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APPENDIX

B
CV CL CE F m R PV PL PT

DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS FOR INSTALLED VALVE CHARACTERISTICS

This appendix derives the equations used for presenting the graphs for installed valve characteristics for linear and equal percentage valves, Figures 3-6 and 3-7. We will use the following symbols: Valve coefficient An index of the resistance to flow offered by the line and fittings, plus the internal friction of the pump. An equivalent index, analogous to CV, representing the combined effects of CV and CL Flow rate, gallons per minute Valve position, percent open Valve rangeability (R = 50 used for Figures 3-6 and 3-7). Ratio of minimum to maximum pressure drop across valve Valve pressure drop, psi Dynamic pressure drop loss due to pipe friction and internal pump friction Available system pressure drop, psi Fluid specific gravity.

An idealized model for a valve installation is shown in Figure B-1. Here the following assumptions are made: (1) The supply pressure (blocked discharge pressure of pump) and discharge pressure are constant. The difference, PT, represents a constant available system pressure drop. The pressure drop due to internal friction loss in the pump and the pressure drop due to friction loss through the pipe and fittings can be combined into a single pressure drop, PL. This pressure drop varies with flow. The pressure drop through the valve, PV, also varies with flowbecoming a minimum when the valve is wide open and reaching a maximum, equal to PT, when the valve is fully closed.

(2)

(3)

APPENDIX B 359

BASIC AND ADVANCED REGULATORY CONTROL: SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION

Figure B-1. Idealized Valve Installation For incompressible fluids, the basic flow equation through a valve is:

F = CV

P V .

(B-1)

Without loss of generality, we can assume = 1, so that it need not appear in further equations. (If were used in the derivation, in the end they would all cancel out.) The valve coefficient, CV, varies with valve position, from a minimum to a maximum value, CV max, when the valve is wide open. CV max is the value for CV normally tabulated in valve manufacturers literature. The relation between CV and valve position is called the manufactured characteristics of the valve, and varies by valve type:

For a linear valve:

CV =

m CV max . 100

(B-2)

For an equal percentage valve:

CV =

m 1 100 R CV max .

(B-3)

When the valve is wide open, the flow is given by

Fmax = CV max P V min ,


360 APPENDIX B

(B-4)

BASIC AND ADVANCED REGULATORY CONTROL: SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION

Hence, the minimum valve pressure drop is given by

P V min
For the maximum pressure drop,

F = max . CV max

(B-5)

Pv max = P T.

(B-6)

When the flow is maximum, the line and pump head loss is also maximum, hence

PL max = P T P V min

(B-7)

Let CL, an index similar to CV but related to the restriction to flow offered by the line, fittings and internal pump friction, be defined by the following equation:

Fmax = C L PL max
Note that CL is a constant.

(B-8)

Also, let CE, an index similar to CV but which combines the effect of CL and CV, be defined by the following equation:

Fmax = CE P T
Note that CE is a variable since CV varies with valve position.

(B-9)

At any non-zero valve position

F , P V = CV F PL = CL
2

F P T = CE
Since

P T = PL + P V,

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BASIC AND ADVANCED REGULATORY CONTROL: SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION

then

F2 F2 F2 2 = 2 + 2 . C C C E L V

Cancel the common F2 and solve for CE:

CE =

CLCV CL + CV
2 2

(B-10)

Now, introduce , the ratio between the minimum and maximum valve pressure drops:

=
Since PVmax = PT, then:

P V min P Vmax

(B-11)

=
=

P V min , P T P V min , PL max + P V min Fmax CV max


2 2

Fmax Fmax + CL CV max 1 . = 2 CV max + 1 CL


CL = CV max
Hence

1 .

(B-12)

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BASIC AND ADVANCED REGULATORY CONTROL: SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION

Combining Equations B-10 and B-12 results in:


CE =

CV CV max CV max CV + CV max


2

(B-13)

(1 )
When the valve is wide open, C E max =

CV max .
CV CV max

Therefore

CE CE max

(1 )

CV + CV max

(B-14)

then, by combining Equations B-9 and B-14:

F Fmax

CE CE max

, CV CV max

(B-15)

(1 )
By substituting

CV + CV max

CV from Equation B-2 or B-3 for the appropriate type of valve, then C V max the fractional flow versus valve position for selected values of .

APPENDIX B 363

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