2.3. S co tht xc
nh v tr cua mi, rang v vm ming. Bng 2.3 l nhng t thng gp m m u
tin l ph m dng.
Co tht m v thanh m hu thanh
Mi /p/ pat /b/ bat
Rang /t/ tap /d/ dip
Sau vm ming /k/ cat /g/ good

Bng 3Bng 2.3 V tr co tht v ph m dng trong ting Anh
Hnh 2.8 l gin dng sng cua /t/ khi pht m tap. m bt chu yu nh mt
xung kim. Do ch dng trong khong thi gian ngn nn n nh hng ln n cc m
trc v sau. Nu xut hin cui mt t th n cn c thm m bt do khng kh to
ra.

Hnh 16Hnh 2.8 Dng sng thi gian ca /t/ khi pht m t tap

2.2.3.4 Ph m mi
m mi to ra do vocal tract ng lung khng kh v a n ra ngoi bng mi. m
mi l ph m m hu thanh. Bng 2.4 lit k ba ph m mi trong ting Anh. Do
ming ng kn nn m mi c nang lng thp hn so vi cc ph m m hu thanh
khc. Lung khng kh i qua hc mi, kt hp vi ng ming nn c ph cng khc
vi cc dng trc.

Co tht m hu thanh
Mi /m/ map
Rang /n/ no
Sau vm ming /ng/ hang

Bng 4Bng 2.4 V tr co tht i vi ph m mi trong ting Anh
2.3 Dng b lc ngun
d dng phn tch tn hiu thoi, hu ht b m ho ting ni u c dng
vocal tract. Dng ny thng c dng hu ht cc qu trnh m ho v gii m.
Khi m ho, cc kiu thng s c xc nh miu t chnh xc thoi ng vo. i
vi gii m, cng c cu trc tng t v da vo cc thng s ny ti to li thoi
ban u.
Mt dng to thoi thng c s dng nht l dng b lc ngun. B lc
ngun ny c dng ging nh vocal tract. Ngun tn hiu cung cp cho b lc ngun
ny l tn hiu kch thch.
2.3.1 Vocal tract
C hng, mi, li v ming l hc cng hng khng kh to nn ting ni
cua con ngi. Vocal tract c cu trc khc nhau th s c cc tn s cng hng khc
nhau. Tn s cng hng cng vi tn hiu kch thch l hai h s chnh iu khin
vocal tract to ra cc m v.
2.3.2 Kch thch
i vi ting ni m hu thanh, dng sng tun hon to kch thch n vocal
tract. Dng sng tun hon t cc xung thanh mn s lm cho dy thanh s rung. Dng
n gin v hay dng cho m v thanh l nhiu trng. Nhiu trng thng ngu nhin
v c ph bng phng mi tn s c cng cng sut. Gi s nhiu trng c to ra
khi khng kh i qua b phn co tht. Mt s m nh m /z/ c to ra va bi mt
kch thch tun hon v vocal tract co tht khng kh. iu ny c gi l kch thch
pha trn. V vy, nhim v chnh cua m ho thoi l phi phn bit u l m hu
thanh, m v thanh hay l pha trn cua n.

2.3.3 Dng b lc ngun tng qut
S hnh 2.9 chng minh rng lung tn hiu v thng tin cua mt b lc ngun
tng qut. Thng tin pitch thng c cha trong gi tr chu k pitch. Gi tr ny thay
i tu theo s thay i cua tn hiu thoi. Da vo chu k pitch, khi kch thch tun
hon to ra mt dng sng xung i din cho cc xung thanh mn. Khi nhiu kch
thch c ng ra l nhiu lin tc vi p ng ph bng phng. Hai kch thch ny
c cho vo b quyt nh trn. Thoi cng s cho vo mt ng vo khc. Da vo
cc mc cua thoi gc, khi quyt nh trn kt hp vi kch thch tun hon v
nhiu kch thch s to ra tn hiu kch thch ph hp.

Hnh 17Hnh 2.9 Dng b lc ngun tng qut
Thng c 2 dng, b lc ngun s kt hp quyt nh cng m hu thanh/m v
thanh i vi mi on thoi. Trong trng hp ny, chc nang cua khi quyt nh
trn nh mt chuyn mch vi kch thch l m hu thanh/m v thanh. Thng tin
vocal tract c cung cp vo khi vocal tract to ra mt b lc vocal tract. B
lc s lm cho ph cua kch thch ging nh cua tn hiu thoi gc. Thc t, thng tin
vocal tract c to ra bng mt s phng php bao gm mt d on tuyn tnh v
gi tr Fourier. Kch thch c lc bi vocal tract to ra thoi tng hp n tai
ngi nghe sao cho ging tn hiu thoi ban u nht.

Kch thch
tun hon
Quyt nh
trn
Nhiu kch
thch
Vocal tract
Pitch
Thng tin
ting ni
Kch thch
Thoi c
tng hp
Thng tin
vocal tract
CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S TING NI

CHNG 3: CC PHNG PHP C S M HO TING NI

3.1 Cc phng php c s m ho ting ni
V co
ba
n b m ha ti ng ni c 3 loi:
M ha da ng sng (waveform).
M ha ngu n (source).
M ha lai (hybrid): l s k t h p cu
a m ho dng sng v m ho ngun.

Nguyn l cu
a m ha da ng sng l tm cch s ha da ng sng cu
a ti ng ni theo
cch thch h p. Ti pha pht, b m ha se
nh n cc tn hiu ni tu
ng t lin tu c v
chuy n thnh tn hi u s tru
c khi truy n i . Ti pha thu s lm nhi m vu ngu
c la i
khi phc tn hi u ti ng ni . Khi khng c l i truy n d n th da ng sng cu
a ti ng
ni khi phu c r t gi ng v
i da ng sng cu
a ti ng ni g c. u im cua loi m ha ny
l: ph
c ta p, gi thnh thi t k , tr v cng su t tiu thu th p . B m ha da ng

sng o
n gia
n nh t l i u ch xung m (PCM), i u ch Delta (DM)... Tuy nhin ,

nhc im cua b m da ng s ng l khng ta o u
c ti ng ni ch t lu
ng cao , t c
di 16kbit/s.
B m ha ngu n kha c phu u
c nhu
c i m ny . Nguyn l cu
a m ha l m
ha ki u pht m (vocoder), v du nhu
b m ha ba ng d on tuy n tnh (Linear

Prediction Coding - LPC). Cc b m ha ny c th th c hi n u
c ta i t c bit ln
hn 1kbps. Hn ch chu yu cua m ha kiu pht m LPC l vi c m pho
ng ngu n
kch thch cn o
n gia
n nn ti ng ni ti ta o u
c l ti ng ni da ng t ng h p, ch t
lng khng cao v kh c th nh n ra gio ng ngu
i ni chuy n. Vo na m 1982, Atal

xu t m t m hnh m
i v kch thch , u
c go i l kch thch a xung .Trong m

hnh ny, khng c n bi t tru
c xem l m h
u thanh h ay v thanh . S kch thch

u
c m hnh ha b
i m t s xung c bin v vi tr u
c x c nh ba ng vi c c c
ti u ha sai l ch, c tnh n tro ng s thu ca
m , gi
a ti ng ni g c v ti ng ni t ng
h p. Vic u
a ra m hnh ny g y ch v l m hnh u tin cu
a m t th h
m
i cu
a cc b i u ch ting ni phn tch ba ng t ng h p (Analisis by Synthesis). Tn

hiu kch thch se
c t i u
u ha mt cch ky
lu
ng v ngu
i ta s
du ng k thut m
ha da ng sng m ha tn hiu kch thch ny mt cch c hiu qua
.
Ch tiu nh gi thut ton m ho:
- Hai mc tiu quan trng t ra l : t i thi u ha t c bit v t i u
u ha ch t
lng. Hai mu c tiu ny thu
ng c mu thu n v
i nhau . T c bit u
c tnh ba ng
bps. Ch t lu
ng u
c nh gi
vi c u
c ti ta o la i da ng tu
ng t v
i m t sai s
cang nho
cng t t . Vic l y m u khng a
nh hu
ng n ch t lu
ng . Cn lu
ng t
ha
th c th gy ra nh
ng sai s lm m t mt th ng tin so v
i tn hi u ban u u
c go i

l nhi u lu
ng t
. Ty s tn hi u trn nhi u (SNR) u
c dung nh gi ch t lu
ng
ti ng ni. N u ti
s ny th p ngu
i nghe se
thu u
c ti ng ni khng t t .
- Ch t lng chp nh n u
c c SNR khoa
ng trn 30 dB. Theo tnh ton vic

thm 1 bit bi u di n gi tri lu
ng t
se
lm ta ng SNR ln khoa
ng 6dB, tng t s
gim 1 bit lm SNR gia
m xu ng 6dB.
- Ngi ta thng dng mt tiu chu n go i l MOS (Mean Opinion Score) so
snh ch t lu
ng m ho ti ng ni , v
i thang gi tri t
1 n 5, cho ta bi t m t thut
ton i u ch a t u
c ch t lu
ng c g n v
i ti ng ni t nhin hay khng.

3.1.1 Phng php m ho ting ni dng sng
Ki u m ha ny c ga ng m ha da ng sng cu
a ti ng ni m t cch c hiu qua
,
dng n gin l iu ch xung m PCM , ngoi ra cn c cc thut ton khc c th
lm gia
m t c bit ho
n n
a. Cng ngh m ha dng sng thu
ng cho ti ng ni ch t
lng tt vi bang thng 16kbps tr
ln.
trnh hi n tu
ng ch ng ph , ti ng ni tu
ng t u
c lo c tru
c khi s ha
loi tr cc thnh ph n tn s cao khng mong mu n . Ph ti ng ni c th g m ca

nh
ng thnh ph n t n s t
i 10 kHz, nhng do hu ht cc t n s ting ni tp trung

vo khong t (300 Hz 3.4 kHz) nn tn hiu ti ng ni u
c lo c i loa i bo
thnh
ph n ngoi khong tn s y.Theo i nh lut l y m u th t n s l y m u se
l 8 kHz. H
th ng nhu
vy go i l PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). Ph bi n hin nay ngu
i ta cho n
t c l y m u l 8 kHz v s bit lu
ng t
n=8, t
c l t c truy n se
l 64 kbps. Cc
bit m ha u
c truy n tu n t trn u
ng truy n.
3.1.1.1 PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
PCM u (uniform PCM):u vo cua b lng t l tn hi u tu
ng t u
c
u
a qua b l y m u.V
i mt b lng t dng N bit t
m,mi n gi tri lu
ng t
c
chia thnh 2
N
m
c, m i t
m N bit tu
ng
ng v
i 1 gi tri .Khong cch gia cc mc

gi l bc lng t (step size).B lng t quyt nh xem vi mi gi tr u ra l
gi tri l
n nh t cu
a mi n gi tri . Trong ki u PCM u ,cc gi tri lu
ng t
cch u
nhau.Bc lng t phi c chn sao cho u nh c th ti thiu nhiu lng
t
,nhng li c th u ln min gi tr cua c b lng t c l
n thch h p.V
i
mt b lng t N bit c bc lng t l S,th mi n gi tri l R=2
N
*S.
N u N khng u
n th vi c ca t xn tn hi u vu
t qua mi n gi tri se
xa
y ra
nhi u ho
n v l di
nhin l mt nguyn nhn khc cu
a nhi u lu
ng t
.
Phng php ny c nhc im l SNR ,t
c l ch t lu
ng khng chi
phu thu c
vo bu
c lu
ng t
m cn phu thuc v ca
bin cua tn hiu l y m u.

Lng t ha kiu PCM u :C n N c
11 bit tr
ln c th a
m ba
o ch t
lng ting ni.i u ny lm t c bit l
n nn chng t u
c s
du ng trong th c t .

Lng t ha Logarithm (logarithmic PCM):Mc tiu cua phng php ny l
duy tr mt ty
s SNR t thay i trong ton pha m vi gi tri bin .Thay v lu
ng t

ha gi tri tu
ng t cu
a tn hiu l y m u,trc tin ta tnh ton hm logarithm cua t
ng
gi tri r i m
i lu
ng t
ha chng .SNR se
chi
phu thu c vo bu
c lu
ng t
.Lng t
logarithm l mt qu trnh nn, chng lm gia
m mi n gi tri u vo mt cch ng k
ty thuc vo da ng hm logarithm u
c dng .Sau khi nn,mt qu trnh ngu
c la i l
m ha c s dng ti to li tn hi u nguyn thu
y ban u .Ton b chu trnh

u
c go i l Companding(Compressing/expanding).
Hai tiu chu n u
c dng ph bi n hi n nay l lutv lut A.Lng t ho theo

lut s dng Bc M v Nht Bn, trong khi lng t ho theo lut A c s
dng chu u.
Cc mu tn hiu ri rc theo bin c m ho nh phn. V d, m ho theo
lut A, ngi ta chia ng cong logarith thnh 13 on.
Bit th nht l bit c trng s ln nht, l bit u. Gi tr 1 ch th tn hiu dng
v gi tr 0 ch th tn hiu m.
Bit 2, 3, 4 xc nh on lng t ho theo mi vng m v dng.
Bit 5, 6, 7, 8 l cc bit c trng s nh nht, xc nh v tr cua gi tr lng t
ho trong on.

3.1.1.2 DM(Delta Modulation)
L mt trong nh
ng phu
ng php i u ch vi sai ,d a trn tnh ch t l tn hi u

ti ng ni ta i th
i i m c t nhi u phu thu c vo tn hiu
cc th
i i m tru
c ,v
th ta c th d on tn hi u ta i th
i i m hi n ta i,v chi
c n lu
u tr
gi tri khc bi t
gi
a gi tri th c v gi tri d on cu
a tn hi u,s sai khc ny,gip ti t ki m ba ng

thng a t hiu qua
cao.
tu
ng cu
a phu
ng php i u ch Delta l ch truyn i gi tr thay i tuyt i

cua tn hi u.D a vo s khc nhau cu
a tn hi u ta i th
i i m li n k nhau m ta tnh
u
c tn hiu phi truyn trn ng dy .Phng php ny ch s dng 1 bit m

ha tn hiu sai khc ,ngha l cho bit tn hi u ta i th
i i m t +1 l l
n ho
n hay nho

hn tn hiu ta i th
i i m t.

3.1.1.3 DPCM(Differential PCM)
y l phu
ng php cu
ng d a trn nguyn ta c chi
truy n i s khc nhau cu
a tn
hiu ta i hai th
i i m k nhau l t v t +1.Khc v
i DM chi
dng 1 bit gia
i
m,DPCM dng N bit c th bi u di n gi tri sai khc ny .Ch t lu
ng iu ch kh
t t v
i lu
ng bit c n dng t ho
n so v
i PCM.

3.1.1.4 ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM)-G.726
L phu
ng php m
r ng cu
a DPCM.Ngi ta vn dng mt s bit nh t i nh

m ha s sai khc gi
a tn hi u ta i 2 th
i i m k nhau,nhng bc lng t c th
u
c i u chi
nh ta i cc th
i i m khc nhau t i u
u ha vi c i u ch .
V
i mu c tiu lm gia
m t c bit ho
n n
a m ch t lu
ng tn hi u tu
ng
u
ng,ngi ta s dng phng php thch nghi ng gi tri cu
a bu
c lu
ng t
tru
c
nh
ng thay i cu
a bin tn hiu vo.Mc ch l duy tr min gi tr lng t p h

h p v
i mi n gi tri cu
a tn hi u vo .y u
c go i l phu
ng php Adaptive
PCM(APCM).Thch nghi bu
c lu
ng t
c th p du ng cho ca
ki u lu
ng t
u v
khng u.Tiu chu n thay i bu
c lu
ng t
d a vo m t s th ng k v tn hi u c
lin quan n bin cua n.C nhi u bu
c ton tnh ton bc lng t
. Thng
thng c 2 ki u l feedforward APCM v feedback APCM .Trong ca
2 ki u ngu
i ta
u da trn nhng tnh ton lin quan n m t kh i (block) m u thu u
c trong mt
th
i giannga n,v na ng lu
ng ,s bi n i v nh
ng o a c khc.Ta cn go i l block
companding.Trong ki u feedback ,vic tnh ton bu
c lu
ng t
c th c hi n trn
m i cu khi n u
c u
a vo x
l (v n dng gi tri bu
c lu
ng t
tru
c ),th cho ra
k t qua
l mt gi tri bu
c lu
ng t mi c dng x l N mu tip theo.

Feedforward theo mt cch ti p c n khc,dng chnh ngay gi tri bu
c lu
ng t
c tnh ton ngay trn N m u x
l N m u .Nh vy qua trnh x
l pha
i c n
t
i mt b m ch
a kh i d
li u l y m u .Trong khi ki u feedback c u
u i m l
r t nha y ca
m v
i nhi u lu
ng t
v n c tnh ton bu
c lu
ng t
v s
du ng ngay cho
chnh block m t
n th c hin php tnh.

3.1.2 Phng php m ha ti ng ni ki u Vocoder
Vocoder l ki u i u m ha ni d a trn cc tham s m pho
ng b my pht
m,khc v
i m ha da ng sng cu
a ti ng ni tu
ng t , gi l m ha ngun
(Vocoder).Nguyn l d a trn vi c cho ra ng tuy n m thanh thay i t
,trng thi
v c u hnh cu
a chng ta i b t c
th
i i m no c th u
c m pho
ng m t cch g n
ng ba ng mt tp nho
cc tham s .Nh
vi c tuy n m c t c thay i t
cho
php m i t p tham s c th a i di n cho tra ng thi cu
a n qua m t khong th
i gian
25 ms.H u h t cc Vocoder bi u di n c tnh cu
a ngu n kch thch v tuy n m chi

ba ng mt tp tham s .N g m khoa
ng 10 n 15 h s cu
a b lc nh ngha cc
c tnh cng hu
ng cu
a tuy n m,1 tham s 2 gi tri o
n gia
n chi
ra ngu n pht
m l v thanh hay h
u thanh ,1 tham s chi
ra na ng lu
ng kch thch v 1 tham s chi

ra chu k co
ba
n (m sa c,ch c vi hu m thanh ).Trng thi cua tuyn m c suy

ra ba ng cch phn tch da ng sng ti ng ni trong khoa
ng th
i gian 10 n 25ms v tnh

ton ra mt tp m
i c c tham s (mt khung d
li u) ti phn c u i cu
a khoa
ng th
i

gian .Khung d
liu ny c truyn i v sau dng i u khi n vic t ng h p

li ting ni .Vocoder c kha
na ng chuy n gi
a 2 ki u ngu n kch thch l ngu n xung

i m h
u thanh v nhi u tra ng v
i m v thanh.Bn pha t ng h p se
dng 1 trong 2
ngu n ny cho i qua b lc gm cc h s cua khung d liu t ng h p ti ng ni.
Ngoi vic a t u
c t c bit th p,Vocoder cn c u
u i m l phn tch u
c
cc tham s ngu n kch thch .Bit bi u thi m s c, m lu
ng v m h u thanh/m v
thanh. Bn thn n l cc bit trong khung d
liu, nn cc s thay i cu
a chng c th
u
c s
a i tru
c ho c trong khi t ng h p .V th ta c th bi n m t m thanh h
u
thanh thnh mt l
i th th m khi thi t t la i gi tri cu
a bit m hu thanh/m v
thanh.Cng c th thay i bn thn cu ni bng cch sa i cc tham s c ng
hng.
Nhc im cua phng php ny l cho ting ni c dng tng hp , kh c kha

nang nhn da ng u
c ngu
i ni.
M ta
b my pht m cu
a con ngi: Khi chng ta ni,m thanh u
c ta o ra nhu

sau:
- Khng kh u
c y vo ph i qua tuy n m (vocal track) v ming ta o thnh cu ni.

- i vi m hu thanh th d y thanh (vocal cords) rung ln. T c rung cu
a d y
thanh nhanh hay chm quy t i nh m s c (pitch) cua ting ni . Ph n v tre
em
thng c ging thanh (m sa c cao-dao ng nhanh ho
n),trong khi nam gi
i thu
ng c
ging trm (dao ng chm).
- m thanh c to ra khng phi do s rung cua cc dy thanh m do khng kh b
dy thanh co tht th c gi l m v thanh.
- Hnh da ng cu
a tuy n m quy t i nh m thanh ta o ra . Khi ta ni, tuy n m thay i

hnh da ng to ra cc ting khc nhau ,ni chung l hnh da ng cu
a tuy n m thay i
mt cch t
,thng l t 10ms n 100ms.

- Lng khng kh t phi quyt nh m lng (gain) cua ting ni.

3.1.3 Phng php m ha lai (Hybrid)
M ha dng sng ni chung khng cho php a t ch t lu
ng ti ng ni t t
t c
bit du
i 16Kbps.Mt khc m ha vocoder c th a t u
c t c bit r t th p ,tuy
nhin phu
ng php ny t ng h p la i ti ng ni nn c nhu
c i m l r t kh nh n din
u
c ngu
i ni v thu
ng xuyn g p v n v
i nhi u n n .M ha lai c ga ng t n
dng u im cua c hai phu
ng php i u ch trn.N m ha ti ng ni
t c th p,
m la i cho k t qua
ti ng ni ti ta o la i t t ,c th nh n da ng u
c ngu
i ni . Bang
thng yu c u thu
ng nm trong khong 4.8 kbps n 16kbps.


V n co
ba
n i v
i Vocoder l ngu n kch thch u
c m pho
ng mt cch o
n
gin:tn hiu ti ng ni u
c coi l v thanh hay h
u thanh ,n lm cho ti ng ni nh n
u
c c da ng u
c nhn ta o ho
n l v t nhin.Cc phu
ng php m ha lai c ga ng
ci thin i u ny ba ng cch thay i ngu n kch thch ti ng ni theo cc cch khc .
M ho lai ph bin nht l m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS (Analysis by
Synthesis), RPE-LTP, CELP, ACELP, CS-CELP, Hu ht cc tiu chun m ho
ting ni trong lin lc di ng u s dng m ho kt hp m ho lai AbS. Do ,
phn ny s trnh by chi tit m ho lai AbS.
3.1.3.1 M ho phn tch AbS

Hnh 18Hnh 3.1 M hnh chung b m ho phn tch bng tng hp AbS

Cu trc c bn cua m hnh chung b m ho ting ni phn tch bng tng hp
AbS c m t nh hnh 2.1. M hnh trn bao gm ba phn chnh. Phn u tin l
b lc tng hp, thng c gi l b lc tng quan ngn hn bi cc h s c
tnh ra da trn d on mt mu ting ni bng cc mu ting ni trc (thng l
8 n 16 mu, do gi l ngn hn). B lc tng hp cng c th l b lc tng
quan di hn ni tng b lc tng quan ngn hn. Cc on ting ni hu thanh c
dng sng tun hon v s tun hon ny c th c khai thc tr gip cho qu
trnh d on ting ni. Cng nh cc b d on ngn hn l cc b d on tuyn
tnh nhng trong khi b d on ngn hn thc hin vic d on da trn cc mu k

nhau trc th b d on di hn da trn cc mu t mt hay nhiu chu k pitch
trc (do , gi l di hn). Phn th hai cua m hnh l b to xung kch thch,
to ra chui kch thch a vo b lc tng hp to ra ting ni ti to bn pha thu.
Cui cng l b gim thiu sai s cung cp thng tin cn thit cho b to tn hiu kch
thch. Trong phn sau, ta s trnh by v b lc tng hp LPC v tng hp pitch cng
nh cch tnh ton cc thng s.
a, D on ngn hn STP (Short Term Predictor)
D on ngn hn m hnh ho ng bao ph ngn hn cua ting ni. ng
bao ph ngn hn cua on ting ni c di L mu c th c m hnh ho bi b
lc s ton im cc c dng sau:

H(z)
1
1 P
s
(z)

1
1 a
k
z
k
k1
p
(3.1)
vi P
s
(z) a
k
z
k
k1
p
(3.2)
l b d on ngn hn. Trong , cc h s a
k
c tnh ton theo phng php d
on tuyn tnh (LP). Tp cc h s a
k
c gi l cc tham s LPC hay cn gi l cc
h s d on, p l s lng cc h s d on hay cn gi l bc d on. Nh vy,
tng cua phn tch tuyn tnh l cc mu ting ni c th xp x bng t hp tuyn
tnh cua cc mu ting ni trong qu kh (8-16 mu)
s(n) a
k
s(n k)
k1
p
(3.3)
Trong , s(n) l mu ting ni ti thi im ly mu n, s(n) l mu ting ni d
on ti thi im n. Sai s gia gi tr d on v gi tr thc e(n) l:
e(n) s(n) s(n) s(n) a
k
s(n k)
k1
p
(3.4)
Bin i Z biu thc (3.4) ta c:
E(z) S(z) - a
k
S(z)z
- k
k1
p
S(z) 1- a
k
z
- k
k1
p
S(z)A(z) (3.5)
vi A(z) 1 a
k
z
k
k1
p
(3.6)
l nghch o cua H(z). V vy, A(z) c gi l b lc o.
Cc h s d ona
k
c tnh bng cc tiu ho sai s bnh phng trung bnh
trn on ngn (10-20 ms) cua dng sng ting ni.

E e
2
(n)
n
s(n) - a
k
s(n- k)
k1
p
2
(3.7)
tm cc gi tr a
k
m E cc tiu, ta t E/ a
i
0 vi i=1, ..., p.

E
a
i
2 s(n) - a
k
s(n- k)
k1
p
s(n- i )
0 (3.8)
s(n)s(n- i )
n
a
k
s(n- k)s(n- i )
k1
p
(3.9)
s(n)s(n- i )
n
a
k
s(n- k)s(n- i )
n
k1
p
(3.10)

t: (i, k) s(n i )s(n k)
n
(3.11)
(3.10) c bin i thnh: a
k
(i, k)
k1
p
(i, 0) , i=1, , p (3.12)

C hai phng php thc hin iu ny, l phng php t tng quan v
phng php hip phng sai. Phn sau ch trnh by v phng php t tng quan.
Phng trnh (3.12) u
c p dng ch trong t rng hp nu m hnh ting ni l

qu trnh ng u nhin d
ng. T t nhin tn hiu ti ng ni khng l nhu
th trong khoa
ng
di cu
a th
i gian, cho php tnh d
ng l xc th c chi
trong khoa
ng nga n tn hi u ti ng
ni.
Gi s cc on thoi tin n 0 khi nm ngoi gii hn cho trc 0 n L 1,
vi L l di cua khung phn tch STP. iu ny tng ng vi nhn tn hiu
ting ni u vo vi ca s w(n) c di hu hn v bng 0 nm ngoi khong trn.
Ta xt cng thc (3.7) trong khong 0 n L+ p 1:
(i, k) s(n i )s(n k)
n0
L+p 1
,
i 1,..., p
k 1,..., p
(3.11)
t m n i :
(i, k) s(m)s(m+i k)
m0
L 1 (i k)
(3.12)
(i, k) chnh l hm t tng quan tn hiu cua s(m) vi dch i-k:
(i, k) R(i k) (3.13)
vi R( j ) s(n)s(n+ j ) s(n)s(n j )
n j
L 1
n0
L 1 j
(3.14)
Nh vy, cng thc (3.12) c th vit li thnh:

a
k
R( i k
k1
p
) R(i ) (3.15)
Biu din di dng ma trn, ta c:

R(0) R(1) R(2) ... R( p- 1)
R(1) R(0) R(1) ... R( p- 2)
R(2) R(1) R(0) ... R( p- 3)
... ... ... ... ...
R( p- 1) R( p- 2) R( p- 3) ... R(0)
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
p
R(1)
R(2)
R(3)
R( p)
(3.16)
Do c cu trc Toepliz (l ma trn i xng), nn phng php quy Levinson-
Durbin c dng gii quyt vi gii thut nh sau:

E(0) R(0)
For i=1 to p do
k
i

R(i ) a
j
i 1
R(i j )
j 1
i 1
E(i 1)
(3.17)
a
i
i
k
i

For j=1 to i-1 do
a
j
i
a
j
(i 1)
k
i
a
i j
i 1
(3.18)
E(i ) (1 k
i
2
)E(i 1) (3.19)
Kt qu cui cng cua gii thut: a
j
a
j
( p)
, j = 1, , p (3.20)
E(i) biu thc (3.19) l li d on cua b d on bc i.
k
i
l h s phn x v nm trong khong 1 k
i
1.
V d cho p=2, khi :

R(0) R(1)
R(1) R(0)
a
1
a
2

R(1)
R(2)

i vi i=1:
E(0) R(0)
k
1

R(1)
R(0)

a
1
(1)
k
1

R(1)
R(0)


E(1) (1 k
1
)
2
E(0)
R
2
(0) R
2
(1)
R(0)

i vi i=2:
k
2

R(2) a
1
R(1)
E(1)

R(2)R(0) R
2
(1)
R
2
(0) R
2
(1)

a
2
(2)
k
a
1
(2)
a
1
(1)
k
2
a
1
(1)
R(1)R(0) R(1)R(2)
R
2
(0) R
2
(1)

Kt qu:
a
1
a
1
(2)
v a
2
a
2
(2)

Nh cp phn trc, cc mu ting ni s(n) bng 0 nm ngoi on
0 n L 1. S ct xn thnh lnh cua cc khung ting ni c kh nang to ra s thay
i ln trong li d on ti im bt u v kt thc cua khung ting ni c phn
tch. Vn ny c gii quyt bng cch s dng ca s Hamming, c tc ng thu
hp i vi cc ra cua mt khi trong khi n khng c tc ng no trong cc di gia
cua n:
w(n) 0.54 0.46cos(
2 n
L 1
) , 0 n L 1 (3.21)
L l di khung phn tch LPC. di cua ca s Hamming c s dng
thng di hn di cua khung thoi. Cc ca s chng ln nhau s to hiu ng
mt trong phn tch LPC, c ngha l s lm gim s thay i t ngt cc h s phn
tch LPC gia cc khung c phn tch.
H s phn x: Trong thc t, cc h s d on a
k
khng c tnh ton trc
tip. Thay vo , mt s h s phn x c tnh t cc h s t tng quan cua khi
ting ni. Cc h s phn x k
i
thu c trong qu trnh gii cng thc (3.12) bng gii
thut Levinson-Durbin. Khi k
i
tin n 1 th cc im cc cua hm truyn H(z) cng
tin n vng trn n v. S thay i nh v k
i
dn n s thay i ln v ph. Do ,
cc h s phn x c bin i thnh tp cc h s khc gi l cc ty s vng logarit
LAR. V cc ty s vng logarit LAR c nn gin theo lut logarit c cc tnh cht
lng t tt hn cc h s k
i
.
LAR(i ) log
1 k
i
1+ k
i
(3.22)
Hm mt xc sut (PDF) cc tham s LAR cua b lc bc tm c trnh by
nh hnh 2.2. Ta thy rng di ng cua cc tham s LAR(i) gim khi i tang. Do ,

cc bit c n nh cho cc tham s LAR cng nhiu khi bc cua LAR cng nh.
iu ny, l gii trong trng hp lng t ho 8 LAR trn khi 20 ms ting ni bng
6 bit cho LAR(1) v LAR(2), 5 bit cho LAR(3) v LAR(4), 4 bit cho LAR(5) v
LAR(6) v 3 bit cho LAR(7) v LAR(8).

Hnh 19Hnh 3.2 th hm mt xc sut ca 8 h s LAR u tin

Ni suy cc tham s LPC: Nh ni phn trc, di khung kch thch
thng nh hn di khung LPC. Khung LPC c chia thnh nhiu khung con, v

cc tham s kch thch c cp nht mi khung con ny. Hnh 2.3 s ch ra mi
quan h gia khung, khung con, v ca s Hamming c s dng tnh ra cc tham
s LPC.
Mi khung thoi bao gm 160 mu (20 ms), khung con gm 40 mu (5 ms) v
ca s Hamming gm 200 mu (25 ms). Trong v d ny, cc tham s LPC s c
truyn i mi 20 ms. lm gim bt cc thay i t bin trong bn cht ng bao
tn hiu ting ni quanh ra khung phn tch LPC, ni suy cua cc tham s LPC gia
cc khung k cn nhau c s dng thu c cc thng s cho mi khung con,
bng cch cp nht chng mi 5 ms trong khi truyn chng mi 20 ms.

Hnh 20Hnh 3.3 Mi quan h gia khung, khung con v ca s Hamming

Cc h s d on a
i
khng c s dng trong ni suy, bi cc tham s ni suy
trong trng hp ny khng m bo cho b lc tng hp c n nh. Ni suy c
s dng bin i cc tham s cc b lc cn s n nh, v d nh LARs.
Gi f
n
l cc tham s LPC trong khung hin ti, f
n-1
l cc tham s khung k
trc , th tham s LPC c ni suy sf
k
ti khung con k c tnh nh sau:
sf
k

k
f
n 1
+(1
k
) f
n
(3.23)
vi
k
thuc on [0,1],
k
gim dn theo ch s cua khung con.
v d di y,
k
= 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 v 0 tng ng vi k= 1, ..., 4. Vi nhng
gi tr ny, tham s LPC c ni suy trong bn khung con nh sau:
sf
1
0.75f
n 1
+0.25f
n

sf
2
0.5f
n 1
+0.5f
n

sf
3
0.25f
n 1
+0.75f
n


sf
4
f
n

b, D on di hn LTP (Long Term Predictor)
Lc ting ni bng b lc o A(z)c xu hu
ng loa i bo
nhi u th
a ba ng cch
tr
m i m u ti ng ni m t gi tri d on cu
a n dng bi pm u trong qu kh
. Tn
hiu nhn u
c u
c go i l d tha d on nga n ha n v ni chung n se
c lu
ng chu
k nh t i nh lin quan n chu k pitch cu
a ti ng ni g c khi n u
c pht m . Tnh
chu k ny th hi n m
c du
th
a n
a m ta c th loa i bo
ba ng b d on pitch hay
cn gi l b d on di ha n. Dng tng qut cua b lc d on di hn nh sau:

1
P(z)

1
1 P
l
(z)

1
1 G
k
z
( +k)
k m
1
m
2
(3.24)

Trong :
P
l
(z) G
k
z
( +k)
k m
1
m
2
(3.25)

l b d on di hn; m
1
,m
2
xc nh s im trch b d on; l chu k pitch hay
gi l tr LTP v G
k
l h s khuch i LTP. Cc tham s v G
k
c xc nh
bng cc tiu ho sai s cn d bnh phng trung bnh sau khi d on di hn v
ngn hn trn chu k N mu. i vi d on 1 im trch, sai s d on LTP e(n)
c cho bi:
e(n) r(n) Gr(n )
(3.26)

y, r(n) l phn d to nn sau d on ngn hn. Phn d bnh phng trung bnh
E l:

E e
2
(n)
n0
N- 1
r(n) - Gr n- ( )
2
n0
N- 1
(3.27)

E/ G 0
nn:

G
r(n)r(n )
n0
N 1
r(n )
[ ]
2
n0
N 1
(3.28)

Th G vo(3.27), ta c


E r
2
(n) -
r(n)r(n- )
n0
N- 1
2
r(n- )
[ ]
2
n0
N- 1
n0
N- 1
(3.29)

Cc tiu sai s E, tc l ti a biu thc th hai v phi a thc (3.29). Ngha
l cc i ho tng quan cho gia STP d r(n) hin ti v phin bn tr cua n. Gi
tr c chn l gi tr ln nht.
S n nh cua b lc tng hp pitch 1/P(z) khng phi lc no cng n nh.
i vi d on 1 im trch, iu kin n nh l G 1. Do , bo m tnh n
nh cua b lc th t G 1 khi G 1.

3.2. ng dng cc phng php c s m ha m thanh trong truyn
thng.
3.2.1 . Cc yu c u i v
i mt b m ha m thoa i
Trong h u h t cc b m ha m thoa i , tn hiu u
c xy d ng la i se
khc v
i tn
hiu nguyn thu
y. Nguyn nhn l do khi c ga ng lm ta ng ch t lu
ng m thoa i se
d n
n vic lm gia
m cc c tnh t t khc cu
a h th ng. Cc yu c u l tu
n g cu
a mt
b m ha thoa i bao g m:
T c bit th p: i v
i chu i bit m ha c t c bit ti
l thun v
i ba ng thng
c n cho truy n d
li u. T c bit th p se
lm ta ng hi u su t cu
a h th ng. Tuy nhin

yu c u ny la i xung t v
i cc cc c tnh t t khc cu
a h th ng nhu
ch t lu
ng m
thoi. T c thoi cng cao th i hi tc bit cng cao , bo m m thoi ti
pha nhn u
c pht ra v
i t c ba ng v
i t c cua mt ngi bnh thng ni

chuyn lu
u lot.
Ch t lu
ng thoa i cao : tn hiu m thoa i gia
i m pha
i c ch t lu
ng c th
ch p nhn u
c i v
ng du ng c n a t . C r t nhi u kha ca nh v m t ch t lu
ng
bao g m tnh d hi u , t nhin, d nghe v cu
ng nhu
c th nh n da ng ngu
i ni l
nam hay n
, gi hay tr,
Cng mnh trong knh truyn nhiu : y l y u t quan tro ng i v
i
cc h th ng truy n thng s v
i cc nhi u a
nh hu
ng ma nh n ch t lu
ng cua tn
hiu thoa i.
Kch thu
c b nh
th p v ph
c ta p tnh ton th p : nha m mu c ch s

dng c b m ha m thoa i trong th c t . Chi ph th c hin lin quan n vic tri n
khai h th ng pha
i th p , bao g m ca
ch i ph cho b nh
c n thi t h tr khi h
th ng hoa t ng cu
ng nhu
cc yu c u tnh ton.

tr m ha th p : trong qu trnh x
l m ha v gia
i m thoa i , tr tn
hiu lun lun t n ta i . Vic tr qu m
c se
sinh ra nhi u v n trong vi c th c hi n

trao i ti ng ni hai chi u trong th
i gian th c.
Kh nang ct b khong l ng: khi ni chuyn khng pha
i m thoa i c pht
ra lin tu c m c nh
ng khoa
ng l ng. l nh
ng lc
ng la i l y ho
i h ay l lc nghe
ngi khc ni. Nh
ng khoa
ng lng ny nu c th u
c nhn ra v ca t bo
c th gip
lm gia
m t c bit h th ng m ha m thoa i.

3.2.2. Cc tham s lin quan n ch t lu
ng thoa i
Cc tham s truy n d n co
ba
n lin quan n ch t lu
ng thoa i l:
- Tham s nh gi cu
ng m lu
ng /t n hao t ng th (OLR-Overall Loudness

Rating)
- Tr : th
i gian truy n d n tn hi u gi
a hai u cu i gy ra nh
ng kh kha n trong vi c
hi thoa i. Tr bao g m: tr chuy n m thoa i , tr m ha knh, tr ma ng v tr x
l tn
hiu thoa i loa i bo
ti ng vo ng v gia
m nhi u
ch Handsfree.
- Ti ng vo ng (echo).
- Ca t ngu
ng (clipping): l hin tu
ng m t ph n u ho c ph n cu i cu
a cu m tn hi u
thoi, do qu trnh x
l khoa
ng lng bi sai.
- Cc tnh ch t lin quan n nhy tn s.
- Xuyn m (sidetone loss).
- Nhi u n n...

3.2.3. Cc phu
ng php nh gi ch t lu
ng thoa i co
ba
n
Vic nh gi ch t lu
ng thoa i trong ma ng c th u
c th c hi n ba ng cch nh
gi cc tham s truy n d n c a
nh hu
ng n ch t lu
ng thoa i v xc i nh tc ng
cua cc tham s ny i vi cht lng tng th . Tuy nhin, vic nh gi tng tham
s r t ph
c ta p v t n km . Hin nay, vic nh gi ch t lu
ng thoa i u
c d a trn
mt tham s ch t lu
ng t ng th l MOS (Mean Opinion Score). Nh
ng phu
ng php
s
du ng MOS u mang tnh ch t chu
quan do chng phu t huc vo quan i m cu
a
ngi s dng dch v . Tuy vy, chng ta c th phn chia cc phu
ng php nh gi
ch t lu
ng thoi ra lm hai loi c bn:

- Cc phu
ng php nh gi chu
quan : vic nh gi theo quan i m cu
a ngu
i s

dng v mc cht lng c thc hin trong th
i gian th c.
- Cc phu
ng php nh gi khch quan : s
du ng mt s m hnh u
c lu
ng m
c
ch t lu
ng theo thang i m MOS.



3.2.3.1. Phng php nh gi ch quan (MOS)
K thut ny nh gi ch t lu
ng thoa i s
du ng i tu
ng l m t s lu
ng l
n
ngi nghe, s
du ng phu
ng php th ng k tnh i m ch t lu
ng . i m nh gi
bnh qun cu
a nhi u ngu
i u
c tnh l i m Mean Opinion Scoring (MOS).Phng

th
c nh gi theo MOS c th u
c th c hi n theo cc bi ki m tra h i thoa i hai

chi u hoc bi nghe mt chi u. Cc bi ki m tra nghe m t chi u s
du ng cc m u
thoi chun. Ngi nghe nghe mu truyn qua m t h th ng v nh gi ch t lu
ng
t ng th cu
a m u d a trn thang i m cho tru
c.
3.2.3.2. Cc phu
ng php nh gi khch quan

- Cc phu
ng php so snh: d a trn vic so snh tn hiu thoa i truy n d n v
i mt tn
hiu chu n bi t . Tn hiu dng so snh cu
ng c th dng chnh tn hi u m thoa i

u vo. So snh c th d a trn da ng sng m thanh cu
a hai tn hi u hoc so snh a

trn cc thng s c tru
ng cho m thoa i.
- Cc phu
ng php u
c lu
ng tuy t i: da trn vi c u
c lu
ng tuyt i ch t lu
ng
tn hiu thoa i.
- Cc m hnh nh gi truy n d n : phng php ny xc nh gi tr cht lng thoi
mong mu n d a trn nh
ng hi u bi t v ma ng. V d: m hnh ETSI Model.

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG GSM

CHNG 4: M HO V GII M TING NI TRONG H THNG
GSM
4.1 Cc b m ho ting ni d tuyn cho h thng GSM
Vic chn b m ho v gii m ting ni (speech codec) thch hp nht cho h
thng GSM t mt tp cc b m ho d truyn c da trn cc php th so snh
khi qut gia mt lot cc iu kin hot ng. Cc so snh kht khe v cht lng
ting ni, sc khng li knh, tr h thng cng nh phc tp.
4.1.1 SBC- APCM
SBC-APCM l codec m ho bang con vi PCM thch nghi theo khi. Codec ny
s dng cc b lc gng cu phng QMF () phn tch tn hiu li vo thnh 16
bang con rng 250 Hz, hai bang cao nht trong s khng c truyn i. n nh
bit thch nghi c s dng trong cc bang con trn c s ty l cng sut cua mt
lot bang to thnh nn thng tin bin cn truyn i. Tc truyn dn tng cng cua
cc tn hiu bang con l 10 kbps, thng tin bin l 3kbps m chng c bo v bi
d tha 3kbps cua m sa li hng i FEC (Forward Error Correction).
4.1.2 SBC-ADPCM
SBC-ADPCM l codec m ho bang con vi PCM delta thch nghi. Trong s
ny, ting ni li vo c chia thnh 8 bang con, trong s ch c 6 bang c
truyn i. Cc tn hiu bang con c m ho bng m vi sai vi nh gi ngc v
thch nghi i li vi SBC-APCM c ngh, trong nh gi thun v
thch nghi c s dng. n nh bit cua cc bang con c t c nh, do vy
khng c thng tin bin no c truyn i, nh lm cho h thng thch nghi vi
tp nhiu nhiu hn v th khng cn m FEC. Tc m cua codec ny ch 15 kbps.
4.1.3 MPE-LTP
MPE-LTP (Multi-Pulse Excited LPC codec with Long Term Predictor) l codec
d don tuyn tnh kch thch a xung vi b d on di hn. Vic thc b m ho v
gii m ting ni c th c s dng trong th nghim so snh i hi tc
truyn dn 13.2 kbps v m ho FEC c gn vo vi tc 2.8 kbps na c
s dng bo v cc bit quan trng nht cua b m ho v gii m ting ni.
4.1.4 RPE-LTP
RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excited - Long Term Prediction) l codec LPC kch
thch xung u. B m ha ti ng ni ny d a trn n n ta
ng kch thch xung u

(regular pulse excitation ) v
i d on di ha n v lin quan t
i 2 b m ha ti ng ni
khc l: RELP (Residual Excited Linear Prediction ) v MPE -LPC (Multi Pulse
Excited LPC). L i th cu
a RELP l khng qu ph
c ta p do s
du ng m ha da
i t n
g c. B m ha MPE-LTP ph
c ta p ho
n nhu
ng n cung c p m
c hiu qua
cao ho
n.

B m ha RPE-LTP cho mt k t qua
kh t t , cn ba ng gi
a hi u na ng v tnh ph
c
tp.
Bn codec ny c so snh vi nhau v cht lng ting ni, kh nang
khng tp nhiu, cc tr x l v phc tp tnh ton cua chng. T kinh nghim vi
h thng tham chiu iu tn (FM), hai ty l li bit ch tiu c ngh m ti
cc s snh v cht lng c thc hin. im s kin trung bnh MOS (Mean
Opinion Score) tnh trung bnh trn mt thang im 5 trn nhiu iu kin th nghim
khc nhau c tm ra l:

Codec Bit rate (kbps) MOS
FM - 1.95
SBC-APCM 16 3.14
SBC-ADPCM 15 2.92
MPE-LTP 16 3.27
RPE-LPC 13 3.54
RPE-LTP 13 ~ 4.0
Bng 5Bng 4.1
Cc kt qu ny nhn mnh tn vt tri cua cc b codec kch thch xung v
tm quan trng cua b d on di hn LTP. Codec RPE, do th hin cc c tnh a
chung nht, c ci thin hn na bng cch p dng mt LTP; codec RPE-LTP
bo m mt MOS bng khong 4.0 im trn mt di rng iu kin hot ng.

4.2 B m ho ting ni RPE-LTP
S b m ho RPE-LTP c th hin nh trn hnh 4.1. Trong , c cc b
phn chc nang sau:
Tin x l
Lc phn tch STP
Lc phn tch LTP
Tnh ton RPE

4.2.1 Tin x l
Tn hiu ting ni ly mu u tin c cho qua mt b lc loi b bt k
sai lch DC no c th tn ti ri cho qua b lc tin nhn.
M hnh ton ho c cu
a b to ting ni trong b m ha chi
ra ra ng na ng lu
ng
suy gia
m d n v
i t n s ta ng d n . Do , vic tin nhn c p dng nng

chnh xc tnh ton bng cch nhn phn tn s cao cng sut thp cua ph ting ni.

iu ny c th thc hin c bng b lc mt cc vi hm truyn dng:
H(z) = 1 - c
1
z
-1
(4.1)
trong , c
1
~ 0.9.

4.2.2 Lc phn tch STP
Ting ni c tin nhn c phn on thnh cc khi 160 mu tng ng
vi khong thi gian 20 ms trong mt b m.
i vi mi mt on gm L=160 mu, chn h s t tng quan c tnh t
s(k) theo cng thc sau:
ACF(i ) s(i )s(k +i )
k0
L 1 i
, i 0,1,..., 8
(4.2)

T cc h s t tng quan cua ting ni ACF(i), tm h s phn x c tnh
theo thut ton lp Schur, l phng php tng ng vi thut ton Levision-Durbin
c s dng gii phng trnh then cht LPC tm cc h s phn x r(i), cng
nh cc h s lc STP. Tuy nhin, thut ton Schur ch a n cc h s phn x r(i)
m thi.
Cc h s phn x r(i) c tnh nm trong khong
1 r(i ) 1, i 1,..., 8 (4.3)
Cc h s phn x r(i) c bin i thnh cc ty s vng logarit LAR(i), bi v
cc LAR(i) c nn-gin theo lut logarit c cc tnh cht lng t ho tt hn cc h
s r(i).
LAR(i ) lg
1+ r(i )
1 r(i )
, i 1,..., 8
(4.4)

Tuy nhin, lm n gin ho vic thc thi thi gian thc, mt xp x tuyn
tnh kiu tng on vi 5 on c s dng
LAR(i )
r(i )
sign r(i )
[ ]
. 2 r(i ) - 0.675
sign r(i )
[ ]
. 8 r(i ) - 6.375
; r(i ) < 0.675

; 0.675 r(i ) < 0.950
; 0.950 r(i ) 1
(4.5)

Cc tham s lc LAR(i), i = 1, 2, , 8 c cc di ng khc nhau v cc hm mt
xc sut c hnh dng khc nhau. iu ny l gii cho vic m ho cc cp LAR th
nht, th hai, th ba, th t tng ng vi 6 bit, 5 bit, 4 bit, 3 bit.
LAR
c
(i)= Nint {A(i).LAR(i) +B(i)} (4.6)
vi Nint(z)=int{z+sign(z).0,5} (4.6a)


Trong , hm Nint(z) c nh ngha l gi tr nguyn gn nht cua z v cc h
s A(i), B(i) cng vi cc gi tr LAR
c
(i) tng ng vi LAR(i) c cho theo bng 3.2.

LAR No i A(i) B(i) Min
LAR
c
(i)
Max
LAR
c
(i)
1 20.000 0.000 -32 +31
2 20.000 0.000 -32 +31
3 20.000 4.000 -16 +15
4 20.000 -5.000 -16 +15
5 13.637 0.184 - 8 + 7
6 15.000 -3.500 - 8 + 7
7 8.334 -0.666 - 4 + 3
8 8.824 -2.235 - 4 + 3

Bng 6Bng 4.2 Lng t cc h s LAR
c
(i)

Cc h s LAR
c
(i) c bin i v LAR(i) nh sau:
LAR''(i )
LAR
c
(i ) B(i )
A(i )
(4.7)

lm gim bt cc thay i t bin trong bn cht ng bao tn hiu ting
ni quanh cc ra khung phn tch STP, cc tham s LAR c ni suy tuyn tnh
thnh LAR. Trong mi khi cha 160 mu ting ni, b lc phn tch ngn hn c
thc hin vi 4 chui tham s khc nhau theo bng 4.3:

k LAR
J
(i) =
0 12 0.75*LAR
J-1
(i) + 0.25*LAR
J
(i)
1326 0.50*LAR
J-1
(i)+0.50*LAR
J
(i)
2739 0.25*LAR
J-1
(i) +0.75*LAR
J
(i)
40..159 LAR
J
(i)

Bng 7Bng 4.3 Ni suy cc tham s LAR (J=khi hin ti)
Cc h s phn x r(i) c gii m ti ch c tnh bng cch bin i
LAR(i) thnh r(i) nh sau:
r '(i )
LAR'(i )
sign LAR'(i )
[ ]
. 0.005 LAR'(i ) + 0.337500
sign LAR'(i )
[ ]
. 0.125 LAR'(i ) + 0.796875
; LAR'(i ) < 0.675

; 0.675 LAR'(i ) <1.225
;1.225 LAR'(i ) 1.625
(4.8)

Cc h s phn x r(i) c dng tnh STP d d(k)bng b lc phn tch ngn
hn c cu trc mt co c m t nh hnh 4.2.

Hnh 21Hnh 4.2 B lc phn tch ngn hn
d
0
(k) = s(k) (4.8a)
u
0
(k) = s(k) (4.8b)
d
i
(k) = d
i-1
(k) + r
i
. u
i-1
(k-1) , i=1, , 8 (4.8c)
u
i
(k) = u
i-1
(k-1) + r
i
. d
i-1
(k) (4.8d)
d(k)=d
8
(k) (4.8e)

4.2.3 Lc phn tch LTP
Tn hiu STP d t
vic lo c nga n ha n c di 160 mu, tng ng vi 20 ms

u
c phn chia thnh 4 on con cha 40 m u tng ng vi 5 ms.

Ta k hiu:
j = 0, , 3 l s th t on con
d(k
j
+k) l tn hiu d tha mi on
vi j = 0, , 3; k
j
= k
0
+ j.40 (k
0
l gi tr u tin cua khung cha 160 mu)v k
= 0, , 39
Sai s d on LTP c ti thiu ho bi tr m n cc i ho tng quan
cho gia STP d hin ti v gi tr cua n nhn c v c nh m vi tr
. C th, STP d c di L =160 mu c chia thnh bn on con vi di
N=40 mu v i vi mi on con th tham s khuch i (gain) v tr (lag) cho
b lc d on di hn LTP c xc nh bng cch tnh tng quan cho gia on
hin ang x l v mt on di 40 mu c trt i mt cch lin tc cua on STP
d di 120 mu trc .

R
j
( ) d(k
j
+i ) d'(k
j
+i )
i 0
39
,
j 0,..., 3
k
j
k
0
+ j.40
40,...,120
(4.9)

Gi tr tng quan ln nht c tm thy ti tr = N
j
m ti on con
hin ang x l ging nht vi qu kh cua mnh. iu ny c kh nang ng vi chu
k pitch hoc ti bi cua chu k pitch. Do , hu ht d tha c th tch ra khi
STP d.
R
j
(N
j
) max R
j
( ); 40,...,120
{ }
, j = 0, ..., 3 (4.10)
H s khuch i b
j
c tnh bng cch chun ho h s tng quan cho ti
tr N
j
.
b
j

R
j
(N
j
)
s
j
(N
j
)
(4.11)

s
j
(N
j
) d'
2
(k
j
+i N
j
)
i 0
39
, j = 0, ..., 3 (4.12)
Mt khi tham s LTP l N
j
( tr) v b
j
( li) tm c, chng c m
ho thnh N
cj
v b
cj
.
N
j
c gi tr trong on (40, ..., 120) nn ch cn dng 7 bit m ho N
cj
l u.
b
cj
c m ho vi 2 bit nh sau:
b
cj

0
1
2
3
,
b
cj
DLB(0)
DLB(0) < b
cj
DLB(1)
DLB(1) < b
cj
DLB(2)
DLB(2) < b
cj
(4.13)

Trong , DLB(i), (i=0, 1..., 2) l mc quyt nh c cho theo bng 3.4 v b
cj

l h s khuch i c m ho.

i Decision Level
DLB(i)
Quantizing Level
QLB(i)
0 0.2 0.10
1 0.5 0.35
2 0.8 0.65
3 1.00

Bng 8Bng 4.4 Bng lng t cho tham s khuch i LTP


Cc tham s LTP c m ho (N
cj
vb
cj
) c gii m ti ch thnh cp (N
j

vb
j
) nh sau.
N
j
= N
cj
(4.14)
b
j
= QLB(b
cj
) , j=0, ..., 3
vi QLB(i), i=0, ..., 3 l mc lng t c tnh theo bng 3.4.
Vi cc tham s LTP va tnh c, LTP d c tnh bng sai lch gia STP
d v c lng cua n (tnh c nh s tr gip cua cc tham s LTP gii m
c ti ch N
j
vb
j
) nh sau:
e(k
j
+k) = d(k
j
+k) - d(k
j
+k) ,
j 0,..., 3
k
j
k
0
+ j.40
k 0,..., 39
(4.15)
vi d(k
j
+k) = b
j
.d(k
j
+k-N
j
) ,
j 0,..., 3
k
j
k
0
+ j.40
k 0,..., 39
(4.16)

y, d(k
j
+k-N
j
) biu din mt on bit ri cua qu kh cua d(k
j
+k),
c tr trong b nh m tm kim.
Cui cng, ni dung cua b nh m tm kim c cp nht bng cch s dng
LTP d c gii m ti ch e(k
j
+k) v STP d c c lng d(k
j
+k)
to nn d(k
j
+k) nh di y:
d(k
j
+k) = e(k
j
+k) + d(k
j
+k) ,
j 0,..., 3
k
j
k
0
+ j.40
k 0,..., 39
(4.17)

4.2.4 Tnh ton RPE
Tn hiu d tha di hn c lc bi b lc trng s. th p ng xung v
p ng tn s nh hnh 3.3. B lc trng s l b lc p ng xung hu hn 11 im,
v c bn l mt b lm trn, c tc dng lm trn s thay i gia cc mu, loi b
nhiu tn s cao, v lm cho s chuyn tip gia cc on con tr nn mm mi hn.
Do , cht lng ting ni tng hp c ci thin.


Hnh 22Hnh 4.3 p ng xung (tri) v p ng tn s (phi) ca b lc trng s

Php chp gia 40 mu trong chui e(k) v 11 mu trong chui h(n) to nn
40+11-1=50 mu c m t theo cng thc 3.18, lu rng ta ch tnh 40 mu cua
php chp.
x(k) h(i )*e(k + 5 i )
i 1
10
(4.18)
vi k= 0, ..., 39
e(k+5-i) = 0 khi k+5-i < 0 hoc k+5-i > 39

Giai oa n kch thch xung u bao g m vi c gia
m 40 m u du
th
a di ha n xu ng
thnh 4 b chu i con 13 bit thng qua s k t h p cu
a ky
thu t an xen v chia nho

m u.
x
m
(i ) x(k
j
+ m+3*i ) ; i = 0, , 12
m = 0, , 3 (4.19)
Ta c th minh ho (4.19) bng hnh sau:

Hnh 23Hnh 4.4 V tr cc mu trong 4 chui con

Nang lng cua bn chui con c chit ra s c tnh ton, v chui d
tuyn c nang lng ln nht s c chn biu din mt cch tt nht LTP d.
E
M
max
m
x
m
2
(i )
i 0
12
; m = 0, , 3 (4.20)
Theo 4 v tr m cua li ban u c th c, 2 bit l u m ho dch trt ban
u cua li i vi mi on con.
Cc bin xung c chun ho theo bin cao nht cua khi v c lng
t ho bng 3 bit. V gi tr cc i cua khi c lng t ho bng 6 bit.
Cc v tr li, bin xung v gi tr cc i cua chui c gii m ti ch
cho ra LTP d e(k), trong cc xung b thiu trong chui c in vi gi tr 0.

4.3B gii m ting ni RPE-LTP
S khi b gii m RPE-LTP c trnh by trong hnh 3.3, th hin mt cu
trc ngc hnh thnh bi cc b phn chc nang:
Gii m RPE
Lc tng hp LTP
Lc tng hp STP
Hu x l



Hnh 24Hnh 4.5 B gii m RPE-LTP

4.3.1Gii m RPE
Trong b gii m, li v tr M, cc gi tr cc i kch thch cua on con v cc
bin xung kch thch c lng t nghch o v cc bin xung kch thch c
tnh ton bng cch nhn cc bin gii m c vi cc tr cc i khi tng
ng cua chng. M hnh LTP d e
r
c ti to li bng vic nh v chnh xc cc
bin xung theo theo lng dch M ban u.

4.3.2Lc tng hp LTP
u tin, cc tham s lc LTP (khuch i b
cr
v tr N
cr
) c khi phc to ra
b
r
v N
r
v chng c dng xy dng b lc tng hp LTP. Sau , tn hiu LTP
d khi phc c e
r
c s dng kch thch b lc tng hp LTP ny khi
phc mt on mi c di N=40 cua STP d c c lng d
r
. lm vy,
mt on trong qu kh cua STP d ti to c d c s dng, c lm tr
RPE grid
position
Inverse
APCM
LTP
parameter
decoder
Short term
synthesis
filter 1/A(z)
Reflection
coefficients
LAR
decoder
Interpolation
Deemphasis

z
-N
RPE
decoding
Long Term
Prediction
Short term
synthesis
filtering
Postprocessing
e
r
d
r
d
r
b
r
N
r
r
r
LAR
r
LAR
r
s
r
M
cr
s
ro
x
maxcr
x
mcr
b
cr
N
cr
LAR
cr
x
mr

ng i N
r
mu v c nhn vi b
r
c c STP d c c lng d
r
. theo
3.16.
Ri sau , d
r
c s dng tnh ton on con gn y nht cua STP d
c ti to theo 3.17.

4.3.3Lc tng hp STP
Cc tham s LAR
r
c gii m bng cch s dng b gii m LAR t cc
LAR
cr
m n nhn c. V mt ln na li c ni suy tuyn tnh v pha cc ra
cua khung phn tch gia cc tham s cua cc khung ln cn nhm trnh cc thay i
t ngt trong c im cua ng bao ph ting ni. Cui cng, tp tham s ni
suy c bin i to thnh cc h s phn x r
r
, trong tnh n nh cua b lc
tng hp STP c bo m nu cc h s phn x c khi phc ri ra ngoi vng
trn n v c phn x ngc vo trong vng trn n v nh thc hin ly gi tr
nghch o cua chng. Cng thc bin i LAR
r
(i) tr li thnh r
r
c cho nh sau
r
r
'(i )
10
LAR
r
'(i )
1
10
LAR
r
'(i )
+1
(4.18)

4.3.4Hu x l
Qu trnh hu x l c thit lp bi vic gii nhn bng cch s dng b lc
H(z) trong biu thc 3.1.
Nh vy, i vi mt khong thi gian 20 ms, tng ng vi vic m ho 160
mu, cc bit c phn b trong m ho ting ni RPE-LTP c trnh by theo bng
3.5.

Tham s Tn tham s K hiu S lng bit Bit
STP
Log. Area ratios
1 - 8
LAR 1 6 b1-b6
LAR 2 6 b7-b12
LAR 3 5 b13-b17
LAR 4 5 b18-b22
LAR 5 4 b23-b26
LAR 6 4 b27-b30
LAR 7 3 b31-b33
LAR 8 3 b34-b36
on con th 1
LTP
tr LTP N1 7 b37-b43
Khuch i LTP b1 2 b44-b45

RPE
V tr li RPE M1 2 b46-b47
Gi tr cc i khi RPE Xmax1 6 b48-b53
Xung RPE th 1 x1(0) 3 b54-b56
Xung RPE th 2 x1(1) 3 b57-b59
... ... ...
Xung RPE th 13 x1(12) 3 b90-b92
on con th 2
LTP
tr LTP N2 7 b93-b99
RPE
Xung RPE th 1 x2(0) 3 b110-b112
Xung RPE th 2 x2(1) 3 b113-b115
... ... ...
Xung RPE th 13 x2(12) 3 b146-b148
on con th 3
LTP
tr LTP N3 7 b149-b155
RPE
Xung RPE th 1 x3(0) 3 b166-b168
Xung RPE th 2 x3(1) 3 b168-b171
... ... ...
Xung RPE th 13 x3(12) 3 b202-b204
on con th 4
LTP
tr LTP N4 7 b205-b211
RPE
Xung RPE th 1 x4(0) 3 b222-b224
Xung RPE th 2 x4(1) 3 b225-b227
... ... ...
Xung RPE th 13 x4(12) 3 b258-b260

Bng 9Bng 4.5 V tr bit cc tham s ng ra ca b m ho ting ni RPE-LTP
trong khung thoi 20ms


Tm li, tng s bit truyn dn trong mt khung l 36+ 4x(2+7+2+6+13x3) =
260 bit.

CHNG 5: M PHNG

CHNG 5: M PHNG

Matlab l mt mi trng tnh ton s v lp trnh, c thit k bi cng ty
MathWorks, Inc. Matlab cho php tnh ton s vi ma trn, v thhm s hay biu
thng tin, thc hin thut ton, to cc giao din ngi dng v lin kt vi nhng
chng trnh my tnh vit trn nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc.
Chng trnh m phng qu trnh nn v gii nn ting ni c vit trn
Matlab, da trn k thut m ho RPE-LTP trnh by chng trc.
Ngi s dng s chn file ting ni c m ho PCM 13 bit u vo.
Chng trnh s m phng qu trnh nn v gii nn, cui cng ta s thu c ting
ni gii nn ng ra.
So snh kt qu ng vo v ng ra ta thy kt qu cht lng vn m bo tt.
Giao din chng trnh m phng nh sau:

Hnh 25Hnh 5.1 Giao din chng trnh m phng

Trong :
File l tn hiu ting ni ng vo.
CHNG 5: M PHNG

Thi gian l di thi gian tn hiu ting ni ng vo.
Start l nt bt u thc hin chng trnh m ho v gii m ting ni.
Sau khi click vo Start, i mt thi gian, ta s thu c th dng sng cua
ting ni ng vo v ng ra.
Nhn nt Play tng ng nghe file ting ni ban u v file ting ni sau khi
thc hin m ho v gii m.
KT LUN

Kt lun

V can bn chng ta c th thy b m ho ting ni trong GSM l mt b m
ho ting ni dng lai (hybrid) gia LPC vocoder v m ho dng sng. Trong m
hnh lc t cu hnh vocoder c gi nguyn song cc tham s kch thch li c ci
thin. iu ny ngha l phn chu yu cua cc tham s c truyn i lin quan ti
chui kch thch. B m ho lai san c h ngan cch gia cc b m ho vocoder
v cc b m ho dng sng.
Quy trnh m ho ting ni trong b m ho ting ni c th tm tt li nh sau.
Tn hiu ting ni li vo c chia thnh tng khung 20 ms bin i thnh tn hiu
s. Cc bc c bn cua qu trnh m ho bao gm: Lc d on tuyn tnh LPC, Lc
d on di hn LTP v m ho kch thch xung u RPE. Cc thng s c m ho
do vy cng bao gm bit m cua cc thng s LPC, LTP v RPE.
V mt thc hnh, em cng c gng m phng c k thut m ho ting ni
chy c trn PC. Trc tin, chng trnh s thc hin nn tn hiu ting ni file
mu c sn di nh dng .wav bng codec RPE-LTP. Sau , s tng hp cc thng
s li to thnh tn hiu ting ni ng ra. Vi chng trnh m phng ny, em hy
vng chng trnh ny phn no gip ta c th hnh dung c k thut m ho ny.
Em xin cm n s gip tn tnh cua thy Phm Thanh m hng dn em
thc hin bi bo co ny. Do thi gian v kin thc c hn nn bo co thc hin vn
cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong s nhn xt, nh gi, ng gp t thy c v bn b.
Em s c gng tm hiu thm. Mt ln na, em xin chn thnh cm n.
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu tham kho

[1].A. M. Kondoz, Digital Speech Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication
Systems, 2nd, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
[2]. Raymond Steele and Lajos Hanzo, Mobile Radio Communication 2nd, John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1992.
[3]. GSM 06.10, ETSI, 1997.
[4]. Randy Goldberg and Lance Riek, A Practical Handbook of Speech Coders,
CRC Press LLC, 2000.
[5]. Wai C. Chu, Speech coding algorithms, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003.
[6]. Phm Thanh m, Thng tin di ng, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng Tp.HCM, 2010.
CH VIT TT

Ch vit tt

A/D Analog to Digital
AB Access Burst Cm truy xut
AbS Analysis by Synthesis Phn tch bng tng hp
ADPCM Adaptive Differently PCM iu ch m xung vi sai thch ng
DB Dummy Burst Cm gi
DM Delta Modulation iu ch Delta
DPCM Differential PCM iu ch m xung vi sai
FC Frequency Correction Burst Cm iu chnh tn s
FEC Forward Error Correction M sa li hng i
GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying iu ch kho chuyn pha cc tiu
GSM
Global System For Mobile
Communications
H thng thng tin di ng ton cu
LAR Logarithm Area Ratio T s vng logarith
LP Linear Prediction D on tuyn tnh
LPC Linear Prediction Coding M ho d on tuyn tnh
LTP Long Term Predictor D on di hn
MOS Mean Opinion Score im s kin trung bnh
MPE-LTP
Multi-Pulse Excited LPC Codec
with Long term Predictor
D on tuyn tnh kch thch a xung
vi b d on di hn
NB Normal Burst Cm thng
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m
PDF Probability Density Function Hm mt xc sut
QMF Quadrature Mirror Filter B lc gng cu phng
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RELP Residual Excited Linear Prediction
D on tuyn tnh kch thch bng tn
hiu sau d on
RPE Regular Pulse Excitation Kch thch xung u
RPE-LTP
Regular Pulse Excited - Long
Term Prediction
Kch thch xung u - D on di hn
SB Synchronization Burst Cm ng b
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
STP Short term Predictor D on ngn hn

Ma Hoa Tieng Noi Trong GSM

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

ng php nh gi khch quan ................................................ 35

ng tin truy n thng pht tri n v s lu

ng ti n lin la c ngy cng tang ln th m ha ting ni c nghin cu v

trn , vi mc ch tm hiu su hn v k thut m

a m ho dng sng v m ho ngun.

a m ha da ng sng l tm cch s ha da ng sng cu

c khi truy n i . Ti pha thu s lm nhi m vu ngu

c ta p, gi thnh thi t k , tr v cng su t tiu thu th p . B m ha da ng

n nh t l i u ch xung m (PCM), i u ch Delta (DM)... Tuy nhin ,

b m ha ba ng d on tuy n tnh (Linear

i ni chuy n. Vo na m 1982, Atal

c go i l kch thch a xung .Trong m

u thanh h ay v thanh . S kch thch

a ra m hnh ny g y ch v l m hnh u tin cu

a cc b i u ch ting ni phn tch ba ng t ng h p (Analisis by Synthesis). Tn

cng t t . Vic l y m u khng a

. Ty s tn hi u trn nhi u (SNR) u

ng trn 30 dB. Theo tnh ton vic

i ti ng ni t nhin hay khng.

a ti ng ni m t cch c hiu qua

a. Cng ngh m ha dng sng thu

i 10 kHz, nhng do hu ht cc t n s ting ni tp trung

vy go i l PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). Ph bi n hin nay ngu

i mt b lng t dng N bit t

i 1 gi tri .Khong cch gia cc mc

a mi n gi tri . Trong ki u PCM u ,cc gi tri lu

,nhng li c th u ln min gi tr cua c b lng t c l

nhin l mt nguyn nhn khc cu

bin cua tn hiu l y m u.

s SNR t thay i trong ton pha m vi gi tri bin .Thay v lu

a tn hiu l y m u,trc tin ta tnh ton hm logarithm cua t

c dng .Sau khi nn,mt qu trnh ngu

y ban u .Ton b chu trnh

c dng ph bi n hi n nay l lutv lut A.Lng t ho theo

ng php i u ch vi sai ,d a trn tnh ch t l tn hi u

i i m c t nhi u phu thu c vo tn hiu

a tn hi u,s sai khc ny,gip ti t ki m ba ng

ng php i u ch Delta l ch truyn i gi tr thay i tuyt i

c tn hiu phi truyn trn ng dy .Phng php ny ch s dng 1 bit m

ng d a trn nguyn ta c chi

truy n i s khc nhau cu

dng 1 bit gia

a DPCM.Ngi ta vn dng mt s bit nh t i nh

ng,ngi ta s dng phng php thch nghi ng gi tri cu

a bin tn hiu vo.Mc ch l duy tr min gi tr lng t p h

c ton tnh ton bc lng t

ng t mi c dng x l N mu tip theo.

c tnh ton ngay trn N m u x

l N m u .Nh vy qua trnh x

li u l y m u .Trong khi ki u feedback c u

n th c hin php tnh.

a ngu n kch thch v tuy n m chi

a tuy n m,1 tham s 2 gi tri o

u thanh ,1 tham s chi

ng kch thch v 1 tham s chi

n (m sa c,ch c vi hu m thanh ).Trng thi cua tuyn m c suy

i gian 10 n 25ms v tnh

i c c tham s (mt khung d

liu ny c truyn i v sau dng i u khi n vic t ng h p

a 2 ki u ngu n kch thch l ngu n xung

u thanh v nhi u tra ng v

c ho c trong khi t ng h p .V th ta c th bi n m t m thanh h

i th th m khi thi t t la i gi tri cu