Professional Documents
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Chapter Objectives
Understand and discuss Historical Perspective: Need for Fiber
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The Modern Communication Systems: Microwave Communication System (Including Mobilphone System) Satellite Communication System Fiber Optic Communication System
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Up to the end of the 18th century, human used mirrors, fire beacons, smoke signals, signaling lamps, flags, and other semaphore devices to convey a single piece of information, The idea was extended further, following a suggestion of Claude Chappe in 1792, to transmit mechanically coded messages over long distances (~100 km) by the use of intermediate relay stations. The first such optical telegraph was put in service between Paris and Lille (~ 200 km apart) in July 1794. By 1830, the network had expanded throughout Europe. The effective bit rate of such systems: B < 1 b/s
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INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Need for Fiber-Optic Communications 1830s - electrical communications - Morse code (B~10b/s). Used of intermediate relay stations allowed communication over long distances (~1000 km) 1866 - transatlantic telegraph cable 1876 - The invention of the telephone
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+ SEA-ME-WE 3 or South-East Asia - Middle East - Western Europe 3; 39,000 km long; completed: 2000 + WDM-SDH Technology + The cable system itself has two fibre pairs, each carrying 48 wavelengths of 10 Gbit/s, total capacity of 0.96 Tbit/s=960 Gbit/s
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+ To carry telephone, internet, multimedia and various broadband data applications. + 18,800 kilometres long; total capacity of 1.28 Tbit/s. + Dense wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Need for Fiber-Optic Communications
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Water spike
2000s
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Need for Fiber-Optic Communications 1970, fiber losses < 20 dB/km in the wavelength region near 1 m. GaAs LD were demonstrated. The simultaneous availability of compact optical sources and a low-loss optical fibers led to a worldwide effort for developing FOCS.
The progress has indeed been rapid as evident from an increase in the bit rate by a factor of 100,000 over a period of less than 25 years.
Transmission distances have also increased from 10 to 10,000 km over the same time period. As a result, the bit ratedistance product of modern lightwave systems can exceed by a factor of 107 compared with the first-generation lightwave systems.
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Evolution of Lightwave Systems The first generation operated near 0.8 m and used GaAs semiconductor lasers, 1980 in commercial. B~45 Mb/s; repeater spacings of up to 10 km;
The second generation was in the early 1980s; multimode B<100 Mb/s; 1981 demonstrated at 2 Gb/s over 44 km of single-mode fiber. 1987 in Commercial, B~1.7 Gb/s, repeater spacing of about 50 km. Howerver, the fiber losses~0.5 dB/km in 1.3 m;
The third-generation operated at 1.55 m. 1990 in commercial, used dispersion-shifted fibers and lasers oscillating in a single longitudinal mode; B~2.5 Gb/s-10Gb/s; Using electronic repeaters spaced apart typically by 6070 km;
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Evolution of Lightwave Systems The fourth generation used optical amplification for increasing the repeater spacing and of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for enhancing the bit rate before and after 1992; bit rate of 10Tb/s by 2001. The fifth generation was concerned with extending the wavelength range over which a DWDM system can operate simultaneously (S/C/L band). The Raman amplification technique can be used for signals in all three wavelength bands.
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BASIC CONCEPTS
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BASIC CONCEPTS
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BASIC CONCEPTS
Channel Multiplexing
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BASIC CONCEPTS
Modulation Formats
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BASIC CONCEPTS
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BASIC CONCEPTS
Modulation Formats In the case of analog modulation: AM, FM and PM The same modulation techniques: ASK, FSK and PSK depending on whether the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier wave is shifted between the two levels of a binary digital signal The simplest technique consists of simply changing the signal power between two levels, one of which is set to zero: onoff keying (OOK) (ASK) to reflect the onoff nature of the resulting optical signal. Most digital lightwave systems employ OOK in combination with PCM.
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Optical communication systems use high carrier frequencies (200 THz). Microwave systems use smaller carrier frequency (20 GHz).
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Optical Fibers as a Communication Channel o Most lightwave systems use optical fibers as the communication channel because silica fibers can transmit
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Loss (dB/km)
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0.5 0.1 Rayleigh scattering Infrared absorption
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1.0 1.2
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1.6 1.8
Wavelength (mm)
C-band: supports early EDFA C+L-band: support for EDFAs of today Raman amplifiers can be used over all bands - new (medium loss) bands are now applicable (as S & U bands) New fibers can reduce loss at E & S bands (however, EDFA does not work here & Raman gain small) 11/26/2012
Four-wave mixing (FWM) Stimulated Raman & Brillouin scattering (SRS,SBS) Cross-phase & self-phase modulation (SPM,XPM)
Polarization fluctuations
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1. Enormous Bandwidths. 2. Low transmission loss . 3. Immunity to cross talk 4. Electrical Isolation 5. Small size and weight 6. Signal security 7. Flexibility 8. Low cost and availability 9. Reliability The lightwave technology, together with microelectronics, is believed to be a major factor in the information age.
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5.
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Project Structure
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Laser Spectrum
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