This is to certify that the project of

Zener Diode Regulator (Line Regulator)

Contains the bonafied works of

______________________________________________

Who has worked on the project and completed the same In the academic year 2009-10. His/her project work is in Electronics Discipline as per The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education, Pune; Syllabus.

Principal

Head of the Department

Project Guide

It adds to my pleasure to acknowledge the persons who have helped me while the project work was in progress! First of all I am thankful to Mr. D. S. Vidyasagar sir, our Project Guide, who has helped us in bringing out this project in present status! Our xxxxxxxxxxxxxx, who has also encouraged us and helped us during the completion of this project, for which we are also thankful to her. I am grateful to our Head of the department, xxxxxxxxxxx, for providing us the facility of excellent lab instruments and relevant accessories. I am also deeply grateful to our xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx, whose discipline has created regularity in us, so as to complete the project in time. Last but not the least; I am thankful to xxxxxxxxxxxxxx for his help in this project work.

Properties of zener diode

Zener1 is a semiconductor diode which is specially used for the regulation of the DC supply. Just like the general diode this has also a PN junction but its electrical characteristics are different from the characteristics of general purpose diode. Its basic structure and the symbol are given below

Symbol and characteristics of zener diode

Dr. Clarence Malvin Zener

01 Dec. 1905 15 Jul. 1993

To obtain the characteristics of zener diode, the graph is plotted in I and III quadrants. In I quadrant the anode is positive and the cathode is negative. In this condition the current through the zener forward biases it, at a very small voltage (about 0.6V or 0.7V). The current through it steeply increases as shown in the above diagram. However in III quadrant, when anode is negative and cathode is positive. In this case the diode works in breakdown region and the voltage on its cathode remains always equal to the zener voltage irrespective of the change in the supply voltage. In this condition, the current through the zener is almost parallel to

The word Zener originated in the honor of German scientist Dr. C. M. Zener who invented this diode.

y-axis and current is called as the avalanche current or Zener current (Iz).

Connection diagram

Circuit diagram of zener line regulator

Observation table

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Line voltage (Vin) 170V 180V 190V 200V 210V 220V 230V

DC Output voltage (Vo)

5 8. 9. 10. 11.

240V 250V 260V 270V

Formula

SR = Vo1 Vo 2 also, % SR = SR Vnom 100

Specifications of components Type of component Resistor LED Diodes Zener diode Capacitor Transformer Dimmerstat Specifications 47 , W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance color _________ , VF = ________ 1N4001 rectifier diode 5.6V, 400mW zener diode 1000 F/25V electrolytic capacitor 6V0V6V, 500mA secondary transformer 170V to 270V variable dimmerstat

Procedure 1) Switch on the circuit and keep its line voltage at 170VAC, with the help of dimmerstat. 2) Be careful while using the dimmerstat, as it carries dangerously high voltage. 3) Measure the output voltage of the circuit in this position of dimmerstat. 4) Repeat the above procedure as per given in observation table. 5) Plot a graph of line voltage versus output DC voltage.

6 6) Calculate percentage line regulation using the given formula. Brief theory the zener diode is used to regulate the voltage across a load when there are variations in the power supply voltage or load current. The zener regulator circuit is connected between the output of the bridge rectifier with filter and the load. The zener regulator consists of a current limiting resistor (R s) connected in series with the input voltage of power supply (Vin) and the zener diode is connected in parallel with the load. The zener diode is reverse biased. it is selected with a breakdown voltage (Vz) equal to the voltage desired across the load. The value of series resistor can be calculated using the formula Vin Vz = Rs Is As long as the (Vin) is greater than (Vz), the zener diode operates in the breakdown region and output voltage remains constant.

Line regulation if there is increase in input voltage (Vin), the current through zener diode increases and the load current remains constant. The extra voltage is dropped across (Rs). Therefore, output voltage remains constant. Thus, line regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a specified range of line voltage. Suppose, if the load voltage changes from Vo1 = 10V to Vo2 = 9.8V; when the line voltage changes from 230V to 210V, then the SR is given by
SR = Vo1 Vo2 = 10V 9.8V = 0.2V i.e. the source regulation SR = 2%

Results 1) For minimum line voltage the output voltage V o = _____. 2) For maximum line voltage the output voltage V o = _____.

Costing of the Project

The costing of components, used in this project is as follows

Sr. Nos. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

Item Silicon zener diode 5.6V & 9.1V 1N4001 rectifier diode Transformer 6-0-6V/500mA (step down) Resistors Analog voltmeter 0-300V Capacitors (all types) Sun mica board 10 x 12 Mains cord (9 feet) Nut bolts etc. Miscellaneous sockets, wire, dimmerstat etc.

Price

The prices given here are according to the bill-receipt obtained from the shopkeeper. The above said material was purchased on / / 2009. And the material was purchased from ________ market. Signature of the student

Bibliography

Electronics devices and circuits : By Allen Mottershead PHI publications, Prentice Hall. Principles of electronics : By V. K. Mehta S. Chand & Publications.