MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC

HA I CNG
I. TNH pH
1. Dung dch axit yu HA: pH = (log Ka + logCa) hoc pH = log( Ca) (1)
(Ca > 0,01M ; : in li ca axit)
2. Dung dch m (hn hp gm axit yu HA v mui NaA): pH = (log Ka + log
a
m
C
C
) (2)
3. Dung dch baz yu BOH: pH = 14 + (log Kb + logCb) (3)
II. TNH HIU SUT PHN NG TNG HP NH3 :
H% = 2 2
X
Y
M
M
(4) (X: hh ban u; Y: hh sau)
3
X
NH trong Y
Y
M
%V = ( - 1).100
M
(5)
- K: t l mol N2 v H2 l 1:3
HA V C
I. BI TON V CO2
1. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO2 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2
iu kin:


2
CO
n n
Cng thc:

-
2
CO
OH
n = n - n
(6)
2. Tnh lng kt ta khi hp th ht lng CO2 vo dung dch cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2
iu kin:

2-
2
3
CO
CO
n n
Cng thc:
2- -
2
3
CO
CO OH
n = n - n
(7)
(Cn so snh
2-
3
CO
n
vi nCa v nBa tnh lng kt ta)
3. Tnh th tch CO2 cn hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc:
2
CO
n = n
(8) hoc 2 -
OH
CO
n = n - n
(9)
II. BI TON V NHM KM
1. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)
Cng thc:
OH
n = 3n
(10) hoc
3+
-
OH
Al
n = 4n - n
(11)
2. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo hn hp dung dch Al
3+
v H
+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu)

- +
min
OH H
n = 3n +n
(12)
3+

- +
max
OH H Al
n = 4n + n - n
(13)
3. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc: +
H
n = n
(14) hoc
2

+
H
AlO
n = 4n - 3n
(15)
4. Tnh lng HCl cn cho vo hn hp dung dch NaOH v Na[Al(OH)4] (hoc NaAlO2) thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu) Cng thc: +

+
-
H OH
n = n n
(16) hoc
2

+
+
H
AlO OH
n = 4n - 3n n
(17)
5. Tnh lng NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Zn
2+
thu c lng kt ta theo yu cu (Dng ny c 2 kt qu):

-
OH
n = 2n
(18) hoc

-
2+
OH
Zn
n = 4n - 2n
(19)
III. BI TON V HNO3
1. Kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d:
. .
KL KL spk spk
n i n i
(20)
- iKL=ha tr kim loi trong mui nitrat - isp kh: s e m N
+5
nhn vo (Vd: iNO=5-2=3)
- Nu c Fe d tc dng vi HNO3 th s to mui Fe
2+
, khng to mui Fe
3+
b. Tnh khi lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi HNO3 d (Sn phm khng c NH4NO3)
Cng thc: mMui = mKim loi + 62nsp kh . isp kh = mKim loi + 62( )
2 2 2
NO NO N O N
3n +n +8n +10n
(21)
-
-
3
NO
M = 62
c. Tnh lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi HNO3 d (Sn phm khng c NH4NO3)
mMui = ( )
hh spk spk
242
m +8 n .i
80
=
2 2 2
) 1 + +
]
hh NO NO N O N
242
m +8(3n +n 8n 10n
80
(22)
Lu : Nu kim loi l Cu th i mu thnh s 88
d. Tnh s mol HNO3 tham gia:

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
= n .(i +s N ) =
spk sp kh trongsp kh
n 4n +2n +12n +10n +10n
(23)
2. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O2 hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
+

3
HNO
R(NO3)n + SP Kh + H2O
mR= ( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m +8. n i
80
R
= ) 1 + +
] 2 2 4 3 2
hh NO NO N O NH NO N
M
m +8(n 3n 8n +8n +10n
80
R
(24)
IV. BI TON V H2SO4
1
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
1. Kim loi tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d
a. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat mMui =
96
m + n .i
KL spk spk
2
=
m + 96(3.n +n +4n )
KL S SO H S
2 2
(25)
a. Tnh lng kim loi tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d:
. .
KL KL spk spk
n i n i
(26)
b. Tnh s mol axit tham gia phn ng:
2

2 4 2 2
H SO S SO H S
i
sp kh
= n .( +s S )=
spk trongsp kh
n 4n +2n +5n (27)
2. Hn hp st v oxit st tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d
mMui =
400
160
_

,
2
2
H S
m + 8.6n +8.2n +8.8n
hh S SO
(28)
lu : S 160 thay v 80 l do 2Fe Fe2(SO4)3
3. Tnh khi lng kim loi ban u trong bi ton oxh 2 ln
R + O2 hn hp A (R d v oxit ca R)
2 4
+

dac
H SO
R(SO4)n + SP Kh + H2O
mR= ( )
.
hh spk spk
M
m +8. n i
80
R
= 6 10 ) 1 + +
] 2 2
hh SO S H S
M
m +8(2n n n
80
R
(29)
- n gin: nu l Fe: m
Fe
= 0,7m
hh
+ 5,6n
e trao i
; nu l Cu: m
Cu
= 0,8.m
hh
+ 6,4.n
e trao i
(30)
V. KIM LOI (R) TC DNG VI HCl, H2SO4 TO MUI V GII PHNG H2
tng (gim) khi lng dung dch phn ng ( m) s l:
2
KL H
m= m - m
(31)
Kim loi R (Ha tr x) tc dng vi axit thng: nR.x=2nH2 (32)
1. Kim loi + HCl Mui clorua + H2
2
clorua KLp H muoi
m =m +71.n
(33)
2. Kim loi + H2SO4 long Mui sunfat + H2
2
sunfat KLp H muoi
m =m +96.n
(34)
VI. MUI TC DNG VI AXIT: (C th chng minh cc CT bng phng php tng gim khi lng)
1. Mui cacbonat + ddHCl Mui clorua + CO2 + H2O
2
CO muoi clorua muoi cacbonat
m =m +(71-60).n
(35)
2. Mui cacbonat + H2SO4 long Mui sunfat + CO2 + H2O
2
CO muoi sunfat muoi cacbonat
m =m +(96-60)n
(36)
3. Mui sunfit + ddHCl Mui clorua + SO2 + H2O
2
SO muoi clorua muoi sunfit
m =m -(80-71)n
(37)
4. Mui sunfit + ddH2SO4 long Mui sunfat + SO2 + H2O
2
SO muoi sunfat muoi sunfit
m =m +(96-80)n
(38)
VII. OXIT TC DNG VI AXIT TO MUI + H2O:
c th xem phn ng l: [O]+ 2[H] H2O


2
O/ oxit O/ H O H
1
n = n = n
2
(39)
1. Oxit + ddH2SO4 long Mui sunfat + H2O
2 4
oxit H SO muoi sunfat
m =m +80n
(40)
2. Oxit + ddHCl Mui clorua + H2O
2
oxit H O oxit HCl muoi clorua
m =m +55n =m +27,5n
(41)
VIII. CC PHN NG NHIT LUYN
1. Oxit tc dng vi cht kh
TH 1. Oxit + CO : RxOy + yCO

xR + yCO2 (1) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.

Phn ng (1) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]oxit + CO

CO2
TH 2. Oxit + H2 : RxOy + yH2

xR + yH2O (2) R l nhng kim loi sau Al.

Phn ng (2) c th vit gn nh sau: [O]oxit + H2

H2O
TH 3. Oxit + Al (phn ng nhit nhm) : 3RxOy + 2yAl

3xR + yAl2O3 (3)

Phn ng (3) c th vit gn nh sau: 3[O]oxit + 2Al

Al2O3
C 3 trng hp c CT chung:
n = n = n = n =n
[O]/oxit CO H CO H O
2 2 2
m = m - m
R oxit [O]/oxit
(42)
2. Th tch kh thu c khi cho hn hp sn phm sau phn ng nhit nhm (Al + FexOy) tc dng vi HNO3:
( )
x y
spk
kh Al Fe O
i
n = [3n + 3x - 2y n ]
3
(43)
3. Tnh lng Ag sinh ra khi cho a(mol) Fe vo b(mol) AgNO3; ta so snh:
3a>b nAg =b 3a<b nAg =3a (44)
2
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HA HU C
1. Tnh s lin kt ca CxHyOzNtClm:

i i
2 + n .(x - 2) 2 + 2x + t - y - m
k = =
2 2
(n: s nguyn t; x: ha tr) (45)
k=0: ch c lk n k=1: 1 lk i = 1 vng k=2: 1 lk ba=2 lk i = 2 vng
2. Da vo phn ng chy:
S C =
2
CO
A
n
n
S H=
2
H O
A
2n
n
2 2
Ankan(Ancol) H O CO
n = n - n
2 2
Ankin CO H O
n = n - n
(46)
* Lu : A l CxHy hoc CxHyOz mch h, khi chy cho:
2 2
CO H O A
n - n = k.n
th A c s = (k+1)
3. Tnh s ng phn ca:
- Ancol no, n chc (CnH2n+1OH): 2
n-2
(1<n<6) (47)
- Anehit n chc, no (CnH2nO) : 2
n-3
(2<n<7) (48)
- Axit no n chc, mch h CnH2nO2 2
n 3
(2<n<7) (49)
- Este no, n chc (CnH2nO2): 2
n-2
(1<n<5) (50)
- Amin n chc, no (CnH2n+3N): 2
n-1
(1<n<5) (51)
- Ete n chc, no (CnH2n+2O): (n-1)(n-2) (2<n<5) (52)
- Xeton n chc, no (CnH2nO): (n-2)(n-3) (3<n<7) (53)
4. S Trieste to bi glixerol v n axit bo n
2
(n+1) (54)
5. Tnh s n peptit ti a to bi x amino axit khc nhau x
n
(55)
6. Tnh s ete to bi n ancol n chc: n(n+1) (56)
7. S nhm este =
NaOH
este
n
n
(57)
8. Amino axit A c CTPT (NH2)x-R-(COOH)y
HCl
A
n
x =
n
NaOH
A
n
y =
n
(58)
3