EoST Assignment ISRO Bharath Y S

Elements of Satellite Technology

Assignment No: 1

Indian Space Research Organization

Bharath Y S Semester 1 ME, Aerospace Technology MIT, Chennai.

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Indian Space Research Organization

Introduction:
Indian Space Research Organization, also termed ISRO is the space agency of India. ISRO is one of the six largest space agencies in the world doing a lot of progress in both vehicle and satellite technology. ISRO's primary objective is to advance Space Technology and use its applications for national benefit. Established in 1969, ISRO superseded Indian National Committee for Space Research( INCOSPAR ). It is under the supervision of Department of Space, Government of India.It is headquartered at Bangalore. ISRO has achieved numerous milestones since its establishment. India's first satellite, Aryabhata, was built by ISRO and launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3, was launched in 1980. ISRO subsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for putting satellites into polar orbits and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launched numerous communications satellites, earth observation satellites, and, in 2008, Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to the Moon. Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for both Indian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostly provided by indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO successfully launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while future plans include indigenous development of GSLV, manned space missions, further lunar exploration, mars exploration and interplanetary probes. ISRO has several field installations as assets, and cooperates with the international community as a part of several bilateral and multilateral agreements.

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Current Chairman of ISRO is Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, a technocrat par excellence; a dynamic and result-oriented Manager with very fine personal and interpersonal qualities; an astute Institution-builder with a strategic vision; an able Administrator with a positive attitude; and an inspiring Leader credited with nurturing leadership skills in the younger generation. He has had a distinguished career adorned with accomplishments that spans beyond 40 years in space technology, applications and space program management.

History:
Indian space science dates back to the Vedas written around 2000 B.C. Though astronomy of that time was based on spiritual belief's, it became more scientific during the start of first century A.D.Indian astronomers recognized that the stars are the same as the Sun, only farther away which implies that the night sky is full of suns, and that when our Sun goes below the horizon, a thousand suns take its place. This is an incredible scientific leap in thought. The Earth was at this time considered to be spherical, and various astronomers attempted to measure its circumference. In the 5th century, a great Indian astronomer and mathematician named Aryabhatta advanced this heliocentric theory and also discussed his idea that the Sun is the source of moonlight. He also studied how to forecast eclipses (see photo below). His books and others were translated into Latin in the 13th century, and profoundly influenced European mathematicians and astronomers. Several Indian scientists of the 6th century also were the first to advance the idea of gravity. They noticed that a special force keeps objects stuck to the earth, and hypothesized that the same force might be responsible for holding heavenly bodies in their place. The idea pre-dates Newton's conception of gravity by about 1100 years.

Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the activities of scientist S. K. Mitra who conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in 1920's Calcutta. Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific

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principles applicable in space sciences. However, it was the period after 1945 which saw important developments being made in coordinated space research in India. Organised space research in India was spearheaded by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai founder of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabadand Homi Bhabha, who had played a role in the establishment of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation, high altitude and airborne testing of instruments, deep underground experimentation at the Kolar minesone of the deepest mining sites in the world and studies of the upper atmosphere. Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations. Government support became visible by 1950 when the Department of Atomic Energy was founded with Homi Bhabha as secretary. The Department of Atomic Energy provided funding for space research throughout India.Tests on the Earth's magnetic fieldstudied in India since the establishment of the observatory at Colaba in 1823and aspects of meteorology continued to yield valuable information and in 1954, Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Both these facilities enjoyed the technical support and scientific cooperation of the United States of America. Space research was further encouraged by the technically inclined prime minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru. In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch. Space activities in the country started during early 1960s with the scientific investigation of upper atmosphere and ionosphere over the magnetic equator that passes over Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram using small sounding rockets. Realizing the immense potential of space technology for national development, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful technology could play a meaningful role in national development and solving the problems of common man. Thus, Indian Space program born in the St Mary's Magdalene church beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for television

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broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications; remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources. The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.

The

Space

Commission

formulates

the

policies

and

oversees

the

implementation of the Indian space program to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programs through, mainly Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services. After the setting of Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) by the Department of Atomic Energy, work on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) began. From then, ISRO has grown into a big tree frequently sending Rockets and Satellites into the space.

Milestones:
ISRO is both good in Launch Vehicle Technology and Satellite Technology. Profoundly ISRO has developed its technology with help from Russia and USA. India made its first account in space by sending sounding rocket that was launched from TERLS( Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Site ) perform scientific experiments during the sub-orbital flight. in November 21, 1963.A Sounding Rocket is a research rocket that carries instruments to

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In

1965,

Space

Science

&

Technology

Centre

(SSTC)

was

established in Thumba. In 1967, Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station was set up at Ahmedabad to monitor the satellites of India. Feb 2, 1968 saw the dedication of TERLS to United Nations. The independence day, the Aug 15, 1969 saw the dawn of new era in Indian space Technology with the formation of Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO ) under the Department of Atomic Energy.

Space Commission and Department of Space was set up (June 1, 1972). ISRO was brought under DOS. From 1972-76, ISRO conducted experiments on Air-borne Remote sensing. After becoming a government organization in April 1, 1975, ISRO launched its first satellite, Aryabhata named after a famous Mathematician and Astronomer. The payload was 360kg and was used for scientific experiments. It was launched from Volgograd Launch Station, Russia. It had an Orbital life of around 17 years. From 1975-76, experiments were conducted on Satellite

Instructional Television.(SITE). In 1977, Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP) was carried out to enhance communication within India. In 1979, another satellite named Bhaskara-I was launched for the purpose of Remote Sensing. First experimental launch vehicle, SLV-3 with payload Rohini satellite was tested. The rocket could'nt place the satellite into orbit. But ISRO was partially successful. Rohini Technology Payload was launched again from Indian made

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launch vehicle SLV-3 which was second experimental rocket which was a successful mission( July 18, 1980 ). 1981 was a boom in ISRO with the launch fully developmental SLV3 rocket. RD-S1 an experimental satellite was sent into space from Sriharikota using SLV-3. In June 19,1981 APPLE, a Geostationary satellite was launched to experiment on communication and networking. In the later part of 1981,Bhaskara II for Remote Sensing from Volgograd Launch Station. The Insat-1A was launched by a Delta in April 1982 but was abandoned in September 1983 when its attitude control propellant was exhausted. In 1983, second developmental launch of SLV-3 with RD-S2 was launched which was very successful. When Insat-1B was launched on 30 August 1983, it almost suffered the same fate as the Insat-1A. It was not until mid-September that Ford and Indian controllers succeeded in deploying its solar array. By then it had been stationed at 74E in place of Insat-1A. Full operational capability was achieved in October 1983. It continued to operate into 1990 with all its 4375 two-way voice or equivalent circuits in use. Around 36,000 earth images were returned. In 1984, India and Russia jointly ventured into Indo-Soviet manned space mission. In 1987, Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle was test fired with SROSS-1 satellite onboard. But it was a failure as the rocket lacked thrust to place satellite into orbit. In 1988, Russia launched the first operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1A for India which was placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit from the launch site Baikanur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan. In 1990, INSAT-1D was launched with expanded battery and propellant capacities. In 1991, Second operational Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1B from Kazakhstan launch site. In 1992, INSAT-2A, an indigenously build satellite was place into orbit. Also SROSS-C was placed into orbit by ASLV.

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In 1993, first developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E failed to place the satellite into orbit. But INSAT-2B was launched from French Guyana. In 1994, ISRO successfully launched PSLV with IRS-P2 onboard into polar synchronous orbit. Also fourth developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C2 was done perfectly. In 1995, IRS-1C and INSAT-2C were placed into orbit for remote sensing and telecommunication purposes respectively. In 1996 and 1997, PSLV rockets were used to place IRS-P3 and IRS-1D into orbit. In 1999, PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT along with korean satellite KITSAT-3 and German satellite DLR-TUBSAT into orbit from Sriharikota. INSAT-2E was launched into space by Arian from French Guyana. Also Arian placed INSAT-3B into space in 2000. In 2001, ISRO launched PSLV-C3 with satellites TES, BIRD and PROBA and placed them into correct orbits. In 2002, PSLV-C4 placed KALPANA-1 satellite into orbit. The satellite was named after Indian born American Astronaut Dr. Kalpana Chawla. The satellite is exclusively for meteorological purposes. Ariane launched INSAT-3C and INSAT-3A and INSAT-3E into space in 2002 and 2003 respectively. In 2003, ISRO used PSLV-C5 to place RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) from Sriharikota. Also GSLV-D2 placed GSAT-2 into orbit which is a heavy payload. From 2004 to 2013, a lot of satellites both Indian and non-Indian were launched using PSLV and GSLV. Some of the Indian satellites were also launched by Ariane.

Launch Vehicles:
ISRO through lot of experiments and research has created a series of launch vehicles. Launch vehicle technology of ISRO was proved by SLV-3 which proved India its capability. It was a solid propellant rocket which can carry 40kg of payload.

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Next success was from ASLV, an Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle that can place 150kg payload into orbit of 400km circular orbit. The strap-on stage consisted of two identical 1m diameter solid propellant motors. The success story continued with the addition of PSLV rockets that had very high launch success. Out of 24 PSLV missions, 23 were successful. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit. The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 23 continuously successful flights of PSLV, till July 2013 . With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan-mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II ,is capable of placing INSATII class of satellites (2000 2,500 kg) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of 3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with four liquid (L40) strap-ons. Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage. The vehicle develops a lift off thrust of 6573 kN. The first flight of GSLV took place from SHAR on April 18, 2001 by launching 1540 kg GSAT-1. It was followed by six more launches , GSLV-D2 on May 8, 2003 (GSAT-2 1825 kg), GSLV-F01 on September 20, 2004 (EDUSAT 1950 kg), GSLVF02 on July 10, 2006, GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 (INSAT-4CR 2130 kg), GSLV-D3 on April 15, 2010 and GSLV-F06 on December 25, 2010.

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The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multimission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits. GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. First stage comprises two identical S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that are strapped on to the second stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryo stage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cu m. Realisation of GSLV Mk-III will help ISRO to put heavier satellites into orbit.

Satellites:
For the past four decades, ISRO has launched 70 satellites for various scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-toHome services, meteorological observations, telemedicine, tele-education, disaster warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and scientific studies of the space. ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, and Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISRO has launched many Experimental Satellites which are generally small comparing to INSAT or IRS, Space Missions to explore the space and Navigation Satellite to provide accurate position information service to users. The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later.

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INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 10 are in service (INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR,GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10) The system with a total of 168 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With eleven satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management. Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) IRNSS is an independent regional navigation satellite system being developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary, which is its primary service area. IRNSS will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) and is expected to provide a position accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service area. GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN): GAGAN is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional boundaries. The first GAGAN navigation payload was flown on GSAT-8 which was launched on May 21, 2011 and the second on GSAT-10 launched on Sep 29, 2012. ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the

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experimental purposes. This experiment include Remote Sensing, Atm ospheric Studies,

Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc. ANUSAT is one of the satellites launched in this category.
ANUSAT (Anna University Satellite) is the first satellite built by an Indian University under the over all guidance of ISRO and will demonstrate the technologies related to message store and forward operations. Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for atmospheric experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.

Chandrayaan-1:
Chandrayaan-1, India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The spacecraft was orbiting around the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carries 11 scientific instruments built in India, USA, UK, Germany, Sweden and Bulgaria. After the successful completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit has been raised to 200 km during May 2009. Chandrayaan-1, Indias first mission to Moon, was launched with the prime objective of finding traces of water on the lunar surface besides mapping minerals and chemicals on the Moon. Towards this, a host of sophisticated instruments were included in Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, like Moon Impact Probe (MIP) and HyperSpectral Imager (HySI) from ISRO as well as Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) through NASA to collect relevant data from the lunar surface. During the mission, excellent quality of data from all these instruments has been obtained. While M3 has covered nearly 97% of the lunar surface,

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some of the other instruments have covered more than 90%. A path-breaking finding has evolved recently from the detailed analysis of the data obtained from M3, which has clearly indicated the presence of water molecules on the lunar surface extending from lunar poles to about 60 deg. Latitude. Hydroxyl, a molecule consisting of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom, was also found in the lunar soil. The confirmation of water molecules and hydroxyl molecule in the moon's polar regions raises new questions about its origin and its effect on the mineralogy of the moon. M3 measures the intensity of reflected sunlight from the lunar surface at infrared wavelengths, splitting the spectral colours of the lunar surface into small enough bits revealing finer details of the lunar surface composition. This enabled identification of the presence of various minerals on the lunar surface that have characteristic spectral signature at specific wavelengths. Since reflection of sunlight occurs near the moons surface, such studies provide information on the mineral composition of the top crust of a few millimeters of the lunar surface. The Indian instrument HySI, that covers the wavelength region 0.4 to 0.9 micron, also provided additional data in this regard that helped in better understanding of moons mineral composition. The findings from M3 onboard Chandrayaan-1 clearly shows a marked signature in the infrared region of 2.7 to 3.2 micron in the absorption spectrum, which provided a clear indication of the presence of hydroxyl and water molecules. The scientific team, after detailed analysis, has come to the conclusion that there are traces of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on the surface of the moon closer to the polar region. It is also concluded that they are in the form of a thin layer embedded in rocks and chemical compounds on the surface of the moon and the quantity is also extremely small of the order of about 700 ppm. These molecules could have come from the impact of comets or radiation from the sun. But most probable source could be low energy hydrogen carried by solar wind impacting on the minerals on lunar surface. This in turn forms OH or H2O molecules by deriving the oxygen from metal oxide. Following these findings, the scientific team revisited the data from NASAs Deep Impact Mission launched in 2005 which carried an instrument similar to M3. Deep Impact Probe observed the moon during the period June 2 and 9, 2009. This, along with some laboratory tests carried out from samples brought from Apollo missions, has confirmed that the signature is genuine and there is a thin layer of

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surface mineral which contains traces of hydroxyl and water molecules. The M3 observations are further strengthened by results obtained from the analysis of archived data of lunar observation in 1999 by another NASA Mission, Cassini, on its way to Saturn. This data set also revealed clear signatures of both OH and H2O absorption features on the lunar surface. The analysis of the huge volume of M3 data was carried out by a joint team of scientists from US and India. The lead role was taken up by Dr.Carle Pieters, Principal Investigator from Brown University, USA and Prof. J N Goswami, Principal Scientist, Chandrayaan-1 from Physical Research Laboratory of India`s Department of Space.

Ground Facilities:
India has established a strong infrastructure for executing its space program. They include facilities for the development of satellites and launch vehicles and their testing; launch infrastructure for sounding rockets and satellite launch vehicles; telemetry, tracking and command network; data reception and processing systems for remote sensing. A number of academic and research institutions as well as industries participate in the Indian Space Programme. Several Indian industries have the expertise to undertake sophisticated jobs required for space systems. SDSC SHAR has the necessary infrastructure for launching satellite into low earth orbit, polar orbit and geostationary transfer orbit. The launch complexes provide complete support for vehicle assembly, fuelling, checkout and launch operations. Apart from these, it has facilities for launching sounding rockets meant for studying the earth's atmosphere. First Launch Pad The individual stages of PSLV or GSLV, their subsystems and the spacecraft are prepared and checked out in separate facilities before they are sent to launch pad for integration A-76-meter tall mobile service tower (MST) facilitates the vertical integration of the vehicle. The foldable working platforms of MST provide access to the vehicle at various elevations. A massive launch pedestal, made up of steel plates, acts as the base on which the vehicle is integrated.

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The spacecraft is integrated to the vehicle in a clean room, set up inside the MST. However, in the case of GSLV, the spacecraft is interfaced with the payload adopter and then encapsulated in the heat shield in the preparation facility itself. The encapsulated assembly is moved to the launch pad for integrating with the 3rd stage of GSLV. The umbilical tower houses the feed lines for liquid propellants and high-pressure gases, checkout cables, and chilled air duct for supplying cool air to the satellite and equipment bay.Second Launch Pad: In order to provide redundant facilities for launching the operational PSLVs and GSLVs and also to have quick turn around time for launch, an additional launch pad with associated facilities was constructed. It was designed to accommodate, both the present PSLVs and GSLVs, and also the future launch vehicle configurations such as GSLV-MkIII. As per the integrate, transfer and launch (ITL) concept,based on which the new launch pad and the associated facilities are designed, the entire vehicle is assembled and checked-out on a mobile pedestal in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and then moved in vertical position to the launch pad on a roll track. Other facilities include, Solid Stage Assembly Building (SSAB) connected to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) by a rail track, Technical Complex-2 (TC2), Spacecraft Preparation Facility, Range Instrumentation facilities comprising tracking, telemetry and tele-command systems. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) provides mission support to low-earth orbit satellites as well as launch vehicle missions. ISTRAC has its headquarters and a multi-mission Spacecraft Control Centre at Bangalore. It has a network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Sriharikota, Port Blair and Thiruvananthapuram in India besides stations at Mauritius, Bearslake (Russia), Brunei and Biak (Indonesia). ISTRAC activities are organized into network operations, network augmentation, mission operation and spacecraft health monitoring, communications and computers and control centre facilities and development projects. Programme planning and reliability groups support ISTRAC activities. The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN), commissioned during the year 2008, at Byalalu village near Bangalore forms the Ground segment for providing

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deep space support for India's prestigious and first Lunar mission, the Chandrayaan1.The technical facilities in IDSN include a 32 metre Deep Space Antenna, an 18 meter Antenna Terminal, an 11 metre Antenna Terminal, Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) and a Technical Services complex. The IDSN is the first of its kind project in the country that provides ISRO the capability to handle deep space missions of India and also provides cross support to other deep space missions of external space agencies because of its interoperable features and state-of-the-art capabilities. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is responsible for remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management. NRSC has archived a wealth of satellite images from Indian and foreign satellites since 1983. NRSC has its data reception facility at Shadnagar, 65 km from Hyderabad city. The station has four state of the art antenna systems for data reception and archival. The Satellite data processing chain has a user friendly web mechanism to enable users to order data of their requirement. It can facilitate to acquire data pertaining to any part of the globe on user request.

The Aerial facility has two Beechcraft aircraft to acquire data utilizing various sensors like Aerial cameras, Laser instrument, Synthetic aperture radar and Magnetometer. The aerial facility has carried out number of studies for mapping and infrastructure planning for towns and cities, Cadastral surveys, canal alignment for interlinking of rivers, Digital elevation model (DEM) applications , Mineral targeting etc., It has also carried out international projects in Maldives & Emirates of Dubai. The Decision Support Centre (DSC) is a single window information provider on major natural disasters like Floods, Agricultural Drought, Forest fires, Cyclones, Earthquakes and Landslides. It provides near real time information to State

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and Central government for relief, rehabilitation and planning. The DSC also supports International Charter on Space and Major Disasters and Sentinel Asia. Under this, critical support was extended to Myanmar during Nargis(2008) Cyclone; Indonesian floods(2008) and China earthquake (2008). NRSC also has very sophisticated infrastructure for analysis of satellite data: state-of-art Digital image processing and GIS Lab. Remote sensing data are being used to

map/monitor/survey/manage various natural resources of the country under National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) programs. Funded by various user ministries and ISRO/DOS, these programmes have been generating valuable spatial data assets and information solutions. Several areas of application such as Agriculture, Soil, Bio-resources and Environment, Ocean Resources, Water Resources, Rural Development, Urban Development, and Disaster Management etc., which are of direct relevance to the nation are executed by ISRO/DOS centers like National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Space Application Centre (SAC), Regional Remote Sensing Centers (RRSCs), North Eastern - Space Application Centre (NE - SAC) and State Remote Sensing Centers and State/Central Agencies. These centers have sophisticated computer facilities for image analysis and GIS to cater to the users needs and participate actively in areas like disaster management, software development, agro-climatic planning, national drinking water mission, national resources census, large scale mapping, etc, besides taking up projects for various ministries and departments.

Future Missions:
ISRO has planned a lot of missions for the future. Some of which are are follows. Some of the forthcoming satellites are as follows: ASTROSAT: The ASTROSAT project is aimed at design, development, fabrication and launch of an astronomical observatory for studies of cosmic sources. ASTROSAT is envisaged to be a National Observatory which will be available for

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astronomical observations to any researcher in India. Although most of the observation time will be for the use of Indian researchers, a part of the ASTROSAT observation time will also be made available to International astronomical community on a competitive basis. ASTROSAT is planned to be launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The life of the satellite has been configured for a minimum period of 5 years. GSAT Series: 6 GSAT satellites for communication purposes are to be placed into orbits . Some of the launch vehicles planned are as follows: Mars Orbiter Mission is planned to be launched by PSLV-C25 during October 2013 from Sriharikota. GSLV-MKIII is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits. Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD): As a first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the hypersonic flight experiment (HEX). The Integrated Technical Review (ITR) of RLV-TD by the National Review Committee in October 2012 has concluded that launch of RLV-TD HEX-01 mission in September 2013 is feasible.

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Pre Project activities of Human Space Flight Mission Program: The program is proposed to be implemented in defined phases. Currently, the pre project activities are progressing with a focus on the development of critical technologies for subsystems such as Crew Module (CM), Environmental control and Life Support System (ECLSS), Crew Escape System, etc. A study for undertaking human space flight to carry human beings to low earth orbit and ensure their safe return has been made by the department. The department has initiated pre-project activities to study technical and managerial issues related to undertaking manned mission with an aim to build and demonstrate the countrys capability. The program envisages the development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying 2 or 3 crew members to about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return. The objective of Human Spaceflight Program is to undertake a human spaceflight mission to carry a crew of two to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and return them safely to a predefined destination on earth.

Space Science Missions

Mars Orbiter Mission: Mars Orbiter Mission is ISROs first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with a spacecraft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission is Indias next challenging technological mission out of the Earths gravitational field. The major demands will be critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary driving technological objective of the mission is to design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to reach Mars (Martian transfer Trajectory), then to orbit around Mars (Mars Orbit Insertion) which will take about nine months time. Yet another technological challenge is to realize related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million km. The polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV will be used to inject the spacecraft from SDSC, SHAR in the 250 X 23000 km orbit with an inclination of 17.864 degree. As the minimum energy transfer opportunity from Earth to Mars occurs once in 26 months, the opportunity in 2013 demands a cumulative incremental velocity of 2.592 km/sec. This satellite will also carry compact science experiments, totaling a mass

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of 15 kg, as listed in the table below : PayloadPrimary Objective Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP)Escape

processes of Mars upper atmosphere through Deuterium/HydrogenMethane Sensor for MARS (MSM)Detect presence of MethaneMartian Exospheric Composition Explorer (MENCA)Study the neutral composition of the Martian upper atmosphereMARS Colour Camera (MCC)Optical imagingTIR imaging spectrometer (TIS)Map surface composition and mineralogy Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II): SRE-2 Project was formed with the main objective of realizing a fully recoverable capsule and to provide a platform to conduct micro-gravity experiments. SRE capsule has four major hardware, namely, Aero Thermo-structure (ATS), Spacecraft platform, deceleration and floatation system and payloads. The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched onboard PSLV. Chandrayaan-2: Chandrayaan-2 will be an Indo-Russian Mission. It is an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon. ISROs capability to soft-land on the lunar surface will be demonstrated with this mission. Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Both the modules are interfaced mechanically by an inter module adapter. The Orbiter Craft with payloads onboard will orbit around the moon and perform the objectives of remote sensing the moon. The payloads on the orbiter will conduct mineralogical and elemental studies of the Moons surface. The Lander Craft with scientific payloads will soft land on the lunar surface at a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Payloads for Lander are under finalization. The Rover is released by the Lander Craft and has the mission objective of performing

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mobility activities on low gravity and vacuum of Moon surface with Semi-Autonomous navigation and hazard avoidance capability. The Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) payloads onboard Rover would perform elemental analysis of the lunar surface near the landing site. Aditya-1: Aditya-1 is a scientific mission designed to study solar corona. The major scientific objectives of the proposed space solar coronagraph are to achieve a fundamental understanding of the physical processes that (a) Heat the solar corona (b) Accelerate the Solar Wind, and (c) Produce Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The proposed design of the coronagraph instrument is aimed to understand High Frequency Intensity Oscillations(~1Hz), Dynamics of Coronal Loops with High Cadence, Magnetic Field Topology and CMEs close to the Solar Disk. Aditya-1 is planned to be launched by PSLV into 800 km polar orbit. It will carry an internally occulted solar coronagraph of mass 130 kg. The 20 cm coronagraph, having a Field of View of corona from 1.05 R to 3.0 R, uses an off axis parabolic mirror. The payload will have three CCD detectors system with a capability of simultaneous imaging in 6374 , 5303 and in 5800 for continuum/broadband.

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