Electric Power Systems Research 76 (2006) 200208

A new method for measurement of harmonic groups in power systems using wavelet analysis in the IEC standard framework
Julio Barros , Ram on I. Diego
Department of Electronics and Computers, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain Received 23 December 2004; received in revised form 20 April 2005; accepted 12 June 2005 Available online 2 September 2005

Abstract The paper presents a new method based on the wavelet-packet transform for the analysis of harmonic groups in power systems, compatible with the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission. The paper studies the performance of the new method in the analysis of harmonic groups and the spectral leakage associated with the presence of interharmonic components, synchronized and non-synchronized with the fundamental component, and also due to the loss of synchronization between the sampling window width and the fundamental frequency. Finally, the results obtained in the application of this method to different test waveforms are compared with the results obtained using the IEC method. 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Harmonic distortion; Power quality; Wavelets

1. Introduction Since the beginning of the distribution of electricity, the harmonic distortion has been one of the most widely studied disturbances in voltage and current waveforms. The study of the effect of the harmonic distortion has lead to the development of standards to limit its magnitude in order to prevent damage on equipment and on the power system itself. The interest both, in the development of measurement methods and in the study of the levels of harmonic distortion in distribution networks, has prompted interest in other aspects of power quality to arrive at the present situation. IEEE standard 519-1992 [1] and IEC standard 61000-4-7 [2] are the main international standards for measurement and analysis of harmonics in power systems. In these standards the Fourier analysis is proposed as the signal-processing tool to obtain the harmonic components in voltage and current waveforms. At present, two main factors affect the harmonic distortion in power supply systems: rst, the growing use of non-linear loads that are increasing the level of harmonic distortion up

Corresponding author. E-mail address: barrosj@unican.es (J. Barros).

to near to the limits dened in the standards, and second, the increasing use of non-synchronously pulsating loads with the fundamental power system frequency produce interharmonic components that are covering the spectra with new frequency components. These new frequency components are not accurately computed using the current processing methods. To take into account the changing situation, the IEC has dened a new method for harmonic and interharmonic analysis in the second edition of standard IEC 61000-4-7. The main contribution of this standard is the denition of the harmonic and interharmonic groups and sub-groups where different frequency components are computed as single magnitudes in order to have a more accurate representation than the one utilized up to now using single harmonic components. The standard proposes the use of the Fourier analysis as the processing tool for the reference instrument for harmonic and interharmonic analysis, but the standard itself states that the use of the Fourier analysis does not preclude the application of other analysis principles. Other processing tools have been proposed in the literature for the analysis of harmonics. Kalman lters can be used for measurement and tracking of power system harmonics [3,4]. The correct application of this method requires

0378-7796/$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2005.06.004

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previous knowledge of the system in order to model the system as accurately as possible. The Kalman lter produces as outputs the magnitude and phase angle of the harmonic components previously included in the model of the system. All the harmonic components present in the signal under analysis and not included in the model of the system are not computed and are included in the noise of the system. Wavelet analysis has also been proposed for the analysis of harmonics in power systems [5,6] and is referred in standard IEC 61000-4-7 as an alternative processing tool to the Fourier analysis. Contrary to the discrete wavelet transform that produces non-uniform output frequency bands, the wavelet-packet transform (WPT) decomposes a waveform into uniform frequency bands. Using an adequate selection of the sampling frequency and the adequate wavelet decomposition tree, these output frequency bands can be made compatible with the harmonic groups dened in IEC 610004-7, as will be shown in Section 3 of this paper. The purpose of this paper is to propose an algorithm based on the use of the wavelet-packet transform compatible with the IEC standard. The paper studies the performance of the new method in the analysis of harmonics and compares the results obtained in the application of this method to different test waveforms with the results obtained using the IEC method.

Fig. 1. Illustration of the harmonic group as dened in the IEC standard.

hatched area of Fig. 1) in a 50 Hz system is given by Eq. (1): G2 g,n C2 = k5 + 2

4 i=4 2 Ck +i + 2 Ck +5 2

(1)

where Ck is the amplitude of the Fourier component of order k.

3. Wavelet-packet-based algorithm proposed The use of the WPT permits the decomposition of a power system waveform into uniform frequency bands. With the adequate selection of the sampling frequency and the wavelet decomposition tree, the harmonic frequencies can be selected to be in the center of each band in order to avoid the spectral leakage associated with the imperfect frequency response of the lter bank employed. The selection of the wavelet function is another important issue to reduce the level of distortion in each output band. Wavelet functions with a large number of coefcients generally present lower levels of spectral leakage. The algorithm proposed in this paper uses the Vaidyanathan with 24 coefcients as the wavelet function [7] and the lter bank with ve levels of decomposition shown in Fig. 2, where HP and LP are, respectively, the high pass and low pass decomposition lters used in the implementation of the algorithm. The sampling frequency selected is 1.6 kHz and the sampling window width is 10 cycles of the fundamental frequency (200 ms in a 50-Hz system). The output of the lter bank is divided into thirty two uniform bands of 25-Hz width (coefcients d1 (n) to d32 (n) in Fig. 2). To make this decomposition compatible with the harmonic group concept dened in (1), the outputs of the lter bank are grouped to produce 15 output bands, with each harmonic frequency component (both odd and even harmonics) in the center of each band and with a uniform 50-Hz interval as depicted in Fig. 2. Higher sampling frequencies can be selected to extend the range of harmonic groups computed in the input signals. The extension of the sampling frequency implies the use of a different wavelet decomposition tree to obtain the same output frequency bands, compatible with the harmonic groups dened by the IEC. Thus, doubling the sampling frequency

2. IEC standard 61000-4-7 This standard denes the instrumentation for the measurement of harmonic currents and voltages in actual supply systems. The standard proposes the use of rectangular windows of 10 cycles width in a 50 Hz power supply system, using synchronous sampling, and the use of the DFT to calculate the Fourier coefcients of each frequency component of the voltage or current waveforms. The main denitions related to the measurement of harmonics are the following: Harmonic frequency (fn ): frequency which is an integer multiple of the power supply (fundamental) frequency f1 (fn = n f1 ). Harmonic order (n): ratio of a harmonic frequency to the power-supply frequency. In connection with the analysis using the DFT, the harmonic order n is given by n = k/N (k is the number of the Fourier component and N is the number of fundamental periods in the sampling window). rms value of a harmonic component (Gn ): rms value of one of the components having a harmonic frequency in the analysis of a non-sinusoidal waveform. rms value of a harmonic group (Gg,n ): square root of the sum of the squares of the rms value of a harmonic and the spectral components adjacent to it within the time window, thus summing the energy contents of the neighboring lines with that of the harmonic itself. The resulting harmonic group of order n (corresponding to the center line in the

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4. Measurement of harmonics and spectral leakage In order to evaluate the performance of the method proposed in the measurement of harmonics, Table 1 shows the rms value of each of the grouped output frequency bands of Fig. 2 when a 1 p.u. single tone at fundamental frequency and at odd harmonic frequencies from 3rd to 15th order are introduced as the input signal. The rms value of each grouped output frequency band (coefcients d1 (n) to d15 (n)) is obtained using the square root of the mean square of the coefcients of the two sub-bands included in each band, using the method proposed in [5]. As can be seen from the results reported in Table 1, the spectral leakage is higher in the output sub-bands at the center of the decomposition tree, coefcients d7 (n) and d9 (n), respectively. To accurately characterize the frequency response of the lter bank selected and to compare the performance of the method proposed with the IEC method, a single tone of 1 p.u. in a range from 1 to 800 Hz, in steps of 1 Hz, has been introduced as the input signal in Fig. 2 and has been used to compute the harmonic groups from 1st to 15th order using the IEC method. Fig. 3a and b shows, respectively, the results obtained using both methods. As can be seen in Fig. 3a, the frequency response of each sub-band is different and depends on the type of decomposition tree and the type and the sequence of lters (LP or HP) through which the input signal goes. On the other hand, the frequency response of each harmonic group is the same using the IEC method, therefore, it is necessary to compare the frequency characteristics of each group separately to assess the performance of both methods. As an example, Fig. 4 represents the frequency response of the rst order harmonic group using both methods. When the tone is in the range from 25 to 75 Hz that is inside the rst order harmonic group, the results obtained using the IEC method have no error when the tone is synchronous with the window width used that is when the frequency of the tone is a multiple of 5 Hz. Otherwise, the error in the estimation

Fig. 2. Wavelet-packet decomposition tree and grouping of output bands compatible with the harmonic groups dened by the IEC.

to 3.2 kHz, one additional level must be added to the wavelet decomposition tree of Fig. 2 and double the number of harmonic groups (up to 30th order) that could be computed in the input signal. The use of the WPT method proposed in this paper directly computes all the frequency components included into uniform frequency bands that correspond to the harmonic groups of the signal as dened by the IEC. Using the WPT method the single line harmonic components of the signal cannot be obtained.

Table 1 rms values of the output bands of the wavelet decomposition tree when a 1 p.u. single tone at odd harmonic frequencies is used as the input signal 50 Hz d1 (n): 2575 Hz d2 (n): 75125 Hz d3 (n): 125175 Hz d4 (n): 175225 Hz d5 (n): 225275 Hz d6 (n): 275325 Hz d7 (n): 325375 Hz d8 (n): 375425 Hz d9 (n): 425475 Hz d10 (n): 475525 Hz d11 (n): 525575 Hz d12 (n): 575625 Hz d13 (n): 625675 Hz d14 (n): 675725 Hz d15 (n): 725775 Hz 0.9916 0.0579 0.0205 0.0098 0.0080 0.0047 0.0025 0.0029 0.0031 0.0022 0.0017 0.0017 0.0015 0.0013 0.0014 150 Hz 0.0541 0.0843 0.9876 0.0703 0.0881 0.0181 0.0090 0.0099 0.1050 0.0070 0.0054 0.0053 0.0046 0.0041 0.0043 250 Hz 0.0277 0.0300 0.0792 0.0806 0.9880 0.0814 0.0263 0.0225 0.0237 0.0147 0.0103 0.0096 0.0082 0.0072 0.0077 350 Hz 0.0176 0.0179 0.0207 0.0258 0.0393 0.0935 0.9318 0.0895 0.3315 0.0234 0.0178 0.0159 0.0131 0.0113 0.0118 450 Hz 0.0117 0.0117 0.0130 0.0146 0.0189 0.0304 0.3253 0.0896 0.9346 0.0854 0.0369 0.0283 0.0209 0.0174 0.0177 550 Hz 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0088 0.0117 0.0122 0.0074 0.0225 0.0360 0.0858 0.9861 0.0948 0.0825 0.0293 0.0279 650 Hz 0.0043 0.0042 0.0046 0.0048 0.0060 0.0063 0.0040 0.0099 0.0136 0.0184 0.0833 0.0782 0.9875 0.0831 0.0536 750 Hz 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0019 0.0020 0.0013 0.0029 0.0039 0.0048 0.0071 0.1060 0.0217 0.0505 0.9915

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Fig. 3. Frequency characteristics: (a) WPT method and (b) IEC method.

of the harmonic group is higher using the IEC method than the one obtained using the WPT method. If the frequency of the tone is outside the frequency range of the rst order harmonic group, the spectral leakage is null using the IEC method, when the tone is again synchronous with the window width, but the error is higher than the one obtained using the WPT algorithm when the frequency tone is desynchronized with the window width. The results obtained from the comparison of the other harmonic groups are similar, except in the case of the harmonic groups at the center of the decomposition tree, where the performance of the wavelet method is worse than that obtained using the IEC method. The use of lters with better roll-off characteristics or the use of scaling factors to compensate the distortion introduced by the lter bank could improve the performance of the WPT method proposed [810]. The spectral leakage can also be produced when there is an error in synchronizing the fundamental power system frequency and the time window used in the measurement system. According to IEC 61000-4-7, the maximum permissible desynchronization error for a harmonic measurement instrument is 0.03% and this requirement should be fullled for measurement within a range of at least 5% of the nominal system frequency. The loss of synchronisation should be indicated by the instrument and the data so acquired should be agged. In order to specify the performance of the WPT method proposed in the case of failure of synchronization, as is required in standard 61000-4-7, Fig. 5 represents the error in percentage, in the determination of the magnitude of the fundamental component and harmonics of third and fth order, when the IEC and the WPT methods are applied to a 1 p.u. single tone in a range form 49.5 to 50.5 Hz (5% of the nominal system frequency and the frequency range variation accepted in the European standards). As can be seen from the results reported in Fig. 5, the spectral leakage produced

Fig. 4. Frequency response of the rst order harmonic group using the IEC method and the WPT method.

Fig. 5. Error in the magnitude of fundamental, third and fth order harmonic groups in the case of synchronization error using the IEC method and the WPT method.

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using the IEC method is a function of the magnitude of the synchronization error and of the harmonic order, whereas the error in the determination of the magnitude of the fundamental and harmonic components of third and fth order using the WPT method is in all cases 0%, showing that this method is insensitive to the uctuations of the power system frequency in the range studied.

5. Comparative study of the WPT and the IEC methods In this section a comparative study of the performance of the two methods, the WPT method and the IEC method, is done using different test waveforms. Firstly, the two methods are compared using stationary signals with different harmonic components and secondly, the comparative study is done using non-stationary signals and interharmonic components synchronized and non-synchronized with the fundamental component. 5.1. Comparative study using stationary signals In order to do this study, we have used the daily mean magnitude of the harmonic distortion measured in our low voltage distribution system as the test signal, which is represented in Table 2 under column input signal. Table 2 reports the results obtained using this signal as the input signal in both, the WPT method and the IEC method. The spectral leakage caused by the ltering characteristics of the WPT gives very large errors, while the IEC method gives the exact values. After different simulations we have veried that the spectral leakage produced using the WPT method is mainly due to the fundamental component. The spectral leakage produced by the rest of the harmonic components in the neighboring harmonic groups is very small

due to their small magnitude. To compensate the effect of the fundamental component in the spectral leakage we propose the following two-stage process: a rst stage where the fundamental component is estimated and a second stage where the fundamental component is ltered out in the input signal and the WPT method is applied to the resultant signal to compute the rest of the harmonic components. The results obtained using this two-stage process are reported in Table 2, under column ltering + WPT. As can be seen in Table 2, the errors in the estimation of the harmonic groups from 2nd to 15th order are very small and they are within the accepted range for a harmonics measurement instrument. 5.2. Comparative study using uctuating harmonics and interharmonic components In this section a comparative study of the performance of the two methods is done using different test waveforms proposed in standard IEC 61000-4-7. The precision in the determination of the magnitude of the harmonic components using both methods is compared with the total rms value of each test waveform calculated over 10 cycles of the fundamental frequency. The following case studies are considered: Examples 1 and 2 study the case of uctuating harmonics. In Example 1, a large harmonic current uctuation is considered, whereas Example 2 considers the case of a harmonic current controlled by the zero-crossing multicycle method. Examples 35 study two possible interharmonic producing conditions in a power system: the case of a communication signal connected to the power system with a frequency non-integer multiple of the fundamental frequency not-coexisting and coexisting with different harmonic components (Examples 3 and 4) and the case of a voltage harmonic with a sinusoidal voltage modulation, as produced by an electronic motor drive with a varying torque (Example 5).

Table 2 Magnitude of the 15 harmonic groups obtained using the IEC and the WPT methods for a stationary signal corresponding to daily mean magnitude of the harmonic distortion measured in our low voltage distribution system Harmonic group Input signal V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 230 0 1.15 0 6.21 0 2.53 0 0.69 0 0.46 0 0 0 0 % 100 0 0.50 0 2.70 0 1.10 0 0.30 0 0.20 0 0 0 0 IEC method V 230 0 1.15 0 6.21 0 2.53 0 0.69 0 0.46 0 0 0 0 % 100 0 0.50 0 2.70 0 1.10 0 0.30 0 0.20 0 0 0 0 WPT method V 228.0705 13.0247 4.5445 1.8192 6.2541 1.3703 2.5929 0.9832 1.0917 0.6742 0.7095 0.5538 0.4642 0.4084 0.4306 % 99.1611 5.6629 1.9759 0.7910 2.7192 0.5958 1.1273 0.4275 0.4746 0.2931 0.3085 0.2408 0.2018 0.1776 0.1872 Filtering + WPT V 0.2900 0.3392 1.2955 0.5116 6.1241 0.3541 2.5441 0.3165 0.5084 0.1759 0.4839 0.1676 0.1268 0.1038 0.1076 % 0.1261 0.1475 0.5632 0.2224 2.6626 0.1539 1.1061 0.1376 0.2211 0.0765 0.2104 0.0729 0.0551 0.0451 0.0468

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Fig. 6. Large fth harmonic current uctuation.

Fig. 8. Waveform of third harmonic current controlled by zero-crossing multicycle method.

shows the results obtained in the measurement of the 15 harmonic groups in the current waveform using the IEC and the WPT methods. The magnitude in the estimation of the fth order harmonic group using the IEC method is 2.34 A, with an error of 1.14%. On the other hand, the estimation obtained using the WPT method is 2.3267 A. In this case, the error is 1.70%, slightly higher than the error obtained with the IEC method but in the range acceptable for a measurement instrument. The spectral leakage in the rest of harmonic groups is similar using both methods. Example 2. Fig. 8 shows the typical waveform of a third harmonic current produced by a microwave appliance. The average power is controlled by the zero-crossing multicycle method with, in this case, a repetition rate of 5 Hz and a dutycycle of 50%. The total rms current calculated over 0.2 s is 0.707 A. Fig. 9 shows the corresponding spectrum obtained using the IEC method. The magnitude of harmonic groups from 1st to 15th order calculated using the IEC and the WPT methods is reported in Table 3. Using the IEC method the estimation of rms value of the third harmonic group is 0.6925 A, with an error of 2.05%.

Fig. 7. Spectral components of the waveform of Fig. 6 using the IEC method.

Example 1. Fig. 6 shows the case of rms fth harmonic current uctuating from 3.536 to 0.7071 A and Fig. 7 shows the corresponding spectrum using the IEC method. The change in the magnitude of the current occurs after 21.25 periods of the fth harmonic. The total rms value of the time function calculated over a time interval of 0.2 s is 2.367 A. Table 3

Table 3 rms values of the 15 harmonic groups using the IEC and the WPT methods for the test waveforms of Examples 15 Harmonic group order Example 1 WPT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0.0763 0.0863 0.1806 0.2718 2.3267 0.2646 0.1116 0.0803 0.0645 0.0489 0.0397 0.0401 0.0365 0.0352 0.0350 IEC 0.0629 0.0753 0.1094 0.2357 2.3400 0.2353 0.1079 0.0717 0.0555 0.0469 0.0410 0.0368 0.0344 0.0331 0.0320 Example 2 WPT 0.0537 0.0831 0.6913 0.0713 0.0731 0.0183 0.0090 0.0099 0.0105 0.0071 0.0054 0.0053 0.0046 0.0040 0.0040 IEC 0.0531 0.0957 0.6925 0.0753 0.0294 0.0177 0.0123 0.0094 0.0076 0.0064 0.0056 0.0051 0.0047 0.0044 0.0043 Example 3 WPT 0.2490 0.2562 0.2931 0.4477 1.4916 9.6415 0.4606 0.2825 0.2977 0.4143 0.0975 0.0876 0.0737 0.0624 0.0637 IEC 0.2320 0.2689 0.3514 0.5568 1.7360 9.5459 0.8376 0.4560 0.3262 0.2614 0.2235 0.1997 0.1844 0.1748 0.1695 Example 4 WPT 1.3902 1.8836 14.1416 20.9453 11.8734 1.2804 0.5668 0.4960 0.4969 0.3434 0.2619 0.2510 0.2332 0.1997 0.2118 IEC 1.3830 1.9051 15.2743 20.2313 11.7455 0.6654 0.4098 0.2781 0.1987 0.1458 0.1081 0.0796 0.0569 0.0385 0.0239 Example 5 WPT 0.2506 0.2721 0.7862 0.7352 10.166 0.7235 0.2386 0.2036 0.2150 0.1338 0.0931 0.0869 0.0749 0.0657 0.0695 IEC 0.0388 0.0451 0.0616 0.1349 10.264 0.1227 0.0479 0.0302 0.0221 0.0176 0.0148 0.0130 0.0119 0.0111 0.0107

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Fig. 9. Spectral components of the waveform of Fig. 8 using the IEC method.

The estimation of the rms magnitude of the third harmonic group obtained using the WPT method is 0.6913 A. The error in this case is 2.22% once again slightly higher than that obtained using the IEC method but in a range acceptable for a measurement instrument. The spectral leakage in the rest of harmonic groups is similar using both methods. Example 3. In this case a communication signal of 9.8 V at 287 Hz is considered. Fig. 10 shows the waveform of this signal and Fig. 11 shows the corresponding spectrum obtained using the IEC method. Table 3 shows the magnitude of the harmonic groups obtained using the IEC and the WPT methods. The magnitude of the sixth harmonic group using the IEC method is 9.5459 and 9.6415 V using the WPT method. The error incurred using the IEC method is 2.59% whereas the error observed using the WPT method is only 1.61%. The spectral leakage in the rest of harmonic groups is higher using the IEC method than the WPT method. Example 4. Fig. 12 shows the waveform of a communication signal of an interharmonic of 178 Hz with constant magnitude of 23 V rms superimposed on a third and fth harmonic of 11.5 V each. Fig. 13 shows the corresponding spectrum obtained using the IEC method and Table 3 shows

Fig. 11. Spectral components of the waveform of Fig. 10 using the IEC method.

Fig. 12. Third and fth harmonic with a interharmonic of 23 V rms at 178 Hz.

the magnitude of the harmonic groups obtained using both methods. The magnitude of the fourth order harmonic group is 20.2313 V using the IEC method and 20.9453 V using the

Fig. 10. Interharmonic of 9.8 V at 287 Hz.

Fig. 13. Spectral components of the waveform of Fig. 12 using the IEC method.

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method. The error in the rst case is 1.6237% whereas that in the second case is 0.6534%, smaller than in the IEC method. As can be seen in Table 3, the spectral leakage in the rest of harmonic groups is higher using the WPT method than the IEC method.

6. Conclusion The paper proposes the use of a new algorithm based on the wavelet-packet transform, compatible with the IEC standard for the analysis of harmonic groups in power supply systems. The frequency characteristics and the spectral leakage of the proposed method have been studied and the performance of this new method has been compared with the results obtained using the IEC method for stationary and nonstationary signals with different harmonic and interharmonic components, showing the potential of the wavelet analysis as an alternative processing tool for harmonic analysis in power systems.

Fig. 14. Voltage signal of fth harmonic with 20% amplitude modulation.

WPT method. The error in the rst case is 12.04% whereas that in the second case is 8.93%, smaller than in the IEC method. As the interharmonic component is not synchronous with the fundamental component and this component is also near the border between the harmonic groups of fourth and third order, a considerable spread of energy is produced between these two groups, as can be seen in Table 3, being smaller in the third order harmonic group using the WPT method and similar in the rest of harmonic groups. Example 5. Fig. 14 shows a fth harmonic voltage which uctuates around the average rms value of 10 V with a sinusoidal modulation of 20% and 8.8 Hz. Fig. 15 shows the corresponding spectrum obtained using the IEC method. The total rms of the time function evaluated over 0.2 s is 10.10 V. The magnitude of the harmonic groups computed using the IEC and the WPT method are reported in Table 3. The modulation frequency of 8.8 Hz has been selected because it is the interharmonic frequency that presents the highest lighticker effect. The magnitude of the fth order harmonic group is 10.264 V using the IEC method and 10.166 V using the WPT

Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, Plan Nacional de I + D + I (20002003), for its support of this research project under grant DPI200308869-C02, of which the present paper is a part.

References
[1] IEEE Std-519-1992, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE, New York, USA, 1992. [2] International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 61000-4-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Part 47: Testing and Measurement TechniquesGeneral Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurement and Instrumentation, For Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002. [3] A.A. Girgis, W.B. Chang, E.B. Makram, A digital recursive measurement scheme for on-line tracking of power system harmonics, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 6 (1991) 11531160. [4] V.M. Moreno Saiz, J. Barros, Application of Kalman ltering for real-time tracking of power system harmonics, in: IEE Proceedings of the Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 144, 1997, pp. 1320. [5] V.L. Pham, K.P. Wong, Wavelet-transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms, in: IEE Proceedings of the Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 146, 1999, pp. 249254. [6] E.Y. Hamid, Z. Kawasaki, Wavelet packet transform for rms values and power measurements, IEEE Power Eng. Rev. 21 (2001) 4951. [7] M.V. Wickerhauser, Adapted Wavelet Analysis from Theory to Software, IEEE Press, 1994. [8] C. Parameswariah, M. Cox, Frequency characteristics of wavelets, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 17 (2002) 800804. [9] A. Domijan, A. Hari, T. Lin, On the selection of appropriate lter bank for power quality monitoring, Int. J. Power Energy Syst. 24 (2004) 4650 (PowerCon Special Issue).

Fig. 15. Spectral components of the waveform of Fig. 14 using the IEC method.

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J. Barros, R.I. Diego / Electric Power Systems Research 76 (2006) 200208 areas are real-time computer applications in power systems, harmonics and power quality. Ram on I. Diego was born in Santander (Spain) in 1973. He received the M.Sc. degree in physics in 2000 from the University of Cantabria, Spain. His main research interests include electromagnetic compatibility and digital signal processing applied to power quality. He is currently working on his Ph.D. thesis.

[10] V.L. Pham, K.P. Wong, Antidistortion method for wavelet transform lter banks and nonstationay power system waveform harmonic analysis, in: IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 148, 2001, pp. 117122. Julio Barros received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Physics in 1978 and 1989, respectively, both from the University of Cantabria, Spain. In 1989, he joined the Department of Electronics and Computers of the University of Cantabria, where he is currently an associate professor. His research