The University of British Columbia

Departments of Civil Engineering

Route Surveying Slope Stakes

Instructor: A. Shahkarami

Civil 235 Plane Surveying

May 9, 2003 Civil 235 - Plane Surveying 1

Introduction

Centre-line layout is one of the first steps in constructing a road. The road is broken into stations. At each station, the location of the centre-line, shoulders and slope stakes are identified.

Picture taken from http://www.tpub.com/engbas/14-31.htm

May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Introduction
H.I. Grade Rod Ground Rod

Fill

Grade Centre-line Shoulder Side-slope Slope stake Side-hill section

Terminology

Grade Rod = H.I. elevation of the grade Ground Rod = reading of the rod at any point Cut/fill = Grade Rod Ground Rod
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Cut/Fill
1. Cut section
H.I. > Grade Elev. Ground rod > 0 Grade rod > 0

2. Fill section
H.I. > Grade Elev. Ground rod > 0 Grade rod > 0

H.I. < Grade Elev.

Ground rod > 0 Grade rod < 0

May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Cut-Fill Transition

May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Slope Stakes
(Side-hill section is where cross-section passes from cut to fill)
Shoulder Stake Centerline Stake

s
Road Grade w/2 d

Slope Stake

f
Natural Ground

Cut Section

Fill Section

w d = + cs 2
May 9, 2003 Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

w d = + fs 2
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Example Slope Stake

May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Example Slope Stake

H.I. = 241.90 m , grade elevation = 240.36 m rod reading on centerline = 2.65 m centerline elevation = 239.25 m grade rod = H.I. grade elevation = 241.90 240.36 = 1.54 m first trial at point 1: ground rod = 3.23

f1 = grade rod ground rod = 1.54 3.23 = -1.69 m

(the negative sign indicates a fill)

Slope stake distance from the centre-line, d1 : measured d1 = 6.2 m

3.5 + (1.69)(2) = 6.88 m

The rod must be moved farther from the centerline

May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Example Slope Stake

second trial at point 2: ground rod = 3.62 m f2 = 1.54 3.62 = -2.08 m d2 = 3.5 + (2.08)(2) = 7.66 m measured distance d2 = 8.2 m

The rod is out too far

Eventually, by trial, the rod is held at 3: ground rod = 3.40 fr = 1.54-3.40 = -1.86 m dr = 3.5 + (1.86)(2) = 7.22 m This distance agrees with the measured distance dr; hence, point 3 is the correct location for the slope stake. The notes for this slope stake will be:

f 1.86 7.22
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May 9, 2003

Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

Volume of Earthwork
Cross-sectional area is calculated from the cut/fill data.

A1

A = Ai
1. Average End Area Method
(exact for A1=A2)

A2
w/2

A3
w

A4

A1 + A2 V= l 2 l V = ( A1 + 4 Am + A2 ) 6

2. Prismoidal Method

(Am obtained by averaging the linear dimensions of the end section)

May 9, 2003 Civil 235 - Plane Surveying 10

Example Volume Calculation

For the following two stations, calculate the volume of earthwork using the Average End Area method and the Prismoidal method. width of the road-bed is 20 m and side-slope ratio is 1.5 to 1.

Station Station 1+00 Station 1+10

CrossCross-section L. C.L. R.

c 4.0 16.0 c 2.0 13.0

c 6.0 0 c3.0 0

c12.0 28.0 c8.0 22.0

6m 4m 16 m 28 m

12 m

4 6 6 + 12 18 12 6+4 28 A1 = 16 = 212 + 2 2 2 2
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Example Volume Calculation

Similarly, for station 1+10:

A2 = 103 m2

Volume from the Average End Area method:

212 + 103 V= 10 = 1575 m3 2

Station Station 1+00 Station 1+10 Midsection CrossCross-section L. C.L. R. Area Vol. A.E.A. Vol. Prism.

c 4.0 16.0 c 2.0 13.0 c3.0 14.5

c 6.0 0 c3.0 0 c 4.5 0

c12.0 28.0 c8.0 22.0 c10.0 25.0

212 103 154 1575 1551.7

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Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

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Cross-Section Data
Elevation Station 600+70.00 600+80.00 Ground 83.43 Grade 83.22 Left Slope S.
c 2.37 6.56

Left Shoulder S.
c1.07 3.0

C.L. Stake
c 0.21 0

Right Shoulder S.
f 0.85 3.0

Right Slope S.
f 1.0 4.50

2.37 m 83.22 m

1 1.5 1.07 m 0.85 m 3.56 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 1.50 m 1.0 m

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Civil 235 - Plane Surveying

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