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B
CV CL CE F m R PV PL PT
This appendix derives the equations used for presenting the graphs for installed valve characteristics for linear and equal percentage valves, Figures 3-6 and 3-7. We will use the following symbols: Valve coefficient An index of the resistance to flow offered by the line and fittings, plus the internal friction of the pump. An equivalent index, analogous to CV, representing the combined effects of CV and CL Flow rate, gallons per minute Valve position, percent open Valve rangeability (R = 50 used for Figures 3-6 and 3-7). Ratio of minimum to maximum pressure drop across valve Valve pressure drop, psi Dynamic pressure drop loss due to pipe friction and internal pump friction Available system pressure drop, psi Fluid specific gravity.
An idealized model for a valve installation is shown in Figure B-1. Here the following assumptions are made: (1) The supply pressure (blocked discharge pressure of pump) and discharge pressure are constant. The difference, PT, represents a constant available system pressure drop. The pressure drop due to internal friction loss in the pump and the pressure drop due to friction loss through the pipe and fittings can be combined into a single pressure drop, PL. This pressure drop varies with flow. The pressure drop through the valve, PV, also varies with flowbecoming a minimum when the valve is wide open and reaching a maximum, equal to PT, when the valve is fully closed.
(2)
(3)
APPENDIX B 359
Figure B-1. Idealized Valve Installation For incompressible fluids, the basic flow equation through a valve is:
F = CV
P V .
(B-1)
Without loss of generality, we can assume = 1, so that it need not appear in further equations. (If were used in the derivation, in the end they would all cancel out.) The valve coefficient, CV, varies with valve position, from a minimum to a maximum value, CV max, when the valve is wide open. CV max is the value for CV normally tabulated in valve manufacturers literature. The relation between CV and valve position is called the manufactured characteristics of the valve, and varies by valve type:
CV =
m CV max . 100
(B-2)
CV =
m 1 100 R CV max .
(B-3)
(B-4)
P V min
For the maximum pressure drop,
F = max . CV max
(B-5)
Pv max = P T.
(B-6)
When the flow is maximum, the line and pump head loss is also maximum, hence
PL max = P T P V min
(B-7)
Let CL, an index similar to CV but related to the restriction to flow offered by the line, fittings and internal pump friction, be defined by the following equation:
Fmax = C L PL max
Note that CL is a constant.
(B-8)
Also, let CE, an index similar to CV but which combines the effect of CL and CV, be defined by the following equation:
Fmax = CE P T
Note that CE is a variable since CV varies with valve position.
(B-9)
F , P V = CV F PL = CL
2
F P T = CE
Since
P T = PL + P V,
APPENDIX B 361
then
F2 F2 F2 2 = 2 + 2 . C C C E L V
CE =
CLCV CL + CV
2 2
(B-10)
Now, introduce , the ratio between the minimum and maximum valve pressure drops:
=
Since PVmax = PT, then:
P V min P Vmax
(B-11)
=
=
1 .
(B-12)
362 APPENDIX B
CE =
(B-13)
(1 )
When the valve is wide open, C E max =
CV max .
CV CV max
Therefore
CE CE max
(1 )
CV + CV max
(B-14)
F Fmax
CE CE max
, CV CV max
(B-15)
(1 )
By substituting
CV + CV max
CV from Equation B-2 or B-3 for the appropriate type of valve, then C V max the fractional flow versus valve position for selected values of .
APPENDIX B 363