Tinh Toan Thiet Ke TTQ

n tt nghip i hc Mc lc
Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 I

Mc lc
Mc lc................................................................................................................................ I
Thut ng vit tt .............................................................................................................. IV
Danh mc hnh v ............................................................................................................. VI
Danh mc bng biu ...................................................................................................... VIII
Chng 1 Tng quan v thit k tuyn thng tin quang ..................................................... 1
1.1. M hnh tuyn thng tin quang ................................................................................ 1
1.2. Cc tham s nh hng n thit k tuyn thng tin quang .................................... 2
1.2.1. Suy hao ............................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2. Tn sc .............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.3. Hiu ng phi tuyn ........................................................................................... 7
1.2.3.1. T iu ch pha SPM ................................................................................ 7
1.2.3.2. iu ch cho pha (XPM) ......................................................................... 9
1.2.3.3. Hiu ng trn 4 sng (FWM: four-wave mixing) .................................. 10
1.3. Tng quan v cc phng php thit k ................................................................ 12
1.3.1. Thit k theo phng php gii tch ............................................................... 12
1.3.1.1. Qu cng sut .......................................................................................... 12
1.3.1.2. Qu thi gian ln ..................................................................................... 13
1.3.2. Thit k theo cch tip cn tiu chun ........................................................... 16
1.3.2.1. Tnh tng thch ...................................................................................... 16
1.3.2.2. Phng php thit k vi gi tr trong trng hp xu nht ................... 18
1.3.2.3. Phng php thit k vi gi tr thng k ............................................... 18
Chng 2 Mt s phng php tnh ton trong thit k tuyn thng tin quang tc cao
........................................................................................................................................... 21

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 II

2.1. Tnh ton theo cc gi tr gii hn (worst case) ca cc tham s .......................... 21
2.1.1. Tnh ton vi tn sc ...................................................................................... 21
2.1.1.1. Gii hn tc bit do tn sc mu .......................................................... 21
2.1.1.2. B cng sut do tn sc mu ................................................................... 27
2.1.1.3. Thit k s dng b tn sc ..................................................................... 27
2.1.1.4. Dung sai theo tn sc mu d ca h thng ............................................ 31
2.1.1.5. V d v h thng 4x40Gbps trn si G.652 vi DCF............................ 33
2.1.2. Thit k tuyn im im da trn h s Q v OSNR ................................... 34
2.1.3. Tnh ton OSNR cho tuyn im im .......................................................... 37
2.1.4. Tnh ton vi xuyn m quang ....................................................................... 42
2.1.4.1. Khi nim cc thut ng ......................................................................... 42
2.1.4.2. Xuyn m lin knh ................................................................................ 43
2.1.4.3. Xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa ........................................................ 47
2.1.5. V d ............................................................................................................... 50
2.2. Tnh ton theo s liu thng k ............................................................................. 57
2.2.1. Phng php chung ........................................................................................ 57
2.2.1.1. Xc sut ngng hot ng ca h thng ................................................. 57
2.2.1.2. Ngng xc sut hot ng trong h thng ............................................ 57
2.2.1.3. Thit k biu dng .............................................................................. 58
2.2.2. Thit k suy hao thng k ............................................................................... 60
2.2.3. Thit k thng k tn sc mu ........................................................................ 62
2.2.3.1. C s ....................................................................................................... 62
2.2.3.2. Cc thng k h s tn sc mu .............................................................. 62
2.2.3.3. Cc thng k dng chui i vi cc si quang ...................................... 65

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 III

2.2.3.4. Ghp ni thng k ................................................................................... 66
2.2.4. Thit k thng k tn sc mode phn cc ...................................................... 71
2.3. So snh hai phng php ....................................................................................... 71
Kt lun ............................................................................................................................. 73
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................. 74
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 IV

Thut ng vit tt
T vit
tt
T gc Ngha
APD Avalanche Photodiode Diode tch sng thc
BER Bit Error Ratio T s li bt
CD Chromatic Dispersion Tn sc mu
DCF Dispersion Compensating Fiber Si b tn sc
DCU Dispersion Compensate Unit Khi b tn sc
DGD Diffirential Group Delay Tr nhm phn bit
DWDM Density Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
mt cao
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i pha tp Erbium
EOL End Of Life Ht thi gian s dng
FBG Fiber Bragg Grared Cch t si Bragg
FWHM Full Wide Half Maximum rng ton phn ti na ln nht
FWM Four Wave Mixing Hiu ng trn bn sng
GVD Group Velocity Dispersion Tn sc vn tc nhm
LD Laser Diode Laze diode
LED Light Emitting Diode Diode pht x quang
n tt nghip i hc Thut ng vit tt

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 V

MLM Muti Longitudinal Mode Laser a mode
MPI Multi Path Interference Nhiu a ng
MPN Mode Partition Noise Tp m cnh tranh mode
NF Noise Factor H s tp m
NRZ Non Return to Zero Khng tr v khng
OSNR Optical Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu quang trn tp m
pdf Probability density function Hm mt xc sut
p-i-n Positive Intrinsic Negative Cu trc PIN
PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion Tn sc phn cc mode
rms Root mean square Trung bnh qun phng
RZ Return to Zero Tr v khng
SC Single Channel n knh
SLM Single Longitudinal Mode Laser n mode
SMF Single Mode Fiber Si n mode
SMP Self Modulation Phase T iu ch pha
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
XMP Cross Modulation Phase iu ch cho pha

n tt nghip i hc Danh mc hnh v

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 VI

Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 1-1 M hnh truyn thng tin vi cc thnh phn c bn. ............................. 1
Hnh 1-2 S thay i ca vn tc nhm theo bc sng trong si quang ............... 6
Hnh 1-3 nh hng ca tn sc n xung truyn .................................................. 6
Hnh 1-4 nh hng ca hiu ng SPM trn xung ................................................. 9
Hnh 1-5 Hiu nng trn sng vi cc mc khong cch khc ............................. 11
Hnh 1-6 Tnh tng thch ngang vi h thng n nhp ..................................... 16
Hnh 1-7 Tnh tng thch ngang vi h thng a nhp ........................................ 17
Hnh 1-8 Tnh tng thch dc ca h thng n nhp .......................................... 17
Hnh 1-9 Tnh tng thch chiu dc lp vt l a nhp ........................................ 18
Hnh 2-1 Tn sc mu cc i v rng ph ngun ti bc sng 1550nm ...... 25
Hnh 2-2 S thay i ca tn sc cng vi b cng sut ....................................... 29
Hnh 2-3 V tr ca DCU trong h thng nhiu chng v biu tn sc ............. 30
Hnh 2-4 S tn sc khi s dng k thut b sau .............................................. 30
Hnh 2-5 th b dng mt ................................................................................. 32
Hnh 2-6 S khc nhau gia tn sc tch ly ca mi knh v knh th 3 ............ 34
Hnh 2-7 Mi quan h gia h s Q v t s li bt BER ....................................... 35
Hnh 2-8 B h s Q do cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi tng cng sut u vo ........ 35
Hnh 2-9 H thng DWDM khuch i nhiu tng trong cu hnh im im ..... 38
Hnh 2-10 V d b phn knh n gin ................................................................ 44
Hnh 2-11 V d b phn knh ............................................................................... 45
Hnh 2-12 th im b quang chng li xuyn m lin knh ...................... 46
Hnh 2-13 Lc im b quang v nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa . 49
n tt nghip i hc Danh mc hnh v

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2
VII

Hnh 2-14 S ca im b quang v nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa
(m hnh Gausse) .............................................................................................................. 50
Hnh 2-15 Biu dng chung v v d tn sc mu cc i ............................... 60
Hnh 2-16 Biu h s tn sc ti bc sng 1560nm ....................................... 63
Hnh 2-17 Biu h s tn sc ti bc sng 1530nm ....................................... 63
Hnh 2-18 H s tn sc trung bnh v bc sng ................................................. 64
Hnh 2-19 H s lch chun tn sc v bc sng ........................................... 64
Hnh 2-20 H s tn sc mu trung bnh ca si G.652 ........................................ 67
Hnh 2-21 lch chun ca h s tn sc mu i vi si G.652 ...................... 68
Hnh 2-22 Gi tr b tn sc trung bnh ................................................................. 69
Hnh 2-23 Cc gi tr lch ca c cu b tn sc .............................................. 69
Hnh 2-24 Gii hn 3 khi kt hp cc c cu b v si G.652 ........................... 70
n tt nghip i hc Danh mc bng

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2
VIII

Danh mc bng biu
Bng 1-1Quan h gia tham s h thng v tham s phn t ............................... 19
Bng 2-1 B cng sut cho mt s gi tr epsilon ................................................. 23
Bng 2-3 Tn sc mu cc i ............................................................................... 26
Bng 2-4 Cc gii hn chiu di ti bc sng 1565nm ....................................... 26
Bng 2-5 Tn sc mu cc i ti bc sng 1550nm vi b cng sut 2dB ....... 27
Bng 2-7 Cc gi tr ca tn sc mu [ps/nm] ....................................................... 34
Bng 2-8 Suy hao xen do cc phn t h thng gy nn ....................................... 41
Bng 2-9 Cc thut ng s dng ............................................................................ 43
Bng 2-10 Gii hn xc sut ca h thng ............................................................ 58
Bng 2-11 Mt s gi tr ........................................................................................ 66
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 IX

Li ni u
Hin nay thng tin quang c coi l mt trong nhng ngnh mi nhn trong
lnh vc vin thng. Ngay t giai on u, khi cc h thng thng tin cp si quang
chnh thc a vo khai thc trn mng vin thng, phng thc truyn dn quang
th hin cc kh nng to ln trong vic truyn ti cc dch v vin thng ngy
cng phong ph v hin i ca th gii. H thng thng tin quang c nhiu u im
hn hn h thng cp ng truyn thng v h thng v tuyn nh : bng tn rng,
c c ly thng tin ln, khng b nh hng ca nhiu sng in t v kh nng bo
mt thng tin cao. Cc h thng ny khng ch ph hp vi cc tuyn thng tin ln
nh tuyn ng trc, tuyn xuyn i dng... m cn c tim nng trong cc h
thng thng tin ni ht vi cu trc linh hot v kh nng p ng cc loi hnh dch
v trong hin i v c tng lai.
Tuy nhin to ra c mt tuyn thng tin quang c hiu qu cao th khng
phi n gin. chnh l cng vic ca thit kt tuyn thng tin quang. Thit k
tuyn thng tin quang bao gm nhiu giai on nh kho st a hnh, chn bng
sng, chn cc thit b Trong vic tnh ton cc tham s quang l giai on c
bit quan trng. N quyt nh v nh hng n cc giai on khc. V vy, vic
tnh ton cc tham s quang mt cch ng n c cc d tr ph hp l mt
cng vic ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh thit k tuyn thng tin quang.
Vi nhn thc trn v tm quan trng ca vic tnh ton cc tham s thng tin
quang, cng vi s hng dn ca TS. Bi Trung Hiu, Ths. V Hong Sn, n
ca em trnh by v mt s phng php tnh ton trong h thng thng tin quang tc
cao. Cc phng php tnh ton tham s quang da theo cch tip cn tiu chun
c ITU T quy nh. B cc n gm 2 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v thit k tuyn thng tin quang: Khi qut v mt s
phng php thit k thng tin quang. Gii thiu cc phng php tnh ton trong
thit k xu nht v theo thng k.
Chng 2: Trnh by: Mt s phng php tnh ton tham s thng tin quang tc
cao. Trong chng ny nu ra cch tnh cc tham s trong theo phng php thit
k xu nht v thng k.
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 X

Do vn tm hiu rt rng v trnh cha cho php nn n cn nhiu
thiu st. Em mong c s ch bo v gp t pha cc thy, c gio cng cc
bn n hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS Bi Trung Hiu tn tnh gip
em hon thnh n ny v cc thy c trong b mn Thng tin quang khoa
Vin thng I to iu kin gip em trong thi gian thc tp n.
Em cng chn thnh cm n Ths V Hong Sn Vin khoa hc Bu in
hng dn em trong thi gian thc tp tt nghip v lm n tt nghip.

H Ni ngy 17 thng 10 nm 2008
Sinh vin
L c Vng

n tt nghip i hc Chng 1: Tng quan v thit k
Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 1

Chng 1 Tng quan v thit k tuyn thng tin quang
1.1. M hnh tuyn thng tin quang
Mt h thng thng tin quang bao gm cc thnh phn c bn: Phn pht quang,
si quang, v phn thu quang. Hnh 1-1 l m hnh tng qut ca h thng thng tin
quang.

Hnh 1-1 M hnh truyn thng tin vi cc thnh phn c bn.
Phn pht quang c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc mch in iu
khin. Cc mch iu khin c th l b iu ch ngoi hay cc b kch thch ty thuc
vo cc k thut iu bin. Ngun pht quang to ra sng mang tn s quang, cn cc
mch iu khin bin i tn hiu thng tin thnh dng tn hiu ph hp iu khin
ngun sng theo tn hiu mang tin. C hai loi ngun sng c dng ph bin trong
thng tin quang l LED (Light Emitting Diode) v LD (Laser Diode).
Si quang l mi trng truyn dn trong thng tin quang. So vi mi trng
truyn dn khc nh mi trng khng kh trong thng tin v tuyn v mi trng cp
kim loi th truyn dn bng si quang c nhiu u im ni bt l : hu nh khng
chu nh hng ca mi trng ngoi, bng tn truyn dn ln, v suy hao thp. Vi
nhng u im , cng vi nhiu tin b trong lnh vc thng tin quang, si quang
c s dng trong cc h thng truyn ng di, h thng vt i dng. Chng va
p ng c khong cch va p ng c dung lng truyn dn cho php thc hin
cc mng thng tin tc cao. Si quang c 3 loi chnh l : si quang a mode chit
sut nhy bc, si a mode chit sut bin i v si quang n mode. Ty thuc vo h
thng m loi si quang no c s dng, tuy nhin hin nay cc h thng thng s
dng si n mode truyn dn v u im ca loi si ny.
Ni pht
tn hiu
Thit b
pht
Mi trng
truyn dn
Thit b
thu
Ni thu tn
hiu n
Phn thu quang c chc nng chuyn tn hiu quang thu c thnh tn hiu
bng tn c s ban u. N bao gm b tch sng quang v cc mch x l in. B tch
sng quang thng s dng cc photodiode nh PIN v APD. Cc mch x l tn hiu
in ny c th bao gm cc mch khuch i, lc v mch ti sinh.
1.2. Cc tham s nh hng n thit k tuyn thng tin quang
Khi thit k tuyn thng thng quang, cn phi xt n nh hng ca cc tham
s.
Cc tham s nh hng n kh nng ca h thng thng tin quang, bao gm:
Suy hao.
Tn sc.
Cc hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.
Qu thi gian
Nhiu
Tuy nhin i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc tham s
ny cng khc nhau. Vi cc h thng c c ly khng qu di th tham s qu thi gian
lun c m bo. Cn i vi nhiu th ch yu l do thit b quyt nh, vn ny
li ph thuc vo nh sn xut thit b. Do , y ch yu xt n cc tham s nh
hng l suy hao, tn sc, v hiu ng phi tuyn. Cc tham s ny cng nh hng khc
nhau vi cc h thng khc nhau.
i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th tham s ch yu cn
quan tm l suy hao.
i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th tham s quan tm gm
c suy hao v tn sc.
i vi cc h thng WDM c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 tham
s trn cn phi xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Cc tham s trong
hiu ng phi tuyn th c cc hiu ng Kerr v hiu ng tn x do kch thch
Brillouin (SBS) v hiu ng tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS). Trong hiu
ng Kerr th li bao gm hiu ng trn bn sng, hiu ng t iu ch pha, v
hiu ng iu ch pha cho. Tuy nhin trong phn hiu ng phi tuyn ny, ch
xt nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn sng, hiu ng t iu ch pha, v iu
ch pha cho.
Di y xt n nh hng ca cc tham s ny
1.2.1. Suy hao
Vic truyn dn tn hiu nh sng t pha pht ti pha thu s b suy hao v mo
tn hiu, y l hai yu t quan trng, n c tc ng vo qu trnh thng tin, nh c v
khong cch v tc ca mt h thng truyn dn cng nh xc nh cu hnh ca h
thng thng tin quang.
Suy hao trong si quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thit k h
thng, l tham s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu. Trn mt tuyn thng
tin quang, cc suy hao ghp ni gia ngun pht quang vi si quang, gia si quang vi
si quang, gia si quang vi u thu quang hay gia cc thit b xen r knh cng c
th gy ra suy hao trn tuyn truyn dn. Bn cnh , qu trnh si b un cong qu gii
hn cho php cng gy ra suy hao. Cc suy hao ny l suy hao ngoi bn cht ca si
nn c th gim chng vi nhiu bin php khc nhau. Bn cnh suy hao ngoi bn cht
l suy hao bn cht bn trong si quang. Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu nh sng, bn
thn si quang cng c suy hao lm cho cng tn hiu gim xung khi i qua mt c
ly no . Cc dng suy hao bn cht gm suy hao do hp th, suy hao do tn x v suy
hao do bc x nng lng nh sng. Trong cc dng suy hao trn, suy hao do hp th c
lin quan ti vt liu ch to si quang bao gm hp th do tp cht, hp th vt liu.
Suy hao bc x l do s sai lch cu trc hnh hc ca si gy ra.
Suy hao si (hay cn gi l suy hao tn hiu) thng c c trng bng h s
suy hao v c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut quang u vo
in
P ca si dn quang
di L vi cng sut quang u ra
out
P . T s cng sut ny l mt hm bc sng, nu gi
o l h s suy hao th ta c th xc nh h s ny bi cng thc sau:
) log(
10
out
in
P
P
L
= o (1-1)
Vi o c tnh theo dB/km v chiu di L c tnh theo km. Cc si truyn dn
quang thng c suy hao nh, khi di qu ngn th gn nh khng c suy hao, lc
cng sut u vo
in
P gn nh bng cng sut u ra
out
P v 0 ~ o dB/km.
T cng thc trn c th suy ra c cng thc tnh c ly truyn dn:
) log(
1
10
out
in
P
P
L
o
= (1-2)
Nu gi cng sut tn hiu quang trung bnh pht vo si quang l
t
P v cng sut
tn hiu quang trung bnh nh nht
rec
P ti u vo ca b thu quang vi tc truyn
dn l B. Khi , c ly truyn dn cc i c tnh:
) log(
1
10
max
rec
t
P
P
L
o
= (1-3)
C ly truyn dn L cn ph thuc vo tc bt l do cng sut thu c
rec
P ph
thuc vo tc bt B, v rng hvB N P
p rec
= trong hv l nng lng photon v
p
N l
s photon trung bnh trn bit c yu cu ti b thu quang .
Nh vy, c ly truyn dn L gim theo hm logarit vi s tng tc bt B ti
bc sng hot ng ca h thng. C 3 vng bc sng hot ng tiu biu l (vng
ti m suy hao tn hiu l nh nht) vng bc sng 0.85 m , vng bc sng 1.3 m
v vng bc sng 1.55 m . Trong cc vng bc sng th c ly truyn dn ngn nht
khi h thng hot ng bc sng 0.85 m do ti vng ny suy hao tn hiu tng i
ln. Khong cch lp ca cc tuyn s dng h thng ny khong t 10 n 30 km hon
tu theo tc bt. Ngc li c ly ln hn 100 km hon ton c th thc hin c vi
h thng hot n ti vng bc sng 1.55 m .
1.2.2. Tn sc
Suy hao mc d c vai tr quan trng trong vic thit k h thng, nhng n ch
c quan tm c bit khi h thng thng tin quang c c ly ngn, dung lng thp.
Tuy nhin khi khong cch tng ln th suy hao khng cn l vn quan trng na, bi
v suy hao d dng c khc phc bi cc b khuch i. Khi suy hao khng cn l vn
quan trng th tn sc tr thnh mi quan tm ch yu nht nh hng ti c ly truyn
dn v tc bt.
Hin tng mt xung nh sng b gin rng ra v mt thi gian sau mt qung
ng truyn nht nh trong si cp quang c gi l hin tng tn sc trong si cp
quang.
Nh trn ni tn hiu khi truyn qua si quang s b mo v suy hao. Suy hao
l do si quang cn mo l tn sc bn trong mode v hiu ng tr gia cc mode gy ra.
C ba ngun gy nn hin tng tn sc l: tn sc vt liu, tn sc ng dn sng v
tr nhm.
Tuy nhin hu ht cc h thng truyn dn u s dng si quang n mode nn
tn sc n mode tr thnh mt yu t ht sc quan trng v v vy y ch xt n tn
sc bn trong mode.
Tn sc bn trong mode l s dn xung tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong mt mode.
V tn sc bn trong mode ph thuc vo bc sng cho nn nh hng ca n ti mo
tn hiu s tng ln theo s tng ca rng ph ngun pht. rng ph l di bc
sng m ngun quang pht tn hiu nh sng trn n. C th m t dn xung bng
cng thc sau y:
t
o
t
o
s
n
d
d
L ) ( = (1-4)
Vi L l di ca ca si quang,
n
t l tr nhm i vi mt n v di,
s
l
bc sng trung tm v
o l rng trung bnh qun phng rms ca ph ngun pht.

Nh vy, tn sc tng cng trn si dn quang gm 2 thnh phn chnh l tn sc mode
v tn sc bn trong mode. Tn sc bn trong mode li gm c tn sc ng dn sng v
tn sc vt liu. Tn sc bn trong mode cn c gi l tn sc mu CD (chromatic
dispersion). Do ch xt n si n mode nn y quan tm n tn sc mu.
i vi cc bc sng trong phm vi 1550nm th tn sc vt liu l nguyn nhn
chnh gy nn hin tng tn sc. Tn sc vt liu sinh ra l do trong mt si cp quang,
vn tc nh sng cng nh chit xut ca quang si l mt hm s ca bc sng nh
sng tn hiu. Hnh v 1-2 biu din s thay i ca vn tc nhm ca mt xung nh
sng i vi cc bc sng khc nhau trong mt si cp quang thng tin n mode thng
thng.

Hnh 1-2 S thay i ca vn tc nhm theo bc sng trong si quang
Trn hnh v 1-2, chng ta nhn thy ti cc bc sng vng ca s 1550nm, vn
tc nhm t l nghch vi bc sng ca nh sng. Nh chng ta bit, trn thc t
khng th c mt ngun sng n sc tuyt i, mi ngun sng u c mt rng ph
nht nh. Gi s mt xung nh sng c bc sng trung tm ti 1550nm, rng ph
0
truyn qua mt si cp quang n mode. Cc thnh phn bc sng di hn ca
xung s chuyn chm hn cc thnh phn bc sng ngn hn. Nh vy, sau mt qung
ng truyn di, rng xung s b ko gin ra ti mc hai xung k tip nhau s b
chn ln nhau (hnh 1-3). Hu qu l thit b u thu s khng th phn bit c 2
xung ring bit. thit b thu c tn hiu xung, ngi ta phi gim tc truyn hoc
rt ngn khong cch gia bn pht v bn thu.

Hnh 1-3 nh hng ca tn sc n xung truyn
a) Xung ti u pht b) Xung ti u thu
1.2.3. Hiu ng phi tuyn
Trong cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng, c c ly di, dung lng rt ln th
ngoi tham s suy hao v tn sc cn phi tnh n nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi
tuyn. nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn l do tng tc ln nhau gia cc knh vi
cc bc sng khc nhau c ghp trong si quang.
1.2.3.1. T iu ch pha SPM
S ph thuc ca ch s chit sut n vo cng trng ca sng nh sng c
gi l hiu ng Kerr quang, trong ton b cc trng tham gia vo tng tc phi
tuyn cng mt tn s. Ch s chit sut bin i nh sau:

n
,
j
= n
j
+ n
2
.
eff
A
P
vi j=1,2 (1-5)
Trong : n
,
1
, n
,
2
l chit sut li v v.
n
2
l h s chit sut phi tuyn.
n
j
l ch s chit sut tuyn tnh
n
2
/ 10 . 3
2 20
m
~ W vi si silica
H s truyn dn phi tuyn:
P
A
P
n
A
P
n
n n
c
n
eff
eff
j j j
.
2
2
2 .
. 2 .
2
2
' '
'
|
t
|
t
t

t e
|
+ = +
= + = = =
(1-6)
Vi /
2
2
n
t
= A
eff
l hng s truyn dn phi tuyn.
Pha kt hp vi mode si tng tuyn tnh theo z, nh hng ca chit sut phi
tuyn dn n mt s dch pha phi tuyn l:


eff in
L
in
L z
in
z
in
L L
NL
L P e P e P
dz e P dz z P dz
. . ) 1 (
1
. . | .
1
. .
. . ) ( . ) (
0
0 0
'
| | |
o o
o
= =
= = = =

} } }
(1-7)
P
in
gi thit l khng i. Thc t s ph thuc ca P
in
vo thi gian lm cho
NL
|
thay i theo thi gian dn n mt s dch chuyn tn s m tng bc nh hng ti
hnh dng xung qua GVD. gim nh hng ca chit sut phi tuyn th dch pha
phi tuyn cn tha mn iu kin
NL
| <<1. T c th suy ra iu kin ngng ca
cng sut quang:

= << => <<

.
1
1 . . .
eff
in eff in in
L
P L P P (1-8)
Vi 2 , 046 . 0 / 2 . 0
1
= = =

o Km Km dB W
1 1
.

Km , ta c:
P
in
<< 023 . 0
2
046 . 0
= W= 23mW
R rng s ph thuc chit sut vo cng sut quang l mt yu t gii hn vi
h thng truyn thng quang. Hin tng phi tuyn tng ng vi gii hn ny c gi
l t iu ch pha SPM v dch pha
NL
| c cm ng bi chnh trng quang. SPM
tng tc vi tn sc sc th trong si thay i tc m rng xung khi n lan truyn
trong si quang. Khi tn sc sc th trong si quang cng tng nh hng ca SPM cng
ln. N dn n vic thay i cc thnh phn trong xung quang. Hiu ng ny c th
xem nh l c ch chirp phi tuyn, tn s hoc bc sng ca nh sng trong mt xung
c th b chirp khng ch n gin do c tnh ni ti ca ngun pht m cn do tng
tc phi tuyn vi mi trng truyn dn ca si. iu ny dn n s dch cc sn
xung, xung ln b dch v pha bc sng di hn v xung xung b dch v pha bc
sng ngn hn v dn ti mt s dch tn trn mi sn xung m tng tc vi tn sc
si m rng xung.

Hnh 1-4 nh hng ca hiu ng SPM trn xung

1.2.3.2. iu ch cho pha (XPM)
S ph thuc ca ch s chit sut vo cng trng ca sng nh sng c th
cng dn n hin tng phi tuyn c bit l iu ch cho pha. N ch xut hin
trong h thng a knh v xy ra khi hai hay nhiu knh c truyn ng thi trong si
s dng cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. dch pha phi tuyn cho mt knh ring
khng ph thuc vo ch s chit sut ca knh khc. dch pha cho knh j l:

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

=
M
j m
m j eff
NL
j
P P L 2 . | (1-9)
Trong : M l tng s knh
P
j
l cng sut knh j (j= M , 1 ).
H s 2 ch ra rng XPM nh hng bng 2 ln SPM vi cng cng sut. dch
pha tng by gi ph thuc vo tt c cc knh v c th thay i tng bit ph thuc vo
kiu bit ca knh ln cn.
Nu ta gi s cng sut cc knh bng nhau, dch pha trong trng hp xu
nht khi tt c cc knh truyn ng thi tt c cc bit 1 l:

S dch
xung
Xung b m rng
khi lan truyn trong
si
Chirp tn s
Xung pht
Tn s
( )
j
NL
j
P M 1 2 =
o
| (1-10)

<<
NL
j
| 1 => P
j
<1 (mW) ngay c vi M=10 nu chng ta s dng gi tr v
o vng =1,55 m . R rng XPM c th l nhn t gii hn cng sut chnh.
Tm li: Vi nhng xung quang rng tng i (>100ps), nh hng ca tn sc
khng ng k. Vi nhng xung quang ngn hn, nh hng ca tn sc v phi tuyn
hot ng cng nhau trn xung dn n nhiu c tnh mi. C th s m rng xung
quang do tn sc c gim nhiu vi s c mt ca SPM v GVD d thng.
1.2.3.3. Hiu ng trn 4 sng (FWM: four-wave mixing)
S ph thuc ca ch s chit sut vo cng c gc ca n trong cm phi
tuyn bc 3 c biu hin bi
) 3 (
_ . Hin tng phi tuyn khc c bit t s trn 4
sng (FWM) cng xut pht t gi tr hu hn ca
) 3 (
_ trong si thy tinh. Nu 3 trng
quang vi tn s sng mang
3 2 1
, , e e e lan truyn ng thi trong si,
) 3 (
_ to ra trng
th t m tn s
4
e ca n lin quan vi cc tn s qua cng thc:
4
e =
3 2 1
e e e .
V nguyn l s xut hin nhiu tn s tng ng vi cc s kt hp khc nhau
ca cc du +, -. Tuy nhin trong thc t hu ht s kt hp ca chng khng xy dng
c yu cu thch ng pha. S kt hp ca dng
3 2 1 4
e e e e + = l gy rc ri nht
cho h thng truyn thng quang a knh v chng c th gn vi pha c thch ng khi
bc sng nm vng tn sc bng 0.
Hai yu t nh hng mnh m ti hiu nng trn l:
- u tin l khong cch knh. Hiu nng trn s tng mnh m khi khong
cch knh tr nn gn hn.
- Th hai l tn sc si. Hiu nng trn t l nghch vi tn sc si v ln nht
vng tn sc bng khng v khi cc sn phm trn khng mong mun s di
chuyn cng tc . Do vy trong thc t, cc si dch tn sc thng c
thit k c tn sc d bc sng vn hnh nhm loi b nh hng ca
FWM.
Hnh v sau m t hiu nng trn 4 sng trong si n mode.

Hnh 1-5 Hiu nng trn sng vi cc mc khong cch khc
nhau theo khong cch knh
mc c bn, mt qu trnh FWM c th xem nh mt qu trnh tn x m hai
photon nng lng
1
e v
2
e to ra 2 photon nng lng
3
e v
4
e . iu kin thch
ng pha bt u t yu cu duy tr ng lng. Qu trnh FWM cng c th xy ra khi
hai phonon bt u suy bin (
2 1
e e = ), v vy
3 1 4
. 2 e e e = .
FWM khng nh hng n h thng sng nh sng n knh nhng li tr nn
quan trng vi cc h thng a knh m s dng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
WDM (wavelength division multiplexing ). Mt lng cng sut ln ca knh c th
c truyn ti knh ln cn qua FWM. S truyn nng lng nh vy khng ch lm
suy hao cng sut cho mt knh ring m cn dn n xuyn m gia cc knh, lm
gim hiu nng h thng quang. Tuy nhin, hiu ng FWM cng c ch vi cc h thng
sng nh sng. N c s dng gii ghp knh khi ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian c s dng trong min quang. T nhng nm 1933, FWM c s dng
to tn hiu ngc ph qua qu trnh phn chia pha quang (optical phase conjugation)-
mt trong cc k thut s dng cho s b tn sc v c th ci tin hiu nng ca h
thng nh sng c hn ch tn sc.
1.3. Tng quan v cc phng php thit k
C nhiu phng php thit k mt tuyn thng tin quang. i vi cc h thng
n gin ta c th s dng phng php dng cc cng thc tnh ton, vic s dng cc
cng thc tnh ton cc tham s khi thit k h thng quang c gi l phng php
thit k theo gii tch. Vi mt s trng hp khc ta c th s dng phng php m
phng tm ra cc yu cu ca cc thit b cn c s dng.
1.3.1. Thit k theo phng php gii tch
Trong phn ny, xt qu trnh thit k bng qu cng sut v thi gian ln
1.3.1.1. Qu cng sut
Qu cng sut quang c coi nh mt yu t bao qut tng hp quan trng nht
nhm khng nh xem cng sut quang c i t thit b pht ti thit b thu hay
khng duy tr cc c tnh tin cy trong sut thi gian s dng ca h thng. Nu nh
ti u vo b thu yu cu mt cng sut quang trung bnh nh nht l nhy thu P
rec

v c mt cng sut quang trung bnh P
t
ti u ra b pht quang th qu cng sut C
T

ca tuyn c th c xem nh l tng suy hao gia b pht v b thu quang. V th qu
cng sut quang c th c biu din di dng n gin sau:

s sp f c rec T T
M l L l p P c + + + = = o 2 (1-11)
Vi
c
l l suy hao b ni quang tnh bng dB,
f
o l h s suy hao si tnh bng
dB/km, L l di si quang trn tuyn v coi nh l c ly truyn dn,
sp
l l tng cc suy
hao cc mi hn ni si tnh bng dB. Trong biu thc trn ta gi thit ch s dng 2 b
ni quang hai u.
i lng
s
M l d phng h thng. D phng h thng l mt lng cng sut
quang xc nh c thm vo h thng b vo s mt mt cng sut c th xy ra
trong qu trnh qu trnh khai thc h thng, chng hn nh s xung cp ca cc thnh
phn thit b, s thay i ca nhit v s thay i cc iu kin mi trng lm gim
hiu nng ca h thng, v cc bin c nh khc. Trong thit k tuyn, d phng h
thng thng ly gi tr t 3 n 8 dB. Biu thc (1-1) c th c s dng xc nh
c ly truyn dn ln nht khi xc nh c cc phn t h thng. Mt khi bc sng
c la chn th iu cn phi thc hin l quyt nh xem cc thit b pht v thu
no nn c dng. i vi ngun quang th xem xt ngun laze bn dn LD hay LED
l ph hp. Tng t nh vy i vi cc thit b thu quang th nn s dng b tch sng
p-i-n hay APD. Vic quyt nh ny cn quan tm n tnh kinh t m c th l gi c
ca h thng phi thp.
1.3.1.2. Qu thi gian ln
Qu thi gian ln cng c coi l yu t quan trng, n c a ra nhm xc
nh xem h thng c kh nng hot ng ti tc bt nh hay khng. Thm
ch ngay c khi bng tn ca cc thnh phn h thng vt qua tc bt, n vn cho
thy rng ton b h thng c th khng kh nng hot ng ti tc bt . Quan
nim thi gian ln c dng nh r bng tn trong cc thnh phn h thng khc
nhau. Ta c th m rng v chng t rng thi gian ln T
r
ca mt h thng tuyn tnh
tng t 10% n 90% gi tr u ra sau cng ca n khi u vo c s thay i t ngt-
hm bc nhy.
C mt quan h gia bng tn f A v thi gian ln
r
T ca h thng tuyn tnh.
Quan h ny c th c hiu bng vic xem xt mch RC n gin lm v d cho h
thng tuyn tnh. Khi in p u vo mch RC thay i mt cch tc thi t 0 n V
0

th in p u ra thay i nh sau:
(
= ) exp( 1 ) (
0
RC
t
V t V
out
(1-12)
Trong R v C tng ng l in tr v in dung ca mch RC. Khi thi
gian ln c tm l:
RC RC T
r
2 , 2 ) 9 (ln ~ = (1-13)
Hm chuyn i H(f) ca mch RC s thu c bng php bin i Fourier biu
thc (1-12) v ta c:
) 2 1 (
1
) (
fRC i
f H
t +
= (1-14)
Bng tn in f B
e
A = tng ng vi tn s m ti 2 / 1 ) (
2
= f H v c cho
bi biu thc
1
) 2 (

= RC B
e
t . S dng biu thc (1-13) th gia
e
B v
r
T c mi quan h
sau:
e e
r
B B
T
35 . 0
2
2 , 2
= =
t
(1-15)
Vi biu thc ny thi quan h nghch o gia thi gian ln v bng tn s ng
cho mi h thng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, tch
e r
B T thng khc 0.35.
Mi lin quan gia bng tn in
e
B v tc bt B ph thuc vo dng tn hiu
s. Vi dng tn hiu RZ (Return to Zero), khi th B B
e
= v 35 . 0 =
r
BT . Ngc li vi
tn hiu dng NRZ (Non Return to Zero) th 2 / B B
e
~ v do 7 . 0 =
r
BT . Trong c hai
trng hp, tc bit c trng t ra gii hn cho thi gian ln ln nht c th cho
php. iu ny c ngha l h thng thng tin phi c thit k m bo rng
r
T nm
trong gi tr ln nht ny, tc l:
s
B
B
T
r
/ 7 . 0
/ 35 . 0
(1-16)
Trong h thng thng tin quang c ba thnh phn thi gian ln ring r. Thi gian
ln tng ca ton b h thng c quan h vi cc thi gian ln thnh phn ring r ny
mt cch xp x nh sau:
2 2 2
rec fib tr r
T T T T + + = (1-17)
Trong ,
tr
T ,
fib
T v
rec
T tng ng ln lt l thi gian ln ca thit b phat, si
quang v thit b thu quang. Thng thng thi gian ln ca thit b pht quang v thit
b thu quang c bit trc khi thit k h thng. Trc ht thi gian ln ca thit b
pht
tr
T c xc nh t cc thnh phn in ca mch iu khin v cc thnh phn
in lin quan n ngun quang. Gi tr tiu biu ca
tr
T l khong vi ns i vi thit b
pht LED, nhng n c th nh ti 0.1ns i vi thit b pht lase bn dn LD. Thi gian
ln ca b thu
rec
T c xc nh trc ht l t bng tn in 3dB ca phn mt trc
(front-end) b thu. Biu thc (1-15) c th c dng c lng
rec
T nu nh bng tn
front-end c xc nh.
Thi gian ln ca si si quang
fib
T c tnh thng qua cc tn sc mode v tn
sc vn tc nhm c biu din bi phng trnh sau:
2 2
mod GVD fib
T T T + = (1-18)
Vi
mod
T l thi gian ln do tn sc mode v
GVD
T l thi gian ln do tn sc vn
tc nhm gy ra. i vi si n mode th c
mod
T = 0 v v th m
GVD fib
T T = .
i vi si c tn sc mode th c th coi thi gian ln
mod
T xp x thi gian tr v
khi khng c s trn mode th:
c
n
L T
GVD
A
~
1
(1-19)
Vi L l c ly truyn dn, c l vn tc ca nh sng, Al s khc nhau v ch s
chit sut li v ca si quang, v
2 1
n n ~ . Thnh phn
GVD
T cng c th c tnh xp x
bi T A nh sau:
A ~ L D T
GVD
(1-20)
Trong A l rng ph ca ngun pht quang c tnh theo rng ton
phn ti na ln nht FWHM. Tham s tn sc D c th thay i dc theo si quang nu
nh cc phn si khc nhau c cc c tnh khc nhau, v th nn ly gi tr trung bnh
trong biu thc (2-20). T biu thc ny, gi s nu h thng hot ng ti vng bc
sng 1.3m th
GVD
T = 0.3 ns khi c ly truyn dn l 50 km, rng ph ngun pht 2
nm, v tn sc trung bnh bng 3 ps/km.nm. Cc thi gian ln b pht v b thu quang
tng ng l 0.25 ns v 0.35 ns. i vi tuyn s dng si quang n mode th tn sc
mode bng 0 v khi th ns T
fib
3 . 0 = . Thi gian ln ca h thng c tnh t biu thc
(1-17) c kt qu l 0.524 ns. Nu p dng biu thc (1-16) th h thng khng th hot
ng ti tc 1Gbit/s khi dng tn hiu l RZ. Tuy nhin nu chuyn sang m NRZ th
h thng hon ton c th hot ng c. Dng tn hiu NRZ thng c s dng v
n cho php thi gian ln ca h thng ln hn vi cng mt tc bt, v nh vy vic
thit k s thun li hn nhiu.
1.3.2. Thit k theo cch tip cn tiu chun
Cc phng php trn l tnh ton da theo cc s liu c th ca linh kin ca
mt nh sn xut, tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp th thit k mt tuyn quang th
khng phi lc no cng s dng tt c cc linh kin ca mt nh sn sut. Khi tuyn
quang s bao gm cc linh kin ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. V vy, thch hp
iu ny ta s dng phng php thit k theo tiu chun nhm mc ch c th thch
ng c cc linh kin ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau v c kh nng m rng, sa
cha, nng cp mng quang sau khi s dng. Trong phng php thit k theo cch
tip cn tiu chun xt n phng php thit k trong trng hp cc gi tr l xu nht
v thit k theo gi tr thng k. Trc khi xt n hai phng php ny, ta nu ra khi
qut v tnh tng thch.
1.3.2.1. Tnh tng thch
Tnh tng thch th li gm c tng thch dc v tng thch ngang.
Tng thch ngang
Tnh tng thch ngang l kh nng cc u cui quang c th s dng ca phn
quang c th c xc nh bi thit b t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Hnh sau y
minh ho tnh tng thch ngang trong trng hp h thng n chng. Vi h thng ny
th cn xc nh y cc tham s v cc gi tr ti c c hai im giao din MPI-S v
MPI-R.

Hnh 1-6 Tnh tng thch ngang vi h thng n nhp
Vi cc h thng a nhp th tnh tng thch ngang c minh ho bi hnh v:
Vendor A Vendor B
MPI-S MPI-R
Tx hoc
Txs
Rx hoc
Rxs

Hnh 1-7 Tnh tng thch ngang vi h thng a nhp
y l trng hp vi tnh tng thch chiu ngang trong cc b khuch i c
cung cp bi mt nh cung cp thit b u cui khc (Vendor C). Trong khi cc thit b
u cui pha pht c cung cp bi Vendor A, v thit b pha thu c cung cp bi
Vendor B.
Tnh tng thch dc
Khng ging vi trng hp trn, mt ng dng c gi l tng thch chiu
dc khi c hai u cui ca mt b phn quang l thit b u cui ca mt nh sn
xut. Trong trng hp ny, yu cu mt tp hp cc tham s hn ch hn so vi h
thng tng thch chiu ngang. y, ch c cc c tnh cp (suy hao, tn sc, DGD,
tn sc) c ch r. H thng tng thch chiu dc n nhp c minh ha trong hnh
12-5.

Hnh 1-8 Tnh tng thch dc ca h thng n nhp
i vi cc h thng a nhp, cng c th c tnh tng thch chiu dc. iu ny
tng t nh h thng tng thch chiu dc n nhp, m h thng n nhp ny c tt
c cc thit b u c cung cp bi mt nh cung cp. iu ny uc minh ha trong
hnh 12-6. V trong trng hp n nhp th ch c mt s tham s rt hn ch c yu
cu c th mc d tn sc mu v PMD phi c iu khin ti mt u cui n u
cui.
Vendor A
Rx
Vendor A
Tx
Vendor A
MPI-S
Tx hoc
Txs
Vendor B
MPI-R
Rx hoc
Rxs
Vendor C

Hnh 1-9 Tnh tng thch chiu dc lp vt l a nhp
1.3.2.2. Phng php thit k vi gi tr trong trng hp xu nht
Cc gi tr tham s quang trong cc khuyn ngh giao din quang khc nhau c
chn ty theo tip cn thit k trng hp xu nht (worst case design).
Phng php thit k trng hp xu nht c ngha l trong mt tuyn quang th
tt c cc tham s quang c th ng thi l gi tr ti khong thi gian m thit b ht
thi gian s dng EOL (End Of Life), t s li bt BER s khng xu hn gi tr c th
ca ng dng, chng hn l
12
10
. Trong trng hp ny, EOL c xt n nh mt

iu kin, trong c tnh ca thit b (chng hn nh my pht hoc my thu) b suy
gim khng cn tha mn yu cu k thut v v th gy ra li.
V th, khi mc cng sut quang u ra ca thit b pht quang ti EOL ca n t
gi tr nh nht th nhy thit b thu ti EOL l gi tr ln nht, suy hao si quang ti
EOL s c gi tr ln nht, v cc c tnh ph ngun cn b tuyn quang vi gi tr ln
nht, cc iu ny dn n t s li bt BER ca h thng s khng ln hn gi tr danh
nh ca ng dng, nh
12
10
. Kt lun ny khng ni ln rng thng thng mt tuyn

quang hot ng ti BER chun ny. Thay vo , mt tuyn quang hot ng o khng
c li di nhng iu kin hot ng danh nh, xc sut m cc tham s quang ng
thi ti gii hn ca trng hp xu nht l rt thp.
1.3.2.3. Phng php thit k vi gi tr thng k
Vi h thng c t thnh phn th thit k tnh (hoc trong trng hp xu nht) l
hu ch, thit k cung cp cc d phng thch hp vi h thng. Tuy nhin, vi mt
h thng c nhiu thnh phn nh h thng a nhp hoc a knh th cc d tr ca thit
k tnh tr nn khng ph hp. Vic thit k tnh (hoc trong trng hp xu nht) vi
cc h thng ny s gy ra s lng ph khng cn thit. Trong bi cnh ny, cc nh khai
thc mng cng nh cc nh sn xut mng nghin cu vic s dng thit k thng k
(statistical design approach).
Vendor A
Tx
Vendor A
Rx
Vendor A
Phng php thng k l da trn vic thit k nng cp phn cp c s v c th
c chiu di on ln hn chiu di trong trng hp xu nht. Bng cch thm vo mt
xc sut no m suy hao v tn sc gia cc im R v S ln hn cc gi tr c th h
thng, hoc thit k tng thch ngang khng th t c, th cc h thng quang tc bt
cao c ly di c th c chi ph thp hn thng qua vic gim s lng cc connector.
Khi s dng phng php thng k, cc tham s h thng ph c biu din
bng phn b thng k, m phn b ny c ly t nh sn xut. Cc phn b nh th
c th c tnh ton hoc bng s (chng hn phng php Monte Carlo) hoc theo
php phn tch (chng hn lch chun v trung bnh Gausse).
Trong phng php thit k thng k c hai tham s cn c phn bit. l
tham s ca h thng v tham s ca phn t (linh kin). Cc thng s ca h thng l
cc tham s ca c tuyn quang (chng hn suy hao cc i hoc tn sc mu ln nht
ca tuyn ), cn tham s ca phn t th l tham s c th ca mt phn t linh kin
no (chng hn nh h s suy hao, h s tn sc mu ca si quang). Cc thng s
ca h thng c xc nh bng cch thit k h thng trong cc thuc tnh thng k
ca cc thng s phn t. Cc v d v quan h gia cc tham s phn t v tham s h
thng c cho trong bng 1-1:
Tham s h thng Tham s phn t
Suy hao cc i
H s suy hao si cp, cng sut u ra my pht,
nhy my thu, im b cng sut, suy hao mi ni,
suy hao connector.
Tn sc mu cc i H s tn sc si, rng ph my pht
DGD cc i
H s cp PMD, cng sut chia gia trng thi phn
cc chnh vi cc phn t khc trong lin kt
Cng sut u ra cc i
H s suy hao cp, bc sng si tn sc khng,
vng si hiu dng, h s si phi tuyn, khong cch
knh.
Bng 1-1Quan h gia tham s h thng v tham s phn t
Tuy nhin, trong phng php thit k thng k y ch mt tham s h thng
trong bt k h thng c th no c xt thng k. V d, trong cc h thng gii hn
tn sc, tn sc mu cc l c xt thng k, trong khi tt c cc tham s khc c
xem nh s dng phng php thit k trng hp xu nht.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2: Mt s phng php tnh ton

Chng 2 Mt s phng php tnh ton trong thit k tuyn thng
tin quang tc cao
2.1. Tnh ton theo cc gi tr gii hn (worst case) ca cc tham s
2.1.1. Tnh ton vi tn sc
2.1.1.1. Gii hn tc bit do tn sc mu
Phn ny xc nh m hnh epsilon ca khuyn ngh ITU-T G.957 tnh ton
hiu ng tn sc ca rng trong c ph ngun v iu ch my pht, trong trng hp
xy ra chirp v bt k mode bin no l khng ng k. Trong nhiu trng hp thc t,
chirp c th tri v gii hn tn sc theo l thuyt c trong phn ny s cao hn hoc thp
hn so vi thc t.
L thuyt v tnh ton c trnh by trong ph lc I ca Series G Supplement 39
ITU-T. Gi thit rng rng l thuyt rms (roof mean square: rng trung bnh qun
phng) theo Gausse i vi ph ngun v iu ch c th c p dng vo dng
chung, v tn sc bc hai l nh so vi tn sc bc mt. Nh trong khuyn ngh ITU-T
G.957, s m rng xung cho php l mt phn ca chu k bit b gii hn ti mt gi tr
ti a, v gi tr ny c gi l gi tr epsilon , v gi tr ny c xc nh bi b
cng sut.
Cng thc tn sc
Cc cng thc di y c bin i tip theo phn ph lc I.7 ca ti liu
Series G Supplement 39 ITU-T. Thng thng xung u vo c chu k l mt phn f ca
chu k i vi xung RNZ, gi tr f ny c gi l chu trnh lm vic. Khi ta c: i
vi m ng truyn RZ th f <1, cn i vi m ng truyn NRZ th f = 1. Trong si
quang di L km, tc B Gbps vi h s tn sc l D ps/km nm ti bc sng m th
tn sc mu ps/nm ti a cho php kt ni l:

5 0
2
2
2
932 1
650 . 819 . 1
.
f
B .
B
L D
(
(
I +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
=
v
(2-1)
y
v
I c tnh theo GHz l rng -20 dB ca ph ngun trong tn s
quang. rng ny tng ng vi rng -20dB ca ph bc sng I
theo nm c
a ra bi phng trnh:

v
I
~ I
792 299
2
.
(2-2)
Trong trng hp gii hn tc bit thp/ph rng, phng trnh (2-1) v (2-2)
thnh:
c 650 . 819 . 1
2
~ I
v
DLB hoc c
7 . 069 . 6 ~ I DLB (2-3)

Trong phng trnh (2-1) khi
f
B 14
> I
v
th xp x ny chnh xc ti nm trong
1%. Phng trnh bn phi trong cc phng trnh (2-3) c s dng trong khuyn ngh
ITU-T Rec. G.957 (b khong 1dB v BER =
10
10
) suy ra cc yu cu v ngun cho

khong cch ch trong cc bng ny.
Ngc li, nu tc bt cao/ph hp th phng trnh (2-1) c cho bi phng
trnh:
f B L D c ~ 826 . 941
2 2
(2-4)
Ly xp x chnh xc 1% ca phng trnh (2-1) khi
f
B
4
> I
v
. Khi b tn sc l 1
dB (lc th gi tr ca c l 0.3 nh c cho bng di) v s dng m ng
truyn l NRZ (khi chu trnh lm vic f=1), phng trnh (2-4) thnh:
548 . 282
2 2
~ B L D (2-5)
Mi quan h gia c v b cng sut.
Phng trnh lin quan phn m rng xung b cng sut
ISI
P (tnh theo dB)
cho cc xung NRZ v cc laser n mode SLM (Single Longitudinal Mode) l:
( )
5 0
5
2
10
2
1 10
or 2 1 log 5
.
P
ISI
ISI
P
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
= c tc + = (2-6)
Kt qu ny c lp vi BER, BER khong
10
10
trong khuyn ngh G.957 ITU-

T. Trong thc t b cng sut tng rt t khi BER tng n
12
10
, bi vy c th gim
khong vi phn trm ti mc b c th.
Bng (2-1) a ra mt s gi tr ti mt s gi tr b cng sut, c s dng ly xp
x lm trn xung khong 1-2%
B cng sut [dB] Gi tr epsilon
0.5 0.203 ~ 0.2
1 0.305 ~ 0.3
2 0.491 ~ 0.48
Bng 2-1 B cng sut cho mt s gi tr epsilon
i vi laser a mode MLM (Multi Longitudinal Mode) b cng sut cho tp m
cnh tranh mode MPN (Mode Partition Noise) c m hnh nh:

|
.
|
\
|
=
c t
2
2
1
10
2 2
e 1 1 log 10 kQ P
MPN
(2-7)
Trong k l h s MPN v h s Q l t s tn hiu trn tp m hiu dng ti mt
gi tr BER c th. T s li bt BER
12
10
tng ng vi h s Q l 7.03. B cng sut

tng l tng ca
ISI
P v
MPN
P .
Vic xc nh gi tr ca i vi cc laser MLM trong khuyn ngh G.957 ITU-
T , cho php b cng sut tng l 1dB, vi h s Q = 6.36 th tng ng vi t s li bt
BER = 10
-10
v h s k c gi tr 0.7 cho h s ca MPN. Gi tr cc i ca ( =
0.115) trong khuyn ngh G.957 ITU-T nh hn gi tr c cho php trong phng
trnh (2-7), v kt qu ca s phn on k thut xc nh rng c nhiu gi tr bo ton
hn c s dng.
i vi t s li bt BER l 10
-12
th s dng gi tr epsilon l 0.109 c suy ra t
phng trnh (2-7) vi cc h s Q=7.03 v k=0.76.
Cc v d ch xt laser SLM c MPN bng 0
V d
y, tc bt STM c s dng i vi NRZ 10G: 9.95328 Gbit/s, v i vi
NRZ 40G: 39.81312 Gbit/s ging trong khuyn ngh G.707/Y.1322 ca ITU-T. T bng
(2-1), ta c = 0.3 hoc 0.48 b cng sut tng ng l 1 hoc 2dB.
V d 1: Xt tn sc mu cho php ln nht ti mt s tc bt NRZ khng xy
ra chirp vi rng ngun khc khng (vi chirp hoc mode bin khng ng k) khi s
dng b cng sut l 1dB. Nh th phng trnh (2-1) ti bc sng 1550nm cho hnh
(2-1) (t phng trnh (2-2) ti bc sng ny, tri tn s 100GHz tng ng vi vic
tri bc sng khong 0.8nm). Cc gi tr tn sc yu cu c lp vi loi si.
Ch rng khi rng ph ngun tng th gi tr tn sc mu cho php ln nht
gim. iu ny t thy ti tc bt cao hn, m ti tc ph iu ch to nn s
chia nh ln hn trong rng ph tng.
Chiu di gii hn tn sc c c bng cch chia tn sc mu cho h s tn sc
mu ca si. V d, vi si G.652 th D(1550)=17ps/nm.km, s ging nh cc kt qu
hnh (2-1) vi trc tung c chia thnh 17 hin th chiu di theo n v Km.

Hnh 2-1 Tn sc mu cc i v rng ph ngun ti bc sng 1550nm
V d 2: Xt trng hp gii hn trong v d 1 ca my pht c rng vch ph
hp v tc bt cao (cc gi tr trn tung ca th). Tn sc mu cho php c
cho bi phng trnh (2-4) bin i thnh:

2
606 . 117
B
DL ~ (2-8a)
nu b cng sut l 1 dB (khi gi tr ca epsilon s l 0.3)

2
169 . 188
B
DL ~ (2-8b)
nu b cng sut l 2 dB (khi epsilon l 0.48)
Bng (2-2) a ra cc gi tr tn sc mu tng ng (cc s 1dB tng ng vi
cc mt phng ng trong hnh (2-1))

Tc bt NRZ
khng chirp (Gbps)
Tn sc mu cc i [ps/nm.km]
B 1 dB B 2 dB
2.5 18.820 30.110
10 1.175 1.880
40 73.5 118
Bng 2-2 Tn sc mu cc i
V d 3: Xt ngun rng ph vch hp di cao hn ca bng C l ti bc
sng 1565nm v b 1dB. Nh vy, theo phng trnh (2-5) th chiu di gii hn tn sc
c xc nh theo cng thc:

D B
L
2
362 . 115
= (2-9)
Bng 2-3 cho mt s v d.
Loi si G.652 G.653 G.655
H s tn sc ti bc sng
1565 nm [ps/(nmkm)]
19 3.5 10
Chiu di gii
hn tn sc
[km]
NRZ 10G 61 333 116
NRZ 40G 3.8 20.8 7.3
Bng 2-3 Cc gii hn chiu di ti bc sng 1565nm
Nhc li rng trong cc m ng dng h thng c: trong c quan I (s25 km), c ly
ngn S (s40 km), c ly di L(s80 km), v rt di V (s120 km). Cc v d trong bng (2-
3) c s dng ti bc sng 1565nm.
- Cc h thng NRZ 10G vi si G.653 cho cc ng dng I, S, L v V hoc vi si
G.655 cho cc ng dng I, S v L thng khng yu cu thch ng tn sc mu.
- Cc h thng NRZ 10G vi si G.652 cho cc ng dng L v V yu cu tn sc
mu thch ng.
- Cc h thng NRZ 40G yu cu thch ng tn sc cho tt c cc loi si v cho
cc ng dng I, S, L v V. i vi loi si G.652 th gii hn chiu di NRZ 40G
bt u ti vi km.
V d 4: Trong v d cui cng ny, xt phng trnh (2-4) cho mt s trng hp
ti tc 40Gbps.
Dng m ng
truyn (khng chirp)
Tn sc mu cc i [ps/nm]
NRZ 118
RZ() 78
RZ() 59
RZ() 39
Bng 2-4 Tn sc mu cc i ti bc sng 1550nm vi b cng sut 2dB
2.1.1.2. B cng sut do tn sc mu
Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.959.1 a ra vic b ng truyn ti a l 1dB cho cc h
thng tn sc thp v 2dB i vi cc h thng c tn sc cao. Cc gi tr b cng sut
khng t l vi khong cch trnh hot ng vi cc im b cao.
Trong tng lai, cc h thng s dng cc k thut DA da vo mo trc
(chng hn chirp trc) ca tn hiu quang ti my pht c th c gii thiu. Trong
trng hp ny, b tuyn quang c th c xc nh ch gia cc im vi cc tn hiu
khng mo. Tuy nhin, cc im ny khng trng khp (cng thi gian) vi cc giao
din tuyn chnh, v v th c th thm ch khng th truy nhp. Vic xc nh b ng
truyn cho vic s dng ny s c nghin cu sau.
2.1.1.3. Thit k s dng b tn sc
Trong h thng gii hn tn sc th h thng no c tng tn sc tch ly cho mt
xung truyn m ln hn tn sc cc i cho php th h thng khng th hot ng do
nhiu gia cc k hiu xy ra nghim trng hoc s m rng xung ban u. V th chng
cn thit phi t cc khi b tn sc DCU (Dispersion Compensate Unit) ti cc v tr
khc nhau trong mng. Cc si quang cng c kh nng b tn sc nh si dch tn sc
hoc si FBG l nhng si thng dng nht. Khi thit k mt tuyn WDM tc cao
(trong tn sc c th xem l nhn t chnh nh hng n hiu nng ca h thng) th
chng ta nn s dng bn tn sc thit k h thng c hiu qu.
Bn tn sc l bn hai chiu m th l tn sc tch ly vi chiu di
truyn dn. Bn ny c bit c ch, n gip cho ngi thit k bit c v no nn
t b b tn sc trong mng. Tn sc tch ly c tnh ton bng cch nhn tn sc yu
cu k thut ca si v laser i vi tc bt cho trc vi chiu di ca si tng ng.
V d, si SMF c gi tr tn sc thng thng l 16ps/nm.km, iu c ngha l vi
mi km truyn dn ca si SMF th mt xung tc 10 Gbps tri rng ra khong 16ps.
Phi m bo rng s m rng xung tch ly khi tn hiu truyn qua x km phi nh hn
gii hn tn sc cc i (gi tr tn sc gii hn cc i ny c th l 1600ps/km.nm i
vi tn hiu tc 10Gbps).
T y, r rng l tn hiu c th i c 100 km (1600:16) i vi si SMF ti
tc 10Gbps. Khi tn hiu truyn dn khong cch ln hn th tn sc tch ly cng
tng ln. i vi h thng c tc bt cho trc v bc sng hot ng cho trc
(hoc bng sng hot ng) th tn sc tch ly cho php cc i c a ra bi mt
yu cu k thut chun. Ti im khng trong bn tn sc, gi tr ca ng cong cao
hn gii hn tn sc cho php. Ch rng cc tham s tn sc ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t. Cc yu tc chnh l tc bt (iu ny c th hin bi rng xung), chiu di
si, cc tham s tn sc c bn v rng ph ca laser. Mt nghin cu ng ch l
s thay i ca b cng sut i vi h thng gii hn tn sc nh mt hm ca tham s
tn sc D, gi tr D ny c suy ra t yu cu k thut ca si c bn. Gi tr D c th
c xt n nh mt thnh phn cn bng gia tc bt, chiu di si, v rng ca
ngun ph pht xung.

Hnh 2-2 S thay i ca tn sc cng vi b cng sut
C hai k thut c s dng b tn sc. l phng php b tn sc trc
(precompensation) v phng php b tn sc sau (postcompensation). ng nh tn gi
ca n, b trc c ngha l b tn sc trc khi tn hiu c a vo h thng. y l
k thut b xung tin tin vi cc khi DCU. Ngc li, k thut b tn sc sau s dng
thit b b tn sc c t ti cui si. Trong k thut b trc, c th t khi DCU sau
b khuch i ng. Cc khi nh th c cc vng si c mt nghing tn sc ngc
vi mt nghing tn sc ca si truyn dn. V d, mt si truyn dn c tham s tn sc
l 16 ps/nm.km. Khi DCU c th c mt nghing tn sc xp x -50ps/nm.km. Tn hiu
qua cc khi DCU v xung c b tn sc. Ngc li, vi k thut b tn sc sau, cc
modul DCU c c trc cc b tin khuch i ng, nh c ch ra trong hnh
2-3.
Khi thm cc khi DCU vo th suy hao s tng ln ng k. iu ny l do s
ghp ni khc nhau gia si truyn dn v khi DCU. Hn na, cc mt nghing tn sc
khc nhau dn n s ghp i khng i xng pha, iu ny ngn hin tng FWM
xy ra. y l mt u im ca DCU trong vic hn ch cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Hnh 2-
3 v 2-4 cho thy v tr ca cc DCU, cng nh gi tr tn sc tng chng.

Hnh 2-3 V tr ca DCU trong h thng nhiu chng v biu tn sc

Hnh 2-4 S tn sc khi s dng k thut b sau
2.1.1.4. Dung sai theo tn sc mu d ca h thng
Nu phn loi theo s lng knh th c hai loi h thng, l h thng n
knh v h thng a knh. Cng nh vy ta xt dung sai tn sc mu d ca h thng
n knh SC v ca h thng a knh MC.
Dung sai tn sc mu d ca h thng n knh SC
Tng i kh a ra mt hng dn chung cho dung sai ti a v tn sc mu
d trong h thng 1x40Gbps v mt s kha cnh phi c xt.
Kha cnh u tin l dng iu ch truyn dn: trong trng hp ny xt hnh
thc truyn dn RZ (
FWHM
T =5ps). im th hai l cng sut u vo quang; trong thc t
cc cng sut u vo thp cho php hot ng trong ch tuyn tnh nhng khng
m bo t s tn hiu quang trn tp m (OSNR). Mt khc, nu cng sut u vo cao
hn th mc d c OSNR tt hn nhng li gy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Cc kt qu c thc hin vi khong cch b khuch i 100km trn 500km,
cng sut quang u vo thay trong khong t 0 n 10dBm, v tn sc d thay i trong
khong gia -30 v 30 ps/nm. Hnh (2-6) l b trn s dng mt theo dB chng li
tn sc d i vi hai cng sut u vo: 5dBm (ng lin) v 10dBm (ng t)
C th nhn thy rng, vic thit lp gii hn trn 1dB trong im b kt thc mt
ng vi trng hp b chnh xc, dn n tn sc d ln nht l khong 17ps/nm. Gi tr
tn sc d ny tng ng vi dung sai ch khong 1km trn tng chiu di kt ni khi s
dng si G.652 v khong 4km khi s dng si G.655.
Cc nghin cu trn khng ph thuc vo loi thit b s dng b tn sc, mc d
r rng tnh kh dng ca thit b c th iu hng c s cho php gii quyt tt vn
ny. Khi cp ti cc si b tn sc (DCF), h thng s c sa i cha cc b
khuch i trng thi kp. Cc kt qu trong hnh (2-5) ch ng n khi pht vo si
DCF cng sut quang thp hn 3dBm gim cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

Hnh 2-5 th b dng mt
Dung sai tn sc mu d trn h thng a knh Nx40Gbps
Trong trng hp h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng, cng cn lu
ti dc tn sc si. Do dc tn sc, mi knh WDM c c trng bi mt gi tr
h s tn sc khc nhau. Gi tr ny c xp x ti vng bc sng 1550nm nh phng
trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) 1550 1550
0
+ = S D D (2-10)
trong D l h s tn sc, S l h s dc tn sc v l bc sng knh.
Lc ny vn tng i kh tm cc thit b b tn sc c th b chnh cc
dc tn sc. Sau ny, khi cp ti cc h thng WDM, thit b b tn sc c chn
b tn sc chnh xc cho knh trung tm trong khi cc knh bn chu tn sc d. Ti
im ny, dung sai tn sc d ln nht cho mi knh c th c nh gi li trong hnh
2-5. Mt gi tr nh th a ra gii hn ti cng thi gian 3 con s: s knh N, khong
cch knh v chiu di h thng.
Khi mt s knh c c trng bi tn sc d ln hn th n vn c th thu c
hiu nng chp nhn c bng cch thm thit b b t sau b gii ghp knh v vi
gi tr ti u cho mi knh.
2.1.1.5. V d v h thng 4x40Gbps trn si G.652 vi DCF
Trong phn ny cung cp mt v d thc t ca cc cp trn
Xt mt h thng truyn dn WDM 4x40Gbps trn si G.652 s dng DCF vi
cc thng s sau:
Bn knh WDM cch nhau 200GHz ti cc bc sng:
Knh 1:
1
= 1554.13 nm;
Knh 2:
2
= 1555.75 nm;
Knh 3:
3
= 1557.36 nm;
Knh 4:
4
= 1558.98 nm;
Bng thng b gii ghp l B=160GHz
Si G.652 c h s tn sc D=17ps/nm.km v S0=0.0677ps/nm2.km
B tn sc bi thit b DCF l D= - 80 ps/nm.km v
0
S = - 0.2 km nm ps . /
2

Cc thng s khc ging nh trong phn cc gi thit.
V dc tn sc l khc nhau t cc DCF nn cc knh khc nhau c tn sc
khc nhau v v th chng khng c b bng nhau.
DCF c chn b chnh xc cho knh th 3 ( nm 36 . 1557
3
= ). Sau b lc in
chng ta nh gi hiu nng h thng bi thit b kt thc dng mt theo dB.
Hnh 2-6 ch ra mi knh, s khc nhau gia tn sc tch ly ca knh i vi
knh th 3. Theo cch ny chng ta c th nh gi tn sc d ti cc v tr ca b
khuch i.

Hnh 2-6 S khc nhau gia tn sc tch ly ca mi knh v knh th 3
Bng 2-6 l mt s gi tr CD thu c sau 500km.
CD(1) CD(2) CD(3) CD(4)
40.9 20.9 1 19.1
Bng 2-5 Cc gi tr ca tn sc mu [ps/nm]
2.1.2. Thit k tuyn im im da trn h s Q v OSNR
thit k mt mng, th bt buc phi tun theo yu cu v t s li bt BER ca
mng trong khi thit k h thng. Tuy nhin c th da vo h s Q ca tn hiu quang.
H s Q m t nh tnh hiu nng my thu bi v n l mt hm ca t s tn hiu trn
tp m quang. H s Q a ra t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR nh nht yu cu thu
c BER c th i vi tn hiu cho trc. Hnh di ch ra mi quan h gia t s li
bit BER v h s Q. Nh c thy trong hnh, th gi tr ca h s Q cng cao th t s
li bt cng thp.

Hnh 2-7 Mi quan h gia h s Q v t s li bt BER
Hnh 2-9 ch ra b h s Q do cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi tng cng sut u vo:

Hnh 2-8 B h s Q do cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi tng cng sut u vo
H s Q ca tn hiu quang l t s tn hiu trn tp m ti mch quyt nh tnh
theo n v in p hoc dng in v thng c biu din bi phng trnh (2-11).

0 1
2 1
o o +
=
I I
Q (2-11)
Trong phng trnh ny,
1
I l gi tr ca dng in bt 1,
0
I l gi tr ca dng in
bt 0,
1
o l lch chun ca dng in bt 1, v
0
o l lch chun ca dng in bt 0.
Quan h ca h s Q v t s li bt c cho phng trnh (2-12):
)
2
(
2
1 Q
erfc BER = (2-13)
Trong hm erfc(x) l hm b li cho bi phng trnh:
|
t
|
d e x erfc
x
}

=
2
2
2
1
) ( (2-14)
Ti sao BER rt kh tnh ton? Vi mt thit k m t s li bt cho trc (v
d l 10
-12
v tc l 155Mbps) th mng c th c mt li trong khong thi gian
khong 10 ngy. V c th cn 1000 ngy bo co li trng thi ca gi tr BER. l
l do ti sao vic tnh ton BER l kh kh khn. Mt khc, phn tch h s Q l tng
i d dng so vi t s li bt. H s Q thng c c o theo n v dB.
T h s Q c th tnh ton c t s li bt theo phng trnh sau:
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
t +
+
|
.
|
\
|
t
t
~
2 1
1 2
2
2
e
2
Q
Q
Q
BER
Hoc thng thng c th tnh theo cng thc xp x sau:
2
2
e
2
1
Q
Q
BER

t
~ nu
Q > 3
Tnh ton h s Q t OSNR
OSNR l tham s quan trng nht c kt hp vi tn hiu quang cho trc. N
l mt tham s c th o c trong mt mng cho trc, v c th tnh ton c thng
qua cc tham s h thng. Cc phn sau y ch ra cch tnh ton OSNR. Trong phn ny
s tho lun mi quan h gia OSNR v h s Q:
Mi quan h gia t s Q (dB) v OSNR c cho bi phng trnh (2-15):
c
dB
B
B
OSNR Q
0
log 20 = (2-16)
Trong phng trnh ny,
0
B l rng bng quang ca thit b u cui (b tch
sng quang) v
c
B l rng bng in ca b lc my thu.
V th h s Q c tnh bi phng trnh (2-17):
c
dB
B
B
OSNR Q
0
log 10 + = (2-17)
Ni cch khc, h s Q c phn no t l vi OSNR. Thng thng, tnh ton tp
m c thc hin bi my phn tch ph quang OSA hoc my hin sng mu v cc
php o ny c thc hin thng qua mt di o c th l B
m
. B
m
thng xp x 0.1nm
hoc 12.5GHz i vi mt OSA. T phng trnh (2-17), c th thy rng nu B0 < Bc
th OSNR (dB )> Q (dB). Vi cc thit k thc t th OSNR(dB) > Q(dB) t nht l 1 n
2 dB. Thng thng, trong khi thit k h thng thng tin tc cao, qu d tr ti my
thu khong 2dB, do h s Q nh hn khong 2 dB so vi OSNR
2.1.3. Tnh ton OSNR cho tuyn im im
Xt mt tuyn vt l AB, nh c ch trong hnh 2-10. Gi s rng y l tuyn
thng tin WDM c ly di (mt tuyn c th vi trm km). Cc b khuch i c t
nh k vi khong cch u nhau khuch i cng sut tn hiu. V th tn hiu c th
i xa hn nhiu so vi kh nng cho php, ty theo suy hao do si. Tuy nhin, mi tng
khuch i thm vo cng to ra nhiu pht x t pht v lm gim OSNR. Hn na,
mi b khuch i th ngoi vic khuch i tn hiu th cng khuch i nhiu. V th,
bt buc phi s dng phng php tnh ton OSNR ti cui ca h thng khuch i N
tng.
Trong mt thit k da vo OSNR, th phi chc chn rng OSNR ca tng cui
cng l trong gii hn cho php ca OSNR h thng v v th p ng c t s li bt.
to ra h thng cung cp mt BER c th th cn to ra OSNR tha mn yu cu thit
k h thng.

Hnh 2-9 H thng DWDM khuch i nhiu tng trong cu hnh im im
OSNR cho mi tng c cho trong phng trnh (2-18)
f hv NF
P
OSNR
stage
in
V
= (2-18)
Trong phng trnh ny, NF
stage
l h s nhiu ca mi tng, h l hng s plank
(6.6260.10
-34
), v l tn s quang 193 THz v f A l rng bng o NF (v n thng
c gi tr l 0.1nm).
tnh OSNR ca h thng c th s dng phng trnh nghch o, (2-19) l
cng thc tnh OSNR tng ca h thng:
=
= + + + + =
N
i i N final
OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR
1 3 2 1
1 1
...
1 1 1 1
(2-19)
Vi N l s tng ca h thng (chnh l s b khuch i ca h thng)
i vi h thng ch s dng mt b khuch i c li G th OSNR c tnh
theo phng trnh (2-20):
f hv G n
P
P
P
OSNR
sp
in
ASE
in
V
= =
) 1 ( 2
(2-20)
Trong phng trnh ny,
sp
n l tham s o mt c cho bi phng trnh (2-
21) v n l t s ca cc in t trng thi cao hn vi trng thi thp hn:
1 2
2
N N
N
n
sp
= (2-22)
Trong , N
2
v N
1
ln lt l s electron trng thi cao hn v trng thi thp
hn.
Tham s o mt cng c th c tnh theo phng trnh (2-23):
10
10 5 . 0
NF
ns
x n = (2-23)
i vi h thng c N tng khuch i, mi b khuch i s b cho suy hao ca
chng trc , v suy hao mi chng tnh theo dB k hiu l I , c mi quan h gia
OSNR ca tng cui cng vi I c biu din bi phng trnh sau:
fN hr NF
P
OSNR
in
V I
= (2-25)
Ly logarit hai v ca phng trnh v i sang dB ta c phng trnh (2-26):
f N NF dB P OSNR
dB in
V I + = log 10 log 10 ) ( 93 . 158 (2-26)
Vi nm f 1 . 0 = V hoc 12.5 GHz, th t phng trnh (4-20) ta suy ra phng trnh
(2-27) di y:
N NF dB P OSNR
dB in
log 10 ) ( 58 I + = (2-27)
Gi s cc iu kin sau y tha mn:
- Gi tr NF ca mi b khuch i l nh nhau ( y gi s rng cc sn phm
cng loi nn cc gi tr NF ca tt c cc b khuch i s bng nhau).
- Il suy hao ca mi chng v suy hao ny bng nhau i vi tt c cc chng.
- Nhiu l tng ca c hai trng thi phn cc. Ni ngn gn, n l nhiu khng
phn cc.
Phng trnh (2-27) cung cp mt cng thc ton hc tnh ton gi tr OSNR thc
t. Phng php tnh ton ny l cch tnh gn ng, nhng chng ta vn c th tm c
OSNR h thng c mc chnh xc cao. Trong h thng WDM a knh, thit k s
tnh ton OSNR trong trng hp knh xu nht ( l knh c suy hao, nh hng ln
nht). Knh xu nht thng thng l knh u tin hoc cui cng trong ph.
Cc yu cu d tr
Trong tuyn WDM a mode, thnh phn suy hao chnh ca h thng khng phi
suy gim do tuyn truyn dn; nhng thay vo l suy hao kt hp vi cc h thng
con khc nhau. Mt tuyn in hnh gm nhiu node, mi node c trang b nhiu
thnh phn linh kin khc nhau. Suy hao do mi thnh phn linh kin li ln, iu ny
dn n khi thit k h thng phi tin hnh penalty. Mt node WDM tiu biu c th c
phn on ghp knh quang OMS (optical multiplex session) m OMS gm cc ng dn
sng ma trn AWG (arrayed waveguide) v ma trn chuyn mch. Mt cch t da vo
ng dn sng ma trn c suy hao 5 dB (suy hao xen). Tn hiu quang khi i qua mt node
vi hai cch t ng dn sng nh th (phn ghp knh v phn phn knh) th c 10 dB
suy hao thm vo suy hao c cu chuyn mch. Vic nh gi suy hao c th c hiu
thng qua gii thch sau:
Xt h thng c hai node, mi node c trang b cc AWG (suy hao mi AWG
l 5dB) v c cu chuyn mch (suy hao 3dB) cng vi suy hao connector (2dB). Nu
chiu di mi chng l 50 km v s dng si quang SMF (si ny c suy hao l 0.2
dB/km) th suy suy hao do truyn dn l 0.2x50=10dB. Trong khi , ti mi node suy
hao l 5+5+3+2=15dB. Ni cch khc, cc suy hao thuc node c th cao hn hoc bng
so vi suy hao truyn dn. iu ny cng nh hng n thit k h thng v OSNR.
Bng 2-7 trnh by suy hao xen do cc phn t h thng gy nn.
Linh kin Suy hao xen
(dB)
Suy hao ph
thuc bc
sng (dB)
Suy hao ph
thuc phn
cc (dB)
NF xuyn m
(dB)
B ghp knh/
phn knh
5 < 1 0.1 - 40
Chuyn mch
quang xen r 2x2
1.2 <0.2 0.1 -40
Coupler 2x2 th
ng
3 - - -
B lc mng mng 1 0.1 - -40
an xen 2-3 - - -
Kt ni cho quang 3 <0.4 0.1 -40
(OXC)
Bng 2-6 Suy hao xen do cc phn t h thng gy nn
Bng 2-8 trnh by cc yu cu d tr cho mt h thng hot ng tt. Cc d tr
ny thm vo vi cc mc tn hiu khc nhau, c bit trn cc lp ng.
Cc tham s d tr Suy hao d tr
Tn sc si 1 dB
D tr SPM 0.5 dB
D tr XPM 0.5 dB
B DCU 0.5 dB
FWM 0.5 dB
SRS/SBS 0.5 dB
PDL 0.3 dB
PMD 0.5 dB
nghing li b khuch i (do
ph li khng phng)
3.0 dB
nghing nhy thu (do bc sng
ph thuc tn sc mode phn cc PMD)
0.5 dB
Chirp my pht 0.5 dB
Xuyn m AWG 0.2 dB
Cc connector si 0.5 dB
Bng 2-8 Cc yu cu d tr cho mt h thng hot ng tt
2.1.4. Tnh ton vi xuyn m quang
2.1.4.1. Khi nim cc thut ng
V cc thut ng c s dng m t xuyn m quang v cc nh hng ca
n khng hon ton thch hp vi cng nghip nn y n c nh ngha ngn gn
(xem bng 2-10). Trong nhm nghin cu 15 ca ITU-T, thng thng thut ng xuyn
m c dng m t cc hiu ng h thng v cc thuc tnh ca cc linh kin s
dng thut ng s cch ly (isolation).
Thng s [n v]
K
hiu
nh ngha
trong ITU
nh ngha
Cc tham s h thng
Xuyn m lin knh
[dB]
C
C
G.692
T s cng sut tng trong cc knh gy
nhiu vi cng sut tng ca knh cn s
dng (cc knh cn s dng v gy nhiu c
bc sng khc nhau)
Xuyn m do dng
c o giao [dB]
I
C
T s ca cng sut gy nhiu (khng tnh
n ASE) vi cng sut mong mun trong
mt knh n.
B xuyn m lin
knh [dB]
C
P

B c n nh trong qu cng sut tnh
ton xuyn m lin knh.
B xuyn m do
dng c o giao thoa
[dB]
I
P
B c n nh trong qu h thng tnh
ton cho xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa.
Chnh lch cng sut
knh [dB]
d G.959.1
Cng sut khc nhau ti a gia cc knh
trong mt thit b.
T s tt dn
(Extinction ratio) (s
dng tuyn tnh)
r G.691
T s ca cng sut ti trung tm ca mc
logic 1 trn cng sut trung tm ti mc logc
0.
B eye-closure [dB] E
B nhy thu do tt c cc hiu ng eye-
closure. iu ny bao gm b tn sc mu v
eye-closure b pht.
Cc thng s linh kin
Suy hao xen [dB] IL G.671
L s gim cng sut t cng u vo n
cng u ra ti knh bc sng s dng
S cch li mt hng
[dB]
I G.671
S khc nhau gia suy hao thit b ti mt
knh bc sng gy nhiu v suy hao ti
knh bc sng s dng
S cch li knh ln
cn [dB]
A
I G.671
S cch li ca thit b ti cc bc sng mt
knh trn v di knh s dng.
S cch li knh
khng ln cn [dB]
A N
I
G.671
S cch li ca thit b ti cc bc sng ca
tt c cc knh gy nhiu ngoi tr cc knh
ln cn.
Bng 2-7 Cc thut ng s dng
Vic nghin cu hiu ng xuyn m c chia thnh 2 phn: xuyn m lin knh
v xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa.
2.1.4.2. Xuyn m lin knh
Nguyn nhn gy ra hiu ng xuyn m l do phn knh khng hon ho ca mt
tn hiu truyn dn a knh thnh cc knh ring trc khi thnh mt tp knh n ti
cc my thu. Trng hp ny c m t trong hnh 2-10

Hnh 2-10 V d b phn knh n gin
y, mt s knh DWDM i ti cng chung ca mt b phn knh. Trng hp
xu nht cho bt k knh ring no l cng sut ca n c gi tr nh nht v cng sut
ca tt c cc knh khc t gi tr ln nht. S khc nhau ln nht cho php gia cc
knh c biu th (denote) bng d (dB). Khi cc knh c cng sut ln hn t cc cng
u ra ring th cc knh gy nhiu lm suy gim knh s dng mt lng bng suy hao
mt hng I (dB).
Thng s chnh nh hng mc xuyn m quang cc i m c th chp nhn
c trong bt k h thng quang no l b xuyn m lin knh
C
P . T tham s ny v
mt s nh cc tham s khc l cn thit c th thu c cc thng s cch li yu cu
ca b phn knh.
C th lp mt phng trnh cho xuyn m
C
C ca mt h thng k knh:
dB ) 1 ( log 10
10
+ = k I d C
C
(2-28)
iu ny l cn thit c th suy ra gi tr yu cu
C
C t gi tr ca b xuyn m
lin knh. Nu gi s mt s lng ln bin tn hiu nhiu bng nhau nh trn th mt
m hnh quan h n gin c th c lp thc hin iu ny. Trong cc b phn
knh thc t, gi tr cch li cho i vi cc knh ln cn trc tip ti knh c yu cu
A
I th nh hn cch li ca cc knh gy nhiu khng ln cn
A N
I . Vic tnh ton i vi
trng hp ny, thay i trng thi nh c minh ha trong hnh 2-11.

Hnh 2-11 V d b phn knh
Phng trnh cho xuyn m lin knh Cc v th tr thnh:
dB 10 ) 3 ( 10 2 log 10
10 10
10
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
NA A
-I -I
C
k d C (2-29)
Tuy nhin, trong hon cnh ny cc gi tr khc nhau l
A
I v
A N
I c th lm h
thng vi cc s im b xuyn m lin knh
C
P khc nhau nhng c cng gi tr
C
C .
Sau y l 2 trng hp gii hn ca phng trnh:
i vi trng hp knh gy nhiu n
dB
1
1
10 1 log 10
10
10
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
r
r
P
C
C
C
(2-30)
Trong r l t s tt dn tuyn tnh (linear extinction ratio)
Ch 1: phng trnh ny khng trc tip nh hng ca bt k s suy gim no.
Tuy nhin cc hiu ng ny c th bao gm vic tnh ton mt gi tr hiu dng ca r (k
hiu l r) m a c hai t s tt dn v eye closure vo tnh ton.

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1 10 1
1 10 1
10
10
+
+ +
= '

r r
r r
r
E
E
(2-30)
Trong E l lng b eye closure tnh theo dB. V d, nu t s tt dn l 6dB
th r=3.98. tnh c lng b eye closure thm 3dB t r=1.86.
i vi mt s ln cc knh gy nhiu bin bng nhau (vi d liu khng
tng quan) th xuyn m lin knh tr thnh tp m v xp x Gausse c th s dng.
Trong trng hp ny xuyn m ging tp m phi cng vi tp m gy nhiu ca b thu
(hoc ASE) cung cp mt lng b hiu dng. S dng cc phng php trong [4],
[15] v bng cch s dng mt xp x Gausse gy mo nh thc, phng trnh tr
thnh:

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
10
2
10
1
1
1
10
1 log 5
r
r
Q
k
P
C
C
C
(2-31)
Trong ( ) BER Q =

2 erfc 2
1
. Vi BER bng
12
10
th Q ~ 7.03.
B quang cm ng (induced optical penalty) l th (plot) ngc vi xuyn m
lin knh i vi cc gi thit khc nhau trong hnh 2-12. B quang thc t trong mt h
thng quang nm di ng cong cao nht.
Ch 2: im b xuyn m cng c th ph thuc vo m ng truyn (RZ
hoc NRZ) v lin quan n tc bt ca cc tn hiu mong mun v nhiu.

Hnh 2-12 th b li xuyn m lin knh
Th tc cho vic xc nh yu cu cch ly c th l:
- T cc thng s h thng thit lp mt gi tr
C
P m c th khc vi cc h
thng khc. V d, mt thng phm vi ngn c th cung cp mt im b
xuyn m cao hn mt h thng phm vi di.
- Tm gi tr
C
C t
C
P . Yu cu m hnh l nm gia hai tn hiu nhiu khi c
nhiu ln nm gia
A
I v
A N
I trong sut m hnh Gausse khi
A
I bng
A N
I
v k ln. ng cong xu nht trong hnh 2-12 c gi tr -15dB.
- T cc thng s h thng thit lp mt gi tr d m n s thay i t h
thng ti h thng. V d, trong khuyn ngh G.959.1 ca ITU-T m ng
dng P16S1-1D2 c d=6dB trong khi P16S1-2C2 c d=2dB. (iu ny dn
n yu cu cch li khc nhau 4 dB gia cc ng dng ny.). V th i vi
P16S1-1D2 t d=6dB (cng i vi P16S1-1D2, cc ng dng ny t
k=16).
- Thay cc gi tr ny vo phng trnh CC = d I + 10log10 (k 1) c
- 15 = 6 I + 10log10 (15) I = 32.8dB.
2.1.4.3. Xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa
Xuyn m do dng c o xy ra khi knh gy nhiu v knh s dng ti cng
bc sng danh nh. Cc v d minh ha cho iu ny:
- Trong mt b ghp xen-r, bc sng c ni n khng hon ton c r
trc khi tn hiu mi c thm vo.
- Trong mt b ghp quang, mt b pht c th pht cng sut ti bc sng
ca knh khc (chng hn, do t s trit tiu (suppression ratio) mode bin
khng i xng), iu ny c gi l nhiu xuyn m pha pht trong
khuyn ngh G.692.
- Trong mt kt ni cho quang thiu kh nng cch li chuyn mch gy ra
nh sng t nhiu si ngun ti b thu.
- Trong bt k linh kin hoc nhm cc linh kin c nhiu hn mt tuyn
truyn nh sng ti b thu. iu ny c gi l nhiu a ng MPI (MPI:
Muti Path Interference)
Nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa c tnh khc nhau t nhiu xuyn m
lin knh khi 2 tn hiu quang gn nhau m tn s phch nm trong rng bng
min in ca b thu. Trong trng hp ny, l cc trng quang m tc ng ti th
tc nhiu xuyn m thay v cng sut quang, v v vy cc mc nhiu xuyn m yu cu
im b c th nh hn nhiu.
i vi mt nhiu n, nhiu xuyn m n c th c m hnh nh mt hm
mt xc sut (pdf). B nhiu xuyn m t [5] (v gm hiu ng ca t s trit tiu
khng hon ho) l:
dB
10
1
4 10
1
1
1
1
log 10
10 10
10
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
=
I I
C C
I
r
r
r
r
r
r
P (2-32)
i vi ngng cng sut trung bnh:

( ) ( )
dB
1
1 10 1
2 1 log 10
10
10
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
r
r r
P
I
C
I
(2-33)
i vi ngng cng sut ti u
im b nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa i vi tn hiu mong mun vi
t s trit tiu 6dB c th hin s lc trong hnh 2-13

Hnh 2-13 Lc b quang v nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa
i vi nhiu nhiu, hm mt xc sut pdf tr thnh xp x Gausse v i vi
mt b thu PIN im b nhiu xuyn m quang t [15] l:
dB
1
1
1
1
10 4 1 log 5
2
2
10
10
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
=
r
r
Q P
'
C
I
I
(2-34)
i vi ngng cng sut trung bnh.
dB
1
1
10
1
1
10 2 1 log 5
2
4
2
10
2
2
10
10
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
r
r
Q
r
r
Q P
I I
C C
I
(2-35)
i vi ngng quyt nh ti u, trong ( ) BER Q
'
=

4 erfc 2
1
v
( ) BER Q =

2 erfc 2
1
. Nu BER l
12
10
th Q ~ 6.94 v Q ~ 7.03.
Cc hm ny c th hin trong hnh 2-14 cho mt tn hiu mong mun l tng
v cng cho mt tn hiu c t s trit tiu 6 dB

Hnh 2-14 S ca im b quang v nhiu xuyn m do dng c o giao thoa (m
hnh Gausse)
2.1.5. V d
Trng hp 1:
Thit k tuyn WDM 4x25 nhp vi li b khuch i l 22 dB, h s nhiu
NF bng 5 dB. Tnh ton OSNR cui cng nu cng sut u vo l 0 dB. Tnh ton
cng sut tn hiu ti my thu.
H thng ny c lm vic khng nu nhy my thu cc tiu l -25 dB?
H thng ny c lm vic khng nu cng sut u vo l 10 dB?
Cu tr li c cho trong hnh sau:

Ta c th tnh ton OSNR bng cch s dng mt trong hai phng php sau y.
Phng php mt:
NF N P OSNR
final
I + = log 10 58
0

Vi N=4 (chnh l s nhp ca tuyn)
NF=5dB
dB 25 = I
T : dB OSNR
final
22 5 4 log 10 25 58 0 = + = (gi tr nh gi tt nht)
Phng php 2:
Tng i c OSNR c tnh theo cng thc ton hc sau:
)
. . . 1
(
1
0 in stage
stagei
P
f v h NF
OSNR
OSNR
A
+
=
OSNRstagei = 1/(1/OSNRstage0 + NF.h.v.f /Pin) (1/OSNRstage0 = 0)
Vi OSNR tng 1:
NF=5dB hay bng 3.166
h = 6.6260exp(-34)
v l tn s ca nh sng v bng 1.935exp(14)
f A l rng bng (o NF) = 12.5 KHz (.nm)
P
in
l cng sut u vo b khuch i = 0 25 =-25 dB
dB OSNR
stage
28
1
=
Cng sut u ra b khuch i l -25 + 22 =-3dB
Vi OSNR tng 2:
in
stage
stage
P f v h NF
OSNR
OSNR
/ . . .
1
1
1
2
A +
=
Cng sut u vo b khuch i th 2 l: -3 25 = -28 dB
OSNR
stage2
= 23 dB
Cng sut u ra b khuch i l: -28 + 22 =-6 dB
OSNR tng 3:
in stage
stage
P
f v h NF
OSNR
OSNR
A
+
=
. . . 1
1
2
3

u vo b khuch i th ba: -6 25 = -31 dB
OSNR
stage3
= 20 dB
u ra b khuch i : -31 + 22 = -9 dB
Cng sut ti my thu = -9 25 = - 34 dB
Nu nh nhy ca my thu l -25 dB th h thng khng hot ng c
Phng php gii quyt l hoc a) tng li ca b khuch i hoc b) tng
cng sut u vo b pht.
Vi gii php nh th khi cng sut u vo l 10 dB c ch ra trong hnh trn
S dng phng php 1: OSNR
final
=10+58-25-6-5=32 dB
S dng phng php 2:OSNR
final
=29 dB
S khc nhau gia cc gi tr ca cc phng php tnh ton l do s xp x ca
tham s.
Cng sut cui cng ti my thu:
= 10(Tr) 25 (loss1) + 22 (gain1) 25 (loss2) + 22 (gain 2) 25 (loss 3) + 22
(gain 3) 25 (loss) = 24 dB
nhy my thu cho l -25 dB, v th h thng lm vic.

Trng hp 2:
Tnh ton s nhp (chng) ca mt tuyn, nu cho P
in
l 0dB, OSNR
final
=20 dB,
tng chiu di 300km. Tc bt 5 Gbps; NF = 5 dB (gi s si quang s dng l si
SMF c suy hao l 0.2dB/km).
Tr li
Suy hao tng cho ton b chiu di truyn dn l: 300x0.2=60 dB
Gi s c N chng ca tuyn, nh vy suy hao ca mi chng s l 60/N
NF N P OSNR
final
I + = log 58
0

20 = 0 + 58 60/N - 10logN 5
N=2
V th s chng ca tuyn l 2.
Trng hp 3:
OSNR l 20 dB, tn sc si l 17 ps/nm/km, suy hao chng l 22 dB. Tnh chiu
di ca h thng? (NF ca b khuch i l 4 dB v tn sc cho php l 1600ps/nm, P
in
bng 10)
Tr li
NF N P OSNR
final
I + = log 58
0

20 = 10 + 58 22 4 10logN
N = 158
Vy tuyn c 158 nhp
V th chiu di tuyn bng 158*22/0.2 = 17280 (gii hn theo l thuyt)
Nhng do tn sc nn chiu di ti a ch c th l 1600/17 = 94 km.
Trng hp 4
Khch hng A mun xy dng mt tuyn OC48 c chiu di 200km truyn lu
lng. Hy thit k tuyn vi cc tham s sau y (gi s s dng si c dng l SMF
c suy hao l 0.25 dB/km v c tn sc l 18 ps/nm.km)
nhy thu: -18 dBm ti t s li bt BER = 10
-12

Cng sut qu ti: -10 dBm ti t s li bt BER = 10
-12

Cng sut pht nm trong khong: +7 n + 9 dBm
Dung sai tn sc: 1500ps/nm
B tn sc: 1.5 dB vi dung sai tn sc l 1500ps/nm
OSNR cho php l 20 dB vi phn di bng thng l 0.1 nm.
B khuch i s dng l EDFA c:
Di cng sut u vo: +3 n -25 dBm;
li: t 20 dB n 14 dB
Cng sut u ra cc i -17 dBm
H s nhiu: 5dB
Khi DCU
Suy hao: 5 dB
B tn sc mu: xp x 1100ps.
Tr li
p ng yu cu ca bi ton tin hnh mt s bc sau.

Bc 1: do tng khong cch l 200 km nn tng suy hao s l 200*0.25 = 50 dB
Cn phi s dng cc b khuch i t c khong cch ny
Bc 2: Tn sc tng l 200*18 = 3600 ps.nm
Cn phi s dng cc b b tn sc bi v tn sc cho php l 1500 ps.nm.
Khong cch cc i cho h thng m khng s dng DCU l 1500/18 = 83.33 km. Do
cc b DCU c b tn sc l -1100ps nn nu s dng 3 khi DCU th tn sc cn li s
l 3600 3x1100 = 300, nh vy vi vic s dng 3 DCU th tn sc tha mn yu
cu ca tuyn. B DCU c suy hao 5 dB, v th tt nht nn t n trc b tin khuch
i.
Phn tch bi ton
Cng sut pht l + 7 dB
Tng 1:
Suy hao = -10 (suy hao tuyn) 6 (suy hao DCU) 1.5 (d tr) = -17.5 dB
P
in
= cng sut ti cui tng 1 = 7 17.5 = - 10.5
li b khuch i l 20 dB nn cng sut u ra b khuch i bng (cng sut
u vo + li khuch i) -10.5 + 20 = 9.5 dB
Tnh ton OSNR
in
stage
P
f v h NF
OSNR
OSNR
A
+
=
. . . 1
1
0
1
(i vi tng 1 th 1/OSNR
0
bng 0)
f v h NF
P
OSNR
in
A
=
. . .
1

Thay cc gi tr:
P
in
= -10.5 dB = 8.9125 e(-0.5) (W)
NF = 5 dB chuyn thnh 3.166
h = 6.6280 exp (-34) (hng s plank)
v = 1.935exp(14) (tn s ca nh sng)
f A l rng bng (o NF) = 12.5 KHz (.nm)
Sau khi thay tnh c OSNR = 42 dB.
Tng 2:
Suy hao = -20 (suy hao tuyn) 6 (suy hao DCU) 1.5 (d tr) = -27.5 dB
Cng sut ti cui ca tng 2
P
in
= 9.5 20 6 1.5 (d tr) = -18 dB
li khuch i tng 2: 20 dB
Cng sut u ra b khuch i: -18 + 20 = 2 dB

in
stage
P
f v h NF
OSNR
OSNR
A
+
=
. . . 1
1
1
2

OSNR
1
l OSNR ca tng 1 v bng 42 dB; P
in
= - 18 dB
OSNR
stage2
= 34 dB.
Suy hao tng 3:
20(suy hao tuyn) 6 (suy hao DCU) 1.5 (d tr) = 27.5 dB (suy hao)
Cng sut ti cui tng 3
P
in
= 2 27.5 = -25.5 dB
li khuch i tng 3 l 20 dB.
Cng sut u ra b khuch i -25.5 + 20 = -5.5 dB
OSNR
in stage
stage
P
f v h NE
OSNR
OSNR
A
+
=
. . . 1
1
2
3

OSNR = 26 (dB)

Trng hp 5
Tnh ton cng sut ti u ra ca mt b ghp knh DWDM c 8 knh (nh c
ch trong hnh di) nu cng sut u vo l 0 dB (suy hao xen l 5 dB)

0dB
0dB
0dB
0dB
0dB
0dB
0dB
0dB
P
dau ra
= P
kenh
+ 10logN suy hao xen (trong N l s knh ghp)
= 0 + 10log8 5dB = 4 dB
2.2. Tnh ton theo s liu thng k
2.2.1. Phng php chung
2.2.1.1. Xc sut ngng hot ng ca h thng
Xc sut ngng hot ng ca h thng c nh ngha bng xc sut t s li bt
BER vt qu
12
10
. Tuy nhin v BER ph thuc vo nhiu tham s (nh c tnh ca

my pht v my thu) nn rt kh a ra c BER trong vic thit k thng k chung.
V vy, thay vo ta xt n mc ngha h thng thch hp hn xc sut ngng
hot ca ng h thng, v khng a ra BER. Mc ngha l thut ng s dng chung
trong thng k i vi cc gi thuyt kim tra [7].
i vi mi tham s h thng, mc ngha h thng c xc nh khi xc sut
tham s h thng vt qu mt gi tr x no . Tt nhin, mc ngha h thng l mt
hm ca x. V d, mc ngha h thng ca DGD l 4.2
5
10
khi x bng 3 ln gi tr
DGD trung bnh (kt qu ny cho trong khuyn ngh G.691 ca ITU-T). Mt v d khc,
mc ngha h thng ca tn sc mu cc i l 1.3
3
10
khi x bng tng gi tr trung

bnh v 3o (o l lch chun) [6].
2.2.1.2. Ngng xc sut hot ng trong h thng
Ngng xc sut (
th
P ) c nh ngha bng mc ngha ti a c th chu ng
c ca mi tham s h thng. Ngng xc sut s ph thuc vo mi trng hot
ng ca mng, v cng quan h cn bng gia xc sut vt qu gi tr v chi ph.
Ch rng i vi mt vi tham s c xt, y
th
P th hin xc sut m gi tr
c vt qu ti thi gian m tuyn hot ng. V d, trong trng hp tn sc mu, gi
tr
th
P l
3
10
c ngha l trung bnh c 1000 lin kt th c 1 lin kt vt qu tn sc c

th khi hot ng. Tuy nhin, vi cc tham s khc th
th
P th hin xc sut vt qu ti
bt k thi gian c th no khi lin kt tn ti. Mt v d v iu ny l PMD c
th
P bng
5
10
c ngha l ti bt k thi gian no xc sut ln hn gi tr DGD cc i l mt trong

mt trm nghn.
Bng 2-12 a ra mt s v d v gi tr ca
th
P cng vi cc gi tr tng ng
ca s lch chun so vi trung bnh ca thng k Gausse v tng ng vi t s cc
i trn trung bnh i vi phn b Maxwell (PMD).
Xc sut gii hn
th
P
Gausse: lch
chun [o]
Maxwell: T s cc i
trn trung bnh [S]
3
10
3.1 2.5
5
10
4.3 3.2
7
10
5.2 3.7
9
10
6.0 4.2
Bng 2-8 Gii hn xc sut ca h thng
2.2.1.3. Thit k biu dng
Biu dng chung c m t pha tri ca hnh 2-16. Pha bn phi hnh 2-16
minh ha mt v d v tn sc mu cc i.
1) La chn tham s h thng xc nh
Trong v d ca hnh 2-16, tham s h thng l tn sc mu cc i
2) Tm hm phn b xc sut cho cc tham s phn t tng ng
Nh c thy trong biu , h s tn sc trung bnh ca sn phm th I gi l
Di v lch chun l
i
o .
3) Tnh ton phn b xc sut p(x) c iu kin.
Trong v d ny, iu kin a ra l chiu di lin kt si quang l 160km. Phn
b thng k ca tham s h thng c th t c khi ghp chui cc phn b ca cc
sut ch si. T nh l gii hn trung tm, trung bnh tng ca tn sc mu l
17x160=2720ps/nm, trong khi lch chun l 48ps/nm. Ch rng, khi s dng thit
k trng k trng hp xu nht th tn sc mu cc i l 20x160=3200ps/nm.
4) La chn gi tr Pth, gii hn xc sut i vi h thng.
Trong v d ny, c th chp nhn nu mt trong mt nghn lin kt c tn sc cao
hn gi tr tnh ton (
th
P l
3
10
).
5) Xc nh tham s h thng X t phng trnh
th
P X P = ) ( , trong Pth l gii
hn xc sut
Trong v d ny, tn sc mu cc i c xc nh 17.9x160=2864, gi s
3
10
=
th
P . V th, tn sc yu cu cho h thng truyn dn gim gim 336ps/nm so vi
thit k trong trng hp xu nht.

Hnh 2-15 Biu dng chung v v d tn sc mu cc i
2.2.2. Thit k suy hao thng k
Mt tuyn tch ly bao gm mt s mi hn cc chiu di ca cp si quang. Cc
yu cu i vi chiu di c trnh by trong cc khuyn ngh si v cp quang. Cc
tham s truyn dn cho cc tuyn tch ly phi a vo tnh ton khng ch v hiu nng
ca chiu di cp ring m cn v cc thng k tch ly.
Cc c tnh truyn dn ca chiu di cp si quang s c mt phn b xc sut
no , m thng cn thit cho vic tnh ton xc nh c h thng thit k mang
tnh kinh t nht. Cc on sau trong phn ny s trnh by bn cht thng k ca cc
thng s khc nhau.
Thuc tnh tuyn b nh hng bi cc h s ngoi tr cp si quang nh mi
hn, connector v vic lp t. Mc ch ca vic nh gi cc gi tr thuc tnh tuyn
(thng l gi tr ca lin kt si quang) c cung cp trong phn ph lc ca mi
khuyn ngh v cp v si. Cc phng php nh gi cc tham s cn thit cho vic
thit k h thng l da vo php o, m hnh hoc cc cch thc khc.
Suy hao A ca mt lin kt c cho bi:
y x L A
c s
+ o + o = (2-35)
Trong :
o h s suy hao ca cp si quan trong tuyn

S
o Suy hao ghp ni trung bnh
x S mi ghp ni ca mt tuyn

C
o Suy hao trung bnh ca connector
y S connector ca mt tuyn (nu c)
L Chiu di tuyn
D tr ph hp s to thun li cho vic sa cha trong tng lai ca cu hnh
cp (ghp ni thm, thm chiu di cp, hiu ng gi ha, s thay i nhit ). Cc
gi tr in hnh thy trong ph lc ca cc khuyn ngh cp v si l h s suy gim ca
cc tuyn si quang.
Vic kt hp ca cc b gp suy hao ny trong vic kt hp vi gi tr suy hao
cc i h thng dn n s thay i chiu di ca cc nhp. Chiu di nhp l mt gi tr
ch i vi cc khuyn ngh nh G.957 c G.691 ca ITU-T nhng c th di hn chiu
di gii hn ca tn sc mu.
2.2.3. Thit k thng k tn sc mu
2.2.3.1. C s
Khi cc thnh phn khc nhau hoc cc si quang khc nhau c kt hp th tn
sc mu kt hp l tng ca cc gi tr tn sc mu ca cc tn sc ring r trn mt bc
sng bi bc sng c bn. S thay i ca tn sc tng ca cc tuyn quang s ph
thuc vo cc phn b ca sn phm s dng trong cc lin kt.
Ch : Trong phn sau, mt s v d a ra i vi mt si c th v loi thnh
phn c th. Cc v d ny khng cn thit th hin tnh rng ri.
H s tn sc mu si D() c o nh mt hm ca bc sng m cc
phng php c phc tho trong khuyn ngh G.650.1 ca ITU-T: Cc phng php
kim tra v xc nh tuyn tnh, thuc tnh tnh ca cp v si n mode. Khi cho mt
di bc sng, n thng c biu din bng mt cng thc m bao gm cc tham s
c th thay i t si n si. Mt s cng thc c cho trong khuyn ngh G.650.1 v
cc n v thng l ps/nm.km. Vi cc thnh phn, cc loi biu thc ging nhau c th
s dng c tnh tn sc mu CD() theo ps/nm.
2.2.3.2. Cc thng k h s tn sc mu
Phng php lun c tnh ph hp vi cc thgn k dng chui ca mt phn b
n hoc kt hp cc phn b l tnh ton h s tn sc cho mi bc sng trong cc
bc sng ca di s dng trong cc ng dng- mi on si ring bit. iu ny to ra
mt gi tr h s tn sc phn b cho mi bc sng. Hnh 2-16 v 2-17 l cc phn b
i vi loi si G.655 ti hai bc sng c chn.

Hnh 2-16 Biu h s tn sc ti bc sng 1560nm

Hnh 2-17 Biu h s tn sc ti bc sng 1530nm
Phn b i vi mi bc sng l mt c tnh vi mt gi tr trung bnh v mt
lch chun nh trong hnh 2-18 v 2-19.

Hnh 2-18 H s tn sc trung bnh v bc sng

Hnh 2-19 H s lch chun tn sc v bc sng
Ch rng quan h tuyn tnh th hin gi tr trung bnh v quan h bnh phng
th hin lch chun. y l do phn no biu din tuyn tnh ca h s tn sc theo
bc sng. S liu t cc v d trong cc hnh 2-18 v 2-19 c th rt ra cng thc sau
y theo bc sng (nm):
( ) ( ) km) (ps/nm 1567 072 0 = . (2-36a)
( ) ( ) km) (ps/nm 6 1551 10 97 3 1964 0
2 5
+ = o

. . . (2-36b)
Trong l gi tr trung bnh v o l lch chun.
2.2.3.3. Cc thng k dng chui i vi cc si quang
Cc thng k ny da trn gi thit Gausse. Cc v d c tnh ton ti mc 3o
cho mt gii hn trn v gii hn di Pth (gii hn xc sut) =0.13% . Cc mc xc
sut khc c th c chn.
Gi s cc chiu di bng nhau, h s tn sc ca cc si ghp chui l trung bnh
h s tn sc ca cc si ring bit, v n c th hin bi cng thc sau:
( ) ( )
=
i
i
D
n
D
1
(2-37)
S dng nh l gii hn trung tm th cc gi tr trung bnh ny c th khc rt
ln ty theo phn b ngu nhin Gausse. S dng gii hn xc sut c c nh khng
i khong 99.7% (trn v di 0.13% ) ca phn b gii hn ca gi tr h s tn sc
tuyn DTot c cho bi cng thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) o =
n
D
Tot
3
(2-38a)
Gi s n khng i kt hp vi chiu di on cc i LSeg cng vi mt tuyn
LTot, phng trnh 2-38a c th vit thnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) o
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 / 1
3
Tot
Seg
Tot
L
L
D (2-39b)
Vic hn ch v gi tr tn sc trn tuyn CDTot chnh l hn ch gi tr h s tn
sc nhn vi chiu di tuyn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) o =
2 / 1
3
Tot Seg Tot Tot
L L L CD (2-40)
Bng 2-13 ch ra cc gi tr tnh ton khi gi s chiu di tuyn l 120km v chiu
di mt on l 5km. Cc gi tr ny a s u thp hn gi tr c suy ra t yu cu k
thut trong trng hp xu nht l -420ps/nm
Bc sng CDmin CDmax
1530 nm 336 ps/nm 304 ps/nm
1540 nm 249 ps/nm 219 ps/nm
Bng 2-9 Gi tr tn sc mu thng k
Nu phn b da trn cc php o ca cc phn con ca cc tuyn c thit lp
th thay i chiu di L
Seg
bng cc phn con o c hoc hoc gi tr ln hn chiu di
ca on con ln nht trong tuyn.
2.2.3.4. Ghp ni thng k
K hiu m rng I, II l cc hm trung bnh v lch chun, v d LI-Tot l
chiu di si quang ca loi I v nA l s linh kin loi A.
Cc gii hn xc sut c tnh li cng vi 1 gii hn xc sut kt hp vi
lch Gausse 3o, nhng cc phng trnh c chia thnh cc thnh phn trung bnh
va lch chun trc khi kt hp chng li vi nhau. Tn sc trung bnh l:
( ) | | { } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + =
B B A A II Tot II I Tot I Tot
n n L L CD (2-41a)
lch chun ca tn sc tng l:
( ) | | { } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 / 1
2 2 2 2
o + o + o + o = o
B B A A II Tot II Seg II I Tot I Seg I Tot
n n L L L L CD
(2-41b)
Vy cc gii hn l:
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | | o =
Tot Tot Tot
CD CD CD 3
(2-41c)
Vic thm cc linh kin hoc cc si c th thc hin ch n gin l m rng cc
cng thc trn.
Cc cng thc ny minh ha s kt hp phn b ca cc si G.652 v phn b ca
cc linh kin b tn sc nh nh ngha trong khuyn ngh G.671 ca ITU-T. Gi s cc
tham s ca tuyn l:
5 km, 10 km, 400 = = =
DC Seg Tot
n L L

Cc thng k si cho h s tn sc mu (ps/nmkm) v bc sng (nm) c ch
trong hnh 2-20 v 2-21:

Hnh 2-20 H s tn sc mu trung bnh ca si G.652

Hnh 2-21 lch chun ca h s tn sc mu i vi si G.652
Cng thc cho ng thng trong hnh 2-20 l:
( ) km) (ps/nm 0607 0 403 77 + = . . (2-42a)
y tnh theo nm.
Cng thc cho ng cong trong hnh 2-21 l:
( ) km) (ps/nm 10 746 5 10 384 18 013 15
2 6 3
+ = o

. . . (2-42b)

Cc thng k b tn sc c ch trong hnh 2-22v 2-23

Hnh 2-22 Gi tr b tn sc trung bnh

Hnh 2-23 Cc gi tr lch ca c cu b tn sc
( ) (ps/nm) 10 227 4 5698 12 10 010 8
2 3 3
+ =

. . . (2-43a)

( ) ) ps/nm ( 10 818 . 9 4484 . 0 10 824 . 6 10 4612 . 3
3 5 2 2 5
+ + = o

(2-43b)
Kt hp cc thng k ny theo cc cng thc ca phng trnh 2-41a, 2-41b v 2-
41c, v s dng cc gi thit ca tuyn quang (chiu di si 400km, chiu di mi on
ni 10km, 5 b b tn sc) th c kt qu nh hnh 2-24. Ch rng biu din nh hn
hai di c trng bc sng. Cho d di s dng cho si rng hn, v di c trng cho
c cu b l khng qu rng.

Hnh 2-24 Gii hn 3 khi kt hp cc c cu b v si G.652
Vi bng C (bc sng t 1530 n 1565nm) th tn sc mu ca tuyn quang
c b nm trong khong 600 ps/nm. Trong khuyn ngh G.691 ca ITU-T, gii hn
truyn dn 10Gbps, vi ch ring tn sc mu xp x 1000ps/nm i vi cc my pht v
my thu.
2.2.4. Thit k thng k tn sc mode phn cc
DGD thay i ngu nhin theo phn b Maxwell c c trng bi gi tr PMD.
PMD ca cp si quang cng c xc nh theo dng thng k m c th kt hp vi
cc phn t khc ca tuyn quang xc nh DGD cc i m DGD cc i c xc
nh bng gii hn xc sut. Ph lc I/G.650.2 m t cc yu cu k thut thng k ca
PMD i vi si quang. Khuyn ngh G.671 ca ITU-T trnh by lm th no kt hp
cc yu cu k thut ca cc phn t tuyn khc vi cc yu cu k thut ca cp si
quang xc nh DGD cc i cho tuyn:

2 / 1
2 2 2
max max
(
(
+ =

i
Ci F link
PMD S DGD DGD (2-44)
y:
DGDmax
link
l DGD cc i tuyn (ps)
DGDmax
F
l DGD (ps) cc i cp si quang ghp chui
S l h s hiu chnh Maxwwell (xem bng 10-2)
PMD
Ci
l gi tr PMD ca linh kin th i
Phng trnh ny gi s rng cc thng k DGD tc thi c xp x bng phn
b Maxwell vi xc sut DGD tc thi ln hn DGDmaxlink c iu khin bi gi tr
ca h s hiu chnh Maxwell ly trong bng 2-12.
2.3. So snh hai phng php
Qua cch tnh ton nh trong phn 2.1 v phn 2.2 nhn thy rng v c bn cc
tham s tnh ton ca phng php thit k theo gi tr gii hn v phng php thit k
theo gi tr thng k gn ging nhau. Tuy nhin trong phng php thit k theo gi tr
gii hn th tt c cc tham s c ly ti thi im ht thi gian s dng ca thit b,
c ngha l y l trng hp m cc tham s c gi tr nh vy th h thng bt u
khng t cc yu cu k thut. Cn trong phng php tnh ton theo gi tr thng k th
gi tr ca tham s c tnh ton ti u hn trong trng hp tnh ton gi tr trong
trng hp tnh ton theo cc gi tr gii hn. C th l nh trong v d v tnh ton gi
tr tn sc trnh by trn, trong cng mt iu kin nh nhau th gi tr tn sc trong
trng hp tnh ton theo cc gi tr ti hn l 420 ps/nm, trong khi i vi tnh ton
theo cc gi tr thng k th gi tr tn sc l 304 ps/nm. Nh vy gi tr tn sc ca
trng hp tnh ton theo cc gi tr gii hn ti u hn gi tr trong trng hp tnh ton
theo gi tr thng k. iu d thy l chiu di gii hn gii hn tn sc s thp hn
chiu di tn sc c tnh ton theo gi tr thng k. T s dn n c ly truyn dn
i vi trng hp tnh ton theo gi tr thng k trn mt chng s ln hn c ly truyn
dn trn mt chng i vi trng hp tnh ton theo cc gi tr thng k. Kt qu l
phng php tnh ton theo gi tr thng k cc tham s s mang tnh kinh t hn phng
php tnh ton theo cc gi tr gii hn.
Tuy nhin phng php tnh ton theo gi tr thng k m n cp th trong
cc tham s c tnh ton th ch c mt tham s l thng k, cn tt c cc tham s cn
li u l ging trong trng hp thit k theo cc gi tr gii hn.
Kt lun
Thit k tuyn thng quang l cng vic ht sc kh khn v phc tp. Trong
bao gm vic tnh ton cc gi tr tham s nh hng n truyn dn si quang cng nh
c tuyn quang. Tnh ton c gi tr cc tham s nh hng mt cch ng n chnh
xc th c th s dng d tr thch hp, tit kim chi ph. Ni dung ca n nu v
trnh by hai phng php tnh ton gi tr cc tham s nh hng trong thit k tuyn
thng tin quang.
Chng 1: S lc v mt tuyn thng tin quang tng qut. Lm r nh hng
ca cc tham s nh hng n thit k tuyn quang. Trnh by tng qut cc phng
php thit k v gii thiu v phng php thit k theo gi tr gii hn v theo gi tr
thng k.
Chng 2: Trnh by v cc cch tnh cc tham s i vi h thng n knh a
knh, bao gm tn sc, xuyn m quang T a ra cc b b tn sc thch hp v
d tr cng sut b li cng sut b mt.
n tt nghip i hc Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu tham kho
[1] ITU-T, Series G: Transmission systems and media, digital and media, digital
systems and networks, Optical system design and engineering considerations,
10/2003
[2] ITU-T Recommendation G.957 (1999), Optical interfaces for equipments and systems
relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy.
[3] http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn/News/PrintView.aspx?ID=15830
[4] TAKAHASHI (H.), ODA (K.), TOBA (H.): Impact of crosstalk in an arrayed-waveguide
multiplexer on N N optical interconnection, J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 14, No. 6,
pp. 1097-1105, 1996.
[15] LIU (F.), RASMUSSEN (C.J.), PEDERSEN (R.J.S.): Experimental verification of a new
model describing the influence of incomplete signal extinction ratio on the sensitivity
degradation due to multiple interferometric crosstalk, Photonics Technology Letters,
Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 137-139, 1999.
[5] LEGG (P.J.), TUR (M.), ANDONOVIC (I.): Solution paths to limit interferometric noise
induced performance degradation in ASK/Direct detection lightwave networks, J.
Lightwave Technol., Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 1943-1954, 1996
[6] IEC SC86C/WG1 ST-20, Statistical treatment of chromatic dispersion (submitted
by T.A. Hanson), 2000.
[7] MAKSOUDIAN (Y.L.): Probability and Statistics with Applications, Scranton
International Textbook Company, 1969.
[8] V Vn San: H thng thng tin quang 12/2003
[9] Ashwin Gumaste, Tony Antony: WDM Network Designs and Engineering
Solutions 12/2002

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n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

Sinh vin: L c Vng Lp D04VT2 I

o l rng trung bnh qun phng rms ca ph ngun pht.

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