BUCKLING OF COLUMN WHEN ONE END HINGED AND ONE END FIXED AIM: To final buckling load of column

using column test setup arrangement under one end hinged and one end fixed. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Column test, load indicator, specimen rod, two ends supported. EULERS COLUMN THEORY: As per Eulers equation for buckling load of long column based on bending stress, the effect of direct stress is neglected. This may be justified with the statement; the direct stress induced in a long column is negligible as compared to the bending stress. General Eulers equation 2 EI = ----------2 Crippling load E Youngs modulus I moment of inertia Actual length (varies with end conditions) THEORY:Eulers column theory deals with perfect columns only. I.e. columns with no imperfections. In practice, no column is perfect. Imperfections always exist in column and may manifest in anyone of the following ways 1. The column is not initially straight. It is curved initially. 2. The column material behavior may not be perfectly linear. The column is not slender. It may be short, thick column

ASSUMPTION: Initially the column is perfectly straight and the load applied is truly axial. The cross section of column is uniform throughout its length. The column material is perfectly elastic homogenous and isotropic and they Obeys Hooks law. The length of column is very large as compared to its cross-sectional dimensional and the failure occurs due to buckling load. PROCEDURE: Consider a column AB of length with one end fixed other end hinged. The column cannot be rotated because it is one end fixed end and other end hinged. It is positioned to have a complete supports. The load is gradually applied by rotating the loading wheel connected to load cell intern to the digital meter. The load indicator is connected with column test setup. The load indicator is viewed simultaneously from the display of digital load indicator. Now the column just starts buckling. Till the column deflection of column occurs as shown in fig. meanwhile applied load value approximately coincides with the theoretical value. MODEL CALCULATION : (ONE END FIXED AND OTHERS ENDS ARE HINGED) 162EI = ------------; [where =3 /4] 9 2 for stainless steel E = 2 105 N/mn2 I = ---- 54 mm4 where 5 mm is the dia of shaft. 64

 = 1000mm 22 2 105 54 = --------------------------------10002 9.81 64 = 10.97 Kg Eulers theoretical buckling load

Note: Similarly calculate for 4 mm & 6 mm Diameter rods BUCKLING OF COLUMNS: When one end is hinged and other ends fixed before loading. S. No. 1) 2) 3) Specimen Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Youngs modulus N/mm2 2 105 2 105 2 105 Length mm 1000 1000 1000 Dia in mm 4 5 6 Crippling load Kg 4.49 10.97 22.75

Loading column is stopped at crippling load. This load to known as buckling load of column.

TABLE OF READINGS & CALCULATION (ONLY FOR GUIDANCE) Hinged-Fixed Condition

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 Diameter,d 'mm' 4 4 4 4 Load 'Kg' 1 2 3 4 Load, P 'N' 9.81 19.62 29.43 39.24 Deflection, 'mm' 2 6 8 14 ( ) -4 -2 -6 14 Deflection/Loa d, / P 0.204 0.306 0.272 0.357 ( / P) 0.10 2 0.03 4 0.08 5 Ratio, [ ( /P)]/ [ ( )] 0.025 -0.017 0.014 Invers e 39.24 0 58.86 0 70.632

5 6 7 8 9

5 5 5 5 5

2 4 6 8 10

19.62 39.24 58.86 78.48 98.1

0 2 7 11 14

-2 -5 -4 -3 14

0.000 0.051 0.119 0.140 0.143

0.05 1 0.06 8 0.02 1 0.00 3 0.14 3

0.025 0.014 0.005 0.001 0.010

39.240 73.575 188.35 2 1177.2 00 98.100

10 11 12 13 14

6 6 6 6 6

4 8 12 16 20

39.24 78.48 117.72 156.96 196.2

0 2 6 9 11

-2 -4 -3 -2 11

0.000 0.025 0.051 0.05733945 0.05606524

0.02 5 0.02 5 0.00 6 0.00 1 0.05 6

0.013 0.006 0.002 -0.001 0.005

78.480 156.96 0 470.88 0 1569.6 00 196.20 0

GRAPHS:

RESULT: Thus the buckling load of column as found and compared with its theoretical value.

CALCULATION (ONLY FOR GUIDANCE): ()= 2-6= -4 ()= 6-8 = -2 Load p= 19.81 =9.81 N /P = Deflection /load = 2/9.81 = 0.204 (/P)= 0.204 0.306 = -0.102 (/P)= 0.308-0.272 = 0.034 (/P) -0.102 Ratio = -------- = ---------- = 0.025 () -4 1 1 Inverse= --------- = ----------- = 39.240 Ratio 0.025