i

MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................................. i
THUT NG VIT TT ....................................................................................................... iii
LI NI U ........................................................................................................................... 1
Chng 1 ................................................................................................................................... 4
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG GHP KNH THEO BC
SNG WDM ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng WDM ................................................................ 4
1.1.1 Nguyn l ghp knh ................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2 Cc thng s c bn ca thit b WDM ................................................................... 6
1.2 Cc thnh phn ca thit b WDM .............................................................................. 7
1.2.1 Si quang .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Thit b pht v thu WDM ........................................................................................ 9
1.2.3 B khuch i quang .............................................................................................. 10
1.3 Cc vn thit k h thng WDM ............................................................................ 12
1.3.1 Vn suy hao v qu cng sut quang ................................................................ 12
1.3.2 Vn tn sc ......................................................................................................... 13
1.3.3 Vn xuyn knh ................................................................................................. 14
1.3.4 Knh bc sng ITU-T Grid ................................................................................. 21
1.4 H thng truyn dn WDM ng trc khong cch ln ....................................... 26
1.4.1 Cc yu t thch thc thit k h thng ................................................................ 26
1.4.2 Mt s cng ngh p dng cho cc h thng WDM ng trc ......................... 29
1.5 Kt lun chng........................................................................................................... 34
Chng 2 ................................................................................................................................. 35
TN SC MODE PHN CC, NH HNG CA TN SC MODE PHN CC
LN H THNG THNG TIN QUANG TC CAO ................................................. 35
2.1 Tn sc MODE phn cc (PMD) trong si quang .................................................... 35
2.1.1 Cc mode phn cc ................................................................................................ 35
2.1.2 Bn cht vt l ca tn sc mode phn cc .......................................................... 36
2.1.3 c im, tnh cht tn sc mode phn cc trong h thng thng tin quang ..... 41
2.1.4 nh hng ca PMD trong h thng thng tin quang ........................................ 45
2.1.5 Phng php o tn sc PMD ............................................................................... 48
2.1.6 Kt qu m phng, o xc nh tn sc PMD ....................................................... 51
2.2 Nghin cu nh hng ca tn sc MODE phn cc v nhiu lin quan trong h
thng thng tin quang tc cao ...................................................................................... 56
2.2.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................................... 56
2.2.2 Thit lp h thng m phng nh hng ca PMD ............................................. 57
2.2.3 Kt qu m phng v so snh ................................................................................ 59
2.2.4 Kt qu o thc nghim ......................................................................................... 80
Chng 3 ................................................................................................................................. 94
H THNG THNG TIN CP QUANG BIN WDM ..................................................... 94
3.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................... 94
3.1.1 S pht trin ca thng tin cp quang bin ......................................................... 94
3.1.2 Mt s c im ca h thng cp quang bin .................................................... 97
3.2 Cc c tnh v cc thnh phn h thng cp quang bin WDM .......................... 101
3.2.1 Cc c tnh v phm cht h thng ................................................................... 101
ii
3.2.2 Thit b TTE ......................................................................................................... 105
3.2.3 B lp quang di bin (Optical Submarine Repeat-OSR) ............................... 108
3.2.4 Thit b r nhnh (BU) ........................................................................................ 109
3.2.5 Cp bin ............................................................................................................... 112
3.3 Nhng tin b cng ngh trong h thng cp quang bin ...................................... 114
3.3.1 Xu hng pht trin cc h thng cp quang bin ............................................. 114
3.3.2 Dung lng .......................................................................................................... 115
3.3.3 B khuch i quang ........................................................................................... 116
3.3.4 Nhng tin b cng ngh si quang i vi khong lp .................................... 119
3.3.5 Nhng tin b cng ngh i vi thit b u cui ............................................. 120
3.3.6 Th h thng tin cp quang bin 40 Gbit/s ......................................................... 121
3.4 Kt lun chng 3....................................................................................................... 121
Chng 4 ............................................................................................................................... 122
CC THIT B CA H THNG CP QUANG BIN WDM; MT S VN
TRONG THIT K H THNG CP QUANG BIN .................................................. 122
4.1 Cc thit b cp quang bin WDM ........................................................................... 122
4.1.1 Thit b ca Alcatel ............................................................................................... 122
4.1.2 Thit b ca TYCO ............................................................................................... 129
4.1.3 Thit b c a Fujitsu ............................................................................................ 136
4.1.4 Mt s h thng cp quang bin ......................................................................... 141
4.2 Mt s vn trong nghin cu xy dng tuyn truyn cp quang bin WDM . 147
4.2.1 Chn dung lng, cng ngh v cu hnh h thng .......................................... 147
4.2.2 La chn tuyn cp ............................................................................................. 153
4.2.3 La chn hng tuyn ........................................................................................ 154
4.2.4 Cc yu cu k thut cho h thng .................................................................... 157
4.3 Kt lun chng 4....................................................................................................... 164
TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................... 165
iii
THUT NG VIT TT
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexing Ghp knh xen r
APD Avalance Photodiode Photodiode thc
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission Bc x t pht c khuch i
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying Kha dch bin
AWG Array Wave Gating Cch t AWG
BBER Background Block Error Ratio T s khi li nghim trng
BER Bit Error Rate T s li bit
BPF Bandpass filter B lc bng thng
BOL Begin of life BOL Bt u i sng
BU Branching Unit B r nhnh
CD Chromatic Dispersion Tn sc
CIT Craft Interface Terminal
CWDM Course Wave Length Multiplexing Ghp knh theo bc sng th
DA Double Amour (cable) (cp) v gip kp
DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector Phn x phn b Bragg
DEMUX Demultiplexing Gii ghp knh
DFB Distributed Feedback Phn hi phn b
DFE Decisive Feeback Equalizer B cn bng hi tip quyt nh
DGD Decisive Group Delay tr nhm vi phn
DLS Digital Line Section Phn ng truyn s
DOP Degree of polarization phn cc
DRA Distributed Raman Amplifier B khuch i Raman phn b
DSF Dispersion Shift Fiber Si dch chuyn tn sc
DWDM Dense Wave Length Multiplexing Ghp knh bc sng mt cao
DXC Digital Cross Connect u cho s
E/O Electric-Optical Converter B bin i in-quang
EDFA Erbium-Dropped Fiber Amplifer Khuch i quang si c pha tp
Erbium
EOL End of life Kt thc i sng
FEC Forward Error Correction B sa li trc
FFD-BU Full Fiber Dro BU B r nhnh r ton si
FP Fabry Perot Fabry Perot
FSK Frequency Shift Keying Kha dch tn s
FWM Four-Wave Mixing Trn bn bc sng
GI Graded Index Ch s chit sut Gradien
iv
GVD Group Velocity Dispersion Tn sc vn tc nhm
IDF Inversion Dispersion Fiber Si tn sc o ngc
IP Internet Protoco; Giao thc Internet
ISI Intersymbol Interference Giao thoa gia cc k t
ITU International Telecommunication
Union
T chc vin thng quc t
LD Laser Diode La-de diode
LDV Link Design Value Gi tr thit k tuyn
LED Light Emitting Diode Diode pht quang
LME Line Monitoring Equipment Thit b kim tra ng truyn
LTE Line Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui ng truyn
LW Light Weight (cable) (cp) trng lng nh
LWP Light Weight Protected (cable) (cp) trng lng nh c bo v
MUX Multiplexing Ghp knh
MZ Mach-Zehnder Mach-Zehnder
NE Network Element Phn t mng
NRZ Non Return To Zero Khng tr v khng
O/E Optical-Electric Converter B bin i quang in
OADM Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer B ghp knh xen/r quang
ODXC Optical Digital Cross-Connect B u ni cho quang
OEIC Opto-Electronic Intergrated Circuit Mch tch hp quang in t
OSNR Optical Signal to Noise Ratio T l tn hiu trn nhiu quang
OSR Optical Submarine Repeater Trm lp quang di bin
PANDA Polarization-maintaining and
Absorption-reducing
Duy tr phn cc v gim hp th
PC Polarization Control B iu khin phn cc
PDCD Polarization Dependent Chromatic
Dispersion
Tn sc CD ph thuc phn cc
PDG Polarazation-Dependent Gain khuch i ph thuc phn cc
PDL Polarazation-Dependent Loss Suy hao ph thuc phn cc
PDV Polarazation Dispersion Vector Vector tn sc phn cc
PFE Power Feeding Equipment Thit b cp ngun
PHB Polarization Hole Buring Chy l phn cc
PM Polarazation Mode Mode phn cc
PMD Polarazation Mode Dispersion Tn sc mode phn cc
PMF Polarazation Maintaining Fiber Si duy tr phn cc
v
PRBS Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence Chui bit gi ngu nhin
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha
PSP Principle State of Polarazation Trng thi phn cc nguyn l
RDF Reverse Dispersion Fiber Si tn sc ngc
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RFSA Radio Frequency Spectrum Analizer My phn tch ph tn s v tuyn
RMS Root Mean Square Trung bnh bnh phng
ROV Remote Operation Vehicle My hot ng t xa
RX Receiver B thu
RZ Return to Zero Tr v khng
SA Single Armour (cable) (cp) v gip n
SBS Stimulated Brillouin Scaterring Tn x Raman kch thch
SDH Synchronuos Digital Hiararchy Phn cp s ng b
SESR Severely Error Second Ratio T s giy li nghim trng
SI Step Index Ch s chit sut phn bc
SLTE Submarine Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui tuyn cp bin
SM Single Mode n mode
SNR Signal to noise ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SOP State of polarization Trng thi phn cc
SPM Self-Phase Modulation iu ch t dch pha
SRS Stimulated Raman Scattering Tn x Raman kch thch
SSE System Surveillance Equipment Thit b gim st h thng
SWS Single Wavelength System H thng mt bc sng
TSE Terminal Stattion Equipment Thit b u cui trm cp
TTE Transmission Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui truyn dn
TX Transmiter B pht
VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface-emitting Laser Laser pht mt c hc theo chiu
ng
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexer Ghp knh theo bc sng
WDW-
BU
Wavelength Division Mulitplexing
Branching Unit
B r nhnh WDM
WGR Wavelength Grating Router B nh tuyn cch t dn sng
XPM Cross phase modulation iu ch pha cho

1

LI NI U

Vit Nam, t sau ch trng i mi, nghnh Vin thng c nhng bc
pht trin nhanh theo hng hin i p ng cho nhu cu pht trin kinh t v hi
nhp quc t. Mt c s h tng vin thng hin i c thit lp vi nhng h
thng truyn dn bng cp quang tri di t nc v vn ra th gii.
Cc h thng truyn dn quang vi cc u im vt tri v bng thng, c ly
v cht lng tr thnh mt trong nhng phng thc truyn dn ch yu trong
mng n b, ni ht, mng ng trc trong nc v quc t, cho php truyn dn cc
loi hnh dch v vin thng phong ph nh in thoi, data, Internet, Multimedia,..
Vi tin b trong cng ngh ny, ngay nay nng lc ca h thng truyn dn
quang l rt ln. K thut ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) cho php dung lng
truyn dn tng ln rt cao, hang Tbps. Cc h thng truyn dn quang WDM c
ng dng rng ri trong cc mng Metro cng nh cc mng ng trc. Vit Nam,
WDM c s dng trong truyn dn ng trc Bc-Nam vi dung lng 20
Gbps [1]. Hin nay d n cp quang bin ni a ang c k hoch trin khai xy
dng.
Cc h thng truyn dn quang s dng WDM ang c s dng rng ri
trong tuyn cp quang bin ng trc quc t. Trong nhng nm gn y, hng lot
tuyn cp quang bin quc t vi quy m ln c xy dng p ng nhu cu
ngy mt tng cao v dung lng truyn dn, c bit cho nhu cu kt ni Internet v
cc ng dng bng thng rng khc.
Vit Nam, mng li vin thng quc t bng cp quang thng qua hai tuyn
cp quang bin quc t cp b vo Vit Nam l TVH v Sea-We-3 v mt tuyn cp
quang t lin quc t l CSC. Bng 0.1 l tham s c bn ca hai tuyn ny.
2
Bng 0.1. Cp quang bin cp b Vit Nam
Thng s TVH SMW-3 CSC
im kt ni
Vit Nam (Vng
Tu), Hng
Kng, Thi Lan
Vit Nam (
Nng), 33 nc ,
u t Nht Bn
c
Vit Nam, Trung
Quc, Lo, Thi
Lan, Malaysia,
Singapore
Dung lng thit k 560 Mbps
2,3 Gbps x 8 x
2fp
2,5 Gbps
Nm a vo khai
thc
1996 1999 2000

Vi s pht trin c tnh bng n ca vic s dng Internet ti Vit Nam, c
bit l do ch trng khuyn khch trin khai cc dch v bng rng, nhu cu v dung
lng truyn dn quc t l rt ln. R rng, vi hai tuyn cp bin hin c l khng
p ng c nhu cu thng tin quc t xt v nhu cu dung lng, im kt ni, tnh
an ton ca mng li. Bi vy, vic tip tc nghin cu pht trin tuyn cp quang
bin hin i, dung dng cao v an ton kt ni Vit Nam vi th gii l iu ht
sc cn thit v cp bch.
Hin nay, Vit Nam ang tp trung nghin cu tuyn cp quang bin ni Vit
Nam vi Hng-Kng s dng cng ngh WDM c dung lng cao, hin i vi nhng
tnh nng k thut c hiu qu kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm.
Nhn chung, thng tin cp quang bin c xy dng v pht trin trn cc
thnh tu ca cng ngh thng tin quang, c bit l cc tuyn ng trc, khong cc
xa.
M hnh tng qut ca mt h thng thng tin cp quang bin c m t trn
hnh 0.1
3

Hnh 0.1 Cu hnh tng qut h thng thng tin cp quang bin
H thng cp quang bin bao gm cc thit b trm u cui c kt ni vi
nhau thng qua tuyn cp quang th di bin. Do khong cch gia cc thit b u
cui trong thng tin quang bin l rt xa (hng nghn km), nn tn hiu quang truyn
trong cp bin c chuyn tip nh cc trm lp c cp ngun t xa (cn gi l
tuyn cp quang bin c trm lp); ngoi ra, cn c cc tuyn cp quang bin khng c
trm lp (loi ny c khong cch khng qu 350 400 km), loi ny c thit k
truyn dn gia cc a im thng tin dc b bin (Festun).
Trong ti liu ny tp trung vo cc ni dung ch yu sau:
- Tm hiu tng quan v h thng thng tin ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.
- Tm hiu v h thng thng tin cp quang bin vi cng ngh WDM.
- Tm hiu mt s thit b chnh v thng tin quang ca cc hng cung cp ln
trn th gii.
- Tm hiu vic nghin cu h thng thng tin quang gia Vit Nam v Hng
Kng (HK).
Nhm mc ch gip sinh vin trong vic hc tp, khai thc v nghin cu cng
ngh thng tin cp quang bin c nhng kin thc c bn cng nh cc thng tin cn
thit v h thng thng thng tin cp quang bin.
4
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG GHP KNH
THEO BC SNG WDM

K thut ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) l mt phn c bn trong h thng
thng tin cp quang bin hin i.
Chng ny s nghin cu nguyn l ghp knh WDM, cc cng ngh hin i,
cc tiu chun k thut ang c ng dng trong h thng thng tin cp quang bin.
1.1 Nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng WDM
Trong cc h thng thng tin quang thng thng, lung tn hiu quang c
truyn theo mt hng trn si quang, v hng ngc li trn si th hai. H thng
nh vy gi l h thng n knh quang. nng cao dung lng truyn dn, hin nay
ang s dng ghp knh quang. H thng s dng k thut ny cng mt lc truyn
nhiu tn hiu quang trn cng mt si quang, nn gi l h thng thng si quang
nhiu knh. K thut WDM tn dng c ph hp ca Laser, pht huy kh nng s
dng bng tn rt ln ca si quang n mode. Phng thc ghp knh quang ph
bin hin nay l ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM-Wavelength Division
Multiplexing). ITU-T phn thnh hai loi:
- H thng ghp knh th (CWDM- Coarse Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) c knh rng hn 1000 GHz (>1000 GHz), s dng cc linh kin quang
gi r nh Laser c sai lch bc sng ln, b lc bng rng, v c th ng dng
ph hp vi h thng c nhu cu dung lng khng qu cao trong mng truyn ti
cng nh mng Metro.
- H thng ghp knh mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing), c bc sng knh hp hn 1000 GHz (<1000 GHz), ch tiu linh kin
quang i hi cao hn v thng c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn c
dung lng rt cao nh cc tuyn ng trc, cp bin quc t.
1.1.1 Nguyn l ghp knh
Trong cc tuyn thng tin quang im ni im (Point to Point) thng thng,
mi si quang s c mt ngun pht v mt b tch sng quang pha thu. Ngun
pht quang s mang tn hiu v ghp vo si quang xc nh ring bit; b tch sng
quang tng ng s nhn tn hiu t si ny. Nh vy, mun tng dung lng ca h
thng th phi s dng thm si quang.
K thut ghp knh WDM s cho php tng dung lng lng knh m khng
cn tng tc bt ng truyn v cng khng dng thm si quang. N thc hin
truyn cc lung quang vi cc bc sng khc nhau trn cng mt si quang. iu
ny thc hin c l do cc ngun pht quang c rng ph kh hp, cc h thng
5
thng tin thng thng ch s dng mt phn rt nh bng tn truyn dn ca mi si
quang.
Hnh 1.1 m t cc ca s truyn dn suy hao thp ca si quang nm cc
vng (ca s) 0.85 m, 1.3 m, 1.55 m.


Hnh 1.1 Cc vng bc sng (ca s) c suy hao nh cho php truyn
nhiu bc sng

V l thuyt, c th truyn mt dung lng khng l trn mt si quang t nhiu
ngun pht quang lm vic nhng bc sng cch nhau mt khong hp l. Ti u
thu, c th thc hin thu cc tn hiu quang ring bit nh qu trnh lc cc bc sng
khc nhau ny. Do c, mc suy hao thp vng bc sng 1,55 m nn vng ny
c dng rng ri trong ghp knh WDM.
Hnh 1.2 minh ha nguyn l c bn ca ghp v gii ghp knh WDM. Gi s
h thng thit b pha pht c cc ngun pht quang lm vic cc bc sng khc
nhau
1
,
2
, ,
n
. Cc tn hiu quang c pht ra cc bc sng khc nhau ny s
c ghp vo cng mt si quang nh mt b ghp knh quang (MUX). u thu,
cc b tch sng quang khc nhau s nhn li cc lung tn hiu vi cc cng sng
ring r ny sau khi qua b gii WDM (DEMUX).

Hnh 1.2 M t qu trnh ghp v gii ghp WDM

6
Hnh 1.3 m t h thng truyn dn ghp knh bc sng quang WDM theo hai
chiu.

Hnh 1.3 H thng ghp knh WDM im im

Vi phng n ny, cn phi s dng hai si quang thc hin h thng thng
tin hai chiu.
1.1.2 Cc thng s c bn ca thit b WDM
Cc thng s c bn m t c tnh ca cc b ghp gii ghp
(MUX/EMUX) hn hp l: suy hao xen, xuyn knh, rng knh. Cc k hiu I(
i
)
v O(
k
) tng ng l cc tn hiu c ghp ang c mt ng chung. K hiu
I
k
(
k
) l tn hiu u vo c bc sng
k
c ghp vo ca th k; k hiu O
i
(
i
) l
tn hiu c bc sng
i
c gii ghp v i ra ca th i. Di y, s xem xt
ba thng s c bn ca thit b WDM:
+ Suy hao xen:
Suy hao xen c xc nh l lng cng sut tn hao xy ra trong tuyn truyn
dn quang do trong tuyn c thm cc thit b ghp WDM. Suy hao ny gm: suy
hao do im ghp ni vi cc thit b WDM vi si quang v suy hao bi bn than cc
thit b ghp gy ra. V vy, trong thc t ngi thit k tuyn phi d tr vi dB cho
mi u.
Suy hao xen c din gii tng t nh suy hao i vi cc b ghp Couple
chung, nhng cn lu WDM l xt cho mt bc sng c trng:
- i vi thit b MUX:
7
( )
10log
( )
i
i
i i
O
L
I

= (1.1)
- i vi thit b DEMUX:
( )
10log
( )
i i
i
i
O
L
I

= (1.2)
Vi L
i
l suy hao ti bc sng
i
khi thit b c ghp xen vo tuyn truyn
dn. Cc tham s ny lun phi c cc nh ch to cho bit i vi tng knh quang
ca thit b.
+ Xuyn knh:
Xuyn knh m t mt lng tn hiu t knh ny b r (chuyn) sang knh
khc ln cn. Cc mc xuyn knh cho php nm di rt rng ty thuc vo trng
hp p dng, nhng nhn chung, phi m bo nh hn -30 dB trong mi trng hp.
Trong thc t lun tn ti mt mc xuyn knh no v iu ny lm suy gim cht
lng truyn dn ca h thng, Kh nng tch cc knh khc nhau c din gii
bng suy hao xuyn knh v c tnh bng dB:
( )
( ) 10log
( )
i k
i k
k
U
D
I

= (1.3)
Trong ( )
i k
U l lng tn hiu khng mong mun bc sng
k
do c r
tn hiu ca ra th i, m ng ra ch c tn hiu bc sng
i.
. Khi to ra cc sn
phm, cc nh ch to cng phi cho bit suy hao xuyn knh i vi tng knh ca
thit b.
Xuyn knh thng xut hin do cc nguyn nhn sau: do c tnh ca b lc
to ra thit b ghp knh khng hon thin; do ph ca cc ngun pht chng ln sang
nhau; do cc hiu ng phi tuyn, nht l i vi trng hp cng sut cc knh bc
sng ln.
+ rng knh:
rng knh l di sng dnh cho mi lnh m n nh ra cho tng ngun pht
quang ring. Nu ngun pht quang l cc ngun pht Diode Laser th cc rng
knh yu cu vo khong vi chc nm m bo khng b nhiu gia cc knh do s
khng n nh ca cc ngun pht gy ra. i vi ngun pht quang l Diode LED,
yu cu rng knh phi ln hn 10 n 20 ln, bi v rng ph ca loi ngun
ny rng hn. Nh vy, trnh nhiu do ph ngun pht, rng knh phi m bo
ln, ngha l n phi c xc nh ty theo loi ngun pht.
1.2 Cc thnh phn ca thit b WDM
Cc thnh phn thit b ca h thng thng tin quang WDM gm nhiu chng
loi nh sau:
Ngun pht quang v b thu quang;
8
Cp si quang;
Thit b ghp v gii ghp WDM;
Thit b ghp xen/r OADM;
B nh tuyn bc sng;
Thit b u ni cho quang;
B khuch i quang;
Cc thnh phn thit b ny c ch to da trn nhng thnh tu cng ngh
thng tin quang v ty theo c im c s ph hp khc nhau i vi cc h thng
thng tin quang WDM.
Ta s xem xt cc thit b ch yu vi nhng c im cng ngh mi nht ph
hp vi ng dng cho cc h thng thng tin quang WDM hin i.
1.2.1 Si quang
Chc nng chnh ca si quang l dn sng quang (nh sng) i xa vi mc suy
hao nh nht. Sng nh sng c truyn i trong si quang da trn nguyn l phn
x ton phn bn trong si quang. Si quang l mt si thy tinh gm hai lp (core v
cladding) c chit sut khc nhau. Hin nay s dng hai loi si chnh: si n mode
v si a mode. Si n mode c core nh hn v ch cho mt mode nh sng i qua.
Do , trung thc ca tn hiu tt hn trong mt khong cch truyn dn ln v
gim hn tn x mode. iu ny lm cho si n mode c dung lng bng thng ln
hn si a mode. Do c kh nng truyn ti thng tin cc ln v suy hao thp, nn si
quang n mode c s dng ch yu trong h thng thng tin ng di v dung
lng ln k c DWDM.
Vic thit k si quang n mode c pht trin my chc nm gn y.
Hin nay ITU-T xy dng ch tiu cho ba loi si quang n mode sau:
+ Si khng dch chuyn tn sc (NDSF: Non- Dispersion Shifted Fiber):
chun NDSF c ITU-T a ra trong G.652 (hay cn gi l si n mode chun)
c thit k s dng ca s th hai gn 1310 nm, vi tn sc mu gn nh bng
0 bc sng ny.
+ Si chuyn dch tn sc (DSF: Dispersion Shifted Fiber): chun DSF c
ITU-T a ra trong khuyn ngh G.653. y, im tn sc bng 0 c dch chuyn
n ca s c bc sng 1550 nm (bng C). ca s ny, si quang c suy hao thp
hn nhiu v ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca b khuch i quang si EDFA. Tuy
nhin, do nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn gn im dch chuyn 0 nn loi si ny
khng ph hp s dng cho DWDM.
+ Si dch chuyn tn sc khc 0 (NZ-DSF: Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted
Fiber): chun ca si NZ-DSF c ITU-T khuyn ngh trong G.655, loi ny c mc
tn sc thp vng 1550 nm, nhng khng v khng (NZ) nn c th khc phc cc
9
hiu ng phi tuyn nh hiu ng trn bn bc sng (FWM). Do loi si ny c
s dng cho DWDM.
Bng 1.1 gii thiu cc tham s ca si quang n mode theo khuyn ngh ca
ITU-T
Bng 1.1 Cc tham s ca si quang n mode (theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-
T G.652, G.653, G.654)

1.2.2 Thit b pht v thu WDM
Thit b pht v thu WDM c pht trin nh s dng cng ngh mng tch
hp quang in (OEIC: Optic-Electronic Intergrated Circuit), trn nn InP. y l cc
thit b pht v thu WDM c tch hp nguyn khi hot ng vng bc sng
1550 nm vi khong cch knh nh hn hay bng 1 nm. Mt khc, ngi ta to ra
c cc mch nh sng Plamar ch to bng cng ngh Silica-on-Silicon pht trin
cc b pht v thu lai ghp tch hp. Cc phn t ca mch tch hp quang in OEIC
l rt quan trng cho vic thc hin cng ngh h thng WDM.
10
- C nhiu phng thc to ra b pht WDM nguyn khi: (1) kt hp
u ra ca mt s ngun Laser bn dn DFB hoc DBR, c kh nng iu khin c
lp qua cc cch t Bragg, bng cc ng dn sng th ng. B khuch i s khuch
i cng sut ca tn hiu tng cng sut pht; (2) s dng cc ngun Laser pht
mt c hc theo chiu ng (VCSEL: Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) to
ra b pht WDM c gi thnh thp trong khi vic ghp mng Laser hai chiu lm tri
rng di bc sng; (3) t hp cch t vo trong hc Laser thc hin pht tn hiu
ti mt s bc sng. Cch t s dng loi nh tuyn cch t dn sng WGR.
- Cc b thu WDM nguyn khi thc hin ghp mng Photodiode vi b gii
ghp knh, s dng hai phng thc: (1) b gii ghp knh dng cch t lm Plamar
c ghp vi mng b tch sng quang; (2) b gii ghp knh dng WGR t hp
vi mng Photodiode.
1.2.3 B khuch i quang
1.2.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng
B khuch i quang dng b li cng sut tn hiu quang b suy hao do
truyn dn qua si quang, nhm tng khong cch ca tuyn truyn dn. Cc c
tnh ch yu cu b khuch i l khuch i, bng tn, cng sut ra cc i, di
ng, xuyn knh,
B khuch i quang gm hai loi chnh: (1) b khuch i quang Laser bn
dn; (2) b khuch i quang si. Hin nay ph bin dng loi si pha tp Erbium,
EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplification).
B khuch i EDFA l mt on si quang khong vi mt trong li c cy
cc ion Erbium Er
+
vi nng di 0.1%. Khi c mt ngun photon bm vo, cc
ion Er
+
ny s hp th cc photon v nh ra in t chuyn mc nng lng t mc
c bn E
1
ln mc kch thch E
2
. Do tn ti mt mc nng lng siu bn E
3
gia,
nn cc in t ny chuyn xung mc E
3
theo c ch phn r khng bc x. Sau 10
ns, in t c kch thch ny ri tr v mc c bn E
1
v pht x ra photon. Hin
tng bc x bnh thng c th l bc x t pht hoc bc x s xy ra mnh theo c
ch bc x kch thch, tc l s c mt ca cc photon mang nng lng bng vi nng
lng chuyn dch mc ca cc in t, s kch thch s pht x v to thm nhiu
photon ca chm sng. Nh vy, tn hiu c khuch i khi i qua si pha tp
Erbium.
Hnh 1.4 l s khi b EDFA, gm c: Coupler, si trn Erbium, Laser bm
v hai b ngn cch t hai u ca Erbium.
11

Hnh 1.4 S khi ca EDFA
Tn hiu qua si quang c ni qua b ngn cch loi cc nh sng phn x
t si vo. B ngn cch u ra ca EDFA ngn chn cc phn x t si ra. Ngun
sng Laser t b bm c ghp vo b EDFA v n s kch thch si Erbium trc
tip khuch i tn hiu quang i qua , bc sng 1550 nm.
1.2.3.2 Khuch i quang si EDFA trong h thng WDM
+ Cc ng dng ca EDFA:
C ba ng dng chnh ca EDFA l:
Khuch i cng sut (BA: Booster Amplifier): BA l b EDFA c cng
sut bo ha ln c s dng ngay sau ngun pht tng mc cng sut tn hiu.
Do mc cng sut ra ln nn yu cu v lc tp m l khng nghim ngt. Tuy nhin,
c th gy nn mt s hiu ng phi tuyn.
Tin khuch i PA (Pre-Amplifier): l b EDFA c mc tp m thp, c
t ngay trc u vo b thu tng nhy thu. c mc tp m thp, phi s
dng cc b lc quang bng hp.
Khuch i ng truyn LA (Line Amplifier): l b EDFA c mc tp m
thp, c s dng trn ng truyn quang tng chiu di khong lp.
+ Cc hn ch ca EDFA
Mt trong nhng hn ch ca EDFA i vi h thng WDM l ph khuch i
khng ng u, cc bc sng khc nhau s c khuch i vi cc h s khc
nhau. c bit l tn ti nh khuch i bc sng 1530 nm. Hn na, trong trng
hp trn tuyn c s dng b EDFA th s hnh thnh mt nh khuch i ti bc
sng 1558 nm. Nh vy, vi nhiu b EDFA lin tip c s dng trn tuyn, di
ph khuch i s b thu hp li (t 35 nm xung cn 10 nm).
cn bng h s khuch i ca EDFA c th s dng cc gii php sau:
- S dng b lc lm suy hao tn hiu ti nh khuch i (xung quang
bc sng 1553, 1558 nm).
- iu chnh mc cng sut ca cc bc sng ti u vo sao cho u thu
mc cng sut ca cc bc sng u nhau.
12
Mc d EDFA c rt nhiu trin vng v ng dng trong mng thng tin quang
hin nay, nhng vn cha p ng c ht cc yu cu v rng v phng ca
ph tn hiu. Ni chung, bng thng ca EDFA t c 35 nm trong bng C (t 1530
n 1570 nm). Vi s pht trin ca cng ngh WDM nn yu cu v rng bng
thng ngy cng ln. iu i hi phi c cc b EDFA c ph rng hn, s ra i
ca EDFA bng L (1585-1610 nm) khc phc ro cn v bng thng v m ra mt
ca s WDM mi.
Hnh 1.5 m t ph quang ti u ra ca mt tuyn thng tin quang DWDM
chiu di 4000 km s dng b EDFA kt hp bng tn C (55 knh bc sng) v L
(45 knh bc sng)

Hnh 1.5 Ph quang ti u ra tuyn WDM s dng cc b EDFA bng C+L

1.2.3.3 Cng sut pht ca b khuch i EDFA
Trong khi tng dung lng ca ng truyn gn lin vi vic tng bng thng
ca EDFA, th mt iu khc cng rt quan tm l phi m bo c cng sut pht
ca EDFA m bo t s SNR ca mi knh v tng c ly truyn dn (iu ny c
bit quan trng trong cc tuyn ng trc hoc cp bin). Cc h thng DWDM hin
nay c mc cng sut pht ca EDFA t ti 14 dBm (25 mW).

1.3 Cc vn thit k h thng WDM
Khi thit k h thng WDM phi gii quyt nhiu vn nhng tp trung ch
yu vo cc vn sau:
1.3.1 Vn suy hao v qu cng sut quang
Trong bt k mt h thng thng tin no, th vn quan trng l phi m bo
c t s SNR sao cho u thu c th thu c tn hiu vi mc BER cho php.
Trc y, khi cha c khuch i quang, suy hao tn hiu trn ng truyn dn (do
suy hao si quang, suy hao mi hn, suy hao u ni,) c b li thng qua vic s
13
dng cc trm lp in, qu trnh ny thc hin qu phc tp. Tuy nhin, khi khuch
i quang ra i, vic m bo qu cng sut cho h thng khng cn kh khn na,
m vn quan trng l vic b tr cc b khuch i quang sao cho hp l.
1.3.2 Vn tn sc
1.3.2.1 Cc dng tn sc
Bn cht ca tn sc l s gin rng ph ca xung tn hiu khi truyn dn trn
s quang. Tn sc gm: tn sc mode, tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng.
+ Tn sc mode
Tn sc mode ch tn ti vi si quang a mode, do cc mode s lan truyn vi
cc ng i khc nhau v do thi gian lan truyn khc nhau gia cc mode.
+ Tn sc vt liu
Tn sc vt liu l mt hm ca bc sng v do s thay i v ch s chit sut
ca vt liu li si, nn n lm cho bc sng ph thuc vo vn tc nhm.
+ Tn sc dn sng
Tn sc dn sng l do si n mode chi gi c khong 80% nng lng
trong li, v vy cn 20% nng lng xung lan truyn trong v nhanh hn lan truyn
trong li. Tn sc ny ph thuc vo hng s lan truyn , v l hm ca a/.
1.3.2.2 Cc phng php chnh gim s nh hng ca s tn sc
gim nh hng ca tn sc gm c phng php lm hp rng ph
ngun tn hiu v phng php b tn sc nh:
+ S dng si quang G.653 (si c mc tn sc khng ti ca s 1550 nm)
+ B tn sc bng phng php iu bin dch pha SPM.
+ B tn sc bng cc thnh phn tn sc th ng (b kt hp quay pha bc
sng v si tn sc m).
+ B tn sc bng cc thit b dch tn trc (pre chirp)
+ B tn sc bng k thut DST( Dispersion Supported Trans-mission).
+ B tn sc bng si DCF.
+ B tn sc bng cc module DCM s dng cch t Bragg.
Ta cng c th coi k thut WDM cng c th coi l mt phng php gim
nh hng ca tn sc. Do s dng k thut WDM cho php tng dung lng ca h
thng m khng phi tng tc truyn dn ca knh tin hiu.
Do , nu khng xy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn lm tng nh hng ca tn
sc, in hnh l hiu ng XPM, th gii hn khong cch truyn dn do tn sc gy ra
i vi h thng WDM c th coi ging vi h thng TDM n knh c tc bng
tc ca mt knh bc sng trong h thng WDM.
Tm li, vn tn sc nh hng nghim trng trong h thng thng tin quang
c ly xa. nh hng ca tn sc cng nghim trng hn khi tn hiu quang c
14
khuch i nhiu ln lp s dng cc b khuch i ng truyn LA. Trong h thng
nhiu knh WDM nh hng ca tn sc khng u gia bc sng ( dc tn sc).
Khc phc tn sc l vn c bn cn gii quyt trong thit k h thng thng tin
quang WDM c ly ln. Ta cn quay li vn ny ln sau.
1.3.3 Vn xuyn knh
Vn quan trong khc trong thit k h thng WDM l gii quyt xuyn knh.
c tnh ca h thng s b suy gim khi c hin tng xuyn knh, ngha l hin
tng dn n mt phn cng sut ca knh ny chuyn sang knh khc. C s chuyn
i l do nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn bn trong si quang, hin tng
ny c gi l xuyn knh phi tuyn v n ph thuc vo bn cht truyn dn phi
tuyn ca knh thng tin quang.
Tuy nhin, xuyn knh cng xy ra ngay c khi knh l tuyn tnh hon ton;
trng hp ny l do tnh khng hon ho ca cc phn t WDM khc nhau nh: b
lc quang, b gii ghp knh v cc b chuyn mch. Di y s i su phn tch hai
loi xuyn knh trn.
1.3.3.1 Xuyn knh tuyn tnh
Xuyn knh tuyn tnh c th chia thnh hai loi ph thuc vo ngun gc ca
n. Cc b lc quang v cc b tch knh thng r mt phn cng sut tn hiu
sang cc knh ln cn, xen vo qa trnh tch sng. Xuyn knh ny gi l xuyn knh
khng ng nht bc sng (hay cn gi l xuyn knh ngoi bng), v do tnh khng
kt hp ca n, nn n t nh hng hn so vi xuyn knh ng knh (hay cn gi l
xuyn knh trong bng), xy ra khi nh tuyn tn hiu WDM t nhiu nt mng. Ta s
xem xt chi tit hn hai loi xuyn knh tuyn tnh thng gp:
+ Xuyn knh gy ra do b lc:
Ta hy xt trng hp h thng trong s dng mt b lc quang c th iu
chnh c chn ra mt knh trong s N knh ti. Nu b lc quang cho qua knh
th m, th cng sut quang ti c b tch sng c th c tnh:
N
m nm n
n m
P P T P
=
= +

(1.4)
Vi P
m
l cng sut ca knh th m v T
nm
l h s truyn dn ca b lc cho
knh n khi knh m c chn, P
n
l cng sut ca knh n. Xuyn knh ny xy ra nu
T
nm
0 vi n m. y l loi xuyn knh ngoi bng v n thuc v tn hiu nm
ngoi di ph m knh c tch ra chim gi.
nh gi s tc ng ca xuyn knh ln chc nng h thng, ta xt vic n
b cng sut c xc nh khi tng thm cng sut ti b thu hn ch s nh
hng ca xuyn knh. Dng photo c pht ra tng ng vi cng sut quang ti
c xc nh:
15

N
m m n nm n ch x
n m
I R P R T P I I
=
= + = +

(1.5)
Vi R
m
= q
m
e /hv
m
l p ng b tch sng quang cho knh th m ti tn s v
m

v q
m
l hiu sut lng t m n c th khc nhau i vi cc knh khc nhau. Thnh
phn I
x
biu th xuyn knh thm vo dng I ca b thu. Gi tr ca n ph thuc vo
dng bt v t cc i khi tt c cc knh u mang cc bt 1 (y l trng hp xu
nht).
Phng php n gin tnh mc thit thi cng sut xuyn knh l a vo
khp hnh mt. Thc t, I
ch
tng ln duy tr cht lng h thng. H s tng o
x

ca I
ch
c th c tnh:
10log(1 )
x
X o = + (1.6)
Vi
N
n nm n
n m
X R T P
=
=

L lng cng sut xuyn knh ngoi bng. Ni mt cch khc, n biu th
phn cng sut b r vo knh cn tch t cc knh khc.
1.3.3.2 Xuyn knh do b nh tuyn cch t dn sng (WGR: Wavelength Grating
Router)
Ngun gc gy ra xuyn knh trong bng do b nh tuyn cch t dn sng
WGR NN, tn ti N
2
kt ni qua cc tn hiu WDM c N bc sng c th dc
chia ra. Xt tn hiu u ra ca mt bc sng
m
trong N
2
-1 tn hiu giao thoa c th
i cng tn hiu mong mun, N-1 tn hiu cng bc sng mang
m
, trong khi N(N-
1) tn hiu cn li thuc v cc bc sng khc v s loi tr khi chng i qua phn t
WDM khc. N-1 tn hiu xuyn knh ti cc bc song ging nhau (xuyn trong bng)
bt ngun t qu trnh lc khng hon ho ca WGR do s chng ln gia N nh
truyn dn ca n.
Trng quang tng ch bao hm xuyn knh trong bng c tnh:

m
-i2 ct
( ) exp
N
m m m
n m
E t E E
t

=
| |
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
\ .

(1.7)
B cng sut trong trng hp ny c th c tnh:
| |
m
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) os ( ) ( )
N
m m n n
n m
I t RP t R P t P t c t t | |
=
= +

(1.8)
Vi P
n
= ,E
n
,
2
l cng sut v |(t) l pha. Thc t, P
n
<< P
m
vi nm bi v
WGR c to ra lm gim xuyn knh. V cc pha gn nh thay i ngu nhin,
nn c th vit li (1.8) nh l:
( ) ( )
m
I t R P P = +A
16
V c xuyn knh l nhiu cng v c th s dng cch tip cn tnh
ton s mt mt cng sut, theo quan h sau:

2
10log(1 )
x x
P r = (1.9)

Trong :

2
2
2
( )
( 1)
x
m
P
r X N
P
A
= = (1.10)
Vi X=P
n
/ P
m
l mc xuyn knh c xc nh nh phn cng sut r qua
WGR v c coi nh nhau i vi tt c N-1 ngun xuyn knh, trong bng, kt hp
vi gi thit cng sut u bng nhau.
Vic tnh ton mt mt cng sut do xuyn knh cho trng hp nh tuyn
bc sng ng thng qua kt ni cho quang s tr nn rt phc tp do s lng rt
nhiu cc phn t xuyn knh m qua tn hiu c th truyn qua, chng hn nh cc
mng WDM. Vic phn tch cho trng hp xu nht c th d on c mc mt
mt cng sut kh ln (>3dB) khi s lng phn t xuyn knh >25, d cho mc
xuyn knh ca mi phn t ch bng -40dB. R rng l xuyn knh tuyn tnh l vn
c bn trong tht k mng WDM phi c thit k sao cho gim c mc xuyn
knh cng nhiu cng tt. Xuyn knh ny c th gim xung bng gii php b thc
hin ti b thu.
1.3.3.3 Xuyn knh phi tuyn
Trong h thng thng tin quang, xuyn knh phi tuyn xy ra khi cng ca
tn hiu quang thay i vt qua mt ngng no . i vi cc h thng WDM
xuyn knh phi tuyn lm gim cng sut tng knh, lm tng t s SNR, Di y
s xem xt mt s hiu ng phi tuyn gy ra hin tng xuyn knh:
+ Tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated Raman Scatering SRS)
SRS c nh hng ln n h thng WDM. y si quang hot ng nh
mt b khuch i Raman sao cho cc knh c bc sng ngn vi s sai khc bc
sng nm trong di thng ca khuch i Raman. Ph khuch i Raman ca si Silic
b gin rng khin cho s khuch i c th xy ra i vi nhng knh c khong cch
kh xa ti 20nm. Knh bc sng ngn nht s b suy gim nhiu nht, v c th bm
nhiu knh cng mt lc. S chuyn i nng lng gia cc knh ny c th gy hi
cho cht lng ca h thng v n cn ph thuc vo dng bit 1 xut hin ng thi
trong c hai knh. S khuch i ph thuc ny s lm tng mc thng ging cng
sut v lm tng nhiu b thu.
C th trnh c xuyn knh Raman nu cng sut cc knh nh sao cho
khuch i Raman l khng ng k trn chiu di si quang. y l iu rt quan
trng cho vic nh gi gi tr gii hn ca cng sut knh. Ta hy kho st mt m
17
hnh nh gi s suy gim ca knh tn s cao nht (trong trng hp xu nht) m ti
tt c cc knh u truyn i bt 1 cng mt lc. H s khuch i ca mi knh
l:
G
i
= e
giLeft
- oL
Vi:
- L
1-e
eft= L
o
o

L di tng tc hiu dng,

eft
( )
R ch
i
g P
g
A
O
=
L h s khuch i Raman ti O
i
=e
0
-e
i
v P
ch
l cng sut knh. Khi giLeft
<< 1, knh tn s cao nht ti e
0
b suy gim mt lng giLeft l do khuch i
Raman ca knh th i. Tng suy gim xc nh bi quan h sau:
2
eft
( ) eft
N
R ch
i
g P L
D
A
=
O
=

(1.11)
T kt qu ca biu thc (1.11) c th xc nh c nu ph khuch i
Raman c tnh xp x bng dng tam gic sao cho g
R
(O) tng ln tuyn tnh vi O
tng ln ti 17 THz v sau gim xung 0. Kt qu l:
ax
13
eft
eft.N(N-1)
1x10
M
ch R
V g L
D
A
A
= (1.12)
y gi thit rng tt c cc knh c khong cch khng i AV
ch
v g
R
max
l
gi tr nh ca b khuch i Raman. H s khuch i gim xung theo h s D l
tnh n s phn cc khng ng u xy ra bn trong si quang. S mt mt cng
sut (tnh theo dB) c mi quan h vi D c tnh nh sau:
10log(1 )
ch
P D = (1.13)
V vy, cng sut knh u vo phi tng ln theo h s l (1-D) duy tr c
tnh h thng nh nhau. D cn phi nh hn 5% gi n b cng sut thp hn 0,5
dB. Biu thc (1.13) a ra cng sut knh gii hn bng cch s dng D=0,05. Gii
hn ny c biu din trn hnh 1.6 cho si c ng knh core l 8m v suy hao
0,2dB ti bc sng vng 1550 nm. SRS gii hn cho cng sut knh thp 1mW khi
s lng knh WDM ln hn 80 knh.
18


Hnh 1.6. Gii hn v cng sut quang do tc ng ca bn hiu ng phi tuyn

Vic phn tich trn b qua mt thc t l cc tn hiu trong tng knh bao
gm mt chui ngu nhin cc bit 0 v 1. Qu trnh phn tch thng k cho thy
xuyn knh Raman thp hn vo khong h s 2 khi c tnh n iu bin tn hiu.
Mt m hnh khc hon chnh hn xem xt n s suy gim ca tng knh thng qua
bm Raman cc knh bc sng di hn v khuch i ca chnh n do bm t cc
knh bc sng ngn. S khuch i theo chu k ca tn hiu WDM trong mt tuyn
truyn dn quang khong cch ln cng lm tng nh hng ca s suy gim SRS gy
ra. Nguyn nhn l ch cc b khuch i ng truyn (LA) thm nhiu c mc
suy hao Raman thp ca chnh tn hiu, dn n suy gim SNR. Trong thc t, tng
dung lng ca h thng WDM b gii hn thp hn 100 Gbps vi c ly truyn dn t
500 km tr ln.
+ Tn x Brillouin kch thch (SBS: Stimulated Brillouin Scatering)
SSB c th chuyn nng lng t mt knh tn s cao xung mt knh tn s
thp khi khong cch knh bng dch Brillouin. Tuy nhin ngc vi SRS s
chuyn nng lng nh vy s trnh c d dng bng cch thit k thch hp cc h
thng thng tin nhiu knh. L do l di thng khuch i Brillouin qu hp (khong
50 Mhz) so vi di thng khuch i Raman (5 THz). Do , khong cch knh phi
c iu chnh chnh xc vi dch Brillouin (khong 1,5 m) SBS c th xy
ra.
Mc d SSB khng gy ra nh hng n xuyn knh trong khi tt c cc knh
truyn xui theo cng hng, tuy nhin n vn hn ch cc cng sut knh. Nguyn
nhn l do mt phn cng sut knh c th b chuyn thnh sng Stokes truyn theo
hng ngc li, sng ny c pht ra t nhiu khi iu kin ngng c tho mn.
19
iu kin ny c lp v s lng v s hin din ca cc knh khc. Tuy nhin
ngng Brillouin i vi mi mt knh c th t ti cng sut knh nh t 2 n 3
mW. i vi si c tit din hiu dng A
eff
= 50 m
2
v h s suy hao o = 0,2 dB /Km
Left c th bng 1/o. Gi tr ny c ch ra trn hnh 1.6. ng cong ny b
qua cc hiu ng iu bin tn hiu. Ni chung ngng Brillouin ph thuc vo dng
iu bin tn hiu cng nh t s ca tc bit i vi di thng khuch i Brillouin.
Hn na c th tng ln gn 100 mW bng cch iu bin pha ca sng mang ti tn
s 0.2 0.5 Ghz. S iu bin pha nh vy s lm gim rng ph ngun pht, hn
ch ng k SBS.
+ iu bin pha cho ( XPM: Cross- Phase Modulatom)
Mt c ch xuyn knh quan trng trong h thng WDM l hin tng phi
tuyn ca XPM. XPM bt ngun t s ph thuc vo cng ca ch s chit sut,
m ch s ny l nguyn nhn gy ra s dch pha ph thuc cng tn hiu truyn
dc qua si quang. S dch pha i vi mt knh ring bit ph thuc khng ch vo
cng sut ca knh m cn c vo cng sut ca cc knh khc. dch pha tng
cng i vi knh th j c th c xc nh:
2
N
NL
j j m
m j
P P

|
o
=
| |
= +
|
\ .

(1.14)
y Left c thay th bng 1/o theo gi thit oL >> 1. Tham s o c xc
nh vi gi tr tiu biu bng 1W
-1
Km
-1
. i vi cc h thng IM-DD, dch pha
phi tuyn ph thuc vo cc dng bit ca cc knh khc nhau, v c th thay i t 0
n gi tr cc i ( / o )(2N-1)P
j
nu ta gi thit cc cng sut knh bng nhau. Tuy
nhin n khng nh hng n cht lng h thng nu cc hiu ng tn sc vn tc
nhm (Group Velocity Dispersion) l khng ng k v b thu quang p ng i vi
cng sut ti.
Tnh th l hon ton khc i vi cc h thng a knh Coherent tnh nhy pha
ca b thu. Hiu ng XPM ph thuc vo dng iu bin. Trng hp xu nht s xy
ra i vi iu bin ASK v lch pha ph thuc vo mu bit ca cc knh khc
nhau. nh hng ca XPM c th c b qua bng cch chn cng sut knh P
ch

dch pha cc i l:
( ) 2 1 1
ch
N P

o
(1.15)
Cng sut knh b gii hn trong khong 1mW ngay c i vi dung lng l
10 knh.
Tc ng ca XPM ln cc h thng Coherem nghim trng hn i vi dng
tn hiu iu bin FSK v PSK v cng sut knh khng ph thuc vo mu bit. Tht
ra XPM l v hi nu cc cng sut knh l khng i, v dch pha khng i trong
20
cng thc (1.14) khng nh hng n cht lng h thng. Trn thc t cc cng sut
knh b bin ng l do nhiu cng lin quan n cc Laser pht. XPM s bin i
s bin ng v cng thng ging v pha ca biu thc (1.14). Nu o
2
p
l s bin
i v bin ng cng sut c gi thit ging nhau cho tt c cc knh th th bin
i pha o
2
p
c th thu c bng cch thm vo cc bin i ring r v cng sut
trong mi knh bin i c lp vi nhau. Do i vi N ln c tnh xp x:
2
P
N
|

o o
o
~ (1.16)
Thng thng th o
p
= 5x10
13
P
ch
vi P
ch
l cng sut knh trung bnh. Ngay c
i vi P
ch
= 100, th o
p
< 0.1 rad mt gi tr gy ra mt mt xuyn knh c th b qua.
S mt mt xuyn knh ln hn c th xy ra khi iu bin pha hay tn s c
thc hin bng iu bin bin d. iu ny c th xy ra khi ngun Lasen bn dn
c iu bin trc tip hoc khi tn sc si ln bin i iu bin pha thnh
iu bin bin . Gi tr o
p
trong trng hp ny c th t 0.2 P
ch
. Hn na o
|
tng
ln tuyn tnh vi N ln

so hn vi N . hn ch s thit hi cng sut di 1 dB
cng sut trung bnh (tnh bng mW) nn nh hn 21/N vi gi tr tiu biu ca o v
o. iu ny c ch ra trn Hnh.1.6 v c so snh vi gii hn cng sut pht ra
do SBS v SRB. Hiu ng XPM tr thnh c ch xuyn knh ch yu i vi cc h
thng WDM t 10 knh tr ln n hn ch cng sut thp hn 0.1 mW vi N > 100.
+ Trn bn bc sng ( FWM : Four Wave Mixing)
Hiu ng FWM tr thnh ngun xuyn knh phi tuyn ch yu khi khong cch
knh v tn sc si tha mn iu kin tng ng v pha. Tc ng ca FWM
l nghim trng nht trong h thng WDM coherent khong cch knh khong 10Ghz.
i vi h thng WDM khng kt hp FWM tr nn c lin quan ch yu khi cc
bc sng knh gn vi bc sng tn sc bng 0 ca si quang. y l trng hp
cho cc h thng lm vic vng bc sng 1.5 m khi s dng cc si tn sc dch
chuyn. Trong thc t cc si quang thng c ch to sao cho tn sc ca chng
nh ti thiu ha cc hiu ng tn sc, nhng ng thi cng ln xuyn knh
gy ra bi FWM cng nh nht.
V vt l, hiu ng FWM dn n suy gim cht lng h thng c th c
hiu l FWM pht ra mt sng mi tn s e
ijk
= e
i
+ e
j
+ e
k
, khi ba sng e
i ,
e
j,
e
k

cng truyn i bn trong si. i vi h thng N knh i, j, k c th thay i t 1 n
N, dn n mt t hp cc tn s mi pht sng bi FWM. Trong trng hp khong
cch cc knh bng nhau, cc tn s mi trng khp vi cc tn s ang tn ti dn
n xuyn knh trong bng kt hp. Trong c hai trng hp nng lc h thng b suy
gim do suy hao v cng sut knh nhng xuyn knh kt hp lm gim cht lng h
thng nhiu hn. V vy cc h thng WDM i khi c thit k c khong cch
21
knh khng u nhau v cc knh bc sng c chn sao cho tt c cc tn s do
FWM to ra ri ra bn ngoi ph tn hiu.
Hiu sut FWM thay i theo P
ch
nu ta gi thit cng sut cc knh bng nhau.
N cng ph thuc vo khong cch knh do yu cu hiu chnh pha. Vi khong cch
knh cho trc P
ch
nn c gim xung thp hn mt gi tr xc nh no nhm
gim tc ng ca FWM ln cht lng h thng. Hnh 1.6 m t hn ch ny cho
trng hp khong cch knh 100 Ghz khi s dng si tn sc dch chyn. Thng
thng FWM gii hn cc cng sut knh < 1 mW loi tr trng hp s dng cc
khong cch knh khng u. Mt s o c thc nghim xc nh c u im
ca khong cch knh khng u ny. Tuy nhin y khng phi l gii php thc t
v c nhiu thit b WDM (nh b lc FP hay WGR) thng c ch to c khong
cch u nhau.
Tm li, c mt s cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang c nh hng n
cht lng h thng nn trong thit k h thng phi ti thiu ha mt cch hp l.
1.3.4 Knh bc sng ITU-T Grid
1.3.4.1 Khong cch knh bc sng
Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng cn phi xem xt l s knh bc sng ca
h thng thng tin quang WDM. S knh bc sng ln nht c th s dng ph thuc
vo:
+ Kh nng cng ngh :
Kh nng cng ngh hin c i vi cc thnh phn quang ca h thng c th :
- Bng tn ca si quang;
- Kh nng tch ghp ca thit b gii ghp knh;
+ Khong cch knh bc sng:
Khong cch knh bc sng chu nh hng ca cc yu t:
- Tc truyn dn ca tng knh;
- Qu cng sut quang;
- nh hng ca xuyn knh( tuyn tnh v phi tuyn)
- rng ph ca ngun;
- Kh nng ca thit b quang ghp ghp WDM
Mc d ca s truyn dn ti vng bc sng 1550 nm c rng khong
100nm, nhng do di khuch i ca cc b khuch i quang ch c rng 35 nm
i vi bng C, nn trong thc t cc h thng WDM khng th tn dng ht bng tn
si quang.
Nu A = 35 nm, xt ring vi bng C th ta c Af = 4370 Ghz. Gi s tc
truyn dn ca mi knh bc sng l 2.5 Ghz theo nh l Nyquist vi ph tn hiu l
22
2x2.5 = 5 Ghz th s knh bc sng cc i c th t c l N = Af/5 = 874 knh
trong di bng tn ca mt b khuch i quang.
y l s knh cc i tnh theo l thuyt i vi bng C. Tuy nhin vi mt
knh cng ln th i hi cc thnh phn quang ca h thng phi c cht lng cao.
trnh xuyn knh gia cc knh ny i hi phi c ngun pht quang n nh v
cc b thu quang phi c chn lc bc sng cao. Bt k s dch tn no (Chirping)
ca ngun pht cng c th lm gin ph sang knh ln cn.
Da trn kh nng cng ngh hin c ITU-T a ra khuyn ngh v khong
cch knh bc sng (ITU-T Grid) cho DWDM v CWDM. Cc thit b WDM
thng mi hin nay u tun theo mt trong 2 chun ty theo ng dng.
1.3.4.2 Ghp knh bc sng mt cao( DWDM)
Trong khuyn ngh G.649.1 ca ITU-T a ra nh ngha v li tn s
h tr cc ng dng ghp knh DWDM
i vi khong cch knh bc sng 12.5 Ghz cc tn s knh cho php l
193.1 + n x 0.0125, trong n l s nguyn dng hoc m gm c s 0.
i vi khong cch bc sng 25GHz cc tn s knh cho php l: 193.1 +
nx 0.025 trong n l s nguyn dng hoc m bao gm c s 0.
i vi khonh cch knh bc sng 50 GHz cc tn s knh cho php l:
193.1 + nx 0.05, trong n l s nguyn dng hoc m gm c s 0.
i vi khong cch bc sng 100GHz cc tn s knh cho php l: 193.1 +
n x 0.1, trong n l s nguyn dng hoc m, bao gm c s 0.
Bng 1.2 di y gii thiu cc tn s trung tm trong bng C v L da trn
khong cch knh ti thiu 12.5 GHz tnh trong bng tn chun 193.1 GHz. Bng ny
cng bao gm cc bc tn s ng vi khong cch knh 25.50 v 100 Ghz.













23
Bng 1.2 Li phn b tn s trung tm ca DWDM (khuyn ngh G.694.1
ca ITU-T (06/2002)

24

25

1.3.4.3 Ghp knh bc sng th (CWDM)
Trong khuyn ngh G.694.2 ca ITU-T (06/2002) a ra nh ngha v li
tn s h tr cho cc ng ghp knh bc sng CWDM. Li ny c thit k
cho php pht ng thi mt s bc sng c khong cch ln c th s dng
cc ngun pht khng lm.
Bng 1.3 trnh by cc knh bc sng ca li CWDM trong di t 1270 n
1610 nm.


26
Bng 1.3 Cc bc sng trung tm ca li CWDM (G.694.2 ca ITU-T
(06/2002)


1.4 H thng truyn dn WDM ng trc khong cch ln
1.4.1 Cc yu t thch thc thit k h thng
Trong cc tuyn truyn dn quang ng di (khong cch ln), tn hiu c
pht ti ca s suy hao nh khong 1550 nm v s dng b khuch i EDFA b li
suy hao quang. nng cao dung lng ca h thng thng dng cng ngh WDM.
Ngy nay cc tuyn cp quang ng di s dng WDM+ tc 10Gbit/s. V d
tuyn cp quang bin C2CCN c dung lng thit k ln ti 96 knh vi tc
10Gbit/s trn mi i si quang.
Do s dng b EDFA nn tn hiu truyn dn l tn hu quang. Tuy nhin khi
s gim cht lng h thng c tch ly theo tuyn lm hn ch dung lng v
di ca tuyn. Nhng suy gim chnh ca h thng l tp m khuch i quang tn
sc mu v hiu ng phi tuyn.
1.4.1.1 B khuch i EDFA
B khuch i EDFA dng khuch i tn hu quang, nhng ng thi cng
to ra tap m t pht (ASE: Amplifined Spontaneous Emission Noise).
0
2 ( 1)
n sp
P h g B q v = (1.17)
Trong q
sp
l h s phn x t pht, g l h s khuch i, B
o
l bng thng
quang v hv l nng lng photon. H s g cng cao th mc tp m quang cang ln.
27
trong cac h thng ng di ASE to ra bi cc b EDFA c tch ly dc tuyn v
l mt yu t ng k hn ch ti phm cht h thng.
1.4.1.2 Tn sc mu
Tn sc mu gy ra tn hiu nhng tn s khc nhau pht trong si quang vi
tc khc nhau dn dn mo tn hiu u cui tuyn truyn dn. Hiu ng tn sc
ph thuc vo h s tn sc ca si quang v tng ln vi t l vi bnh phng tc
bt ca tn hiu, v d, khong cch truyn dn b hn ch bi tn sc ca si quang
n mode chun SFM i vi tn hiu 10Gbit/s vo khong 60 km. V th i vi cc
h thng truyn dn ng di cn phi c b tn sc.
1.4.1.3 Cc hiu ng phi tuyn
Cc hiu ng lin quan n phi tuyn c chia thnh 2 nhm:
+ Hiu ng phi tuyn lin quan n chit sut:
Hiu ng phi tuyn lin quan n chit sut gm: iu bin tr pha (SPM : Self
Phase Modulatron) iu bin pha cho (XPM: Cross Phase Modunlatron) v trn
bn bc sng (FWM): Four Wave Mixing).
+ Hiu ng phi tuyn lin quan n tn x:
Phi tuyn lin quan n tn x gm: tn x Brillouin kch thch (SBS) tn x
Ramam kch thch (SRS)
iu bin t pha l mt hiu ng n knh gn lin vi chit sut phi tuyn.
Chit sut ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu nh sau:
0
0 2
eff
P
n n n
A
= + (1.18)
Trong n
2
l chit sut phi tuyn; P
0
l cng sut tn hiu; A
eff
l tit din hiu
dng ca si quang. Chit sut phi tuyn gy ra s thay i pha ca trng quang
truyn dn c tnh:
0 av
eff= P
SPM
PL L | = (1.19)
Trong
2
0
av eff
eff
2
1 1
; P ;
L L
eff
n
P e e
L
A L
o o
t

o o


= = =
V l h s phi tuyn, l bc sng tn hiu o l hiu, s suy hao si, P
av
l cng
sut tn hiu trung bnh, L l chiu di si, Leff l chiu di hiu dng si quang. S
thay i pha dn n dch tn c tnh theo cng thc:
0
eff
dP
dt
f L A = (1.20)
Hiu ng dch tn ny lm rng ph.
28
Tn sc mu lm bin i rng ph lm mo tn hiu. S kt hp ca hiu
ng tn sc mu v SPM l mt vn phi quan tm trong thit k h thng tc
cao.
Cng nh SPM iu bin pha cho (XPM) gy ra bi s thay i pha do chit
sut phi tuyn v dch tn. Tuy nhin khng nh SPM iu bin pha cho (XPM) c
gy ra bi tn hiu cc bc sng khc, v th XPM ch tn ti cc h thng WDM.
FWM c to ra bi chit sut phi tuyn ca si quang tng t nh mo iu
bin tng h trong h thng in, s xung t gia cc knh WDM to ra thnh phn
mi vi tn s:
ijk i j k
f f f f = + + (1.21)
Hnh H.1.7 m t cc thnh phn FWM c to ra trong h thng 3 bc sng.
Khi cc knh WDM cch u nhau, cc thnh phn FWM cch u nhau; cc thnh
phn FWM nm trong knh tn hiu v v th gy ra xuyn knh phi tuyn. Hiu ng
FWM s tr nn ng k khi c nhiu knh WDM v khong cch l gn. FWM l
mt hiu ng truyn dn chnh trong cc h thng WDM. SBS l hiu ng n knh
gy ra bi tng tc gia nh sng vi sng m thanh trong si quang. Hiu ng SBS
c ngng cao v tng ln theo bng thng tn hiu. V th nu cng sut tn hiu trong
cc knh WDM khng vt qu ngng th SBS khng gy ra nh hng ng k ln
h thng.

Hnh 1.7 cc thnh phn FWM3 bc sng
SRS l tng tc cc thng s phi tuyn gia nh sng v cc dao ng phn t.
N cng l c ch to ra h s khuch i Raman. Trong cc h thng WDM do hiu
ng SRS tn hiu bc sng ngn hn lm vic nh mt ngun bm cho tn hiu c
bc sng di hn, v th tin hiu c bc sng di hn c khuch i. Khuch i
SRS c bng thng rng v nh khong 100 nm, nn hiu ng SRS tr nn ng k
hn khi bng thng ca WDM rng.
Vic tng dung lng v khong cch ca tuyn truyn dn quang dn n tng
thch thc cho thit k h thng. Hnh 1.8 ch ra cc vn cn xem xt trong thit k
h thng dung lng cao, khong cch xa.
29

Hnh 1.8 Cc vn cn xem xt trong thit k h thng truyn dn dung
lng cao, khong cch xa.
Ngoi tp m, tn sc mu v hiu ng phi tuyn khi tc bt tng ln
(>10Gbit/s) th tn sc phn cc mode (PMD: Polarization Mode Dispersion) c th
tr nn ng k. PMD lm cho tn hiu pht i vi tc khc nhau trn hai trng thi
phn cc dn n mo tn hiu. Mt vn thit k na l bng thng ca b khuch
i lm hn ch s lng knh bc sng, ngha l hn ch dung lng h thng.
Trong h thng WDM ng trc c rt nhiu b EDFA ni tip nhau do i hi
cc b khuch i c bng phng ca h s khuch i trong bng thng tn hiu
m bo duy tr t s SNR ng u trn cc bc sng ca WDM,
B EDFA s dng b lc lm ng u h s khuch i cho php t c
bng thng 30 nm cho cc tuyn cp vt i dng bng C. V nhiu ca hiu ng
truyn dn v c tnh tng tc thng k ca chng vic thit k cc h thng truyn
dn quang dung lng ln, khong cch xa tr nn rt phc tp. Chi tit hn khi thit
k cc h thng thng tin quang tc >10Gbit/s s xt sau.
1.4.2 Mt s cng ngh p dng cho cc h thng WDM ng trc
Cc tc ng truyn dn chnh trong cc h thng quang ng trc dung lng
quang l tp m quang, tn sc mu v hiu ng phi tuyn khc nhau. Mc ch thit
k h thng l lm gim cc tc ng trn v b li nhng suy hao cht lng h
thng. Do tnh cht phc tp nn vic t c phm cht h thng tt nht ch c th
thc hin c bng cch dung ha cc tc ng ny.
Mc d gim cc hiu ng phi tuyn ta c th gim cng sut pht nhng
iu ny s lm gim SNR, dn n hn ch cht lng ca h thng. Tuy nhin, khi
cng sut tn hiu cao lm tng SNR nhng lc ny s dn n xut hin cc hiu ng
phi tuyn lm gim cht lng h thng. khc phc iu ny thng s dng mt
s cng ngh sau:
30
Dng tn hiu bm 980 nm trong b EDFA nng cao SNR;
S dng khong cch khuch i nh hn gim tp m khuch i;
S dng b sa li trc(FEC: Forward Error Correction) nng cao h s
SNR ca h thng.
Cc phng thc iu bin v kim sot tn sc mi c s dng lm
gim hiu ng phi tuyn v nng mc ngng phi tuyn ln cao hn, qua c th
nng cao ca s lm vic ca h thng.
Di y s phn tch v xem xt mt s vn tp m, cng ngh mi
trin khai cc h thng ng di dung lng cao.
1.4.2.1 Tp m
Li ch ca vic gim khong cch lp trong tuyn cp ni chung v c bit
cp bin ni ring: Trong cc tuyn ng trc khong cch di (cp bin) cc b
khuch i quang c s dng trong nhng khong cch nh k (b lp). y l mt
thng s thit k ch yu. i vi khong cch lp ngn, tng ch ca b khuch i
b li suy hao si quang yu cu thp hn nn cho tp m khuch i thp hn
(xem (1.17)). iu ny ci thin c SNR, trong khi phm cht l tng ca h thng
ch ph thuc vo s suy gim tp m tch ly c xc nh:
( )
0
2
20log
1 1 4
e
SNR B B
Q dB
SNR
| |
= |
|
+ +
\ .
(1.22)
Trong SNR
0
l t s tn hiu trn tp m quang v B
e
l bng thng in.
Tuy nhin, vi cng cng sut ra ca b khuch i, th cng sut tn hiu bnh qun
P
av
ln hn khi khong cch khuch i ngn hn, dn n hiu ng SPM cao hn nh
ch ra trn. Hiu ng phi tuyn ny lm gim hiu dng t c khi rt ngn
khong cch khuch i. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn WDM cng ty thuc vo cng sut
tn hiu, mc d ph thuc phc tp hn vo s knh v khong cch knh. V th, P
av

c xem l thc o ph hp so snh mc phi tuyn.
Vic nng cao phm cht h thng bng cch gim khong cch trm lp cng
c nh gi bng thng s P
av
. Hy xem xt c th mt h thng ng di 10
Gbit/s c khong cch 7500 km. khi thay i khong cch ca b khuch i, gi tr Q
l tng vi cng sut ra ca trm lp nh nhau u tnh theo (1.22). Vic nng cao
phm cht c tnh bi t s SNR quang c ci thin khng ng k n tc ng
phi tuyn. Khi iu chnh cng sut ra ca trm lp tng ng vi khong cch trm
lp, phm cht h thng s c tnh ton i vi cng cng sut bnh qun. Kt qu
so snh cho hnh 1.9
31

Hnh 1.9 Phm cht h thng i vi khong cch trm lp khc nhau
Khi khong cch trm lp thay i t 50 km xung 40 km, t s SNR c ci
thin thm 1,5 dB. Tuy nhin, nu tnh thm hiu ng phi tuyn, th li qu cng
sut ch l 0,8 dB. Vi khong cch 60 km, vic ci thin cht lng h thng t c
bng cch chia i khong cch trm lp l vo khong 2.4 dB. Do , so snh h s Q
i vi cng cng sut tn hiu bnh qun cho ta nh gi chnh xc hn li ch ca
vic gim khong cch trm lp, v nh th cho ta cch thit k khong cch trm lp
ti u.
1.4.2.2 Kim sot tn sc
Tn sc mu gy ra mo tn hiu v lm gim cht lng h thng. V th b
tn sc l thng s quyt nh n nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn, kim sot
tn sc c vai tr quan trng trong vic khc phc hiu ng phi tuyn ca h thng.
Si quang n mode tiu chun c tn sc cao khong 17 ps/nm.km ca s
1550 nm. khc phc nh hng ca tn sc phi dng si dch chuyn tn sc v 0
ca s 1550 nm. Hiu ng tn sc v th c th gim ng k v hiu ng SPM cng
gim. Tuy nhin, i vi cng ngh WDM, vic tn sc v 0 bc sng tn hiu li
gy ra s pha trn gia cc bc sng tn hiu v lm tng hiu ng FWM v XPM.
gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta s dng loi si dch chuyn tn sc khng v 0
(NZ-DSF), c mc tn sc ca s tn hiu rt thp, -2 ps/nm.km.
Trong cc h thng WDM, cn phi quan tm n tn sc bc 3 hay dc tn
sc. dc tn sc gy ra cc knh ngoi tch ly tn sc d dc theo tuyn. i vi
cc tuyn cp bin vt i dng tn sc tch ly tr nn rt ln cc knh ra (bin).
Bng thng tn hiu WDM cng ln th tn sc d cng nhiu. i vi vic kim sot
tn sc ny, dc tn sc hn ch ca s tn hiu WDM. b lng tn sc d,
ngi ta p dng b tn sc trc v sau trong cc thit b u cui trong mi knh
bc sng. V th, kim sot tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn, cn phi c bn
tn sc vi tn sc ton trnh thp v tn sc ni b cao; hn na, cn phi b dc
tn sc trong cc h thng truyn dn cc di.

32
1.4.2.3 Chn phng thc iu bin
Phng thc iu bin tn hiu l mt yu t thit k quan trng cn xem xt
trong vic lm gim phi tuyn. Trong cc h thng thng tin si quang, phng n
iu bin su v tch sng trc tip thng c s dng, tc l cng tn hiu
c iu bin mang tn hiu 1 v 0. u thu, tn hiu c tch ra l cc s
1 hoc 0 da vo cng tn hiu ln hay thp hn ngng quyt nh. Phng
thc tn hiu khng tr v 0 (NRZ) thng c s dng khi mt xung quang chim
ton b chu k bt c gi i vi s 1 v khng pht quang c gi tn hiu RZ i
i vi s 0. i vi phng thc tn hiu tr v 0 (RZ), xung tn hiu quang cho
1 khng chim ton b chu k bt, v v th tn hiu RZ c th c rng xung khc
nhau. RZ dch tn l mt mu iu bin phc tp hn m cng tn hiu c iu
bin theo cng cch nh tn hiu RZ, nhng pha ca tn hiu quang c iu bin
hnh sin vi cng tn s ca tc bt. Hnh 1.10 so snh ph quang ca cc mu tn
hiu khc nhau i vi tc bt 10 Gbit/s.

Hnh 1.10 Ph quang ca cc phng thc iu ch khc nhau
NRZ c ph hp, trong khi ph tn hiu RZ rng hn vi bng bn. iu bin
pha ln tn hiu RZ dch tn to ra nhiu bng bn trong ph tn hiu, s cc bng bn
v bin ca chng ph thuc vo su iu bin.
Nh ch ra, dc tn sc to ra tn sc d cc knh ngoi trong h thng
WDM, n tc ng vi hiu ng SPM lm gim phm cht h thng. Phng thc RZ
dch tn c th s dng ci thin phm cht h thng. C th thy rng, tn hiu
bc sng trung tm t b nh hng ca ch s iu bin v c th t c phm cht
h thng tt vi cc su iu bin khc nhau. Tuy nhin, i vi cc knh ngoi,
cn phi c ch s iu bin ln t c phm cht h thng tt hn. V th, ch s
iu bin cn phi c ti u i vi tng knh. RZ dch tn l mt cng ngh quan
trng t c h thng truyn dn cc di.
Trn y phn tch v tm quan trng ca kim sot tn sc, hiu qu ca RZ
dch tn, cc cng ngh chnh c p dng trong cc h thng WDM ng di (cp
bin) hin nay. Nhng cng ngh ny cng c ng dng trong cc h thng ng
di trn mt t.
Hnh 1.11 m t cht lng h thng ca h thng cp bin WDm 16 knh, 10
Gbit/s
33

Hnh 1.11 Cht lng h thng ca h thng cp bin WDM 16-knh, 10 Gbit/s
Hnh 1.11a m t kt qu mu ca mt h thng cp quang bin WDM 16
knh, 10 Gbit/s c tng chiu di 8550 km s dng tn hiu RZ dch tn v kim sot
tn sc. Qua kt qu cho thy, trong hu ht cc knh, b tn sc 100 % thit b u
cui cho cht lng tt nht. Dung sai tn sc l 5% (nu >5% s lm gim cht lng
h thng, nht l cc knh ngoi). Hnh 1.11 b , m t kt qu ca mt h thng cp
bin WDM 16 knh, 10 Gbit/s c tng chiu di 7500 km, v khong cch lp l 50
km. Vi tn hiu RZ dch tn v b tn sc ti thit b u cui, cht lng h thng
c xem xt vi nhng mc cng sut khc nhau ca tn hiu. C th thy rng cng
sut tn hiu 8,65 dBm (cng sut mi knh l -3,4 dBm) cho phm cht h thng tt
nht.
1.4.2.4 Cc cng ngh mi
Trn y trnh by v hiu ng truyn dn v nhng cng ngh ny ch yu
c dng trong h thng WDM ng di hin nay. Tuy nhin, nhng tin b cng
ngh vn cho php ng dng tng dung lng ngha l tng hiu qu s dng ph
vi nhiu bc sng hn trong bng C cng nh cc bng khc,
- B khuch i Raman l mt cng ngh khuch i ch yu, n da trn hiu
ng SRS vi bng thng rng, khong 100 nm cch xa so vi bc sng bm. So vi
EDFA, khuch i Raman c tp m thp. Hn na, bng thng Raman c th iu
chnh c bng bc sng ngun bm. Vi tp m thp, cc b khuch i Raman c
th c s dng tng c ly truyn ca h thng, khong cch khuch i v dung
lng h thng WDM.
- V vn kim sot tn sc cng c tip tc c nhng nghin cu. V d
nh vic s dng phng thc iu bin khc nhau vi phng thc iu bin phn
cc ci thin hiu sut ph. Si quang c dc tn sc thp cho php quan st tn
sc tch ly nhng knh nng s knh bc sng ang c ch to. Ngoi ra,
mt phng php kim sot tn sc mi cng ang c pht trin, theo mi
khong cch lp gm nhng si vi tn sc dng v tn sc m, tc l si SMF c
dng lm si +D v si DCF b dc c dng lm si D, nh vy, trong khong
34
lp, c tn sc v dc tn sc u c b. S dng phng thc kim sot tn sc
ny s lm gim hn ch ca hiu ng dc tn sc i vi truyn dn bng rng.
- Cc phng thc iu bin mi cng c nghin cu: phng thc RZ chn
sng mang (Carrier Suppressed RZ-CS-RZ) rt hiu qu gim cc hiu ng phi
tuyn, lc Vestigial Sidebank (VSB) ci thin hiu sut ph, CS-RZ c lc. RZ-
DPSK. Phng thc NRZ n gin v c ph hp, nhng vi s pht trin ca vic
kim sot tn sc th cng khng cn thit nhng phng thc iu bin phc tp na,
v th NRZ cng c th s dng nng cao hiu sut bng tn.
1.5 Kt lun chng
Chng ny trnh by cc nguyn l c bn ca h thng thng tin quang
WDM v cc thng s k thut c bn ca h thng nh: suy hao, xuyn knh,
rng knh, y cng gii thiu cc thnh phn chnh ca thit b trong h thng
thng tin quang, m tp trung ch yu vo si quang, ngun pht quang v khuch i
quang.
- Phn tch cc vn lin quan n thit k h thng thng tin quang nhiu
knh WDM nh: tnh ton qu cng sut, tn sc, xuyn knh, hiu ng phi tuyn.
- Trnh by v cc vn k thut cn nghin cu trong h thng WDM ng
trc dung lng cao v c ly xa; nhng vn nh hng cn c kim sot nh tp
m tch ly trn tuyn gm cc trm lp quang, tn sc mu ca si quang v cc hiu
ng phi tuyn.
Cng cn nhn mnh rng, nhng tin b ca cng ngh khc phc c
nhiu nhng hn ch k thut cho php pht trin cc h thng thng tin quang
dung lng cc ln, t trn Tera bt/s v c ng dng trong thc t.
35
Chng 2
TN SC MODE PHN CC, NH HNG CA TN SC
MODE PHN CC LN H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
TC CAO

Chng ny s nghin cu hai ni dung chnh l bn cht ca tn sc MODE
phn cc v nh hng ca tn sc MODE phn cc vi nhiu lin quan trong h
thng thng tin quang WDM.
2.1 Tn sc MODE phn cc (PMD) trong si quang
2.1.1 Cc mode phn cc
Thc t, trong si quang n mode vn tn ti vi mode phn cc (Polirization
mode, PM) v hon ton c th nghin cu cc mode phn cc ny tng t nh i
vi cc mode lan truyn trong si a mode. Mode bc thp nht l mode c bn
HE
11
(cn gi l phn cc tuyn tnh LP
01
) c trng in truyn lan theo hng trc x
ca si th phn cc trc giao l mode c lp c m t tr hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1. Hai thnh phn vector phn cc trng in ca mode HE
11
trong si
quang dc theo a) hng trc x v b) hng trc y
Trong si quang l tng, vector trng in t truyn lan dc theo trc z c
biu th bng t hp tuyn tnh ca hai phn cc trong mt phng ngang (xy) trc giao
vi trc z nh trong biu thc sau:
{ }
( ). ( , ) ( ). ( , )
i t
x x y y
E A z E x y A z E x y e
e
( (
= +

(2.1.1)
Trong :
- ( )
x
i z
x x
A z E e
|
= l h s phc biu din bin E
x
v pha |
x
ca mode phn cc
dc theo x khi lan truyn dc theo z.
- ( )
y
i z
y y
A z E e
|
= l h s phc biu din bin E
y
v pha |
y
ca mode phn cc
dc theo y khi lan truyn theo z.
- ( , )
x
E x y v ( , )
y
E x y l cc vector trng in ca mode phn cc PM dc theo
trc x v dc theo trc y.
36
-
x x y y
kn v kn | | = = l hng s truyn lan ca si phn cc dc theo hng x (c
ch s khc x n
x
, ph thuc e thng qua |x) v hng s truyn lan ca si
phn cc dc theo hng y (c ch s khc x n
y
, ph thuc e thng qua |
y
).
- k=2tv/c =2t/ =e/c l s sng truyn lan ng vi bc sng trong mi
trng chn khng (v l tn s quang c n v l 1/s hay Hz; e l tn s gc
quang c n v rad/s; c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng).
T l phc A
x
(z)/A
y
(z) biu th trng thi phn cc (State of Polarization SOP)
ca sng xc nh trn mt phng xy khi lan truyn theo z.
i vi si quang l tng c i xng tm tuyt i th |
x
= |
y
, khi hai
phn cc theo trc x v y kt hp li sau khi lan truyn, v h qu l bt k mt sng
no vi trng thi trong sut qu trnh lan truyn n tn u ra ca si. Tuy nhin,
trn thc t do s khng hon ho trong qu trnh sn xut hay lp t lm ph v
tnh i xng ca si. Trong trng hp ny: |
x
= |
y
, tc ko theo lch v chit sut
(n
x
= n
y
) v nh vy to ra s chnh lch v vn tc pha Av gia chng. Lc ny, vic
kt hp li ca hai phn cc s b trt i, v trng thi phn cc u ra thay i trong
qu trnh truyn lan t u vo n u ra dc theo z (do mt mode truyn lan nhanh
v mode truyn lan chm) trong si.
lch |
x
v |
y
c k hiu l A|, v c gi l lng chit pha (n gin
l lng chit) c n v l nghch o ca n v chiu di. Lng chit c th biu
din thng qua chnh lch chit sut An. lch ny i vi si n mode thng
dng thng vo khong 10
-7
n 10
-5
. Quan h gia A| v An c xc nh:
( )
y x y x
k n n k n | | | A = = = A (2.1.2)
2.1.2 Bn cht vt l ca tn sc mode phn cc
hiu v bn cht vt l ca tn sc mode phn cc, ta s xem xt bn vn sau:
2.1.2.1 Lng chit
Trong si quang c cu trc l tng (trn u v i xng) th hai mode phn
cc trc giao (E
x
v E
y
) khi lan truyn trong si, chng c tr nhm nh nhau. Nhng
thc t, do si quang khng th t l tng nn c lng chit (A|=0) v tnh khng
hon ho trong qu trnh sn xut si, lp t. Tn sc mode phn cc c sinh ra do
lng chit ca si, v s thay i hng mt cch ngu nhin ca cc trc lng
chit dc theo chiu di si. Do vy, tn sc mode phn cc (PMD: Polarization Mode
Despersion) gy ra tr khc nhau i vi cc phn cc khc nhau. Chnh chnh
lch v tr , khi t n mt t l no trong chu k ca bt s gy ra mo xung
v tt yu dn n gim nhy thu ca h thng, ngha l cn phi c mt lng
cng sut tn hiu b vo cng sut mt mt (gim) duy tr c t l BER mong
mun, hay ni cch khc, l tr ln lm tng li bt (BER) ca h thng.
37
S thay i ca mi trng nh nhit , tc ng c hc,... cng lm cho tn
sc mode phn cc cng thay i theo thi gian mt cch ngu nhin v kh kim
sot. Thm vo , s khng ng nht ca lng chit ca cc phn t quang khc c
trong h thng nh b EDFA, b OADM (d chng c lng chit khng i) cng
lm gia tng nh hng phn cc ton h thng.
Lng chit c sinh ra do s phn b khng ng hng ca ch s khc x
trong vng truyn lan ca si quang hoc ca mi trng trong phn t quang.
khc phc lng chit, ngi ta ch to ra loi si duy tr phn t phn cc PMF
(Polarization Maintaining Fiber) nh c m t trn hnh H.2.2

Loi si ny c lng chit ln duy tr dc theo chiu di si bng cch nn
mt mt phng truyn lan. Nh vy, hai mode phn cc khng bao gi kt hp, v vy
bt k mt trng thi phn cc no c t dc theo mt trc ca hai mode phn cc
ny s c duy tr n tn cui si. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc loi si quang truyn
thng ang c khai thc trn mng li u c lngchit thp nn khng c kh
nng duy tr phn cc nh loi si PMF.
2.1.2.2 di phch
Lng chit lm cho hai mode phn cc trt pha mt cch tng i vi nhau
do truyn lan vi vn tc khc nhau. Khi s lch pha gia hai mode phn cc l mt s
nguyn ln ca 2t th hai mode phn cc trng nhau v nh vy trng thi phn cc
u ra s c khi phc li. di tng ng vi chu k c gi l di phch
L
B
v c xc nh:
2
B
L
t
|
=
A
(2.1.3)
38
y, L
B
c th nguyn l n v o chiu di.
i vi si quang n mode thng thng th L
B
=215m. di phch ny
khc vi di ghp mode l
c
(s xt sau).
2.1.2.3 Hm truyn t phn cc
Nh ch ra trn, t (2.1), nh sng b phn cc khi truyn lan v trng thi
phn cc ca n trong mt phng xy cn phi c biu din bng vector. Vector
Jones v vector Stokes cng vi mt cu Poincar l cc biu din trc quan nht v
phn cc v trng thi phn cc.
+ Vector Jones:
Vector Jones l vector phc biu th cc phn t ca trng in theo cc trc x
v y ca trng thi phn cc ti mt im no trong khng gian. Vector Jones c
vit:
jx
x x
jy
y y
A E e
E
A E e
( | |
= =
( |
(
\ .
(2.1.4)
Khi nh sng phn cc truyn lan dc si quang hay i qua phn t quang th
trng thi phn cc ca n cng thay i. Ngi ta dng ma trn Jones m t qu
trnh thay i ny. Ma trn Jones l ma trn phc 2x2 sao cho vector Jones u ra
out E c mi tng quan vi vector Jones ti u vo in E theo quan h:
out in E TE =
Ma trn Jones c xc nh qua php o cc vector Jones u ra ng vi bt
k b ba vector u vo nh sau:
3 1 2
3 1 2
; ;
X X X
Y Y Y
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(2.1.5)
Khi ma trn Jones c tnh:
1 4 2 *
4
1
K K K
T C
K
(
=
(

(2.1.6)
y,
3 3 2 1 2
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 1 3
, , , ,
X K K X X
K K K K
Y Y Y K K

= = = =

v C
*
l hng s phc.
ln ca hng s phc C
*
c th c tnh ton t cng c o phn
t quang. Tuy nhin, trn thc t trong cc kt qu o ngi ta khng quan tm nhiu
ti hng s ny.
+ Vector Stokes
Ma trn Jones c s dng hu hiu m t chuyn i trng thi phn cc,
nhng trong thc t c gp phi kh khn khi o trng in t ca sng nh sng. V
vy, phi c cch khc m t cc trng thi phn cc nhm o c nh sng phn
39
cc mt cch d dng hn. Vector Stokes c s dng trong trng hp ny v
c biu th l mt vector ct nh sau:
0
1
2
3
S
S
S
S
S
(
(
(
=
(
(

(2.1.7)
Trong :
-
2 2
0 x y
S E E = + l tng cng sut nh sng bao gm c thnh phn phn cc v
khng phn cc.
-
2 2
1 x y
S E E = l s chnh lch cng sut gia phn cc ngang tuyn tnh v
phn cc dc tuyn tnh ca cc trng thi phn cc.
-
*
2
2Re( )
x y
S E E = l phn chnh lch cng sut gia phn cc tuyn tnh +45
0
v
-45
0
ca trng thi phn cc.
-
*
3
2Im( )
x y
S E E = l phn chnh lch cng sut gia phn cc trn cng chiu
kim ng h v phn cc trn ngc chiu kim ng h.
ln ca vector Stokes:
2 2 2
1 2 3
S S S + +
+ Mt cu Poincar:
Mt cu Poincar s dng tham s vector Stokes chun ha (S
1
=S
1
/S
0
;
S
2
=S
2
/S
0
; S
3
=S
3
/S
0
) nh ba phn thc ca vector n v trn h trc ta biu din
bt k mt trng thi phn cc no. V d, phn cc ngang tuyn tnh 0
0
(LH 0
0
SOP)
c biu th l (1,0,0), phn cc dc tuyn tnh 90
0
(LV90
0
) l (-1,0,0); L+45
0
l
(0,1,0) v L-45
0
l (0,-1,0); cn Crh l (0,0,1) v Clh l (0,0,-1) nh c ch ra trn
hnh 2.3

40
V :
x
y
j
x
j
y
E e
E
E e
o
o
(
= (
(


Do :

2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
1
*
2
*
3
2 2 os
2 2 sin
x y x y
x y x y
e x y e x y
m x y m x y
S E E E E
S E E E E
S
S R E E R E E c
S I E E I E E
o
o
( ( + + (
( (
(

( (
(
= = =
( (
( A
( (
(
A
( (

(2.1.8)
Khi ta c vector Stokes chun ha:
2 2 2 2
1 0
2 2
2 0
2 2
3 0
/ ( ) /( )
/ 2 os /( )
/ 2 sin /( )
x y x y
e x y x y
m x y x y
S S E E E E
S S S R E E c E E
S S I E E E E
o
o
( + (
(
(
= = A +
(
(
(
( A +


(2.1.9)
Khi biu din trong ta cc:
-j /2
j /2
os e
sin e
j
c
E e

u
u
(
=
(

(2.1.10)
T suy ra:
1
2
3
os2
sin2 cos
sin2 sin
S c
S
S
u
u
u
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

(2.1.11)
Vi
x y
o o o A = l lch pha gia chiu x (phn cc ngang) v chiu y (phn
cc dc) ca trng thi phn cc. S dng cc tham s ca vector Stokes tt nht l
thng qua mt cu Poincar. Khi trng phn cc hon ton th:
2 2 2
1 2 3
1 S S S + + =
v trng thi phn cc s l mt im trn mt cu. Bt k im no nm trn xch o
ca mt cu u biu th phn cc tuyn tnh, cn hai cc Bc v Nam biu th phn
cc trn theo chiu kim ng h/ngc chiu kim ng h tng ng. Cn li bt k
im no khc trn mt cu u biu th phn cc Ellip.
2.1.2.4 Cc trng thi phn cc nguyn l
Vi bt k mt phn t no c sn sinh ra tn sc mode phn cc (PMD) th
u tn ti hai trng thi phn cc v c gi l trng thi phn cc nguyn l.
Trng thi phn cc nguyn l c tnh cht sau: trng thi phn cc c duy tr trong
sut qu trnh truyn lan t u vo si n u ra ca si m khng ph thuc vo tn
s. Trng thi phn cc nguyn l c chia ra lm hai loi: (1) trng thi nguyn l
phn cc nhanh tng ng vi n l tr truyn lan ngn nht, v (2)-trng thi nguyn
l phn cc chm tng ng vi n l tr truyn lan di nht.
Trong trng hp khng c hiu ng phi tuyn, khng c suy hao hay khuch
i ph thuc vo phn cc th hai trng thi nguyn l phn cc ny l trc giao. i
41
vi loi si n mode thng thng c dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang th
trng thi nguyn l phn cc khc vi trng thi ring ca si quang. Cc trng thi
ring l cc vector ring ca ma trn Jones, ngha l cc trng thi phn cc ny khi
truyn lan qua si quang phn t phn cc cng b thay i.
2.1.3 c im, tnh cht tn sc mode phn cc trong h thng thng tin
quang
2.1.3.1 Khi qut v c im, tnh cht ca PMD
Tn sc PMD lm mo tn hiu theo thi gian do tng tc ca ngun phn cc
v c tnh ph ca qu trnh truyn tn hiu qua si quang hay phn t phn cc gy
ra, bao gm c vic hai trng thi phn cc trc giao truyn lan vi vn tc nhm khc
nhau. Thut ng PMD dng ch vi ngha bng v hin tng gin rng xung
v cc gi tr s theo thi gian, n c trng cho si quang hay phn t phn cc.
Khi mt xung truyn qua si quang hay phn t quang th xung c th thay
i do nh hng ca PMD. Tn sc PMD lm thay i dng xung, c bit l lm
gin rng trung bnh bnh phng (RMS:Root Mean Square) do c s chnh lch
v tr truyn lan gia hai mode ca trng thi phn cc nguyn l hay cn gi l
tr nhm vi phn (DGD: Differential Group Delay). Tn sc PMD cng vi suy hao
ph thuc vo phn cc (PDG: Polarization Dependent Gain) c th lm mo dng
xung c th n mc khng chp nhn c, iu lm tng t l li bt (BER) khi
truyn lan qua si.
Gi tr PMD c xc nh v o c ph thuc vo loi phn t quang hay si
c th lm mo tn hiu trn ton tuyn thng tin. Trong mt s trng hp, c gi tr
trung bnh v cn bc hai trung bnh bnh phng ca tr nhm vi phn DGD trn
mt di bc sng c th c dng xc nh gi tr ca PMD. Mt s trng hp
khc th gi tr DGD ln nht trong vng bc sng s c dng xem xt v c
tnh c trng ca PMD.
2.1.3.2 Cc tham s c bn ca tn sc PMD
+ Phn bit cc khi nim: gi tr DGD, gi tr PMD, h s PMD:
Khi xem xt v cc tham s ca PMD, ngi ta thy rng v tn sc PMD ca
si quang hay ca phn t quang thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian nn vic o PMD
trong min tn s cn da trn cc gi tr PMD trung bnh trong mt di bc sng.
Hm phn b xc sut cc gi tr DGD ca si quang, tun theo hm Maxoen v gi
thit rng gi tr DGD ca phn t quang cng c hm phn b xc sut l hm
Macxoen. tm hiu cc tham s c bn ca tn sc PMD, trc ht, cn phn bit
r rng cc khi nim sau:
- Gi tr DGD l tr nhm vi phn mt thi im v bc sng c th c
n v l ps.
42
- Gi tr PMD l trung bnh cc gi tr DGD theo di bc sng c n v l ps.
- H s PMD l biu th gi tr PMD c chun ha theo n v di, c
n v l ps/km
1/2
. Ta s phn tch 4 tham s c bn ca tn sc PMD sau:
+ tr nhm vi phn (DGD)
DGD l chnh lch v thi gian ti ca hai trng thi nguyn l phn cc. Kt
qu dn ti gin xung hoc ch xung v lm mo tn hiu c truyn lan. DGD thay
i theo bc sng () mt cch ngu nhin. Gi tr DGD trung bnh trn mt di
bc sng thng khng i m ch ph thuc vo cu trc ca si hoc phn t phn
cc v di bc sng m ta ly mu m thi.
+ Biu thc tn sc PMD ca si quang
Thng thng, ngi ta s dng mt on si quang ngn m hnh ha cho
mt phn t lng chit m c hai trng thi nguyn l phn cc u ra khng ph
thuc vo tn s. Khi , vector lng chit mode B s l (B,0,0). Khi hai phn t
lng chit tng t ny mc ni tip nhau th cc trc lng chit s ghp vi nhau
mt cch ngu nhin v nh vy s lm i hng trc nh ch ra trn hnh 2.4.

Trng thi nguyn l phn cc u ra ca phn t th nht khng cn trng vi
trng thi phn cc nguyn l u vo ca phn t th hai. di ca on tip ni
ny c gi l di ghp mode l
c
(hay gi l tham s l
c
). Nh vy, mt phn nng
lng ca mt mode phn cc ca phn t ny c chuyn sang mt phn t phn
cc khc ca phn t phn cc tip theo... c nh vy, to nn s thay i ngu nhin
lin tc gia cc mode nhanh, chm ca cc phn t ni tip nhau v h qu l cc
trng thi nguyn l phn cc u ra cng nh DGD thay i ngu nhin.
Trong si quang n mode thng thng th lng chit thng qu yu duy
tr phn cc PMD so vi si duy tr phn cc PMF, v khi y vector lng chit c
m hnh ha bng mt vector hng s (A|,0,0) nhng c s thng ging di tc ng
ca nhiu l ( )
1 2 3
, , o | o | o | A A A trong cc
i
o | A c phn b Gausian v khng tng
quan.
Phng trnh biu th s thay i ca vector tn sc c vit nh sau:
43
( )

( )
( )
dS
S
d
e
e
e
= O (2.1.12)
( )

( )
dS
S
dZ
e
| e = A (2.1.13)

( ) ( ) ( )
P
S e t e e O = A (2.1.14)

Trong , ( ) e O l vector tn sc phn cc (PDV: Polarization Dispersion Vector)
c cc thnh phn (
1 2 3
, , . O O O )
Tn sc PMD c biu din thng qua B, l
c
v di si L nh sau:
1/ 2
2
2
2
c
L
l c
c
Bl L
PMD e
l
| |
= + |
|
\ .
(2.1.15)
Trong , l
c
l di ghp mode trung bnh,

/ B d d | e = A l vector lng chit

mode. Nh vy s c hai trng hp:
Nu L<<l
c
th PMD = BL (2.1.16)
Nu L>> l
c
th
c
PMD B Ll = (2.1.17)
Khi DGD thay i ngu nhin v l hm s ca bc sng th PMD c coi l
qu trnh ngu nhin ca hai trng thi nguyn l phn cc.
Cc tham s thng k ca PMD c c trng bi thng k ca cc trng thi
phn cc nguyn l v cc thng k DGD. Nh vy, cc thng k ca trng thi phn
cc nguyn l (PSP: Principle State of Polarization) s l cc phn t ca vector phn
cc PDV (
1 2 3
, , O O O ) m c hm phn b xc sut Gaussian:
2
2
2
2
1
( )
2
PDF e
t
t
t
t t

< >
| |
=
|
|
< >
\ .
(2.1.18)
Trong ,
2
t < > l PMD
Cc thng k ca DGD (
2 2 2
1 2 3
O +O +O ) c hm phn b xc sut Maxoen:
2
2
2
2
3
2
( ) DPF e
t
o t
t
t o
A

| |
A
A =
|
|
\ .
(2.1.19)
V
2
3
t
o
< A >
= (2.1.20)
Vi gi tr trung bnh tng bnh phng
2
t < A >v:
2
2
3
2
2
2 3
6
( ) 3
( )
DPF e
t
t
t
t
t t
A

<A >
| |
A
A =
|
|
A
\ .
(2.1.21)
Khi :
44
2 1/ 2
PDF t =< A > (2.1.22)
Ngha l bng cn ca trung bnh bnh phng DGD.
Nu xt gi tr trung bnh DGD t < A > th:
8
t
o t
| |
= < A >
|
\ .
(2.1.23)
V hm s xc sut PDF t < A > l:
2
2
4
2
2 2
32
( )
( )
PDF e
t
t t
t
t
t t
A

<A >
A
A =
A
(2.1.24)
Trong trng hp ny PMD=<At> l gi tr DGD trung bnh
Mi lin h gia <At
2
>
1/2
v <At> thng qua biu thc:
2 2
3
8
t
t t < A >= < A > (2.1.25)
i vi mt s phn t quang pha tp v b khuch i quang th DGD c th
thng ging trn di bc sng vi bin rt nh; khi gi tr DGD cc i s c
s dng thay cho <At
2
>
1/2

+ Tn sc PMD bc 2
phn tch tn sc PMD bc 2, trc ht ta o hm theo tn s biu thc
(2.13), ta c:
2

( )
( ) ( )

p
p
dS
d d
PMD S
d d d
e
e t e
t
e e e
| |
O A | |
= = + A |
|
|
\ .
\ .
(2.1.26)
Nh vy, tn sc mode phn cc bc 2 (PMD
2
) gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn
th nht song song vi

P
S gi l phn t song song; thnh phn th hai l thnh phn
trc giao. Tng t nh xc nh PMD
1
, th PMD
2
s l gi tr modul ca vn tc
vector phn cc:
2
2

d
PMD
de
O
= (2.1.27)
PMD
2
c th nguyn l s
2
, ging nh tn sc CD, tin li th ta c th dng
ps
2
hoc ps/nm vi:
2
2 2

2 c d
PMD
d
t
e
O
= (2.1.28)
i vi si quang di (ln hn nhiu so vi di ghp mode) th c tnh
gn ng theo biu thc:
( )
2
2
2
4
1

1 1

3 3
d
PMD
de
O
~ O = (2.1.29)
45
T suy ra:
( )
2
2 1
1
3
PMD PMD = (2.1.30)
+ Tn sc CD ph thuc vo phn cc (PDCD)
Tn sc CD ph thuc vo phn cc (PDCD: Polarization Dependent
Chromatic Dispersion) c xc nh bng o hm theo e ca vector tn sc phn
cc. l hiu s gia gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca PMD
2
tng quan vi
trng thi phn cc. Khi b qua suy hao ph thuc phn cc ta c th tnh PDCD nh
sau:
ax min

m
d
PDCD CD CD
de
O
= = (2.1.31)
2.1.4 nh hng ca PMD trong h thng thng tin quang
Nh ch ra trn, tn sc PMD trong thng tin quang thay i ngu nhin.
hiu c c ch ca n, ngi ta s dng cc m hnh c tnh kt hp thp (Low-
Coherent mode) v tnh kt hp cao (High-Coherent mode) nghin cu. i vi m
hnh tnh kt hp thp th ghp cng sut mode l m hnh c trng, cn m hnh tnh
kt hp cao l m hnh trng thi phn cc nguyn l.
Trong m hnh ghp cng sut mode, khi xung u vo si quang b tc ng
ca lng chit si s b phn cc thnh hai mode v khi gp s thay i lng chit
on tip theo th hai mode li b phn chia thnh 4 mode. Trong qu trnh truyn
lan trong si cc mode ny b thay i ngu nhin do tc ng ca lng chit v nh
vy sinh ra cc nhiu mode c tnh kt hp rt thp. H qu l u ra ca si khi cc
mode ghp cng sut li s lm gin rng ca xung. Gi tr trung bnh bnh phng
ca gin rng xung c tnh:
1
2
t c
Ll
v
o =
A
(2.1.32)
Trong o
t
l gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca gin xung, Av l vn tc
nhm vi phn, L l di si, v l
c
l di ghep mode.
Di y ta s xem xt hai vn ca tn sc phn cc mode trong h thng
thng tin quang.
2.1.4.1 B cng sut do nh hng ca tn sc PMD
Cc nh hng ca tn sc PMD nh lm gin v mo xung c th dn n lm
tn hao (mt mt) cng sut ca c h thng. Nh trnh by trn, tn sc PMD l
mt qu trnh thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian do mt mt cng sut do PMD gy
ra cho h thng cng mang tnh thay i ngu nhin nn vic b cng sut kh phc
tp. Nh vy, khi thit k h thng d phng cng sut cho iu kin hot ng bnh
thng s khng cho trng hp m gi tr PMD b vt qu gii hn cho php.
46
iu ny thc s phc tp bi v vn m gi tr tn sc PMD tc thi vt qua gii
hn ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin mi trng v cng kh c th m phng c
n trong phng th nghim. d bo nh hng ca PMD trong h thng, gi thit
rng nh hng ni tri ca n l lm gin xung. i vi h thng thng tin quang
dng sng khng tr v khng (NRZ: Non Return Zero) th b cng sut mt mt do
tn sc PMD gy ra cng c mt s nh nghin cu xut; i lng ny c
tnh theo biu thc sau:
2
2
(1 )
( ) dB A
T
t
c
A
= (2.1.33)
Trong , 0 s s 1 l t s phn chia cng sut gia hai mode; T l rng
ton phn ca xung quang na gi tr cc i; A l h s ph thuc vo dng tn hiu
v c tnh k thut ca b lc ti b thu. i vi dng NRZ th tc bt bng nghch
o ca rng xung. Bng 2.1.1 cho cc tham s A i vi mt s dng xung v b
thu Bessel bc 4:
Bng 2.1.1 Gi tr A i vi cc xung khc nhau
Dng xung H s A
Gauss 25
Raised Cosin 22
Xung vung 12
Tam gic 24

Trong h thng thc t, tn tht cng sut do PMD gy ra thay i ngu nhin
theo s phn b ngu nhin ca v At. c th xc nh gi tr PMD gii hn ca
h thng th phi xem xt b cng sut do PMD gy ra, cho php l bao nhiu. Thng
thng gi tr 1 dB mt mt cng sut l chp nhn c. Tng t nh i vi cc h
thng v tuyn, iu kin xem xt mt mt cng sut da trn gin on ca
h thng. Ngha l xc sut gin on ca h thng cho php nh hn 1/18000, tng
ng, vi tiu chun 4o trong phn b Gauss. Xc sut ny tng ng vi thi gian
gin on h thng l 30 pht/1 nm. Tuy nhin, xc sut ny ch tnh cho thi gian
gin on tch ly ch khng tnh cho gin on bng pht ring l nh ca PMD.
Xc sut cho s kin b mt mt cng sut vt qu 1 dB c xc nh
thng qua c. Gi thit rng At c hm phn b xc sut Maxoen, cn phn b ng
nht trong khong t 0 n 1 v l tham s c lp. Khi , t (2.1.33) tn tht cng
sut ca PMD s c hm mt xc sut l hm m c dng:
( ) p e
qc
c q

= (2.1.34)
Trong
( )
2 2
16 / T A q t t = A v
2
t A l tr vi phn trung bnh.
47
Xc sut cho s kin m tn tht cng sut vt qu 1 dB c xc nh bng
cch tch phn biu thc (2.1.34) t 1 n +:
{ }
1
1 ( )
r
P e d e
qc qc
c q e

> = =
}
(2.1.35)
t v phi ca (2.1.35) bng 1/18000 s tm c q=9,8 i vi dng xung
Gauss l A=25, khi
0,14
Limit
T
t A
= (2.1.36)
Biu thc (2.1.36) ch ra rng, i vi h thng thng tin quang cn m bo
rng s gin on ca h thng khng vt qu 30 pht/1 nm, th thi gian tr vi
phn gia cc trng thi phn cc khng vt qu 0,14 ln rng bt. T y, c th
tnh c gii hn tc bt ca h thng khi bit c h s tn sc PMD =
<At>/L
1/2
, ngha l:
2
2
0, 02
B L
PMD
~ (2.1.37)
Nh cp trn, gii hn PMD ny i vi gin on tch ly, nn phn
ln thi gian h thng hot ng bnh thng, nhng nhng gin on ring l bng
pht t bin c th xy ra s nh hng nghim trng n cht lng h thng.
trnh nh hng dn n vic sinh ra tn sc PMD bc cao t b iu bin trc tip
Laser, ngi ta s dng iu bin ngoi. Khi , rng ph ca tn hiu iu bin
khng b tng ln v gim c cc hiu ng PMD bc cao.
2.1.4.2 nh hng ca tn sc PMD kt hp vi cc ngun nhiu khc
Trong h thng thng tin quang thc t s dng cc phn t quang chu tc
ng ca hiu ng PMD. Suy hao ph thuc phn cc c th sinh ra t cc b cch ly
quang, b chia quang hay b lc quang. Tn sc PMD khng ch tn ti trong si
quang m n cn c trong cc b cch ly quang v b khuch i EDFA. Tn sc
PMD kt hp vi suy hao ph thuc phn cc (PDL: Polarization Dependent Loss), v
l thng phn cc (PHB) trong b EDFA s lm thng ging t s SNR trong h
thng, ngha l gim BER ca h thng.
S thng ging SNR do PMD kt hp vi PDL c th khc phc bng cch
tng d phng cho h thng ln khong 1,5 dB; PHB c th lm tng nhiu pht x
t pht (ASE) tch ly mode trc giao vi trc truyn dn nhanh hn so vi mode
song song vi trc truyn dn. Kt qu l tn hiu s b yu i nhanh chng. Nu xt
hiu ng PHB cho mt EDFA n l th nh hng ca n l rt nh, song nu tch
ly cho c h thng truyn dn di s dng nhiu EDFA th cng gy nn tn tht c
vi dB.
48
Nh vy, khc phc nh hng ca tn sc PMD di gc dng gii php
b cng sut, th khi thit k h thng, cng sut d phng phi t khong 3-4 dB
mi m bo h thng hot ng bnh thng; thc t cc h thng ch d phng 1-2
dB cho nh hng PMD, do vy phi c bin php hn ch nh hng ca PMD khi
thit k h thng thng tin quang.
2.1.5 Phng php o tn sc PMD
C nhiu k thut o tn sc PMD song ph bin nht l ba k thut sau:
2.1.5.1 K thut qut tn s
K thut qut tn s hay cn gi l k thut phn tch c nh. K thut ny
c m t trn hnh 2.5

Trong k thut ny, s dng mt s thit b sau: ngun pht Laser ph rng;
mt b phn cc t trc si quang cn o; mt b phn cc th hai t sau si
quang v ng vai tr l mt b phn tch; my phn tch ph quang (Optical
Spectrum Analyzer: OSA) c dng o tn hiu phn cc (xem hnh 2.5).
Tn hiu nh sng u ra ca ngun pht quang c a vo u vo ca b
phn cc th nht to ra tn hiu phn cc trc khi i vo si cn o. Tn hiu u
ra ca si l tn hiu u vo ca b phn tch. B phn tch c nhim v phn tch cc
phn cc nh sng thu c v my phn tch ph quang OSA s ghi li cng nh
sng di dng hm s ca bc sng trong di tn cn o, tc bin thin ca
ds(e)/de c ghi li. Phn mm trong thit b OSA s phn tch cc kt qu v m
s ln xut hin cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu k c gi tr hai u mt ca di bc
sng cn o. tr nhm vi phn trung bnh c tnh:

( )
1 2
1 2
2
mN
DGD
c

t

= A =

(3.1.38)
49
Trong di bc sng c xc nh bi cc bc sng
1
v
2
; N l s cc
cc tr bao gm c hai im mt ca di bc sng; c l vn tc nh sng trong chn
khng; v m l h s ghp mode nhn gi tr 1 trong trng hp khng c ghp mode
v 0,82 trong trng hp c ghp mode.
V PMD lm thay i trng thi phn cc (SOP: State of Polarization) theo
bc sng, do ph ca ngun pht phi tha mn iu kin duy tr phn cc nh
sau:
8
m
c

t
A
=
A
(2.1.39)
i vi bc sng ln cn vng 1550 nm, iu kin trn c th c n gin
ha bng cch ly gi tr A (o bng nm) nh hn gi tr At (o bng ps) l c. Tuy
vy, k thut qut tn s c mt nhc im l n cho bit gi tr ca DGD m khng
cho bit c thng tin v cc trng thi nguyn l phn cc. o c cc trng
thi phn cc, u ra ca si cn o, ngi ta phi dng my o phn cc thay cho
my phn tch ph quang v b phn tch phn cc.
2.1.5.2 K thut giao thoa
K thut giao thoa o trc tip thi gian tr nhm nh s dng giao thoa k
Michelson thay cho my phn tch ph quang nh trong k thut qut tn s. S o
PMD bng k thut giao thoa c m t trn hnh 2.6.

Giao thoa k s hin th ng bao gi l lc giao thoa v c th tnh ngay
gi tr DGD khi khng c hin tng ghp mode. Nhng trong trng hp c hin
tng ghp mode (thng xy ra vi cc si di) th giao thoa k s phn tch c
c dng lc Gauss ph hp nht nhm thu c DGD. Khi , PMD c tnh
da trn phng sai o ca phn b Gauss theo biu thc:
1/ 2
2
3
4
t o A = (2.1.40)
50
Mt phng php khc c xut tnh PMD trong mi trng hp ghp
mode l s dng hm t tng quan v tng quan cho ca lc giao thoa:
( )
2 2
0
3
2
x
PMD o o = (2.1.41)
Trong o
0
v o
x
l rng trung bnh bnh phng (RMS) ca trung bnh
nhn cc ng bao t tng quan v tng quan cho tng ng. Cc ng bao ny
thu c bng cch ly hiu v tng ca hai ng bao ring bit trn lc giao
thoa khi quan st chng theo hai trc trc giao ca b phn tch phn cc.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t nhiu khi ngi ta ch cn ti thng s v gi tr DGD
m khng cn trng thi phn cc, th hai k thut va xt rt thun li v cho ra kt
qu nhanh chng, nhng nu cn bit thng tin v trng thi phn cc th hai phng
php o trn cha thun tin.
2.1.5.3 K thut s dng ma trn Jones
Hnh 2.7 trnh by s o PMD s dng ma trn Jones

K thut o PMD dng ma trn Jones hay cn gi l phng php phn tch
ring ma trn Jones c thc hin trn thit b iu khin bng my tnh. Thc cht
ngi ta bin vic o tc d bin thin ca lch pha d|/de theo tn s gc thnh
cc gi tr ring ca ma trn chuyn i PMD. B lc phn cc v cc b tch sng
xc nh cc trng thi phn cc trn di bc sng. Cc php tnh ma trn c thc
hin cho ra kt qu th biu din s ph thuc ca DGD theo bc sng.
K thut ny i hi s dng ngun pht Laser iu chnh c ph hp c
th c c 3 trng thi phn cc ti cc v tr 0
0=
, 45
0
v 90
0
pht vo si cn o.
My tnh c nhim v tnh ton ma trn Jones thng qua cc trng thi phn cc u
vo v u ra ca si trong di bc sng cho ra kt qu l gi tr DGD c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
( )
1 2
Arg /
d

t
e
A = (2.1.42)
51
Trong
1
v
2
l cc gi tr ring ca ma trn T(e+Ae)T
-1
(e); Arg l
argumen; Ae l bc nhy tn s khi o, cc vector ring ca ma trn tch xc nh
PSP v PMD.
2.1.6 Kt qu m phng, o xc nh tn sc PMD
Cc thng tin trong phn ny c s dng cc kt qu nghin cu lun n tin
s ca nghin cu sinh inh Th Thu Phong (bo v nm 2010).
y, vn dng ni dung nghin cu v bn cht vt l, cc tham s c trng,
s tc ng gia chng vi nhau, v s dng phng php o nh nghin cu
trn m phng nhm thu c cc kt qu v tn sc PMD, v qua nh gi
c c th v c trng ca tn sc PMD. Cng c m phng c s dng l cng
c m phng VPI Transmission c sn ti phng th nghim [17]. Cc kt qu trnh
by phn ny l da trn cc thng tin nghin cu c cng b trong v ngoi
nc.
2.1.6.1 Kt qu m phng biu din qua mt cu Poincar
Nh phn trn phn tch cho thy rng cn phi m t c trng thi phn
cc nhm o c nh sng phn cc mt cch thun li. Do , thng qua mt cu
Poincar s dng cc tham s ca vector Stokes l cch tt nht. nghin cu v
xc nh c cc trng thi phn cc (SOP) thng qua biu din cc vector PMD trn
mt cu Poincar thc hin m phng vi cc gi tr ca tham s Stokes a ra t
biu thc (2.1.9) xt trn.
Kt qu m phng cc trng thi phn cc trn mt cu Poincar khng nh
rng khi phn cc hon ton v khng c lng chit, qu o im cui ca vector
PMD l ng trn trn mt cu khi pha bin i trong chu k t 0
0
n 360
0
, nh
c biu din trn hnh 2.8a.

Khi c thnh phn lng chit th qu o im cui vector PMD trn mt cu
Poincar thay i v khng l mt ng trn na. N hon ton c th thay i ngu
nhin, nh hnh 2.8b, l kt qu m phng vi thnh phn lng chit c tham s
52
DGD l 4.10
-11
s. Cc kt qu m phng ny da trn cc tham s m phng gm cc
tham s trong trng hp khng c lng chit v c lng chit [17].
2.1.6.2 Kt qu m phng o tn sc PMD
+ M hnh m phng
S m phng o DGD bng phng php c nh, c m t trn hnh 2.9.
Si s dng o PMD c thit lp cc tham s nh sau: di si 100 Km, h s
suy hao si l 0,2 dB/km, h s tn sc c gi tr bng 0,31 ps/km
1/2
, to ra gi tr
DGD ca 100 km si l 10 ps, song lng chit si thay i ngu nhin.

+ Kt m phng v nhn xt
Xung c pht t modul to xung pht vo si, sau qua modul iu khin
phn cc tch mt phn cc ri a vo modul phn tch ph. Hnh 2.10 a,b,c l
cc kt qu thu c, n hin th ph ca mt phn cc ph thuc vo bc sng vi
cc gc ca b phn cc tng ng vi 0
0
, 60
0
v 90
0
. Kt qu cho thy rng trn cng
mt di bc sng, tng s cc cc tr ca ph c 3 gi tr ca b phn cc l khng
i. p dng cng thc (3.1.38) tnh DGD theo phng php ny ta thu c DGD
bng 0,966 ps, so snh vi kt qu thit lp DGD ca si, kt qu cho thy sai s gia
kt qu m phng v thc t l 0,4%.
53

Hnh 2.11 l s c thit lp m phng o tr xung tn hiu do tn sc
PMD gy ra. Si quang dng o PMD c xc nh: di 100 km, h s suy hao
si l 0,2 dB/km, h s tn sc c gi tr bng 0,031 ps/km
1/2
to ra gi tr DGD ca
100 km si l 10 ps, song lng chit si thay i ngu nhin
54

Hnh 2.12 l kt qu m phng o tr xung do tn sc PMD gy ra. Ta nhn
thy rng khi khng b tn x (nh hnh 2.12a), xung sau khi b nh hng ca PMD
ch b dch chuyn i 2,5 ps (gi tr nh-nh) nhng vn g nguyn dng xung. Do
, cht lng truyn dn BER ca h thng s c m bo. Tuy nhin, khi b nh
hng ca tn x PMD th ngoi vic xung b tr, n cn b dao ng quanh gi tr ca
n nh th hin trn hnh 2.12 b, c. Gi tr tn x cng ln th xung b dao ng mnh,
lch khi gi tr ca n ti 10 ps, v gy ra mo tn hiu. y l mt dng nhiu v lm
xung cp cht lng truyn dn BER do SNR gim mnh do nh hng ca PMD.
55

T vic nghin cu tn sc PMD nh trn, c th khng nh rng vi h thng
thng tin quang tc bt cao (>10 Gbit/s) v c ly xa s b nh hng rt ln do
PMD; tc ng ca PMD lm suy gim bin , mo dng tn hiu, tng nhiu h
thng v nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i ASE. Kt qu l lm gim SNR v dn
n gim cht lng truyn dn BER.
56
Do , hin nay, ngi ta ang nghin cu cc gii php hn ch nh hng ca
tn sc PMD; l cc phng php t n gin nht l s dng si quang c h s
PMD thp, n cc gii php k thut phc tp nh k thut b PMD bng in hay
quang c th s dng c b pht v b thu.
Nhn chung, cc k thut b tn sc PMD l rt cn thit gim nhng nh
hng ca PMD bc nht (PMD
1
) v lm gim hoc khng lm tng nh hng ca
PMD bc cao (PMD
2
, PMD
3
...) n cht lng h thng. Cc k thut b tn sc PMD
ny thng phi tha mn yu cu v kh nng thay i nhanh chng ca PMD, ngha
l phi thay i cho kp thay i ca DGD v c PSP. Ngoi ra, cc k thut ny cng
phi c gi thnh thp, kch thc nh b gim nh hng n cu trc h thng.
c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu gii php hn ch nh hng ca PMD c
cng b.
Tm li, Phn 2.1 tp trung nghin cu, phn tch bn cht ca tn sc PMD,
nhng yu t, thnh phn to nn bn cht ca tn sc PMD. Nghin cu phng php
o v m phng kim chng c trng ca tn sc PMD. y l kt qu quan trng
lm c s cho vic nghin cu nh hng tc ng ca PMD thng qua gii php gim
st mode phn cc trong cc h thng thng tin quang tc cao, c ly xa, nh h
thng cp quang bin.
2.2 Nghin cu nh hng ca tn sc MODE phn cc v nhiu lin quan
trong h thng thng tin quang tc cao
2.2.1 Gii thiu chung
Nh ch ra, khi tc bt cng cao th nh hng ca tn sc PMD cng tng
v phc tp khi tm gii php loi tr n. Trong h thng thng tin quang tc cao,
tn sc PMD thay i ngu nhin theo thi gian, li l yu t ni tri lm hn ch
c ly truyn dn cng nh tc bt; ngoi ra, xut hin nhiu trong mi trng tc
cao kt hp vi PMD v yu cu cht lng truyn dn cao, ngha l li bt nh, vi
cc h thng > 10 Gbit/s yu cu PMD rt kht khe, thng yu cu BER >10
-12
.
Mun duy tr BER cho trc, trong thc t th qu cng sut tn hiu s phi
tng thm mt lng b cho h thng sao cho sau khi b, qu cng sut s bng vi
cng sut ca h thng khi khng b nh hng ca PMD l phng php c
nhiu tc gi chn la nghin cu. xc nh nh hng ca tn sc PMD, vic
gim st PMD l mt vn quan trng trong b b PMD, n cung cp thng tin cho
thut ton iu khin ca b b PMD. Cn nhn mnh rng, vic mt mt cng sut
ca h thng do PMD l ngu nhin theo thi gian nn ch c th b mt lng cng
sut trung bnh trong mt khong thi gian.
c mt s phng php gim st quang v in c nghin cu v cng
b. Ni dung ch yu ca cc phng phng php ny c tp trung vo: (1) Xc
57
nh s suy gim ca m hnh mt; (2) o t l li bt; (3) o cng sut ng
h RF; (4) o phn cc (DOP: Degree of Polarization) ca tn hiu.
Phn ny, tp trung trnh by phng php gim st mode phn cc thng qua
m phng bng cng c m phng VPI Transmission. y l b cng c phn mm
ca VPI System, n cho php m phng hot ng ca cc phn t in v quang ca
h thng thng tin quang. y, cng gi thit rng suy hao truyn dn c gii
quyt tha ng bi EDFA, khi tn sc PMD kt hp vi di tn s v suy hao ph
thuc phn cc (PDL: Polarization Dependent Loss) nh hng ti cht lng truyn
dn c tin hnh nghin cu. Phng php gim st PMD y c m phng
da trn c s xc nh mt mt cng sut do nh hng ca PMD v CD trn cc h
thng thng tin quang tc 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s vi tn hiu RZ (Return-to-Zero)
v NRZ (Non Return to-Zero)
2.2.2 Thit lp h thng m phng nh hng ca PMD
2.2.2.1 M t s tng qut m phng nh hng ca PMD
tin hnh m phng, trong cng trnh [17] thit lp cc s m phng
tng qut nh trong hnh 2.13 v hnh 2.14

Hnh 2.13 S m phng nh hng ca PMD n h thng thng tin quang 10
Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s tn hiu NRZ

Hnh 2.14 S m phng nh hng ca PMD n h thng thng tin quang 10
Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s tn hiu RZ
58

Tn hiu laser pht sng lin tc c iu bin bng b iu bin quang
LiNbO
3
Mach-Zehnder vi chui tn hiu s (2
7
-1) c tc 10 Gbit/s hoc 40 Gbit/s
vi dng sng NRZ hoc NZ (50%) ly t u ra ca b to tn hiu s gi ngu nhin
PRBS. Laser diode LD lm vic bc sng 1552,5 nm vi gc ngng 45

nhm
to ra t l phn chia cng sut phn cc = 0,5 i din cho trng hp nh hng
phn cc xu nht. Sau , tn hiu iu bin i qua b phng to PMD c tham s tn
sc CD v tham s tr nhm vi phn DGD thay i c. B suy hao c dng
thay i gi tr suy hao trong h thng khi tin hnh o c tnh BER.
B thu p-i-n Photodiode c dng tch sng quang, cng vi b lc thu
Bessel bc 4. B khi phc tn hiu ng h cho vic tch BER v th biu th mi
lin h gia BER v cng sut thu quang c hin th trn mn hnh XY. quan st
c tn hiu thc, tn hiu dng hnh mt c o v hin th trn thit b hin sng
(scope).
xc nh cng sut tn hiu ng h RF, tn hiu ngay sau b tch sng c
a ti b phn tch ph RF, c t ngay sau b tch sng nh ch ra trn hnh 2.13
v hnh 2.14. Tng t nh vy, xc nh phn cc (DOP), module tch trng
thi phn cc (SOP) s thay th cc module khc ngay sau b m phng PMD trn s
m phng ny. ghi li d liu ca SOP th module gii ma trn c t trc
module vo/ ra (I/O)
2.2.2.2 Xc nh cc phng php gim st
Cht lng h thng s b suy hao do nh hng ca tn sc CD v PMD vi
tc bt cao, ch ring PMD cng gy gin xung v dn n gy nhiu ISI. S suy
gim ny c xc nh bng cch o t s li BER.Lng mt mt cng sut l hiu
s gia mc cng sut ti thiu thu c trc v sau nh hng ca tn sc i vi
mt gi tr BER cho trc. Trong h thng vin thng thng chn gi tr BER=10
-9
l
chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, i vi tc bt > 10 Gbit/s (h thng 10 Gbit/s v 40
Gbit/s) hoc h thng dng EDFA th yu cu BER=10
-12
10
-13
ngha l nghim ngt
hn. Do , DGD ln hn 10% rng bt nh hng n BER, ngha l h thng
c th khng chp nhn c.
Di y ta s trnh by ngn gn ba phng php gim st nh hng ca tn
sc:
+ Phng php gim st hnh mt
Trong phng php ny, ta c th quan st c s suy gim tn hiu trn s
hnh mt. Suy gim m lin quan mt thit vi t s li BER, v th n c dng
d on suy gim tn hiu. y, s suy gim m mt khng ch b nh hng
ca tn sc PMD m cn c thm tn sc CD v cc nhiu khc. Tuy nhin, do cch
59
thit lp v o n gin nn phng php ny vn thng c dng theo di cc
nh hng ca PMD.
+ Phng php gim st bng cch xc nh cng sut ng h tn hiu RF
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc l cng tn hiu RF thu c bi
Photodiode l mt hm s ca DGD, t l phn chia cng sut gia hai mode v tn s
RF. Ph RF c gi tr cc tiu khi DGD c gi tr bng mt na chu k RF,
f
min
=1/2(At), trong At l gi tr DGD. nh hng ca PMD c th tch ra c
bng cch gim st cng ca cng sut tn hiu RF, v PMD lm suy gim cng
sut RF.
+ Gim st bng cch xc nh phn cc (DOF: Degree of Polarization)
y l k thut gim st quang thun ty, s dng DOF gim st nh hng
ca PMD trong h thng. PMD lm thay i trng thi phn cc SOP ca tn hiu
quang khi truyn lan dc theo si quang, v do lm thay i DOP. Tn hiu DOP
thay i bi PMD c tnh theo cng thc:
2 2 2
1 2 3 0
/ DOP S S S S = + + (2.2.1)
Trong S
1
, S
2
, S
3
l cc tham s Stokes ca tn hiu quang, cc tham s ny
ch r chnh lch cng sut gia tng cp phn cc trc giao, v S
0
l tng cng
sut ca tn hiu. Xc nh DOP l phng php c quan tm nhiu i vi PMD.
2.2.3 Kt qu m phng v so snh
2.2.3.1 Xc nh t s li BER
quan st s suy gim tn hiu do nh hng ca tn sc CD, cc tham s ca
b m phng PMD c thit lp nh sau: h s PMD l 0 ps/m
1/2
, h s tn sc
16x10
-6
s/m
2
v dc tn sc l 0,08 x 10
3
s
2
/m
3
, h s suy hao l 0,2 x 10
-3
dB/m.
Kt qu m phng c tnh BER ph thuc vo cng sut quang thu c trong
cc trng hp tn sc CD v PMD vi cc tn hiu NRZ v RZ nh ch ra trn hnh
2.15

60

Hnh 2.15 c tnh BER ph thuc vo cng sut quang thu c vi cc trng
hp tn sc CD v PMD, cc dng tn hiu NRZ, RZ
T kt qu thu c ny cho thy rng vi gi tr BER=10
-9
, khi u trc tip
(Back-to-Back) th cng sut quang thu c l -20,3 dB i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s
dng tn hiu NRZ v -21,9 dB i vi dng tn hiu NZ. Khi di truyn dn tng
th tn sc CD tch ly tng dn, do i hi mc cng sut cao hn m bo gi
tr BER cho trc.
Hnh 2.16 cho thy s ph thuc ca mt mt cng sut vo tn sc CD i vi
tn hiu NRZ v NZ.
61

Hnh 2.16 S ph thuc ca mt mt cng sut vo tn sc CD i vi h thng
10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s
C th thy rng tn hiu dng NRZ, chu nh hng ca tn sc CD t hn
dng tn hiu NZ. Kt qu ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu v nh hng tn sc
CD vi cc dng sng khc nhau ca mt s tc gi cng b. Mt mt 1 dB i vi
tc 10 Gbit/s cho dng NRZ c th chu c tn sc CD tch ly ti 900 ps/nm,
trong khi dng NZ vi cng tc chu c tn sc CD tch ly l 500 ps/nm,
ngha l gi tr CD nh hn rt nhiu trong cng iu kin tng t nhau. iu ny
cng ph hp vi tc 40 Gbit/s. Khong cch truyn dn t l nghch vi bnh
phng tc bt. Vi tn tht cng sut tn hiu 1 dB, tch ly CD m h thng c
th chu c s gim i 16 ln khi tc bt tng t 10 Gbit/s ln 40 Gbit/s.
xem xt ring bit nh hng ca tn sc PMD i vi h thng th tn sc
CD ca b m phng PMD c t v 1,8 ps/nm, cn trong cc gi tr tr nhm vi
phn DGD ca b m phng thay i trong di t 0 n 80 ps.
Hnh 2.17 l kt qu m phng thu c cho thy s ph thuc ca mt mt
cng sut tn hiu vo tn sc PMD i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s vi cc dng tn hiu
NZ v RNZ. Vi gi tr DGD cng ln th ng cong BER ca tn hiu RZ c dc
ln hn ng cong BER ca tn hiu NRZ. Nh vy cng sut mt mt i vi NRZ
l ln hn. V th, h thng 10 Gbit/s vi tn hiu NRZ s c xem xt s dng so
snh vc phng php gim st PMD.
62

Hnh 2.17 Mt mt cng sut do nh hng ca PMD i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s
dng tn hiu RZ v NRZ
By gi ta tin hnh kho st nh hng ca tn sc PMD kt hp vi tn sc
CD trong h thng thng tin quang. Cc tham s ca b m phng PMD c thit lp
nh sau: cc gi tr tn sc CD c t ln lt l 480 ps/nm v 800 ps/nm; cc gi tr
DGD thay i t 0 ps n 70 ps. Kt qu thu c ch ra trn hnh 2.18.
R rng thy rng s kt hp nh hng ca tn sc PMD v tn sc CD lm
xu nghim trng cht lng h thng. Mt mt cng sut do nh hng ca cc tn
sc trn c th hin trn hnh 2.18, biu th s xung cp nhanh khi gi tr DGD t
n gi tr trn 40 ps. Gi tr CD v DGD cng ln th mt mt cng sut tn hiu cng
ln. Vi mt mt cng sut 1 dB th DGD c s chu ng gim t 45 ps xung cn 26
ps khi so snh vi mt mt 1 dB do tc ng ch c PMD hoc ch c CD gi tr 800
ps/nm.

Hnh 2.18 Mt mt cng sut do nh hng ca PMD v CD i vi h thng 10
Gbit/s dng tn hiu NRZ
Thng thng ngi ta s dng o t s li BER xc nh cht lng h
thng truyn dn. Nhng y, trong trng hp nghin cu v cht lng truyn dn
ph thuc vo tn sc si quang nh ch ra trn, ta c th thy rng o BER phn
nh cht lng ca h thng do nh hng ca khng ch PMD v CD m cn nhiu
63
yu t nh hng khc na. Chnh v th nu ch o BER th kh c th tch c
ring nh hng ca PMD i vi h thng. Ni mt cch khc, phng php ny l
ph thuc dng tn hiu v tc bt truyn dn.
2.2.3.2 Thc hin gim st hnh mt ca tn hiu
Hnh mt c hin th trn mn hnh my hin sng ca tn hiu nhn c ti
b thu v lp li nhiu ln vic ly mu tn hiu a vo trc y trong khi qut d
liu c a vo trc x.
Cc tham s c bn ca hnh mt:
- m mt (gi tr nh nh) do nhiu tng ca tn hiu
- Bu trn/di o mo tn hiu
- rng ca mt o tnh ng b v mo_ rung
Trong cc nghin cu v truyn dn tn hiu, nht l i vi tn hiu s c tc
bt cao, ngi ta thng s dng hnh mt tn hiu nh gi c tnh v cht
lng tn hiu, v nh gi tc ng ca hnh mt n h thng, ngi ta thng
quy s mt mt cng sut (hay tn tht cng sut tn hiu) cho h thng. Hnh mt ca
tn hiu cng b khp li th mt mt cng sut tn hiu cng ln, tc l s phi n b
cng sut cng nhiu gi cho BER khng i. Suy gim m mt c xut v
xem xt nh l mt phng php gim st tn hiu do nh hng ca PMD. Do ,
phn ny s nghin cu v nh gi hnh mt tn hiu tc ng t tn sc v t xc
nh c tnh BER cho h thng. c tnh BER c th thu c t vic phn tch
m mt. C mt vi k thut mi c nghin cu xut s dng nhng y
khng trnh by. Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng cho ra nhng thng tin khng ch
do nh hng ca PMD m cn bao gm nhiu yu t nh hng khc.
Hnh 2.19 l s m phng gim st hnh mt, v trnh t m phng tng t
nh phng php o BER phn trn. Sau cc nh hng ca tn sc CD, PMD v
t hp ln lt c kho st, nghin cu.

Hnh 2.19 S m phng gim st hnh mt
u tin tham s PMD ca b m phng PMD c t v gi tr 0 kho st
nh hng ca tn sc CD. Hnh 2.20 l kt qu m phng hnh mt thu c qua
64
nghin cu. y, s suy gim ca hnh mt tn hiu c tnh cho trng hp khi tn
sc CD thay i t 1,8 ps/nm n 1120 ps/nm cho h thng 10 Gbit/s v dng tn hiu
NRZ. Trong qu trnh m phng, cho thy hnh mt tn hiu b bin dng hon ton
khi cho gi tr tn sc CD tng n 1120 ps/nm. Trong khi , cc bu trn xut hin,
im ct bin gim i r rt, tuy rng im ct v thi gian khng thay i so vi
khi tn sc CD c gi tr bng 1,8 ps/nm. Khi gi tr CD tng ln th rng xung tn
hiu b gin ra v h qu l lm suy gim hnh mt tn hiu, tc l m mt b khp
li. C th thy r rng, mc 1 ca tn hiu nh hng nhiu hn mc 0 kt qu
m phng ny.

Hnh 2.20 Kt qu m phng v nh hng ca CD i vi 10 Gbit/s NRZ:
(a) CD=1,8 ps/nm, (b) CD=480 ps/nm, (c) CD=1120 ps/nm.
65
Tip theo kho st nh hng ca PMD, ngi ta thit lp gi tr CD bng
1,8 ps/nm. Kt qu m phng thu c th hin trn hnh 2.21



Hnh 2.21 Kt qu m phng v nh hng ca PMD i vi 10 Gbit/s
NRZ: (a) DGD=0 ps, (b) DGD=40 ps, (c) DGD=60 ps.
Hnh 2.21 m t s suy gim ca hnh mt tn hiu ca h thng chu nh hng
thun ty ca PMD vi gi tr DGD thay i trong di t 0 ps n 60 ps. Kt qu cho
thy rng khi gi tr DGD tng lm cho m mt b thu hp li. Khng ging nh
nh hng ca CD thun ty l lm cho hnh mt tn hiu mo i xng, trong trng
hp ny, PMD lm cho hnh mt tn hiu thu hp bn tri hoc bn phi nhiu hn ty
66
thuc vo cng sut tn hiu lan truyn trc nhanh ln hn hay trc chm ln hn.
Ti hnh 2.21 c, khi DGD nhn gi tr 60 ps bn phi hnh mt b thu hp do b mo
nhiu hn bn tri, ngha l cng sut lan truyn trc nhanh ln hn cng sut lan
truyn trc chm .
nh hng ca t hp tn sc CD v PMD c nghin cu trong iu kin cc
gi tr tn sc CD ln lt l 480, 640 v 800 ps/nm v gi tr DGD thay i t 0 ps
n 70 ps.
S suy gim hnh mt tn hiu c th hin trn hnh 2.22.

Hnh 2.22 Kt qu m phng v nh hng ca CD v PMD 10 Gbit/s NRZ:
(a) DGD=0 ps, (b) DGD=40 ps, (c) DGD=60 ps vi CD=480 ps/nm.
ng vi CD bng 480 ps/nm, m mt suy gim t t v khi DGD t 60 ps th tn
hiu b mo nghim trng, iu ny s gy li ti mch quyt nh ti b thu quang v
67
h qu l tng t l li BER do hiu ng ISI gy ra. Gi tr CD cng ln th DGD cng
phi nh m bo m mt t c theo chun quy nh v o mt tn hiu.
Hnh 2.23 l kt qu thu c biu th nh hng ca CD v PMD ti cc gi
tr ln. Trong trng hp xu nht, t hp CD v PMD dn ti khp hon ton hnh
mt tn hiu.

Hnh 2.23 Kt qu m phng nh hng ca CD v PMD 10 Gbit/s NRZ:
(a) CD=640 ps/nm, (b) CD=800 ps/nm vi DGD=60 ps.
Qua nghin cu, ta cng nhn thy rng phng php gim st hnh mt ph
thuc nhiu vo dng tn hiu. hnh 2.24 l kt qu m phng thu c ch ra rng s
hnh mt ca h thng 10 Gbit/s vi tn hiu RZ v NRZ di nh hng ca CD
v PMD.

Hnh 2.24 Kt qu m phng nh hng ca CD v PMD i vi: (a)10 Gbit/s
NRZ, (b) 10 Gbit/s RZ vi CD=480 ps/nm v DGD=60 ps.
Bin ca tn hiu RZ suy gim nhanh v v th rt kh trnh c nh
hng ca CD v PMD trong trng hp ny. Phng php ny kh n gin nhng
sai s cao v n cng th hin khng ch ca tn sc m cn ca nhiu yu t khc
na. Di quan st l di ca mt bt.
2.2.3.3 Xc nh cng sut ca ng h RF (Clock RF)
Nhn chung, PMD lm cho sng mang v tuyn (RF: Radio Frequency) v ng
h quang phn chia theo trng thi phn cc nguyn l v truyn lan dc theo si vi
68
cc vn tc khc nhau. Cng sut Clock RF suy gim do giao thoa. i vi tn hiu
NRZ, do ph ca n khng c ng h Tone cc bi ca tc bt nn khng th
gim st bng phng php ny. Tuy nhin, mt s tc gi a ra gii php gim
st DGD tn s 5 GHz i vi h thng c tc l 10 Gbit/s vi bng thng ca b
lc nh hn 1 GHz.
- Trong phn ny, ta s thit lp s m phng nh hnh 2.25

Hnh 2.25 S m phng gim st RF
Cc thnh phn thit b gm: Laser Diode LD; b iu bin quang MZ; PMD
Emulator (b m phng PMD); b khuch i quang; b suy hao quang; b lc bng
thng (BPF); b phn tch ph RF (RFSA).
- tin hnh m phng, trc tin thit lp cc tham s tn sc CD ca b
m phng PMD bng 1,8 ps/nm quan st nh hng ca PMD. Cc gi tr DGD
c qut t 0 ps n 10 ps. Nh vy, ta c c kt qu trn hnh 2.26 l kt qu hin
th cng sut RF i vi cc gi tr DGD l 0 ps, 50 ps v 100 ps ca h thng 10
Gbit/s vi dng tn hiu NRZ khi khng c nh hng ca CD. Cng sut tn s 10
GHz khng thay i khi DGD bin thin trong chu k RF.

69

Hnh 2.26 Kt qu m phng v cng sut RF ti cc gi tr DGD khc nhau: (a)
0 ps, (b) 50 ps v (c) 100 ps i vi 10 Gbit/s NRZ.
- By gi ta ln lt cho gi tr CD bng: 1,8 ps/nm, 480 ps/nm v 600 ps/nm.
Tn sc CD lm thay i lch pha ca cc Clock ca cc bng bn trong qu trnh
truyn lan. Do vy c th tch c ph ca thnh phn RF.
Hnh 2.27 l kt qu m phng thu c, c tnh trong hnh ny hin th cng
sut RF tn s 10 GHz i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s dng tn hiu NRZ khi gi tr CD
l 480 ps/nm vi cc gi tr DGD khc nhau. T y c th thy rng khi DGD tng
ln th cng sut RF gim nhanh v t n gi tr nh nht khi tn s bng mt na
chu k RF.
70

Hnh 2.27 Kt qu m phng v cng sut RF i vi 10 Gbit/s vi DGD cc gi
tr khc nhau: (a) 0 ps, (b) 40 ps, (c) 50 ps v (d) 100 ps vi CD = 480 ps/nm
nh hng ca CD v PMD lm cho cng sut RF thay i tun hon. N suy
gim n gi tr cc tiu na chu k RF v sau tng dn n gi tr cc i cui
chu k.
- Trong hnh 2.28, cng sut RF c biu th vi gi tr CD l 640 ps/nm v
800 ps/nm khi DGD bng 0 ps.
71

Hnh 2.28 Kt qu m phng v cng sut RF gi tr DGD=0 ps i vi h
thng 10 Gbit/s NRZ (a) CD = 640 ps/nm; (b) CD=800 ps/nm.
S chnh lch v cng sut l khng ng k v c th b qua, song n vn cho
thy nh hng ca CD i vi cng sut RF. Kt qu m phng s ph thuc cng
sut RF vo DGD tn s 10 GHz vi cc gi tr CD l 1,8 ps/nm. 480 ps/nm, 640
ps/nm v 800 ps/nm c th hin trn hnh 2.29. R rng rng khng c cng sut RF
tn s 10 GHz, v th DGD khng th gim st tn s ny.

Hnh 2.29 Kt qu m phng v cng sut RF tn s 10 GHz ph thuc vo
DGD vi cc gi tr CD khc nhau i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s dng sng NRZ

C th s dng cc hi bc thp tn s 0,5/T; 0,25/T hoc 0,125/T trong T
l chu k bt gim st cng sut RF. i vi dng sng NRZ, cng sut RF do nh
hng ca DGD c tnh theo:
72
2
( , ) 1 4 (1 )sin ( )
b
P dgd R dgd t ( =

(2.2.2)
Trong dgd, v R
b
tng ng l DGD, t l chia cng sut gia hai mode v
tc bt. Trong trng hp xu nht = 0,5. R rng rng khi DGD tng th cng
sut RF gim na u chu k RF v tng ln gi tr cc i khi n cui chu k.
Trong qu trnh m phng, gim st DGD trong h thng 10 Gbit/s dng tn
hiu NRZ, tn hiu RF c lc tn s 5GHz.
Hnh 2.30 so snh kt qu tnh ton theo biu thc (2.2.2) v kt qu m phng
DGD vi cc rng bng thng khc nhau ca b lc.

Hnh 2.20 So snh kt qu m phng v l thuyt v tn hiu RF gim st thay i
theo DGD trong h thng 10 Gbit/s NRZ.
Vi rng bng hp, cng sut RF t gi tr 0 ti DGD = 100 ps v tng dn
ti 1 khi DGD =200 ps nh d on. V vy, c th di theo DGD trong di chu k bt.
bng thng ln hn th xu hng ny khng cn gi c nh vy na. Khi rng
bng thng l 2 GHz, th cng sut RF khng t n gi tr 0 na chu k u v
cng khng t n gi tr 1 cui chu k.
Di tc ng ca CD, tng quan gia DGD v cng sut RF c tch tn
s 5 GHz l khng thay i. S ph thuc ca cng sut RF vo DGD tn s 5 GHz
vi cc gi tr CD khc nhau c ch ra trn hnh 2.31
73

Hnh 2.31 Cng sut RF tn s 5 GHz ph thuc vo DGD vi cc gi tr CD
khc nhau i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s dng sng NRZ.
Di gim st ca RF ph thuc vo tn s trung tm ca b lc. tn s trung
tm l 5 Ghz th di gim st l di chu k bt.
Phng php ny ph hp cho vic gim st nh hng ca PMD v kh n
gin tng t nh phng php gim st hnh mt v ph thuc vo tc bt. Tuy
vy, phng php ny nhy cm vi c CD v PMD, cng ph thuc vo dng tn
hiu.
2.2.3.4 Xc nh phn cc (DOP)
Mt vi k thut m rng di ng gim st xc nh phn cc (DOP)
c nghin cu. Phn ny s tin hnh o DOP. Ta thit lp s gim st DOP nh
ch ra trn hnh 3.32 vi cc thnh phn thit b cn thit gm: Laser diode (LD), b
iu bin (MZ), b tch DOP (DOP), gii ma trn (Unpack M), d liu vo/ ra (I/O),
v thit b pht tn hiu chun 10 Gbit/s hoc 40 Gbit/s. Cc trng thi phn cc ca tn
hiu do nh hng ca PMD c tch module DOP v d liu c ghi li
module I/O.
74

Hnh 2.32 S thit lp m phng xc nh DOP
Phng php ny c nh gi l c nhiu li th hn so vi phng php
gim st in, l: (1) khng cn c cc thit b tc cao, (2) khng ph thuc
vo tc bt v cng kh n gin. Qua thc t m phng thu c cho thy rng s
suy gim DOP do nh hng ca PMD khng b nh hng ca CD tch ly, di tn
iu bin hay tc bt, n ch ph thuc vo dng iu bin m thi.
Hnh 2.33 ch ra s ph thuc ca DOP vo DGD vi cc gi tr CD khc nhau;
hnh 2.34 ch s ph thuc ca DOP vo DGD vi cc di tn m (N) v dng (P);
hnh 2.35 ch s ph thuc ca DOP vo di chui bt; v hnh 2.36 DOP vi cc
75
tc bt khc nhau (10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s); hnh 2.37 DOP ph thuc vo DGD (vi
10 G bit/s dng sng NRZ v cc t s phn bit; hnh 2.38 s ph thuc ca DOP vo
dng sng tn hiu.

Hnh 2.33 S ph thuc ca DOP vo DGD vi cc gi tr CD khc nhau

Hnh 2.34 S ph thuc ca DOP vo DGD vi cc di tn m (N) v dng (P)


76

Hnh 2.35 S ph thuc ca DOP vo di chui bt

Hnh 2.36 DOP vi cc tc bt khc nhau

Hnh 2.37 DOP ph thuc vo DGD i vi 10 G bit/s NRZ v cc t s phn bit
77

Hnh 2.38 S ph thuc ca DOP vo dng sng tn hiu
- quan st nh hng ca CD i vi DOP, ta t gi tr CD ca b m
phng PMD ln lt l 1, 8, 480, 640 V 800 ps/nm. B iu khin vi t s phn bit
80 dB v di tn dng c thit lp cho trng hp ny. Hnh 2.33 l kt qu m
phng ch ra nh hng ca CD i vi DOP cho h thng 10 Gbit/s dng sng
NRZ. Gi tr DOP t cc i khi DGD = 0ps. Khi DGD tng ln trong chu k bt th
DOP gim t 1 n 0,54 v bo ha trong chu k tip theo. Hnh 2.33 cng ch ra rng
phng php gim st DOP khng ph thuc vo tn sc CD.
- kho st nh hng ca di tn iu bin i vi phng php ny, ta
thit lp di tn m cho b iu bin MZ. Cc ng cong i vi di tn m v dng
ca b iu bin MZ c m t trn hnh 2.34, ta thy rng chng gn nh trng kht
ln nhau. Ngha l di tn iu bin khng nh hng ti vic gim st DOP. c tnh
ny l mt li th ca gim st DOP v n s khng b nh hng bi tn s iu bin.
kho st nh hng ca di chui bt ti DOP, y s dng 3 chui gi
ngu nhin: 2
15
-1; 2
11
-1 v 2
7
-1 c thit lp ti b pht xung 10 Gbit/s. Hnh 2.35
cho thy di chui bt khng nh hng n DOP.
- Hai tc bt l 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s vi dng sng NRZ cng c thit
lp kho st s ph thuc ca DOP vo tc bt. Hnh 2.36 l kt qu m phng
thu c v s ph thuc ca DOP vo tc bt ca h thng. Trc x ca hnh 2.36
chun ha DGD theo chu k bt. Cc ng cong DOP vi tc 10 Gbit/s v 40
Gbit/s gn nh trng nhau trong di DGD t 0 n 1 cu GDG/T. Tuy c s khc bit
v gi tr bo ha chu k tip theo, nhng c th ni rng trong chu k bt cn gim
st th DOP khng ph thuc vo tc bt. V DOP gim st trng thi phn cc
(SOP) do tc ng PMD nn n ch ph thuc vo dng sng v t s phn chia cng
sut () gia cc mode m thi.
- phn cc DOP chu nh hng rt ln ca t s phn bit ti u ra ca
b iu bin: hnh 2.37 l kt qu m phng ca cc ng cong DOP vi cc t s
78
phn bit khc nhau. T s phn bit cng ln th dc DOP cng ln vi DGD =
100 ps th DOP gim t 0,73 xung 0,54 khi t s phn bit tng t\f 13 dB ln 30 dB.
DOP bo ha gi tr 0,38 khi DGD = 200ps. T s phn bit cng ln th DOP cng
nhy v giao thoa gia mc 0 v mc 1 cng gim.
- V DOP ph thuc vo trng thi phn cc ca tn hiu nn hai dng sng
RZ v NRZ i vi h thng tc 10 Gbit/s c quan tm thit lp m phng s
ph thuc ca DOP vo dng sng iu bin. Kt qu ch ra trn hnh 2.38. Vi tn
hiu NRZ, DOP gim dn v bt u bo ha, khi DGD trong khong t 100 ps n
200 ps. Tuy nhin i vi trng hp dng sng RZ th DOP gim nhanh trong thi
gian mc 1 v sau tng dn ti gi tr bo ha cui chu k bt. Chu k bt sau li
c lp li nh vy nhng gi tr ban u l gi tr bo ha. Do thay i c tnh chu
k nh vy nn thc ra phng php ny khng tht thch hp i vi tn hiu RZ.
Tuy nhin, i vi tn hiu dng NRZ, phng php ny li t ra hu hiu cho vic
gim st DGD trong thi gian 1 bt. ng thi nh ch ra, i vi c RZ v NRZ.
T s phn bit cng ln th DOP cng nhy i vi tc ng PMD.
Hnh 2.39 l s m phng nh hng ca pht x t pht khuch i (ASE:
Amplified Spontanous Emission) n vic gim st DOP. Thnh phn thit b gm:
Laser diode (LD), b iu bin quang (MZ), b khuch i quang (EDFA), b suy
hao, b lc bng thng (BPF), b iu khin phn cc (PC), b tch DOP (DOP), b
gii ma trn, d liu vo/ra (I/O). V b m phng hot ng nh l mt b lc nn n
loi b cc nh hng ca ASE, nn b m phng s c thay th bng si quang phi
tuyn NLS Fiber. Cc gi tr DGD ca si phi tuyn qut t 0 ps n 200 ps, cc tham
s phi tuyn u thit lp bng 0. B lc bng thng 1 nm vi bc sng trung tm l
bc sng tn hiu c dng gim nhiu ASE.

Hnh 2.39 S m phng nh hng ca ASE
nh hng ca ASE ti DOP c tnh ton m phng nh ch ra trn hnh
2.40. ASE lm gim gi tr cc i ca DOP. Khi gim t l tn hiu trn nhiu quang
ti 5 dB lm gim 20% gi tr cc i ca DOP. Tuy vy, gi tr bo ha th t b
79
nh hng hn. Khi OSNR t n gi tr 20 dB th DOP gim khng ng k so vi
gi tr cc i. iu ny c ngha l khi OSNR ln th ASE c th coi nh khng
nh hng n gim st DOP.

Hnh 2.40 nh hng ca ASE ti DOP
80
Bng 2.2.1 l tng hp cc kt qu phn tch trn, so snh cc phng php
gim st.
Bng 2.2.1 So snh cc phng php gim st
Tiu ch Gim st hnh mt
Xc nh cng
sut RF
Xc nh DOP
nhy vi
PMD
Nhy vi PMD, CD v cc
yu t khc nh hng n
cht lng h thng, l
phng php km chnh
xc nht trong 3 phng
php
Nhy vi PMD,
CD
Ch nhy vi
PMD
S ph thuc vo
tc bt
Ph thuc Ph thuc Khng ph thuc
Di gim st 1 chu k bt 1 chu k bt
t nht 1 chu k
bt
S ph thuc vo
dng iu bin
Ph thuc Ph thuc
i hi phi c
thit b tch d
liu

T bng 2.2.1 cho thy nhng im mnh cng nh nhng hn ch ca cc
phng php gim st PMD trn c s nhng tiu ch chung, v cng qua bng trn
cho thy phng php xc nh DOP c im mnh hn cc phng php khc v n
ch nhy vi PMD m thi.
2.2.4 Kt qu o thc nghim
- kho st thc nghim nh hng ca PMD i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s
dng sng NRZ, trc ht phi thit lp h s cho h thng khi cha t b phng
to PMD o li bt v hnh mt ca h thng nh hnh 2.41


Hnh 2.41 S o li bt trc khi c nh hng ca PMD
81
Cc thit b o trong s m gm [7]: My pht tn hiu xung mu c tc 10
Gbit/s, loi Anritsu MP-1763B ca Nht; My o li bt loi Anritsu MP-1764A ca
Nht; My o cng sut quang OPM, loi HP 81532 A, ca Hewlett Packard, ca M;
My phn tch truyn dn s DCA loi AQ-6315 B ca Ando, ca Nht; B suy gim
quang Att bin i chnh xc, loi VA5B ca JDS Uniphase, ca Canada.
Hot ng ca h thng nh sau: my pht tn hiu xung mu dy xung gi
ngu nhin c di 2
23
-1 c a vo b iu bin ngoi ca b pht sng quang.
Tn hiu pht sng quang c bc sng l 1558,799 nm c i qua si quang di 20
km n b thu p-i-n. B suy hao Att dng cho ra mc tn hiu mong mun. My
o li dng o BER, c thit lp o tc 10 Gbit/s. My phn tch ng
truyn s dng o mu hnh mt tn hiu.
Hnh 2.42 cho kt qu thu c s ph thuc ca li BER vo cng sut tn
hiu thu c sau 20 km ng truyn.

Hnh 2.42 Kt qu o thc nghim BER ph thuc cng sut thu c
- Hnh 2.43 l kt qu o tn hiu hnh mt thu c tc 10 Gbit/s.
82

Hnh 2.43 Tn hiu ca chui 2
23
-1, tc 10 Gbit/s:
(a) ngay sau my pht gi ngu nhin PRBS; (b) sau b iu ch ngoi
Ta thy rng, tn hiu ngay ti u ra ca my pht l chui tn hiu xung vung gc
chun gi ngu nhin PRBS mu 2
23
-1. Sau khi qua si quang di 20 km, tn hiu b
mo v hnh mt b khp li ng k. Tng t hnh 2.44 l kt qu o mu tn hiu
hnh mt cho tn hiu NRZ vi tc 10 Gbit/s; so snh gia hai trng hp ra ni
trc tip thit b pht quang vi thu quang (ngha l c ly truyn ~ 0), v trng hp
c ly truyn l 20 km gia pht v thu quang.
83

Hnh 2.44 Tn hiu 10 Gbit/s NRZ sau b thu:
a) u trc tip pht-thu; b) sau khi truyn qua tri quang di 20 km
Nh trnh by trn kho st thc nghim nh hng ca PMD ti cht
lng h thng (kho st li bt do nh hng ca PMD), b phng to PMD (loi
PE4, JBS Uniphase) c t ngay ti sau b iu khin phn cc pha pht nh ch
ra trn hnh 2.45.
84

Hnh 2.45 S o li bt do nh hng ca PMD
B PE4 cho php qut cc gi tr PMD bc nht thay i trong di t 50 ps ti
250 ps. Tin hnh o thc nghim bng cch thay i cc gi tr ca b phng to
PMD trong di t 0 ps n 80 ps, kt qu cho thy rng, khi DGD nhn cc gi tr l
10 ps v 20 ps th cng sut thu tng ng vi BER=10
-9
khng thay i ng k so
vi DGD=0 ps. Tuy nhin, khi DGD tng ln n 30 ps th hnh mt bt u suy gim
v ng thi cng sut chu mt mt mt gi tr khong 1 dB.
- Hnh 2.46 l kt qu o thc nghim c tnh BER thu c, v ta thy rng
t l DGD/Tb ln hn 30% th cht lng truyn dn ca h thng suy gim nghim
trng. d phng 1 dB theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T cho PMD khng duy
tr gi tr BER cn thit cho trng hp ny.

Hnh 2.46 Kt qu thc nghim o cng sut thu v BER ca h thng do
nh hng ca PMD
Hnh 2.47 l kt qu o hin th suy gim hnh mt cho cc gi tr DGD khc
nhau ti 9 trng hp t 0 ps n 80 ps i vi h thng thc nghim ny.
85

Hnh 2.47 Dng tn hiu hnh mt o c vi cc gi tr DGD khc nhau
Kt qu o hnh mt thu c vi cc gi tr DGD tng dn t 0 ps n 80 ps
vi s tng 10 ps u n v ta d dng thy rng tn hiu hnh mt xu dn theo chiu
tng DGD: khi gi tr DGD ln, mt tn hiu khng cn m v trong nh khi tn sc
PMD c gi tr nh; n b khp li v gy mo tn hiu. Khi DGD t n 80 ps th tn
hiu b xu i nghim trng, hnh mt tn hiu b khp v m n mc khng th chp
nhn c. iu ny gy ra nhiu gia cc k t (ISI) trong tn hiu v c tnh BER
hon ton khng m bo yu cu ca h thng thng tin quang, nht l vi tc bt
cao yu cu t s li bt BER rt nh.
2.2.5 ng dng nhng kt qu nghin cu vo thit k cu hnh h thng
thng tin quang
Vic tnh ton thit k tuyn truyn dn quang tc bt cao (> 10Gbit/s) cn
phi quan tm n hin tng tn sc mode phn cc (PMD) l iu chc chn khng
cn bn ci. Phn ny s nghin cu vic tnh ton thit k cu hnh tuyn theo gii
hn ca tn sc mode phn cc vo tuyn truyn dn thc t.
2.2.5.1 t vn
Nh bit, vic thit k cu hnh tuyn truyn dn mi hoc nng cp tuyn
thng tin s dng si quang c h s tn sc mode phn cc nh (s0,1 ps/km
1/2
)
86
tng c ly truyn dn mt gii php tt l khc phc nh hng ca tn sc mode phn
cc. Trn thc t, hin c rt nhiu tuyn thng tin quang lp t vi cp si quang
n mode theo chun G.652 ITU th h s tn sc mode phn cc ln ti 0,5
ps/km
1/2
). Ngoi ra, do tc ng ca qu trnh lp t, mi trng v nhit th gi tr
ny c th cn ln hn. Vic nng cp h thng v tng tc truyn dn ln > 10
Gbit/s trn c s mng cp quang sn c rt cn phi tnh n nh hng ca PMD. H
thng hot ng vng bc sng 1550 nm v vic lp t thm cc b khuch i
quang si EDFA l tn dng suy hao si nh v ko di c ly truyn dn hoc ci
thin c tnh BER ca h thng cng nh b cc suy hao xen trn tuyn, v iu rt
quan trng l tng tc bt ln nhiu Gbit/s. Trong khuch i quang th vn tn
ti mt s vn nan gii khc do nh hng ca CD v PMD nh sau:
- Do nh hng ca PMD si quang cng nh cc phn t quang chu phn
cc s lm gin xung tn hiu, lm khp hnh mt, gy ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc
k t (ISI) v lm cho truyn dn gim cht lng (BER) nghim trng.
- Do tnh thng k ca PMD nn s kin gin on ca h thng trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (1 nm) cng mang tnh thng k. Xc sut xy ra s
kin ty thuc theo yu cu thit k m d phng cng sut tn hiu h thng
cn thit phi m bo tha mn iu kin BER cho trc. y cng chnh l lng
b cng sut tn hiu ca h thng b vo lng cng sut tn hiu mt mt (tiu
hao) do nh hng ca PMD gy ra.
- V h thng c s dng EDFA nn cng xut hin cc thnh phn nhiu
di tc ng ca phn cc mode lm nh hng n cc tham s nh gi cht lng
ca h thng. iu lm cho vic tnh ton SNR cng thm phc tp.
Trong phn ny s xem xt phng php tnh ton thit k bng cch s dng
phng php thit k phn nh cc nh hng t cc tham s trn v s dng cc kt
qu xt trn v mt mt cng sut tn hiu do PMD gy ra xc nh lng b
cng sut, cc thnh phn nhiu tuyn tnh t bc x t pht c khuch i (ASE),
mo dng sng v ISI nh bit. Phng php ny cho php c th ng dng trong
h thng c nh hng PMD.
2.2.5.2 t bi ton v trnh t thit k
+ t bi ton
m bo tnh tng qut, bi ton c gi thit t ra l tnh ton thit k
mt tuyn tuyn dn quang tc cao (>10Gbit/s) hot ng ti vng bc sng 1550
nm trn cp si quang n mode tiu chun G.652 ITU-T c s dng EDFE v si b
tn sc DCF. Nh vy, cu hnh tiu biu th hin trn hnh 2.48
87

Hnh 2.48 Cu hnh tng qut ca tuyn thng tin quang 1550 nm
Cu trc ca tuyn truyn dn quang c gi nh l truyn dn thng
thng c lp t khai thc trn thc t vi cc c im h thng chung nh sau:
- Tuyn truyn dn bao gm thit b pha pht, pha thu v cc thit b EDFA.
Cc thit b EDFA c th t lm thit b khuch i cng sut (BA), khuch i
ng truyn (LA) v tin khuch i (PA). Tuyn c hnh thnh t cc chng gia
mi chng bao gm cp si quang cho c ly chng, si b tn sc DCF cho chng
v b khuch i quang si EDFA.
- Si quang truyn dn l loi n mode thng dng G.652 theo khuyn ngh
ca ITU-T, c gi tr tn sc t 15 17 ps/nm.km v gi tr ca tham s PMD l 0,5
ps/km1/.2. Si DCF di c dng b tn sc CD nhm cn bng gi tr tn sc
tch ly ca tng chng v c h s tn sc PMD l o,1 ps/km1/2.
- V c tnh truyn dn nh sau: thit b quang s pht tn hiu iu bin
cng t mt Laser LD hot ng vng bc sng 1550 nm vi cng sut pht l
Pt. Tn hiu dng xung c lan truyn thng qua si quang sut dc tuyn; n s b
mo v gin xung do tn sc, b suy hao do si, c khuch i ti cc b khuch i
quang EDFA v chu tc ng t cc thnh phn nhiu, tng tc vi tn sc PMD.
Nh vy, phi tnh n vic b tn c do PMD gy ra. Suy gim t l tn hiu trn nhiu
(SNR) ca tuyn do nh hng ca suy hao ph thuc phn cc PDL (c ch ra
trong nhiu tn hiu), rng nhiu tng s c cng thm nhiu phn cc ng v
nhiu phn cc ngang. Thng thng suy hao ph thuc phn cc c b bng chnh
khuch i phn cc ca b khuch i .
Nh vy, trong bi ton ny, ta cng t gi thit dng tn hiu pha pht l
c dng xung Gauss v s dng m NRZ v pha thu mch quyt nh ly gn ng
theo xung Gauss. Cht lng truyn dn c xc nh thng qua vic tnh t s li
BER = 10
-12
cho nhy thu ca thit b thu quang v xc sut gin on ca h thng
l 10
-5
.
+ Xc nh gii hn tn sc tuyn thit k
Trong h thng thng tin quang gm c si quang v cc phn t quang c
xc nh v thay i ngu nhin th c th c tnh nh sau:
88
1/ 2
2 2
tot t Q ci dj
i j
PMD L PMD PMD PMD
(
= + +
(


(2.2.3)

Trong :
PMD
tot
l gi tr PMD cc i ca h thng (ps);
PMD
Q
l h s PMD ca si quang (ps/km
1/2
) theo chun ITU;
L
t
l di tuyn (km);
PMD
ci
l gi tr PMD thay i ngu nhin ca phn t quang th i(ps);
PMD
dj
l gi tr c nh ca phn t quang th j (ps)
i vi h thng thng tin quang tc cao, hu ht cc phn t quang u
chu tc ng ca phn cc mode, do n gin ha vic tnh ton tng PMD
tot

ca h thng ngi ta c th ly xp x PMD
tot
bng hai ln tn sc PMD ca si
quang, ngha l:
2
tot Q t
PMD PMD L = (2.2.4)
y cng chnh l gi tr DGD trung bnh ca tuyn, khi tnh gi tr DGD
cc i ca tuyn th c th ly gn ng bng 3 ln gi tr DGD trung bnh, trong 3
l h s Maxoen ch ra mi quan h gia DGD trung bnh v DGD tc thi.
+ Tnh ton thit k tuyn truyn dn
Khi xem xt cc vn nh hng ca PMD trong mt s ti liu ca ITU-T,
gi tr tn sc phn cc cc i khi c cp ti trong h thng thng tin quang khi
thit k tuyn phi m bo gi tr cho php. Tham s ny nhm xc nh gi tr tn
sc mode phn cc (PMD) cc i ca lung tn hiu quang m h thng c th chp
nhn c khi cha s dng thm bt k mt phng php b tn sc no.
truyn dn c tn hiu trong h thng t pha pht n pha thu, tuyn
phi chu mt mt (tn hao) ln v nh hng do tn sc. Di y s xem xt mt s
kt qu tnh ton thit k cu hnh tuyn thng tin quang khi c nh hng ca PMD.
+ Xc sut gin on cu h thng thng tin quang ph thuc vo PMD.
Xc sut gin on P(0) ca h thng mang tnh thng k thi gian gian on
tch ly ca h thng khng tnh cho nhng gin on ring l. Xc sut cho s kin
b cng sut b mt mt vt qu 1 dB c xc nh thng qua c nh nghin cu
phn trn. Hnh 2.49 l kt qu thu c khi tnh ton s ph thuc xc sut gin on
ca h thng i vi PMD cho h thng 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s vi t s phn bit
cng sut l = 0,3 v 0,5 gia hai mode phn cc.
89

Hnh 2.49 Xc sut gin on h thng b hn ch do tn sc mode phn
cc i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s
i vi trng hp xu nht l phn chia cng sut u nhau th tc 40
Gbit/s, vi yu cu xc sut gin on h thng l 10
-5
, gi tr DGD tha mn ch t
c khong 3,5 ps, cn tc 10 Gbit/s th gi tr DGD vo khong 13 ps.
+ Dng m ng truyn v tham s ca b thu.
Thng thng, cc m ng truyn trong cc h thng thng tin quang u s
dng NRZ. Tham s A ca b thu l h s ph thuc vo dng tn hiu v c tnh k
thut ca b lc ti b thu ( xt trong chng 2), ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
hn ch b cng sut do nh hng ca PMD. Hnh 2.50 l kt qu tnh ton s ph
thuc ca b cng sut cho lng cng sut tn hiu b mt mt do nh hng ca
PMD vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca tham s A. C th thy rng vi cng mt gi tr
b cng sut th b thu no c tham s A cao hn s cho li th khc phc hn ch ca
PMD tt hn.


90

Hnh 2.50 n b cng sut do tn sc mode phn cc i vi tham s A
ca b thu vi dng m RRZ
Khi la chn dng m ng truyn v tnh ton thit k b thu cn phi tnh
n yu cu ny. Vi tc 40 Gbit/s cho php b cng sut 1 dB vi A=25 th DGD
trung bnh phi tha mn yu cu s c gi tr 10 ps.
+ C ly truyn dn b hn ch do PMD
Hnh 2.51 l kt qu tnh ton c ly truyn dn 10 Gbit/s v 40 Bit/s b hn ch
do PMD vi tiu ch rng gin xung do PMD gy ra khng vt qu 10 % rng
bt nh ch ra trn biu thc (2.1.27).

Hnh 2.51 C ly truyn dn b hn ch do tn sc mode phn cc i vi h
thng 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s
Kt qu ch ra rng, khi truyn dn s dng si n mode G.652 th c ly ln
nht cu tuyn l khong 550 km i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s. Song i vi h thng 40
Gbit/s th c ly ny ch cn 40 km. iu ny tr nn hn ch ln vi c ly truyn dn,
v vy bt buc phi c gii php b PMD cho cc h thng vi tc bt > 10Gbit/s.
+ T l li bt ca h thng ph thuc vo PMD.
91
Ta gi thit rng trong thc t phi nghin cu tnh ton thit k cho h thng
thng tin quang tc 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s c s dng tin khuch i (PA) quang
EDFA nh c m t trong hnh 2.48, nhm tng tham s A ca b thu quang.
Ngun pht s dng Laser Diode LD n mode DFB c iu bin ngoi bng b
iu bin LiNbO
3
. Sng nh sng c pht ra t ngun pht khi vng bc sng
1550 nm. Tn hiu s 10 Gbit/s hoc 40 Gbit/s c dng NRZ (PRBS 2
23
-1) dc truyn
t thit b pht ti thit b thu quang s dng b tch sng Photodiode p-i-n. Ngay
trc b tch sng l b tin khuch i quang EDFA c khuch i G, h s nhiu
NF. Tuyn truyn dn s dng si n mode tiu chun G.652. Bng di y cho cc
tham s ca h thng v cc tham s tnh ton ca h thng c s dng cc gi tr
trong bng 2.2.2[]
Bng 2.2.2 Cc tham s c tnh h thng tnh ton t l li bt cho cu
hnh tuyn truyn dn quang tc 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s


Hnh 2.52 l kt qu tnh ton t l li bt cho h thng.
92

Hnh 2.52 T l li bt ca h thng ph thuc vo tr nhm
vi phn DGD
D dng nhn thy rng, thit k tha mn yu cu BER = 10
-12
cho h thng
40 Gbit/s th DGD nm trong gii hn 4 ps. Cn i vi h thng 10 Gbit/s, khi cng
sut pht ln v d phng h thng ti a th hon ton c th gim nh hng
ca PMD ti BER.
Tm li phn 2.2 tp trung vo nghin cu:
1. Chng ny tin hnh nghin cu s m phng gim st PMD, tin hnh
o thc nghim trn h thng kho st nh hng ca tn sc PMD trong h thng
thng tin quang. Kt qu cho thy rt a dng v cn ty thuc vo phng php gim
st. Mi phng php c u v nhc im ring. Tuy nhin, d s dng phng php
no th tn sc CD, tn sc PMD hay s kt hp ca c CD v PMD cng u ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t. S ph thuc ny s dn n nhng thay i cn thit trong
tnh ton thit k cu hnh h thng thng tin quang tc d bt cao, nht l cc h thng
> 10 Gbit/s.
Qua y ta lu cc kt lun mang tnh khoa hc sau:
- Trong cc phng php gim st PMD, th cc phng php gim st in
khng ch nhy vi PMD, m cn chu ng nh hng ca cc yu t khc; ngoi ra,
cc phng php ny cn ph thuc tc bt ca h thng.
- Trong h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu dng NRZ chu nh hng ca tn
sc CD t hn so vi dng RZ. Vi tc 10 Gbit/s, mt mt cng sut tn hiu 1dB
cho dng NRZ c th chu c tnas sc CD tch ly ti 900 ps/nm, trong khi dng
RZ ch chu c tn sc CD tch ly l 500 ps/nm. Vi tc 40 Gbit/s cng xy ra
tng t, tch ly CD m h thng c th chu c s gim i 16 ln khi tc d bt
tng t 10 Gbit/s ln 40 Gbit/s.
93
- Tn sc PMD gy nh hng ln n h thng 10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s, ng
thi ph thuc vo dng tn hiu (RZ hay NRZ). Vi gi tr tr nhm vi phn DGD
cng ln th ng cong BER ca RZ c dc ln hn ng cong BER ca NRZ.
- H thng suy gim cht lng nhanh khi gi tr DGD t trn 40 ps. Gi tr
CD v DGD cng ln th cng sut tn hiu b mt mt cng ln. Vi mt mt cng
sut 1 dB th DGD ch cn chu ng c 26 ps thay v 45 ps. S kt hp nh hng
ca tn sc CD v PMD lm xung cp nghim trng cht lng h thng.
- Hnh mt tn hiu b suy gim mnh khi c nh hng ca tn sc CD v
PMD. Hnh mt tn hiu b bin dng hon ton khi gi tr CD tng n 1120 ps/nm,
v b mo nghim trng khi gi tr DGD t n 60 ps. Hnh mt lc ny b khp li
hon ton khi c nh hng ca CD v PMD.
- Phng php xc nh phn cc (DOP) khng b nh hng ca tn sc
CD hay di tn iu bin (dng hay m u khng nh hng) cng nh tc d bt.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c nhc im l ph thuc vo dng tn hiu iu
bing (NRZ, RZ) v nh hng r rt ca t s phn bit ca b iu bin.
Cc kt lun ny s c dng trong tnh ton thit k cu hnh truyn dn
quang tc cao.
2. Cng trong phn ny trnh by nhng kt qu tnh ton cc tham s c bn
khi thit k cu hnh tuyn thng tin quang tc cao (10 Gbit/s v 40 Gbit/s) b hn
ch bi PMD. Qua tnh ton ta c nhng nhn xt sau:
- tnh ton thit k h thng thng tin quang tc cao c ly xa, c nh
hng ca PMD phi thc hin tnh ton theo yu cu xc sut gin on h thng t
tm c gii hn ca gi tr tn sc tuyn. y l s c tnh gii hn c ly
truyn dn.
- i vi h thng thng tin quang tc cao v c ly xa, t l li bt BER tng
ln nhanh chng khi tn sc vt qu 10% rng bt. gim li bt c th tng b
cng sut cho h thng hoc s dng cc bin php b PMD duy tr gi tr PMD
trong ngng cho php.
+ i vi h thng tc > 40 Gbit/s th ngoi PMD h thng cn chu nh
hng ca nhiu yu t khc kt hp, do vy khi nng cp h thng thng tin quang s
c nhng sai s nht nh.






94
Chng 3
H THNG THNG TIN CP QUANG BIN WDM

Chng ny s tm hiu nhng kin thc c bn ca h thng thng tin cp
quang bin, bao gm: cu hnh h thng, cc c im c bn, cc thnh phn chnh
ca h thng.
3.1 Gii thiu chung
3.1.1 S pht trin ca thng tin cp quang bin
Nhiu ngi vn cho rng cc cuc in thoi gia cc chu lc nh chu u
v chu M ch yu c kt ni qua ng thng tin v tinh. Nhng thc t, cc h
thng cp bin mi l phng tin kt ni chnh truyn ti lu lng thoi, hnh
nh, data. L do l cp quang bin c tin cy cao hn v r hn nhiu so vi v
tinh. Bi vy, h thng cp quang bin c xy dng v pht trin mnh v tr thnh
mt phng tin truyn dn chnh ca thng tin quc t, c bit l truyn dn qua
cc i dng.
Vi tc tin cy cao, dung lng ln n hng trm Gbit/s, cng vi nhng
tin b cng ngh thng tin quang, cc h thng cp quang bin ngy nay pht trin
ht sc mnh m, p ng c nhu cu v dung lng rt ln cc nc, c bit l
phc v cho kt ni Internet v nhu cu cc dch v bng thng rng.
3.1.1.1. Cc tuyn cp bin in bo u tin
Thng tin cp bin ni chung, ra i v pht trin hng trm nm. Cc tuyn
cp bin u tin vo khong 1850; tuyn cp bin vt i Ty Dng vo khong
nm 1867 gia nc Anh v nc M. l tuyn cp in bo v khng truyn
ting ni. Nm 1895, Marconi pht minh ra sng v tuyn v dn dn thng tin Radio
thay cho cp bin in bo ng di cui cng c ri v cng l thi k kt
thc cp bin in bo.
3.1.1.2. Tuyn cp bin ng trc
Nm 1956, khi cng ngh pht trin cho php ri truyn cp bin in thoi
vt i Ty Dng, d l tuyn cp ng trc TAT-1. Tuyn ny di 1945 hi l ni
nc Anh v Bc M vi dung lng 60 knh thoi. Tuyn ny kt thc hot ng
nm 1979 (sau 22 nm hot ng). Ngoi ra, mt lot cc tuyn cp ng trc vt
i Ty Dng c ri v tuyn cui cng l TAT-7 c dung lng ln nht a
vo khai thc t nm 1977.
khu vc Thi Bnh Dng cng xy dng nhng tuyn tng t: TPC-1 nm
1964; TPC-2 nm 1975.


95
3.1.1.3. Cc h thng cp quang bin
Nhng nm 80 ca th k trc, bt u pht trin cp bin s dng si quang
(cp quang bin). Tuyn cp quang bin u tin Chu u di 112 km, kt ni nc
Anh v B. Nm 1988, tuyn cp quang bin vt i Ty Dng TAT-8 c a
vo khai thc vi dung lng 280Mbit/s (40.000 knh thoi). Nm 1992, tuyn cp
quang bin Thi Bnh Dng TPC-4 ni Nht, M, Canada c dung lng 2+1560
Mbit/s c a vo khai thc.
Cc tin b trong cng ngh thng tin quang nh khuch i quang cho php
thit k cc b lp khuch i quang, cng ngh ghp bc sng (WDM), cc cng
ngh khc phc tn sc si quang Bng 3.1 gii thiu mt s thng tin chnh v cc
tuyn cp quan bin hin ti (n 2001) trn th gii. Thng tin thm v cp bin c
th tm hiu Website:
http://www.atlantic_cable.com/cables/cables timeline/index.html
























96
Bng 3.1. Cc h thng cp quang bin trn th gii


3.1.1.4. Xu hng pht trin ca h thng cp quang bin
T nhng nm 90 ca th k trc, cng ngh thng tin cp quang bin pht
trin to nn iu kin cho vic xy dng cc tuyn cp quang bin dung lng cao,
gi thnh h. Cng vi vic pht trin cng ngh, cc dch v vin thng cng pht
97
trin, nht l nhng dch v c tc cao v dung lng ln, c bit l nhu cu kt
ni Internet v cc dch v bng rng trn nn IP. S t do ha vin thng trn ton
cu to nn ng lc cnh tranh, k c trong lnh vc thng tin qua cp bin.
Nhng mi trng php l cng vi thnh tu cng ngh v nhu cu dch v l tin
quan trng v quyt nh cho vic pht trin cp quang bin. Ngy nay tr
thnh phng tin ch yu, c cht lng cao, tin cy cao c thc hin trong kt
ni quc gia v quc t xuyn qua cc i dng hoc chy dc theo b bin, nh ch
ra trn bng 3.1.
Cc h thng cp quang bin ngy nay c dung lng rt ln, da trn cng
ngh ghp knh bc sng mt cao (DWDM), c th t ti Terabit/s trn mt i
si quang. Nm 1995, h thng cp quang bin TAT-12/12; TPC-5 v APCN c dung
lng 5 Gbit/s a vo khai thc, h thng Sea-Me 3 ni chu v chu u c dung
lng 8x2.5 Gbit/s a vo khai thc nm 1998 v sau c k hoch nng cp
bc sng t 2.5 Gbit/s ln 10 Gbit/s. H thng cp quang bin C2CCN c dung
lng thit k 96 Gbit/s x 96 bc sng x 8 i si cho dung lng bng 7.68 Tbit/s
c a vo khai thc nm 2002.
Cc nh nghin cu c xu th to ra cc h thng cp bin ngy cng cao vi
cc hng nghin cu chnh: tng s bc sng trong mt i si, tng tc trn
mi bc sng, s dng nhiu si quang trong mt cp.
Hnh 3.1. Gii thiu cc kt qu nghin cu t c ca Alcatel trong mt
s nm gn y.

Hnh 3.1. Cc kt qu th nghim ca Alcatel nhm nng cao dung lng v c
ly h thng cp bin WDM

3.1.2 Mt s c im ca h thng cp quang bin
Mt h thng cp quang bin c nhng c im k thut ring nh sau:
98
3.1.2.1. Tui th, tin cy
Mt h thng cp quang bin c tui th di (25 nm) v c tin cy rt
cao. L do chnh a ra yu cu ny l ch, do kh khn trong vic x l thit b
chm di bin nn vic xy dng v bo dng mt tuyn cp bin l rt tn km.
Ngoi ra, cc tuyn cp bin c tm quan trng trong chin lc mng li truyn dn
ca mt quc gia nn s c xy ra trn n s nh hng nghim trng n nhiu lnh
vc, c bit l kinh t.
3.1.2.2. c tnh c hc
Mt h thng cp bin cn phi c nhng c tnh c hc sau:
- Lp t chnh xc vi chng hp l v an ton trn mt y bin; su ri cp
c th ln n 8000m. Ni chung, cc h thng cp bin phi c lp t, ri, chn
v kim tra bng nhng cp v thit b ngm (my o rnh, my hot ng t xa
ROV..) chuyn dng.
- Chng c iu kin mi trng y bin su lp t, c bit l p sut
thy tnh, nhit , n mn, sinh vt bin
- c bo v y (bc st, chn), chng cc tc ng nh nh c, neo tu..
- C th khi phc li t su, sa cha vi iu kin an ton.
3.1.2.3. Cc yu cu v vt liu
Cc c tnh vt liu ca h thng cp bin phi m bo:
- t c tin cy theo tui th thit k
- Chu c tc ng c kh, c bit l un, ko cng, han r, phng x.
3.1.2.4. m bo tiu ch truyn dn
Cht lng truyn dn ca mt h thng cp quang bin phi tun th theo cc quy
nh ti thiu ca ITU-T G.821.
3.1.3 Cu hnh tng qut ca h thng cp quang bin
3.1.3.1. Cc thnh phn
Cp quang bin l mt h thng nhm mc ch thit lp cc tuyn truyn dn
thng tin gia hai hay nhiu trm u cui. Khi h thng cp ch c hai trm u cui
th c th gi l truyn cp quang bin; trong trng hp c nhiu trm u cui
cn gi l mt mng cp quang bin.
Hnh 3.2 m t cu hnh tng qut c bn ca h thng cp quang bin. Mt
tuyn cp quang bin gm:
- Phn trn mt t:
Phn trn mt t (Land Portion) l phn gia giao din h thng trm u
cui (im A) v im ni b bin hay im cp b (im B), gm c cp quang t,
im ni b v thit b trm u cui ca h thng.
99

Hnh 3.2. Cu hnh tng qut h thng cp quang bin c trm lp
- Phn di bin:
Phn di bin l phn nm trn mt t y bin gia cc im cp b gm
c cp quang bin, cc thit b chm di y bin nh: b lp, b r nhnh v hp
ni cp.
+ Cp bin c mt hoc mt s i si quang (mi i dng thit lp tuyn
dn hai chiu). Cp quang bin c bo v thch hp: c mt s loi cp khc nhau
v cu trc c kh nh cp trng lng nh (Lightweight LW); cp trng lng nh
c bo v (Lightweight Protected LWP); cp c bc st mt lp (Single Amoured
SA); cp bc st hai lp (Double Amoured DA).
+ Cp quang trn mt t cng yu cu c bo v, c bit cp quang c
dng cp ngun cho cc b lp v trong iu kin , c th tn ti in th cao gia
cp v t, v th cn phi bo v cho con ngi.
+ Cc b lp quang di bin (Optical Submarine Repeater OSR) c gi
tt l b lp, bao gm cc b khuch i quang c thit k tip nhn tn hiu
quang mc hn ch nht nh v khuch i tn hiu sao cho tn hiu quang
u ra mc gii hn nht nh. B lp cng bao gm cc chc nng gim st, bo v
v cp ngun. Nhng mch in ca b lp c t trong v bc chu c p sut
cao v chng thm nc, n mn,
+ B r nhnh (Branching Unit BU) c ni vo cp bin v tr cn thit
kt ni nhiu hn hai trm cui vi nhau. Ty theo yu cu m BU c th c
nhng thnh phn sau: ni si trc tip; chuyn mch si, khuch i quang cho mi
100
si v b chuyn mch ng cp ngun. Ngoi ra, trong h thng WDM, BU c th
c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu gia nhng ng quang. Khi n c k hiu
WDM-BU.
3.1.3.2. Cu hnh truyn dn
- Cu hnh truyn dn c trng cho dng thng tin gia cc trm u cui thng
qua h thng cp quang bin. Tn hiu truyn dn (th hin dng khung v tc
bit) to ra t vic ghp knh v m ha c thc hin bi thit b truyn dn u
cui (Terminal Transmission Equipment - TTE), bao gm c cc knh nghip v v
gim st. M ng truyn c chn sao cho p ng tt nht yu cu h thng.
- Phn cp si quang (Optical Fiber Cable Section) c th gm mt s i si
quang v mt i si c th h tr mt s phn ng truyn s (Digital Line Section
DLS). S lng DLS c mang trong mt phn cp si quang l tch s ca hai s
ny. Cc DLS trong cng mt i si quang s i cng i si quang qua c cc b
lp v b r nhnh. Tuy nhin, chng c th c tch ra gia cc i si quang khc
nhau khi u chuyn mt b ghp r nhnh di bin.
3.1.3.3. Cu hnh cp ngun
Cu hnh cp ngun c trng cho dng cp ngun gia cc trm u cui trong
h thng cp quang bin vi cc im c trng sau:
- Trong mt tuyn cp quang bin, dng cp t mt thit b ngun (Power Feeding
Equipment PFE) ti PFE i din dc theo dy dn ngun ca cp si quang bin.
ng tr v ca dng thng qua bin qua phn tip a (t) ngun cp c hai u.
- Trong mt mng cp quang bin, ng cp ngun chnh c thit lp ging nh
gia hai trm cp ngun chnh thng qua dy dn ngun ca cc phn quang hoc u
ni tip. Cc nhnh r m khng phi thuc ng cp ngun chnh c cp ngun
khi cn qua dy dn ngun ca cp quang bin gia PFE ca trm u cui ca
chng v b r nhnh, ng dng quay v c to ra qua bin vi t ngun cp ti
u cui v cc tip t ca b r nhnh. Vic chuyn ng cp ngun trong BU cho
php thay i cu hnh, c bit l trong iu kin xy ra s c.
trnh b n mn, chiu dng cp ngun phi m bo cho cc tip bin ca
BU l Cathodic. i vi mt s cu hnh mng cp bin, vn c iu kin nh vy, c
th l cn thit chuyn chiu dng cp ngun. Cng c th vn s dng cc b lp
lng cc, c th chn chiu ca dng cho ph hp.
- Trong mt s trng hp, PFE lp t ti mt u ca tuyn c kh nng cung cp
trong tnh trng khn cp ton b cng sut cn thit cho mt tuyn cho, khi trong
iu kin hot ng bnh thng cng sut tng c chia gia thit b cp ngun
c lp t c hai u ca tuyn. Phng thc ny c s dng trong trng hp
c s s PFE nng cao thng ca h thng, n cng s dng trong trng hp
101
xy ra s c on mch cp (Shunt Fault) duy tr t lu lng v h tr xc nh v
tr s c.
3.1.3.4. Gim st v bo dng h thng
Thit b iu khin gim st v bo dng h thng (System Supervision
Equipment SSE) c b tr ti hai trm u cui, cng vi b gim st, b lp hay
b r nhnh BU c chc nng xc nh v tr s c, kim tra tnh nng hot ng ca
h b lp v chuyn mch d phng, iu khin t xa. Thit b gim st thng thng
gm cc chc nng sau:
- Cung cp trn c s ang hot ng, thng tin y cho php thc hin
bo dng, phng nga, c bit l chuyn mch d phng.
- Cung cp thng tin xc nh v tr s c hoc kim tra h thng thng qua
u vng t xa iu khin t cc trm u cui ph hp.
- Ch th s c ca thit b ang hot ng u c th thc hin hoc lp k
hoch phng nga.
- Phng tin xc nh h hng r rng hoc chp chn v thi gian tn sut
m n gy ra cho h thng khng p ng c yu cu v cht lng.
Nhng phng tin khc, nh my o COTDR v thit b o in khc ti trm
u cui hoc tu sa cp, c th cho php xc nh chnh xc v tr s c khi u
vng b lp BU. Gim st h thng c th trang b thit b vi tnh ha b tr ti mt
hoc c hai on u cui.
3.1.3.5. Tch hp h thng
Mt tuyn hay mt mng cp quang bin c th c xy dng s dng hai hay
nhiu hn h thng cp quang bin (tc l mt b thit b nh cp, b lp, thit b u
cui, b r nhnh..) do cc nh cung cp khc nhau thit k c lp. tch hp mng
cp quang bin cn phi m bo tnh tng thch ca thit k. y l mc ch chnh
ca chc nng tch hp h thng.
3.2 Cc c tnh v cc thnh phn h thng cp quang bin WDM
3.2.1 Cc c tnh v phm cht h thng
3.2.1.1. c tnh v phm cht ca phn ng truyn s (DLS)
- DLS ca h thng cp quang bin s ph hp vi cc khuyn ngh ITU-T.
Theo , c tnh ca tn hiu s ti giao din vi mng ni a (Terrestrial Interface
TI) phi tun th cc chun ITU-T G.707 v G.957.
- Ch tiu cht lng li ca h thng cp quang bin s phi tun th chun
ITU-T G.826 v tui th ca h thng, v cc tham s li nh s giy (s) li nghim
trng (SES), s giy li (ES),.
- V kh dng ca h thng ti TI: tun th theo ITU-T G.826. kh dng
ca h thng r rng ph thuc vo cc loi giao din TI khc nhau, do , khng
102
kh dng ca h thng cn c tnh theo kh dng ca TI trong cng mt thi
gian. Ch tiu v kh dng p dng cho thi gian khng kh dng gy ra bi cc
thit b thnh phn h thng, bao gm cc hot ng chuyn mch, hng hc thit b,
cc cng vic bo dng v gim st dn n gin on 10 giy hoc ln hn. N
khng bao gm nhng h hng gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi nh: nh c,
neo tu lm mt ngun cp TTE v nhng khong thi gian ngt ngun h thng
sa cha.
- Ch tiu v jitter ca h thng cp quang bin tun th ITU-T G.957.
- Ch tiu cht lng tng cng End-to-end ca DLS s bng ch tiu phn b
theo km vi chiu di ca DLS. Khi cn n nh s suy gim cht lng tt nhng
phn khc nhau ca DLS, mt lng tng ng vi mt gi tr c nh (thng l 125
km) s c phn b cho mi thit b u cui v phn di bin s c phn b
trn c s km mt lng tng ng vi s khc nhau gia ch tiu DLS v phn b
thit b u cui.
- i vi mi hng hc, bo dng, gim st.. i vi mi DLS s phi khng
nh hng n ch tiu cht lng nh ca DLS khc trong h thng. c bit i
vi h thng WDM yu cu h hng n mt na s knh quang (Line Optical
Channel LOC) s khng nh hng n cc knh cn li.
3.2.1.2. Qu cng sut ca h thng cp quang bin
Bng qu cng sut din t cch t c cht lng h thng v ch tiu li.
Trong h thng cp quang bin, vic ti to li tn hiu ch thc hin thit b TTE
ca trm u cui mc giao din u ra quang in (O-E) cp bin. Gia , cc
knh s b suy gim cht lng do tp m tch ly, tn sc, mo phi tuyn.. Do , cn
phi tnh ton qu cng sut mc DLS phn cp bin (SDLS). Khi tnh qu cng
sut, nu h thng c nhiu SDLS th tnh cho tng SDLS. i vi mi SDLS, cn
phi tnh qu cng sut cho hai trng hp l bt u i sng (Begin of life -
BOL) v kt thc i sng (End of life - EOF). C th nh sau:
- Qu cng sut BOL th hin phm cht ca SDLS khi h thng c a vo
khai thc v l tiu ch o th. Qu cng sut ny bao gm c d phng m
bo tng thch vi iu kin EOL.
- Qu cng sut EOL th hin phm cht h thng ti lc kt thc tui th ca
h thng v n bao gm s suy gim do lo ha v hng linh kin, cp v mc d
phng cho sa cha.
Khi tnh ton qu cng sut, cn cung cp y thng tin v gi tr cng sut
ra ca b lp, gi tr h s tp m danh nh, gi tr bng thng quang v im pha
thu. Tt nhin, cng phi tnh n c cc phn t c kh nng ci thin cht lng
truyn dn trong thit b trm cp cng nh b lc, b tn sc, lc cn bng..
103
a. Bng mu qu cng sut
Bng 3.2 gii thiu mt bng mu tnh ton qu cng sut ca h thng cp
quang bin. Trong :
- Dng 1: Gi tr Q bnh qun (tnh SNR n gin).
- Dng 1.1 n 1.9: cp danh mc cc ngun gy suy gim cht lng h thng.
Nhng suy gim ny phi pht tr i dng 1.
Bng 3.2. Bng mu tnh qu cng sut h thng cp quang bin

- Dng 2: Cht lng h thng bin i theo thi gian, biu din suy gim cng
thm do hin tng thng ging phn cc lm gim cht lng bnh qun.
- Dng 3: Gi tr Q ca ng truyn:
Dng 3 = dng 1 (dng 1.1 n 1.9) dng 2
- Dng 4: Gi tr Q xc nh ca TTE (Back to back).
- Dng 5: Gi tr Q ca phn on: tnh t dng 3 n dng 4 theo cng thc:
104
Q
2 segment
=
ack TTEbacktob Q line Q
2 2
1 1
+ (2.1)
+ Dng 5.1: BER tng ng vi Q phn on khng k FEC.
+ Dng 5.2: BER tng ng vi Q phn on c tnh FEC.
+ Dng 5.3: Gi tr Q phn on hiu dng c tnh FEC.
- Dng 6: Q gii hn tng thch vi li bit ti nht cho php sau FEC: 11,2 dB
tng ng vi BER 2,4x10
-4
; BER 2,4x10
-4
sau khi sa li bng FEC s tt hn 10
-11
.
Do gi tr Q = 11,2 dB bao ph c ton b chiu di DLS.
- Dng 7: Sa cha, lo ha v hng ngun bm:
Dng 7 = Dng 5 (SOL) Dng 5 (EOL).
- Dng 8: D tr h thng: Dng 8 (EOL) thng chn 1 dB.
Dng 8 (SOL) = Dng 7 + Dng 8 (EOL)
- Dng 9: D tr ca nh sn xut.
- Dng 10: Gii hn nghim thu cho mi DLS.
b. H thng cht lng (h s Q)
Nh ch ra, qu cng sut ca mi SDLS c tnh da trn h s Q. Do , cht
lng ca mt SDLS c c trng bng vic o h s Q ca n hoc bng o BER
trc tip m n cho php iu ha gii hn nghim thu h s Q nh ch ra trong
bng 3.2.
H s Q l t s tn hiu trn tp m mch quyt nh tnh bng n v in p
hoc dng in v c biu din:
Q =
2
2
1
2
2 1
o o

Trong :
1
,
2
l gi tr bnh qun ca mc logic 1 v 0;
2
1 ,

2
2
l s lch
chun ca mc logic 1 v 0.
Quan h gia BER v Q khi ngng t ti gi tr ti u:
BER
2
2
*
2
1
Q
e
Q

t
(2.3)
H s Q c th vit di dng dB:
Q(db) = 20 log10 (linear) (2.4)
c. Cc tham s lin quan n qu cng sut
Qu cng sut bao gm nhng suy hao cht lng h thng t nhng hiu ng sau:
- Tch ly cng sut.
- Suy gim truyn lan do hiu ng kt hp nh tn sc mu, hiu ng phi tuyn
Kerr, hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM gia cc knh quang v vi tp m, tn x
Raman kch thch..
105
- Suy gim truyn lan do cc hiu ng phn cc Mode (PMD), suy hao phc
thuc phn cc (PDL), tng ch ph thuc phn cc (PDG). Do nhng suy gim ny
thay i theo thi gian, nn cht lng ca h thng cng thay i theo thi gian.
- Suy gim do s khng bng phng ca cc ng cong tng ch tch ly trn
ton phn on.
- Suy gim do mt iu chnh bc sng ca SDLS.
- Suy gim do mt cn i cng sut quang ca cc knh quang trong h thng
WDM.
- Suy gim do cc chc nng gim st v xc nh li.
- Suy gim do tnh khng hon ho ca thit b TTE (h s Back to back).
- Trn bn bc sng gia cc knh quang, tn x Raman kch thch, s khng
bng phng ca ng cong tng ch, s mt cn i ca cng sut quang ca cc
knh quang, l nhng suy gim nh hng n cc h thng WDM do nhiu tn hiu
quang c truyn trong cng mt si.
c bit, i vi qu cng sut EOL, cn phi xem xt cc suy gim sau:
- Suy gim do hot ng khai thc (mi ni, chiu di cp thm vo)
- Suy gim do lo ha cp v linh kin.
- Suy gim do bo ha thit b TTE (gim h s Q back to back).
- Suy gim do li ca mt s linh kin nh Laser bm.
Ch : Cc suy gim do cc hot ng khai thc cng khc nhau vi cc loi
cp khc nhau nh cp vng nc nng, nc su, mt t.
Ngoi ra, qu cng sut ch r h s Q nh nht cn c th m bo cht lng
li nh ca h thng v bao gm vic tng d tr do s dng FEC.
3.2.1.3. tin cy ca h thng
tin cy ca phn di bin ca h thng cp quang bin c c trng:
- S ln sa cha cn s dng tu cp do hng thit b trong tui th thit k
ca h thng: thng thng yu cu tin cy h thng l nh hn 3 ln h hng.
- Tui th thit k ca h thng: l qung thi gian m h thng cp quang
bin c thit k khai thc tun th cc ch tiu cht lng ca n. Thng thng
tui th thit k ca h thng l 25 nm k t khi nghim thu h thng, tc l sau khi
lp t v o th nghim h thng p ng ch tiu cht lng.
3.2.2 Thit b TTE
3.2.2.1. Cu trc ca thit b TTE
Thit b u cui truyn dn (TTE) l thnh phn thit b ca trm cp bin x
l tn hiu t pha mng ni a ph hp truyn qua h thng cp quang bin. TTE
gm cc thnh phn:
106
- Thit b u cui tuyn cp bin (Submarine Line Terminal Equipment
SLTE)
- Thit b ghp knh v kt ni nh thit b SDH, DXC, Router, chuyn mch
bo v.
- Thit b bo dng v nghip v.
3.2.2.2. Thit b SLTE
Thit b SLTE (hay LTE) l phn chnh ca trm cp. N x l cc lung tn hiu
giao tip vi mng ni a, cho php truyn i trn h thng cp bin, bao gm: bin
i in/quang, x l FEC, ghp v tch knh WDM, khuch i tn hiu quang v b
tn sc, ghp tn hiu ca h thng gim st v knh nghip v.
Hnh 3.3 m t cu hnh thit b SLTE ghp WDM. Thit b gm khi kt cui
ng truyn (Line-Terminating Unit LTU) thc hin bin i tn hiu in thnh
tn hiu quang vi bc sng tng i; khi kt cui bc sng (Wavelength
Terminating Unit WTU) thc hin ghp v tch cc tn hiu quang ni ti cp
bin v b iu khin bo dng theo di s c ng truyn, cht lng truyn
v li thit b.

Hnh 3.3. Cu hnh h thng ca thit b SLTE WDM
a. Khi kt cui ng truyn (LTU)
Khi LTU bao gm b giao din STM giao tip vi mng ni a, b FEC
thc hin sa li tuyn cp bin v b OS/OR ng truyn thc hin bin i
bc sng cho vic ghp WDM v cng c chc nng bin i m RZ v chc nng
iu bin pha thc hin truyn dn ng di. Trong b OS/OR ng truyn,
107
phng php iu bin RZ c s dng bng mt b iu bin ngoi hp th in,
ph hp cho truyn dn ng di v cht lng truyn dn c ci thin bng vic
s dng k thut sa li trc (Forward Error Correction FEC) th h hai vi kh
nng sa li nng cao.
b. M sa li trc (FEC)
FEC s dng trong h thng cp quang bin l loi Reed Solomon 256/236
(ITU-T G.975); vi m FEC ny s ci thin ng k tc li bit BER. BER
vo
=10
-4

tng ng vi BER = 5*10
-15 .
Hy tnh heo li m ha, l s chnh lch gia
cng sut quang vo u thu cn t c cng ch tiu cht lng khi c m v
khng c m. Trong h thng cp quang bin, li ny l 4 5 dB.
c. Khi kt ni bc sng (WTU)
Khi WTU gm c b ghp/tch tn hiu WDM, b khuch i quang, b b tn
sc b s tch ly tn sc trn khong cch ln, mt ngun quang gi n nh
tn hiu WDM, v khi chc nng gim st trm lp to thnh giao din u ni
vi thit b gim st ng truyn (Line Monitoring Equipment LME).
B khuch i quang c bng thng n 30 nm nh s dng b cn bng h s
khuch i (Gain Equalizer) lm min c tuyn h s khuch i ph thuc vo
bc sng trong b EDFA. Khong cch bc sng 0.3 nm t c bng cch
dp (nn) xuyn knh gia cc knh lin k bng mt dy cc cch t dn sng dng
(Array Wave Grating AWG) v cc b lc quang c suy hao thp.
Thit b SLTE c th c gim st v iu khin thng qua b CIT (Craft
Interface Terminal); Ngoi ra, SLTE cn c th qun l bng NMS thng qua giao
din LAN, Q3.
3.2.2.3. c tnh v ch tiu cht lng ca TTE
c tnh v ch tiu cht lng ca TTE gm:
- TTE c thit k nhm ghp cc lung lu lng truyn qua h thng
cp quang bin v cc phng tin iu khin, gim st. TTE ti cc giao din E/O
tun th theo cc khuyn ngh ITU-T lin quan.
- Cc thng s xc nh ti giao din trung gian gia LTU v WTU gm: c
tnh ph, cng sut pht bnh qun, t s phn bit, tn s knh, khong cch knh,
lch tn s knh; phng thc iu bin (RZ, NRZ); tc bit, nhy thu, di bc
sng thu v t s tn hiu trn tp m quang.
- im giao din vi cp bin cn xc nh cc thng s: s khc cng sut
knh ln nht; cng sut ra ca knh; t s tn hiu trn tp m ca knh.
- Ch tiu jitter ca TTE tun th ITU-T G.823 trong ton b tui th thit k
ca h thng, c bit dng sai jitter i vi mi DLS giao din vo h thng; jitter
u ra cc i i vi mi DLS giao din u ra ca h thng; c tuyn truyn t
108
jitter vi thit b u vng i vi mi DLS gia giao din u vo v u ra ca h
thng. i vi h thng SDH, ch tiu jitter ca TTE ti giao din quang s tun th
chun ITU-T G.957.
3.2.3 B lp quang di bin (Optical Submarine Repeat-OSR)
3.2.3.1. Cu trc ca b lp
Mt trm lp di bin OSR c th h tr ti 12 cp b lp, mi cp b lp dng
khuch i tn hiu quang ca mt i si. Hnh 3.4 m t cu hnh ca b lp
quang cp bin.

Hnh 3.4 m t cu hnh ca b lp quang cp bin
B lp gm: cc b khuch i EDFA, cc Module Diode Laser bm, mch bm,
cc mch ghp Coupler, cch quang, mch lc cn bng khuch i quang v cc
mch gim st iu khin. Ngun cp cho b lp l ngun dng mt chiu cp t trm
cp, qua mch cp c trong trm lp.
Bn Diode Laser bm 980 nm c dng lm gim tp m so vi cc Module
Laser bm 1480 nm, cho php truyn tn hiu tc 10 Gbit/s i khong cch xa.
Bn Module Laser 980 nm cp d phng qua ton b u ra quang vi thit k c d
tin cy cao, khng c nh hng g nu 3 trong 4 Diode Laser b hng. Chc nng
gim st c kh nng kim tra trng thi ca trm lp theo thi gian thc trong qu
trnh khai thc. Chc nng gim st c dng kim tra c cng sut quang vo v
ra ca b lp; dng in trong Module Diode Laser bm, v cng sut quang ra ca
n.
109
3.2.3.2. c tnh v ch tiu cht lng ca trm lp
a. c tnh c hc
- V trm lp c thit k cho php hot ng, t, khi phc v t li
trm lp su ln m khng b xung cp v cht lng chu ng c hc, in v
quang. Cc u ni ca v phi chu c ti trng ln ca cp bin thng qua u
ghp linh hot.
- Bn trong v trm c nhng Module cp ngun v cc cp khuch i quang
s khuch i tn hiu hai chiu ca mt hoc mt vi i si.
- Mt bn ngoi ca v trm c thit k chu c nc bin, khng b
n mn.
- V trm lp phi chu ng c p lc ln khi ri bin su.
- Cch in cao p tt gia v v cc thit b bn trong m bo hot ng
bnh thng ca trm lp.
- Kim sot mi trng trong v trm lp v m, v kh m bo tin
cy cao ca trm.
b. c tnh in
- Cc module ngun nhn cp t trm cp qua dy dn trong cp vi mc
dng khng i. Trm lp c th chp nhn c hai cc ngun.
- Cc trm lp c thit k chng phng in gy ra do s gin on bt
thng ca ngun in cao p (t cp, PFE chp mch).
c. c tnh quang
- Cc tham s lin quan ca b khuch i quang i vi cc tuyn WDM
ng di l: h s khuch i tn hiu nh, h s khuch i tn hiu danh nh, h s
tp m, cng sut ra danh nh, cng sut vo danh nh, h s nn. Ngoi ra, i vi
h thng WDM, phi tnh n tham s bng phng ca c tuyn khuch i.
- Ty thuc vo yu cu ca h thng phi chn cc linh kin quang m
bo cht lng b khuch i t nhy vi cc hiu ng nh PDL, PMD. Mt s hiu
ng phn cc khc nh PDG, PHB l ni ti nn ch c th trnh hoc hn ch bng
cch nh xo trn phn cc t thit b TTE.
- Trng thi cht lng cc b khuch i trong trm lp c gim st t trm
cp. H thng gim st khng nh hng n cht lng h thng. H thng thng
s dng my o OTDR xc nh v tr cp b t hoc dng COTDR c nhy
cao hn v la chn tn s cao hn cho cc h thng cp quang ng di.
3.2.4 Thit b r nhnh (BU)
3.2.4.1. Cu trc ca BU
Hnh 3.5. M t cu hnh ng dng n gin ca BU trong h thng cp quang bin.

110


Hnh 3.5. Cu hnh ng dng ca b r nhnh BU
Trong h thng cp quang bin, b BU dng thc hin vic r nhnh truyn
cp khi c nhiu im cp b. Mt BU c thit k kt cui ba ng cp. Mt
ng l u ni r nhnh tch mt phn lu lng t hai u kia gi l ng
trc.
BU c thit k khc nhau ty thuc vo hat ng thit k h thng . C hai loi BU
nh sau:
- BU tch ton si, dng cho h thng mt bc sng (Single Wave-length
System SWS).
- BU tch ton si (FFD-BU) hoc thm /tch WDM (WDM-BU), dng cho
h thng WDM.
BU c th c khuch i quang, cng nh cc chc nng khc nh chuyn mch
ngun, gim st, iu khin, khuch i, lc quang hay b ghp cho COTDR.
3.2.4.2. c tnh v ch tiu cht lng
a. c tnh c hc
- V bc BU c kt cui vi ba u vo cp v ni t vi bin. V BU c
thit k cho php hot ng, t khi phc v t li su ln m khng b
xung cp v cht lng c hc, in v quang. Cc u ni ca v phi chu c ti
trng ln ca cp bin thng qua u ghp linh hot.
- Bn trong v BU c th c nhng module cp ngun v cc cp khuch i
quang khuch i tn hiu hai chiu ca mt hoc vi i si. N cng c th c
cc module add/drop thc hin cc chc nng ghp v tch bc sng.
- Mt ngoi ca BU c thit k chu c nc bin, chng n mn.
- BU phi chu c p sut nc bin su.
111
- Cch in cp tt nht gia v v thit b bn trong.
- Nhit to ra t cc mch in t bn trong BU phi c thot ra ngoi thng
qua thanh dn nhit ni vi v.
- V phi kn chng thm nhp ca nc bin v kh t nc bin v r t cp
khi cp b t gn trm lp.
- Kim sot mi trng bn trong BU m v kh m bo iu kin lm
vic tin cy ca thit b, linh kin bn trong v BU.
b. Cc c tnh in
- BU c mt cc in ni bin cho php ni t ba u cp.
- Chuyn mch ngun: bt k hai cp vi ngun cp u c th c ni vi
nhau v tch khi in cc ni bin ca BU m khi cp th ba c ni. C th c
cc cu hnh khc nhau hi phc lu lng trong trng hp s c PFE hoc cp
b t. Trong trng hp mt phn on cp b s c th h thng v mch chuyn
mch ngun ca BU s cp kh nng khi phc lu lng v cc phn on khc
nhau trong khi sa cha cp.
- BU c cp ngun t trm cp qua dy dn trong cp vi mc dng khng
i. Khi cn thit, BU c th c cc module ngun cp in cho cc khi khuch
i quang. Trm lp c th chp nhn c hai ngun in.
- BU c thit k chng phng in gy ra do s gin on bt thng ca
ngun in p cao (t cp, PFE chp mch).
c. Cc c tnh quang
- Chc nng ca BU: BU c th l loi FFD-BU hoc WDM-BU hoc l kt
hp c hai loi. Trong bt k trng hp no, chc nng ca BU cng m bo s
c lp ca phn ng truyn s SLD trnh trng hp khi xy ra s c i vi
mt knh quang s gy nh hng ti cc knh khc. Trong trng hp WDM-BU, s
c cc linh kin quang cn thit thc hin chc nng ghp v tch bc sng.
- Hiu ng phn cc: Ty thuc vo yu cu ca h thng, phi chn cc linh
kin quang ca BU m bo cht lng ca n t nhy vi cc hiu ng phn cc
nh PDL, PMD. Mt s hiu ng phn cc khc nh PDG, PHB l ni ti nn ch c
th trnh hoc hn ch bng cch khc nh xo trn phn cc t thit b TTE.
- Trng thi v cht lng ca BU c gim st t trm cp. H thng gim
st hat ng khng nh hng n cht lng h thng.
- Xc nh h hng: vic xc nh v tr h hng trong h thng cp bin bao
gm BU thng thng s dng my o COTDR. Trong trng hp BU thc hin cc
chc nng tch ton si th COTDR c th xc nh v tr h hng bn trong v bn
ngoi BU. Khi BU thc hin tch ghp WDM th COTDR vi ngun to bc sng
iu chnh c c th kim tra ng chnh v ng nhnh r mt cch c lp
112
bng cch t bc sng ngun bc sng truyn dn ca mi ng. Nu BU c
c khuch i quang th ng phn hi s gip vic xc nh v tr h hng ngoi b
khuch i quang.
3.2.5 Cp bin
3.2.5.1. Cu trc cp bin
Cp bin c thit k m bo bo v si quang khi p sut nc bin, thm
thu ca nc theo chiu dc, s xm nhp ca nc theo chiu dc, s xm nhp ca
cc loi ha cht, cc hiu ng nhim Hydro trong ton b thit k ca cp (khong
25 nm); m bo khng lm xung cp cht lng si quang qua qu trnh ri cp,
chn cp, khi phc t y bin sa cha v cc iu kin khai thc di bin.
Cp quang bin c thit k da trn ng thp ng nht, c th cha ti 16
i si quang trong iu kin chu lc cng, m bo tui th cao.
Hnh 3.6 v 3.7 gii thiu cc loi cp c mc bo v khc nhau v cu trc cp
bin OALC4. Qua cc hnh trn ta thy, phn gia ca cp l cu trc n v si
quang, trong cc si quang c t trong mt ng thp v c bo v bng mt
cht du chng li thm thu ca nc v Hydro. ng dn phc hp c cu trc n
v si c bo v bng si thp rt chc c bc bng mt ng ng dp ln si
thp. Cp c bc bng vt liu chng thm nc. ng dn phc hp c cch
in bng Polytethylen mt cao dng chng try sc. Cu trc ny ca cp
c dng cc vng bin su v l loi cp trng lng nh (LW).

Hnh 3.6. Cc loi quang cp bin

113


Hnh 3.7. Cu trc ca cp bin OALC4

Cp bin c th s dng su trong nc t 0 n 8000m. Cp bc thp s
dng cu trc cp LW v c thm phn bo v ph hp vi iu kin y bin.
Hnh 3.6 gii thiu cc loi cp bin c mc bo v khc nhau.
- Cp trng lng nh (Lightweight LW) l loi cp dng ri, phc hi,
khai thc m khng cn bo v c bit no. Loi cp ny s dng vng nc su
(100m n hng ngn mt) c th b mt y bin bng phng.
- Cp trng lng nh c bo v (Light Weight Protected LWP), l loi cp
trng lng nh c mt lp bo v. Loi cp ny thch hp ri vng nc su ni
cp c kh nng b n mn v ri ro do nh c.
- Cp bc thp mt lp (Single Armoured SA) l loi cp c mt lp gip st
bo v. Loi cp ny thch hp ri, chn, phc hi v khai thc v c bo v, s
dng thch hp vng nc nng nht nh.
- Cp bc thp hai lp (Double Armoured DA) l cp c hai lp gip st bo
v. Loi cp ny thch hp ri, chn, phc hi v khai thc vng nc nng nht
nh no .
- Cp bc thp ngm (Rock Armoured RA) l loi cp c nhiu lp gip
bo v (thng l 2), vi lp bn ngoi c qun xung quanh bng thp vi bc
qun nh. Loi cp ny ph hp ri, phc hi v khai thc vng nc nng c
y bin l nn cng, di san h.
- Cp t (Land Cable) l loi cp vi lp bo v ph hp c dng thi
cng trong ng ng hoc chn trc tip trn t lin, thng dng ni t b bin
(Beach Manhole) ti thit b trm cp.
- Ngoi ra, ty thuc nh sn xut cn c cc loi cp bin khc nh: SAL,
SAH, DAH.. dng vi cc iu kin y bin khc nhau.
Hnh 3.7 m t cu trc (mt ct ngang) ca cp OALC4 loi LW v SA ca
Alcatel.
114
3.2.5.2. Cc c tnh truyn dn ca cp bin
Nhn chung, cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang trc khi lp vo cp s ph
hp vi cc chun ITU-T G.652, G.653, G.654 v G.655. Vic chn loi si s gip
cho ti u ha v cht lng v gi thnh tng th ca h thng.
Cc c tnh ca si quang sau khi lp vo cp trong thi gian nht nh s c
nhng thay i so vi trc khi lp vo cp, c bit l khi thit k cp, hp ni cp
v si phi sao cho si b un cong nhng khng to ra suy hao ng k. iu ny
c bit ch khi xc nh bn knh un cong si nh nht trong cp v thit b.
Cc c tnh suy hao si, tn sc mu v tn sc module phn cc (PMD) n
nh trong gii hn cho php trong ton b tui th thit k ca h thng, c bit
vic thit k cp phi ti thiu ti mc chp nhn c vic thm nhp Hydro t
ngoi vo v s hnh thnh Hydro trong cp, thm ch sau khi cp gy ti su t
cp, nhy ca si quang vi tia Gamma cng phi c tnh ti.
3.2.5.3. c tnh ca si quang trong cp bin
Cc tham s chnh ca si quang
- H s suy hao bc sng s dng tnh bng dB/km.
- H s tn sc mu tnh bng ps/nm.km.
- Bc sng tn sc bng khng (o) tnh bng nm.
- dc tn sc quang bc sng khai thc tnh bng ps/nm
2
.km
- Chit sut phi tuyn, n
2
, tnh bng m
2
/w.
- Tit din hiu dng A
eff
tnh bng m
2
.
- H s phi tuyn n
2
/A
eff
tnh bng W
-1
.
- Tn sc mode phn cc (PMD) tnh bng ps/ (km)
1/2
.
Theo cc tham s ny, trong h thng cp bin c th chia thnh cc loi si
khc nhau:
- Si n mode dch chuyn khng tn sc (NDSF), G.652.
- Si n mode dch chuyn tn sc (DSF), G.653.
- Si n mode dch chuyn c im ct (CSF), G.654.
- Si n mode dch chuyn tn sc khng v khng (NZDSF), G655.
- Si n mode dch b tn sc (DSF).
Nh vy, ty thuc vo ch tiu h thng (tc bit, m ha, s bc sng,
khong lp, cng sut quang ra, chiu di ton tuyn..), c th s dng kt hp cc
loi si trn m bo cht lng h thng. Trong trng hp , h thng c gi
l h thng c kim sot tn sc.
3.3 Nhng tin b cng ngh trong h thng cp quang bin
3.3.1 Xu hng pht trin cc h thng cp quang bin
115
Vic m rng th trng vin thng cng vi vic pht trin Internet cng nh
nhng ng dng ca n a n nhu cu dung lng truyn dn tng nhanh. l
yu t dn n vic xy dng cc tuyn cp quang bin mi vi dung lng cao, ln
ti hng Terabit/s v hn na cng vi n vic cnh tranh kinh t nh gi thnh trn
Gbit/s i hi ngy cng gim, km theo yu cu gim kch thc thit b, mc tiu
th in.. i hi ci tin hn na.
chnh l nhng thc y xu hng pht trin cc h thng cp bin mi c
dung lng cao, gi thnh h, thun tin cho vic trin khai xy dng.
3.3.2 Dung lng
3.3.2.1. Tc bit ngy cng cao
nhng h thng 2.5Gbit/s ban u, cc tn hiu quang c khong cch 0.8 nm
(100 Ghz), hn ch bi kh nng ca cc b lc, Ngy nay, cc tn hiu quang ph
bin tc 10Gbit/s vi khong cch 0.4 nm (50Ghz), tng gp 8 ln vi cng mt
bng thng.
Vic nghin cu tc bit cao hn 40 Gbit/s ang c nhiu hng nghin cu.
Tuy nhin, cng cn gp nhiu thch thc v k thut, c bit l:
- iu bin v gii iu bin 40 Gbit/s i hi phi c cc linh kin in t v
quang c tc rt cao.
- Phi khc phc cc hiu ng lm hn ch khong cch truyn dn tc
40Gbit/s nh tn sc CD, iu bin t pha SPM v tn sc PMD.
Mt iu cn lu l c chp nhn h thng mi phi c gi thnh trn
bit r i mt na. C ngha l, khi so snh h thng 40 Gbit/s vi h thng 10 Gbit/s
m c dung lng ln gp 4 ln th gi thnh phi r hn t nht 2 ln.
3.3.2.2. Khong cch knh v s knh bc sng
Trong nhng nm qua, khong cch knh gim ng k, t 1 nm xung cn
0.3 nm. Hin nay, trong phng th nghim t c 2.5 nm v ang hng n
0.2nm trong thi gian gn. Vi vic gim khong cch knh bc sng cng vi bng
thng khuch i rng hn, nn t c s knh ln ti 105 knh vi tc 10
Gbit/s trong bng L, ngha l ta c:
- 105 knh x 0.3 nm bng thng
- 105 knh x 10 Gbit/s = 1050 Gbit/s = 1.05 Tbit/s.
Mt trong nhng hng nghin cu tng s knh bc sng l s dng bng
tn m rng L.Vic ny gii quyt bng cch s dng kt hp hai b khuch i si
quang EDFA hai bng tn L & C (xem hnh 1.5). Mt hng nghin cu khc ang
c quan tm l s dng b khuch i Raman phn b (Distributed Raman
Amplifer DRA) thay cho EDFA.

116

3.3.2.3. S lng si trong cp bin
Vic tng dung lng bng cch tng s lng si trong cp bin l mt gii
php cng c quan tm. Gii php ny xem chng rt n gin nhng khi tng s
si quang s tng kch thc cp, tng trng lng ca cp v cc trm lp, lm tng
tiu th ngun cp ca trm lp n mc khng ph hp na. V th, ngy nay s
lng si quang trong h thng cp quang bin thng khng vt qu 8 i si.
3.3.3 B khuch i quang
B khuch i quang cng l mt vn c quan tm nghin cu .
Hnh 3.8 biu din ph quang kh dng v cc loi khuch i quang ang
nghin cu pht trin.

Hnh 3.8. Ph quang kh dng
3.3.3.1. B khuch i quang EDFA
B khuch i si quang EDFA c a vo s dng nhng hin nay tp
trung nghin cu cc vn sau:
- Nghin cu pht trin cho nhng b khuch i EDFA ng dng trong cc
trm lp c bng thng bng tn C ln n 30 nm. Mt khc, thit k EDFA cng
cho php s dng bng L vi rng 30 nm.
- Trc y, cc b EDFA s dng Laser bm n bc sng 1480 nm.
Trong h thng cp bin, thng thng s dng hai Laser bm chung gia hai
b khuch i c tnh d phng, v v th cho php t c tin cy cao trong
thi gian 25 nm. Cch ny cho cng sut ra cao nhng tp m km.
117
Vic s dng ngun bm 980 nm hng thun c th va tng h s khuch
i va gim h s tp m ca b khuch i. Cng ngh hin nay cho php s dng
bm 980 nm vi tin cy cao. Vi vic s dng bm 980 nm, h s tp m ca b
khuch i gim t 6.7 dB xung cn 4.5 dB, lm tng ng k khong cch lp vi
h s knh nhiu nht v gi thnh h,
Hn na, vic s dng 4 b Laser bm cho mt cp khuch i (2 Laser 1480
nm cho hng ngc v 2 Laser 980 nm cho hng thun) lm tng hn na tin
cy ca h thng.
- Cng ngh quang ra ca b khuch i c th t ti +15 dBm nh p dng
ngun bm 980 nm cho chiu thun v bm 1480 nm cho chiu ngc; tit din hiu
dng ca si quang li xc nh mc cng sut ra ln nht c th s dng c m
khng lm mo tn hiu do cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si.
3.3.3.2. B khuch i Raman
i vi b khuch i Raman, ngi ta tp trung nghin cu:
- Mt k thut khuch i mi y ha hn l khuch i Raman, y l loi
k thut khuch i khng da vo si pha tp (nh EDFA) m da vo cc thuc
tnh ca bn thn si quang silic. B khuch i Raman s dng hiu ng tn x
Raman kch thch (SRS) xy ra trong si Silic khi chm tia bm cng cao truyn
qua si quang. Trong trng hp EDFA, hin tng l pht x kch thch: vic bm
y nguyn t Erbium ln trng thi kch thch (nng lng cao hn) v sau
photon ti kch thch s pht x ca mt photon tng ng m khng lm mt nng
lng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp khuch i Raman, photon bm ti gii phng
nng lng to ra photon c nng lng gim i tn s thp hn (tc bc sng
cao hn). Nng lng cn li ca qu trnh pht x ny c hp th bi mi trng
quang, silic di dng dao ng phn t.
- S khc nhau gia bc sng bm v bc sng ca photon pht x vo
khong 106 nm (13.2 Thz). Do , nh khuch i ca b khuch i Raman phn
b (DRS) vi bc sng p khuch i l xp x p+106 nm. Bng thng khuch i
xp x 48 nm (6Thz). Do bng thng rng lm cho DRS l mt la chn rt hp dn
cho cc h thng cp quang bin.
- C th thy khuch i Raman v bn cht l di dng khuch i phn
b. V sng bm truyn qua si (theo hng ngc vi tn hiu lu lng) nn
cng bm b gim i bng suy hao ca si, v v th, khuch i Raman tr nn
thp hn khong cch xa hn t ngun bm. Tuy nhin, khuch i l ng k
trong phm vi khong cch vi km si quang truyn dn.
118
- B khuch i DRA bng C (1530-1570 nm) s dng Laser bm Raman
vi bc sng trong di 1430 1460 nm. Tng t nh loi s dng ph bin cho
1480nm ca EDFA.
- DRA l k thut bm ngc v v si tn sc m dng trong phng n lm
bng phng dc tn sc vi t l chiu di 2:1 c tit din hiu dng Aeff kh nh
(~20 mm
2
) nn cng ca ngun bm phi tng ln v v th lm h s khuch i
Raman cao hn. y l mt trng hp him c khi nhc im (tit din hiu dng
b) tr thnh u im (h s khuch i Raman cao). t c h s khuch i
vi cc loi si thng dng c Aeff khong 50-80 mm
2
th cn phi c mc bm
Raman ln hn (tc l nhiu Laser hn, cng sut cao hn, tiu th ngun ln hn v
gi thnh v th cng cao hn).
3.3.3.3. Phng php khuch i lai
Vic s dng b khuch i lai EDFA v DRA ang c nghin cu v ha hn
nhiu u im. Phng php ny lm cho cu trc trm lp phc tp hn, i hi n
06 Laser bm (04 Laser cho DRA v 02 Laser cho EDFA) thay v 04 Laser bm cho
EDFA. Tuy nhin, bng vic gim mc cng sut ra ca EDFA, v bng khuch i
Raman ngay trong si truyn dn (DRA), cng sut cc i trn mi knh bn trong
si c th gim xung v dn n lm gim ng k tc ng phi tuyn do XPM v
SPM. Hnh 3.9 m t s cu hnh b khuch i lai EDFA + DRA.


Hnh 3.9. Cu hnh b lp
S thay i dc c tuyn bin ca ton h thng c th xy ra do s lo
ha ca si quang, do sa cha cp v nhng thay i h s khuch i ca EDFA do
lo ha cp v sa cha cp . khc phc, ngi ta dng mt b cn bng
dc h s khuch i tch cc (Active Gain Scope Equalizer). Thit b ny c t
trong v bc ging nh trm lp v c iu khin bng cc lnh gim st iu bin
t trm cp u cui.
119
3.3.4 Nhng tin b cng ngh si quang i vi khong lp
S suy gim cht lng nghim trng nht ca h thng quang DWDM dung
lng cao c khong cch xa s dng EDFA l do cc hiu ng phi tuyn, trc tin
l XPM, SPM v FWM. Nhng hiu ng ny c th ti thiu bng vic gim mt ,
cng sut quang trong si bng cch gim cng sut vo hoc tng tit din hiu dng
Aeff ca si quang. Vic gim cng sut vo l kh khn v n s lm gim khong
cch lp dn n tng gi thnh h thng.
S dng si quang vi tn sc mu dng v m, ta c th lm cho tn sc tng
ca h thng v khng mt bc sng no (thng l gn trung tm bng
truyn dn). Nhng yu t chnh lm gim cht lng l dc tn sc ca si quang.
l s khc nhau ca tn sc l mt hm ca bc sng. Khi dc tn sc tng
cng khc khng, ta c th lm cho bng khng i vi mt bc sng xc nh
nhng tn sc tng ca hu ht cc bc sng khc vn khc khng.
dc ca tn sc ca si NZ-DSF k c loi c tit din hiu dng Aeff rng,
thng c s dng trong cc h thng cp quang bin, gy ra hai vn kh
nghim trng:
- Th nht l, phi b tn sc theo tng knh v tn sc tch ly ln hn nhiu
cc knh ra so vi knh trung tm.
- Th hai, mc d mi knh WDM c bc sng trung tm xc nh, nhng tn
hiu l iu bin bin nn c bng thng. Nu cp truyn dn c dc tn sc th
thnh phn tn s thp v cao ca knh WDM s b tn sc do s khc nhau ca tr
vn tc nhm (Group Velo-city Delay GVD). iu ny dn n mo xung ng k
v cng nghim trng nu tc bit cao 40 Gbit/s.
Mt gii php trit khc phc dc tn sc l khng th i vi mt loi
si quang. Nu mt si quang m c dc tn sc bng khng th cc tham s ny l
s dng hai loi si quang ring r. Trong mi khong lp trong h thng. Nhng
phng php ny c gi l si tn sc ngc (Reverse Dispersion Fiber RDF),
si tn sc o ngc (Inversion Dispersion Fiber IDF) hoc si + D/-D.
Chn hai loi si c c tnh ngc nhau v cng chiu di trong mt khong
lp, chng hn trong mt khong 50 km, s dng 25 km si loi A vi tn sc 18
ps/nm/km v 25 km si loi B vi tn sc -18pcs/nm/km v dc tn sc bng nhau
nhng ngc du th s trit tiu c dc tn sc tng cng. Tuy phng n ny
l hin thc v c u im ng k, vic s dng t l chiu di 2:1 ca si tn sc
dng (+D) v si tn sc (-D) l phng php ti u. Bng vic la chn cn thn
loi si v t l chiu di chnh xc th c th t c dc tn sc tng cng rt
thp trong h thng c c ly rt di, ti 10.000 km.
120
i vi h thng ng di s dng si quang loi +D/-D mi cng gim s sai
khc v tn sc mu ti 90%. Ngoi ra, s lng si tn sc dng ln hn (khong
70% c c khong lp) s cho suy hao trung bnh thp. Mc d si c tn sc dng
v m c tit din hiu dng rt nh, nhng do b tr hai u khong lp ni cng
sut knh thp nht nn nh hng ca mo phi tuyn l khng ng k. Thc t,
nhc im ca tit din hiu dng nh li l u im khi s dng DRA. Ngoi ra,
gi tr tng i cao ca tn sc (khong +20 ps/nm/km v -50 ps/nm/km i vi hai
loi si khc nhau ca mt khong lp) li gip hn ch tc ng ca hiu ng FWM.
3.3.5 Nhng tin b cng ngh i vi thit b u cui
3.3.5.1. K thut iu bin
i vi h thng 2.5 Gbit/s phng thc iu bin thng dng l NRZ. u
im ca phng thc iu bin ny l chim bng thng thp hn, mch in t kh
n gin. i vi h thng DWDM nx10 Gbit/s ngy nay th phng thc iu bin
l RZ, v n cho php nhy cao hn (suy hao nhiu hn trong mt khong lp).
Tuy nhin, n chim bng thng ln hn NRZ.
Bn cnh iu bin NRZ tng ng tiu chun, cc k thut iu bin tin
tin, bao gm RZ dch tn (CRZ), RZ n bin (SSB-RZ), RZ trit sng mang (CS-
RZ) v iu bin Dno-Binary ang c nghin cu cho cc h thng 10 Gbit/s v 40
Gbit/s. Trong tng lai, Dno-Binary v CS-RZ l hai phng thc iu bin s cho
nhiu ha hn gim xuyn knh phi tuyn trong cc h thng DWDM.
3.3.5.2. Sa li trc FEC
FEC c s dng trong nhiu h thng cp quang bin t cui thp nin
90, cc h thng c tiu chun ha theo ITU-T G.975 v s dng tng n m FEC
Reed Colomon vi tng 7% tc truyn dn (9,58 Gbit/s tng ln 10,660 Gbit/s)v
ci thin khong 5,8 dB li ca h thng. Hin nay, mt s hng sn xut pht
trin th h th ai super FEC s dng m Colomon xch. H thng c bng thng
tng ln 20% (t 9,958 Gbit/s ln khong 12 Gbit/s) v ci thin 7,5 7,7 dB li
ca h thng. V l thuyt, c th pht trin th h th ba phng thc FEC vi li
khuch i ln n 10 dB.
3.3.5.3. B tn sc th ng
Vic s dng hn hp hai loi si +D/-D (hoc RDF, IDF) trn mt khong lp
cho php gim khong 90% sai khc v tn sc tch ly gia cc knh ln nht v
thp nht ca mt h thng DWDM c ly xa (>500 km). iu ny lm gim ng k
lng b tn sc trc (ti u pht) v b tn sc sau (ti u thu) cn thit. Si
quang b tn sc (DCF) n gin l si c tn sc dng v m cao, vn tip tc phi
s dng nhng s lng t hn nhiu, lm gim gi thnh thit b, gim din tch mt
bng trm cp.
121
3.3.5.4. B tn sc tch cc
Ngoi k thut b tn sc th ng v s dng si DCF, hin nay ang c
nhng nghin cu pht trin k thut mi b tn sc tch cc i vi tn sc mu
cng nh tn sc mode phn cc (PMD). Mt k thut s dng cng ngh Virtual
Imaged Phased Array (VIPA) l rt ha hn b tn sc c nh v cng c th
dng b cho dc tn sc d.
3.3.5.5. Laser iu chnh c
Laser iu chnh c trong di 4 knh vi khong cch 0.4 nm hin dng
trong h thng cp quang bin WDM 10 Gbit/s. ang nghin cu tip m rng di
iu chnh ln n na bng C hoc L. Vic s dng loi Laser ny s lm gim yu
cu d phng cho cc thit b SLTE.
3.3.6 Th h thng tin cp quang bin 40 Gbit/s
Xu hng nghin cu tng dung lng hin nay l tng tc bit t 10 Gbit/s
ln 40 Gbit/s. Vic tng s lm tng 4 ln dung lng trn cng mt s bc sng
WDM, nhng cng phi thy rng, s lng cc i bc sng 40 Gbit/s s ch bng
khong 25% s lng cc i bc sng 10 Gbit/s v bng thng ca lung 40 Gbit/s
rng gp 4 ln bng thng chnh ca lung 10 Gbit/s. V th, ch c th b tr khong
30 50 ln bc sng 40 Gbit/s vo bng C hoc L so vi 128 200 bc sng 10
Gbit/s. Tuy nhin, li ch hp dn ca h thng 40 Gbit/s l cho gi thnh dung lng
trn bit r hn v gim din tch chim mt bng trm cp.
H thng 40 Gbit/s c bng thng gp 4 ln trn mt knh v 4 ln tp m trn
knh (6dB) cng nh vy, 16 ln nhy cm so vi tn sc mu v tn sc Mode phn
cc, 4 ln nhy cm i vi jitter. Vic s dng DRA thit b chm s cho php duy
tr khong cch lp cho h thng 40 Gbit/s, nhng khong cch s lun ngn hn
nhiu so vi h thng 10 Gbit/s vi cng cng sut knh.
Hin nay, cc nghin cu ang tip tc a h thng 40 Gbit/s vo thc t
nh: trin khai 40 Gbits mng ni a, pht trin cng ngh mi nh khuch i tp
m thp, tch sng, FEC v b tn sc.
3.4 Kt lun chng 3
Chng ny trnh by khi qut qu trnh pht trin ca h thng cp bin t
tuyn cp bin in n th h cp quang vi cng ngh DWDM c dung lng cao
10 Gbit/s.
y cng trnh by s tng th ca h thng cp quang bin, cc thnh phn
chnh, cc c tnh theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T.
Phn cui trnh by khi qut cc thnh tu ca cng ngh mi nht ng dng k
thut WDM trong h thng thng tin cp quang bin ng di, c khong cch n
10.000 km vi dung lng cc cao (Terabit/s).
122
Chng 4
CC THIT B CA H THNG CP QUANG BIN
WDM; MT S VN TRONG THIT K H
THNG CP QUANG BIN

Chng ny s tm hiu c th hn v cc thnh phn ca h thng cp quang
bin s dng cng ngh WDM c mt s hng sn xut cung cp trn th
trng; v cng chng ny ta xem xt mt s vn lin quan n thit k h
thng cp quang bin dng cng ngh WDM.
4.1 Cc thit b cp quang bin WDM
Nhn chung, thit b h thng cp quang bin ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau,
v c bn l ging nhau v gii php k thut v cng ngh.
Ta s tm hiu thit b ca ba hng hng u: Alcatel, Tyco v Fujitsu.
4.1.1 Thit b ca Alcatel
Alcatel l mt hng hng u trong vic cung cp v xy dng cc h thng cp
quang bin trn th gii. Alcatel cng i tin phong trong nghin cu pht trin cng
ngh mi trong lnh vc thng tin cp quang bin.
4.1.1.1 Thit b u cui trm cp
Alcatel a th h sn phm v gii php thng mi l dng ng truyn
khuch i quang (Optical Amplifiber Line OAL) da trn s dng cc b khuch
i EDFA trong cc b lp. H OAL gm hai loi c cc c tnh sau:
C ly h thng
Thch hp cho cc h thng c c ly ngn, trung bnh v xa t cc h thng khng c
trm lp khong 300-450km cho n h thng xuyn i dng.
su
su c th t ti 8000m.
Dung lng
- OALW40: l h thng DWDM tc 16x2,5 Gbit/s trn mt i si, ti a l 8 i
si (100Gbit/s).
- Tera 10: l h thng DWDM tc 105x10 Gbit/s trn mt i si, ti a 8 si (8,4
Tbit/s).
Giao din h thng
- OALW40: giao din gia h thng cp bin v thit b ghp knh SDH, km theo
mi knh bc sng l 2,5 Gbit/s theo chun ITU-T G.707, G.708 v G.709.
- Tera 10: Giao din gia h thng cp quang bin v thit b ghp knh SDH, km
theo cho mi knh bc sng l 10 Gbit/s theo chun ITU-T G.691.
123
Chc nng lp quang
Do s dng EDFA v WDM, nn lp truyn ti quang hon ton mc bc
sng (STM-16 hoc STM-64). Ty ng dng, lc quang ti b r nhnh BU-WDM
cho php kt ni ph hp vi yu cu lu lng bng cch thm/r mt hoc mt s
bc sng ti mi b r nhnh. Vic r bc sng hoc r si ti b r nhnh cho
php c th c nhiu cu trc mng quang khc nhau.
Ngoi cu hnh ng trc - r nhnh thng thng, h thng cn cho php cu
trc kiu r nhnh ca nhnh r (cu trc ny c s dng cho Sea-Me-We Hng
Kng v Ma Cao)
Ch tiu cht lng h thng
- Ch tiu li: vic s dng sa mo c trc FEC thit b du cui cho php ch
tiu li tt hn ITU-TG.826 trong khi vn c khong lp ln. Bng vic ch th s
li cc li sa c, FEC cng cho mt phng php tin li trong nh gi qu trnh
thay i d phng ca h thng.
- tin cy: Vic thit k phn thit b chm c tin cy rt cao mc c th xy ra
mt li cn phi sa cha bng tu cp trong ton b tui th 25 nm ca h thng 4
i si quang c c ly 5000km.
- kh dng: kh dng ty thuc vo c ch bo v, d phng ca mng, tc l
d phng thit b, d phng tuyn, bo v vng ring hoc s kt hp ca cc bin
php ny. i vi mt tuyn im- im in hnh da vo d phng thit b, mt
lin lc s nh hn 10 pht/nm.
Khong lp in hnh
Khong lp in hnh ph thuc vo khong cch chung ca h thng cp cng
nh s knh bc sng. Trong trng hp tnh ti vic nng cp dung lng h
thng, th s phi tnh n s knh cui cng.
Hnh 4.1 ch ra cc gi tr khong lp in hnh (gi tr thc t ph thuc vo
cc yu cu ring ca h thng c thit k).

124


Hnh 4.1. Khong cch lp in hnh theo thc nghim ca Alcatel

Gim st tuyn
H thng thng tin cp quang bin c trang b mt h thng gim st trc
tip ring, cho php tip nhn ng thi y thng tin v tnh trng cp v cc b
khuch i trong khi h thng ang hot ng. Vic o trc tip mc cng sut vo
v ra cng nh cc gi tr dng laser bm cho php xc nh d dng phn thit b h
hng. Ngoi ra, h thng cho php xc nh chnh xc v tr t cp bng k thut
EOTDR ( Extended Optical Time Domain Ref-lectoinety).
Cu hnh c bN
Mi h thng gm c cc thnh phn chm nh cp, b lp, b r nhnh v cc
thnh phn thit b trm cp: Thit b u cui ng truyn phn di bin (SLTE),
thit b cp ngun PFE, thit b SDH hoc ATM Switch, IP Router, v thit b qun l
mng i km.
Thit b u cui ng truyn cp bin SLTE
Hnh 4.2 m t cu hnh ca thit b SLTE ca loi OALW40.
125

Hnh 4.2. Cu hnh ca thit b SLTE OALW4 ca Alcatel
Thit b thc hin cc chc nng:
- X l cc lung tn hiu 2,5Gbit/s giao tip vi mng ni a bao gm sa
mo trc FEC, x l overhead cho php truyn i trn h thng cp bin.
- Khuch i tn hiu quang v b tn sc (s dng si DCF) truyn trn
cp bin.
- Ghp v tch knh bc sng WDM v khuch i quang truyn trn h
thng cp bin.
- Ghp tn hiu ca h thng gim st v vnh nghip v.
B cp ngun PFE
Thit b PFE c cc loi thit b khc nhau cung cp in p di t 2,5 kV ti 10
kV. B ngun c thit k theo khi gm cc b bin i 2,5 kV c th to ra cc
cp in p khc nhau v cp bo v d phng khc nhau. N gm cc trang b m
bo an ton v c ti gi cho mc ch o th:
- Ngun cp thng l cc m (-) vi cc kia dng (+) c ni t h thng
chnh l y bin.
126
- Hai trm cp hai u cui ca trc cp chnh s dng PFE in p cao -10 kV v
+10 kV cp ngun cho cc b lp trn trc cp chnh, dng cp l 1,3A.
- Ti mi PFE c th tip ni t h thng, trong trng hp cn thit (nh s c
thit b, s c chp cp) PFE u kia cp ngun cho trc chnh.
- PFE nhnh r c in p 2,5 kV cp ngun cho cc b lp ca nhnh r.
Trong trng hp ny, BU s tip t h thng.
- Trong trng hp tuyn cp trn trc chnh b t th PFE u kia cng PFE
nhnh r s cp ngun cho phn cn li ca h thng. Khi , b r nhnh BU phi c
chc nng chuyn mch ngun. Thit b PFE ca Alcatel c mt s ch tiu sau y:
+ Dng cp ngun: 1,3A 1%.
> phn gii: 0,1%.
> in p ra: 0 ti 10 kV.
> Phng thc cp: ng dng hoc ng cp.
> in p vo: 42 V 60 VDC.
4.1.1.2. B lp
B lp AOL ca Alcatel s dng b EDFA ph hp cho cc h thng cp quang
bin nhiu knh WDM. B lp c cc kh nng :
- 2,5Gbit/s n 10Gbit/s trn mt i si (mt knh)
- Tc 40 Gbit/s trn mt i si cho h thng 10 Gbit/s (60 knh).
- Ti 8 i si trn mt h thng 2,5 Gbit/s (cc di 4,8 Gbit/s).
- Mi b EDFA phc v cho mt i si quang.
B lp c thit k rt gn v l mt trong nhng loi nh gn nht trn th
trng. Hnh 4.3 m t s khi tng qut ca b lp.


Hnh 4.3. S khi ca b lp WDM v c ch bm

127
Ty ng dng, yu cu h s tp m thp v cng sut cao ra cao ti u ta ca
b lp c th s dng ch bm kt hp tn s bao gm 980nm v 1480nm (nh
hnh 4.3b).
bng phng ca h s khuch i ca mi b EDFA c kim sot cht
ch bng b lc quang cn bng khuch i lp ngay trong mch ca b lc km vi
EDFA. Vic iu chnh cng sut ra ca mi b EDFA c thc hin qua cc knh
iu khin t xa, cho php c th thm bc sng nng cp h thng.
H thng c trang b h thng gim st cho php o trc tip mc cng sut
vo v ra cng nh dng laser bm cho php xc nh h hng d dng. Ngoi ra, b
lp cho php xc nh s c t cp bng OETDR.
4.1.1.3. B r nhnh (BU)
B BU c s dng trong cc h thng cp quang bin khi cn c nhiu im
cp b. Vic kt ni c th thc hin tn hiu quang m khng phi chuyn i sang
tn hiu in. C ba loi kt ni quang ty theo yu cu: Thm/r si, thm/r knh v
thm/r si v knh. Hai loi sau s dng trong h thng WDM.
- Thm/r WDM: b r nhnh WDM thc hin thm/r tn hiu quang nh ch ra trn
hnh 4.4a.

Hnh 4.4. Thm/r tn hiu v iu khin, gim st v xc nh s c ca
BU
Cc b EDFA cng ging nh trong b lp nhng c thm chc nng thc
hin iu khin tch knh. Cc b cch t si v Circulator (phn t th ng) km
vi EDFA cho php cc bc sng ring c lt qua t hng ti n hng khc
vi kh nng thm/r tn hiu t mt i si.
- iu khin, gim st v xc nh s c: Vic iu khin v gim st b cc EDFA
c thc hin bng mt tn hiu ti BU t thit b SLTE v SSE trm cp. Vic
xc nh v tr s c c th thc hin bng k thut EOTDR, nh hnh 4..4b.
128
i vi nhiu h thng, vic nh hng si n gin thng c p dng
bng cch thm v r si quang, i km vi thit b u cui trm cp tng ng.
Trong trng hp ny BU khng cn khuch i EDFA v tn hiu iu khin.
B r nhnh BU s thc hin nh tuyn dng cp ngun khi cn thit v chu
ton b in p ng dy, k c xung in c th xy ra khi cp b t (xem hnh
4.5).


Hnh 4.5. Chuyn mch cp ngun ca BU

Vic iu khin chuyn mch c thc hin n gin bng vic s dng dng
cp ngun ca thit b DFE (khng cn tn hiu iu khin).
4.1.1.4. Cp bin
Alcatel pht trin dng cp quang bin DALC4 v cho cc h thng c lp,
k tha nhng kinh nghim t cc dng cp bin trc y. Cp c thit k da
trn ng thp thng nht, c th cha n 16 i si quang. Trong iu kin khng
chu lc ko, m bo tui th cao. Phn gia ca cp l cu trc n v si, trong
cc si quang c t trong mt ng thp v c bo v bng mt cht du chng
129
li s xm nhp ca nc v hydro. ng dn phc hp c cu trc n gin v si
c bo v bng si thp rt chc c bc bng mt ng ng c bc bng cc
si thp. Cp c bc bng vt liu chng nc. ng dn phc hp c cch in
bng Polyethylene mt cao. V cch in cng dng chng try xc. Cu trc
ny c dng cc vng bin su (cp trng lng nh LW).
Cp OALC4 c th dng su ca nc t 0 n 8000m cho loi 1,6 /km.
Cp c bc st s dng cu trc LW v thm phn bo v ph hp vi iu kin t
nhin ca y bin. Cp OALC4 c cc loi khc nhau v bo v c kh dng cho
nhng ng dng khc nhau ty thuc a hnh y bin: LW, LWP, SA, DA v RA.
Bng 4.1 thng k cc thng s c kh ca cc loi cp thuc dng OALC4 ca
Alcatel.
Bng 4.1. Cc thng s ca cp OALC4 ca Alcatel
Ch tiu n
v
LW LWP SA SAL DA RA
Lc cng
nht thi
danh nh
kN 50 50 200 250 400 450
Lc cng
khai thc
danh nh
kN 30 30 150 200 300 200
Lc cng
lu di
danh nh
kN 20 20 100 150 200 150
Lc cng
cui cng
kN 70 70 280 370 560 370
ng
knh ngoi
Mm 17 23 28 31 46 46
Trng
lng trong
khng kh
Kg/m 0,5 0,75 2.0 2.6 7.5 7,4
Trng
lng di
nc
Kg/m 0,27 0,33 1,4 1,8 5,7 5,6

4.1.2 Thit b ca TYCO
Di y s tm hiu dng sn phm ca thit b cp quang bin ca hng Tyco,
loi thit b c dng cho mng cp quang bin quc t C2CCN. y l thit b
130
DWDM c dung lng 96 bc sng 10 Gbit/s, tng ng 960 Gbit/s trn mi i
si.
4.1.2.1. Thit b u cui ng truyn cp bin SLTE TeraWave
TM

a. Chc nng ca TeraWave
TM

S chc nng ca SLTE TeraWave
TM
c m t trn hnh 4.6.

Hnh 4.6. S chc nng ca thit b SLTE TeraWave
TM
ca Tyco
Giao din ca SLTE hng ni a l mc STM-64 (9,95328 Gbit/s). hng
bin, SLTE ca giao din vi thit b chm nh cp bin, b lp.
Cc thnh phn chnh trn thit b SLTE TeraWave
TM
l:
- Thit b quang cht lng cao (High Performance Optical Equipment - HPOE)
10Gbit/s x l tn hiu ng truyn quang cho php truyn i trn khong cch
ti 10.000km m khng cn ti to li.
- Thit b kt cui bc sng (Wavelength Termination Equiplenght WTE)
thc hin chc nng ghp v tch bc sng.
- B khuch i ng truyn u cui (Terminal Line Amphifier - TLA) thc
hin khuch i tng ng cc tn hiu quang pht/thu.
Mi phn t ca SLTE l ring r v c lp khc nhau, c th dng hoc
khng dng ty thuc ng dng. Thit b SLTE ca Tyco h tr vic pht trin m
rng t mt vi bc sng trn mt i si ln n dung lng thit k ti a. K
thut s dng nh s dng b to knh ri ( Idlen Channel Generator ICG) m
bo ti mc ti thiu mt knh 10 Gbit/s c truyn i trong mt si cho, gi
mc cng sut trn knh phn thit b chm mc cao hn mc chp nhn ti thiu.
b. B HPOE
Thit b TeraWave
TM
HPOE bao gm phn pht v phn thu, nh trn hnh 4.7,
trong cc khi phn pht chy theo phn trn ca s , cc khi phn thu chy
theo phn di ca s .
131

Hnh 4.7. S chc nng ca b TeraWave
TM
HPOE

Cc chc nng c bn ca cc khi truyn dn khc nhau trong b HPOE l:
b1. Khi pht
+ Ti to SDH: B my thu tn hiu quang STM-64 v thc hin chuyn i
quang in, ti to v ng b li.
+ M ha sa li trc FEC: B m ha FEC thc hin m ha tn hiu STM-
64 thnh tn hiu s c tc cao hn. B m ha FEC cung cp knh nghip v vo
tn hiu pht v chuyn n b gii m FEC phn thu.
+ Laser pht(XMTR): Cng sut ra ca Laser pht l sng mang quang ti mc
bc sng thch hp ca mt knh.
+ B pht ng truyn: Cng sut ra ca b m ha FEC iu bin tn hiu
c to ra bng Laser pht. B pht ng truyn thc hin bin i in-quang.
Bng vic kim sot cn trng cc thng s, b pht ny cho ra cng sut quang ph
hp cho truyn dn trong khong cch ln n 10.000 km.
+ B trc bin knh c th thc hin ngay ti HPOE hoc WTE.
+ B khuch i quang: Vic khuch i ny x l cng sut pht ra ca HPOE
ti giao din vi phn chm di bin.
b2. Khi thu
+ B ti to ng truyn: B ti to ng truyn c th chp nhn bt k
bc sng c xc nh ca b pht ng truyn.
+ Gii m FEC: b gii m FEC chp nhn tn hiu to to sa li v gt b
knh truyn nghip v.
132
+ B pht SDH XMTR: B pht SDH chuyn i tn hiu thnh tn hiu STM-
64 v chuyn ti giao din ni a.
+ Cng c mch bo dng bn trong b HPOE nh giao din gia HPOE v
h thng qun l mng (Element Management System TEMS).
c. B kt cui bc sng
Thit b kt cui bc sng TeraWave
TM
WTE c thit k thc hin ghp
v tch bc sng. Thit b gm c phn pht WDM v phn thu WDD nh hnh 4.8
v hnh 4.9. Thit b c thit k theo khi ty theo la chn m xc nh s knh
cho WTE.

Hnh 4.8. Phn pht ca thit b TeraWave
TM
WTE

Hnh 4.9. Phn thu ca thit b TeraWave
TM
WTE
Cc chc nng chnh cc khi:
- Lc knh pht: trnh pht ra bc sng khng chnh xc.
133
- Gy mo trc bin knh: x l tn hiu trong mi knh iu chnh
nhm t c ch tiu cht lng ng u mi knh.
- B gp bc sng: Vic ghp (hay gp) bc sng c thc hin bng cc
Coupler 3dB. Tn hiu ghp xut hin hai cng WTE: mt cng cho tn hiu ra, mt
cng cho tn hiu o th. Cc chc nng gp bc sng c thit k cho php
ghp si b tn sc khi cn thit.
- B chia cng sut: tch cc bc sng, cng nh gp cc bc sng, chia
bc sng c thc hin bng cc b chia quang 3dB. Chia bc sng c thit k
cho php ghp si b tn sc khi cn thit.
- Si b tn sc: B tn sc vi lng khc nhau i vi mi bc sng.
- Lc knh thu: Dng nh hng bc sng ti HPOE thch hp.
c1. B khuch i ng truyn u cui TeraWave
TM
TLA
khuch i trong h thng yu cu cc b khuch i quang u cui pha
pht v pha thu phi iu c mc tn hiu. Ngoi ra, cc b khuch i u cui c
th b suy hao do ghp, tch bc sng v b tn sc. B TLA c cc chc nng sau:
- Khuch i tn hiu quang pha pht (TOA), gi l khuch i sau.
- Khuch i tn hiu quang pha thu, gi l tin khuch i.
Hnh 4.10. M t chc nng ca TLA. Mi TLA gm c cc phn t quang th
ng, khuch i quang v bm quang. N cng c giao din bo dng kt ni
vi TEMS v CIT.


Hnh 4.10. Chc nng ca b khuch i TeraWave
TM
TLA
c2. B to knh ri TeraWave
TM
I CG
B to knh ri TeraWave
TM
Idler Channel Generator (ICG) cung cp ti cng
sut ph thoi mn yu cu ca ton b phn chm khi h thng TeraWave
TM
lp
134
t t ban u vi s rt t bc sng khai thc. B ICG cho php pht trin thm
knh mi m khng nh hng n cc knh ang lm vic.
c3. Qun l thit b Terawave
TM
LTE
Cc phn t ca thit b SLTE nh HPOE, WTE, TLA v ICG c th qun l
bng Local Craft Termial (LCT) hoc h thng qun l phn t mng TEMS.
4.1.2.2. Thit b gim st h thng TEMS
TEMS (Terawave
TM
Element Network Manager System) l thit b qun l
phn t mng, cung cp cc chc nng qun l cc phn t mng li theo tiu chun
ITU-T M.3400, cho thit b u cui ng truyn (LTE), thit b kim tra ng
truyn (LME: Line Monitoring Equipment), thit b cp ngun (PFE), v cung cp tn
hiu cnh bo thng qua b gim st cnh bo ring r (DASU: Discrete Alarm
Surveillance Unit).
TEMS gm my tnh TEMS Server cung cp phn t mng trong trm cp,
cc trm lm vic TEMS Client h tr giao din ITU, phn mm v cc thit b
LAN/WAN v ngoi vi khc. Cc TEMS Client c th lm vic t xa truy nhp
TEMS Server t bt k trm cp no trong mng.
TEMS Server v Client cho php nhn vin trm cp kim tra theo di cc thit
b LTE, LME, DASU v PFE cho php kh nng gim st v xc nh h hng ca h
thng cp. Hn na, qua giao din vi LME, TEMS c kh nng gim st v bo
dng cc thit b chm nh b lp, b r nhnh.
Chc nng qun l ca TEMS bao gm qun l thit b, qun l li, qun l
cht lng. qun l an ton v qun l cu hnh.. C th:
- Qun l thit b trong trm
TEMS thc hin kim tra v gim st LTE tun th LTU G.825. Cc kt qu
c lu tr v hin th trn trm lm vic v c th in ra. Cc chc nng ca TEMS
i vi thit b u cui gm:
> Hin th tng hp cnh bo.
> To bo co (bao gm cc s liu cnh bo v cht lng).
> t ngng gi tr to cnh bo.
> Qun l bo v d phng ca thit b LTE.
> iu khin cc NE ph hp vi cc chc nng TMN.
> Lu cc thng tin v cht lng ca thit b chm.
> Qun l an ninh cho cu hnh LTE.
- Qun l li
Khi nhn c cnh bo t cc thit b m n qun l, TEMS s thng bo cho
nhn vin trm cp bit bng m thanh v hin th. Qua , nhn vin s xc nh thi
135
gian, loi v nguyn nhn s c xut hin v c nhng x l cn thit. Chc nng
qun l li gm:
> Qun l lch s s kin.
> Tng hp cnh bo hin trng.
>iu khin chung v n.
> Hin th cnh bo.
> t mc ngng cht lng.
> Tch ri cc cnh bo.
- Qun l cht lng:
S liu cht lng nhn c t LTE v thit b chm c lu c s d liu
ca TEMS Server.
- Qun l an ninh:
TEMS qun l an ninh bng Use-name v Password trn c s phn quyn truy nhp.
- Qun l cu hnh:
TEMS Server h tr qun l cu hnh ca LTE v ghi li cc hat ng.
Ngoi cc chc nng trn, TEMS Server cn c cc chc nng khc nh qun
l LAN/WAN, qun l ng b v nh thi, qun l c s d liu v cung cp thng
tin trao i gia cc trm.
Hnh 4.11 v 4.12 l cc v d v mt s ca s hin th ca TEMS. Ca s
chnh ng dng 4.11 v ca s trng thi cht lng 4.12 ca h thng TEMS ca
Tyco.

Hnh 4.11. V d ca ca s chnh ng dng ca h thng TEMS ca Tyco
136


Hnh 4.12. V d ca ca s trng thi cht lng ca h thng
TEMS ca Tyco
4.1.3 Thit b c a Fujitsu
By gi, ta s tm hiu h thng thit b cp quang bin WDM ca Fujitsu vi
dung lng 16 x 10 Gbit/s trn mt i si. H thng cho php trin khai trn cp
c 4 i si, cho tng dung lng h thng ln ti 640 Gbit/s: h thng ny c
cung cp cho cc h thng cp bin nh Southem Cross Cable Network (11/2000),
Japan-US Cable Network (6/2001).
Fujitsu ang tip tc nghin cu, pht trin nhng cng ngh mi nng cao
dung lng truyn dn, c ly ca h thng v tng khong lp.
Bng 4..2 l tm tt cc thng s chnh ca h thng 640 Gbit/s (16 x 10
Gbit/s x 4 i = 640 Gbit/s).
H thng c nhng u im chnh sau:
+ H thng s dng FEC m Reed Solomon 255/239 nng cao phm cht
ca h thng. FEC cng vi cng sut ra ln, h s tp m thp cho php gim ti
thiu s cc trm lp v v vy gim gi thnh h thng.




137
Bng 4.2. Cc thng s chnh ca h thng 640 Gb/s ca Fujitsu

+ Bng thng ca h thng khuch i quang rng: Bng thng t nht l 12nm
cho h thng 16 vi khong cch 0.8 nm. iu ny t c nh s dng EDFA vi
b cn bng h s khuch i b li c tnh ca si pha tp.
+ Chc nng gim st tin tin: Vic kim tra theo di trng thi ca mi trm
lp trong h thng l rt quan trng. H thng gim st, kim tra v bo co trng
thi ca b lp bao gm cc thng s nh cng sut quang vo v ra, cng sut Laser
bm v dng nh thin. Ngoi ra, mi b lp c cp mt knh COTDR cho php
xc nh v tr s c chnh xc trong khong c ly 10.000 km t trm.
Hnh 4.13 trnh by mt v d v cu hnh mt mng cp bin 640 Gbit/s (16 x
10 x 4) ca Fujiter. Di y s xem xt chi tit hn cc thnh phn ca cu hnh.

138


Hnh 4.13. Cu hnh mng cp bin 640 Gbit/s ca Fujitsu
4.1.3.1. Thit b SLTE
Thit b u cui ng truyn cp bin (SLTE) cp giao din cn thit gia tn
hiu 9.65 Gbit/s t thit b ghp knh kt ni SDH (SDH Interconnection Equipment:
SIE) v tn hiu 10.66 Gbit/s (bao gm FEC Overhead), cng nh cc chc nng ghp
v tch bc sng. SLTE c th truyn ti ti a 16 lung STM-64.
- Hnh 4.14 v 4.15 m t s khi phn truyn dn ca thit b SLTE.
139

Hnh 4.14. S khi phn pht ca thit b SLTE ca Fujitsu


Hnh 4.15. S khi phn thu ca thit b SLTE ca Fujitsu

nng cao phm cht ca h thng m FEC Reed Solomon, 255/239 c
thc hin i vi tng bc sng. V th, tn hiu STM-64 c bin i thnh tn
hiu 10.66 Gbit/s trc khi ghp WDM truyn n trm u kia qua cc trm lp.
Tn hiu quang thu c gii ghp bc sng v sau c bin i thnh tn hiu
SLTE c cc chc nng:
+ Bin i gia tn hiu SDH 9953.28 Mbit/s (STM-64) thnh tn hiu ng
truyn cp quang bin (10664. 22857 Mbit/s bao gm x l FEC).
140
+ Khuch i tn hiu pht v thu.
+ Ghp v gii php bc sng.
+ B tn sc s dng si b tn sc, cho c phn pht v phn thu.
+ Kim tra v hin th cc cnh bo.
+ Cung cp v hin th cc cnh bo.
+ Cung cp giao din gim st ng truyn cp bin.
- phn pht SLTE, tn hiu SDH STM-64 c bin i thnh tn hiu in
v c ghp vi cc bit d ca FEC, sau c bin i thnh tn hiu 10.66
Gbit/s. Tn hiu ny c bin i thnh tn hiu quang vi bc sng thch hp gi
TRIB. Tng cng 16 bc sng (16) c ghp thnh tn hiu quang bng cc khi
cch t ng dn sng mang (AWG) v CPL gi WDM-S.
- phn thu ca SLTE, tn hiu ng truyn c khuch i v gii ghp
thnh cc tn hiu bc sng ring bit gi WDM-R. Sau khi tch cc bit FEC, tn
hiu c i thnh SDH STM-64 gi TRIB.
- gim ti thiu tn sc mu, vic b tn sc c s dng cc phn pht
v thu. Si b tn sc (DCF) c b tr gi DCF.
- Cc byte Overhead trong khung FEC cng c s dng cung cp cc
knh nghip v s liu v thoi.
4.1.3.2. B lp
Cc b lp di bin dng nng cao c ly ca tuyn cp quang bin. Khong
cch lp trong khong 40-90 km ty thuc di tng ca tuyn. B lp bao gm cc
b khuch i quang bng rng c s dng b lc lm bng phng c tuyn khuch
i. Mt b lp cho cp bin 4 i si gm 8 b EDFA c cp ngun t trm cp
thng qua ng cp ngun trong cp bin. Hnh 4.16 m t s ca b lp cho mt
i si.

Hnh 4.16. S khi ca b lp ca Fujitsu
141
Di y l mt s thng s chnh ca b lp:
+ Cng sut quang u ra: +10 dBm.
+ H s tp m: < - 6dB.
+ Bng thng quang: 12 nm.
+ Gim st t xa: cng sut quang vo/ra, Laser bm.
+ Di nhit : 0 35
0
C.
+ Tui th: 25 nm.
4.1.4 Mt s h thng cp quang bin
4.1.4.1. Sea-me-we 3
Gii thiu tng qut
- Quy m ca h thng:
+ H thng cp quang bin Sea-me-we 3 c xy dng ni 39 im cp b thuc
33 nc v 4 lc a t Ty u, ti ng Bc v Australi:

- Cc c im chnh:
Cc c im chnh ca h thng c lit k trong bng 4.3.

142
Bng 4.3. Cc c im chnh ca h thng cp quang bin Sea-me-we 3

Bn h thng kt ni:
Hnh 4.17 gii thiu tuyn cp Sea-me-we 3 trn bn th gii.

Hnh 4.17. Gii thiu tuyn cp Sea-me-we 3 trn bn th gii
- Qun l khai thc:
143
Sea-me-we 3 do 95 thnh vin l cc nh khai thc vin thng hng u th gii
gp vn u t. Vic qun l chung do cc thnh vin i din tham gia. V sa cha
tuyn cp, h thng tham gia vo cc t chc bo dng v sa cha cp t chc bo
dng v sa cha cp bin khu vc (Yokohama, Sea/OCMA..). Vic t chc khi
phc lu lng trong trng hp c s c cp thc hin thng qua cc k hoch khi
phc c lp da trn vic s dng dung lng ca cc h thng cp bin cp.
4.1.4.2. Cu hnh h thng
H thng cp quang bin Sea-me-we 3 gm 10 phn on (segment). Mi phn
on thc t l mt h thng cp quang bin hon chnh, do cc nh cung cp khc
nhau cung cp v xy dng. Hnh 4.18 l s cu hnh h thng bao gm nhiu
phn on.


Hnh 4.18. Cu hnh h thng cp quang bin Sea-Me-We 3

- Mi phn on (Segment) gm c hai u cui kt ni vi nhau bng ng
cp trc chnh (trm FDD) v cc trm r nhnh (trm WDM). Cc trm FDD kt
cui cp trc chnh vi y 8 bc sng trn mi i si quang, thc hin u ni
lu lng ca cc trm r v ca c h thng. Cn trm WDM c u vo trc
chnh qua BU v c ghp r mt hoc vi bc sng, p ng nhu cu lu lng
144
ca trm r . Trm FDD cn gi chc nng cp ngun cho trc chnh, cng nh
thc hin vic gim st v qun l h thng.
- Thit b giao din vi mng ni a ti cc trm cp l thit b kt ni SDH
(SIE: SDH Interconnection Equipment). Ty theo cu hnh trm cp, SIE c th l
thit b SDH TM, ADM hoc DXC. Cc trm FDD s dng DXC u ni lu
lng gia cc Segment v u ni gia cc Segment vi nhau mc giao din 2.45
hoc 155 Mbit/s. Xem v d s u ni bc sng ca Segment S2 hnh 4.1.19
v s cu hnh thit b trn mt trm cp WDM hnh 4.1.20.


Hnh 4.19. Cu hnh u ni bc sng ca Segment S2 Sea-Me-We 3

145

Hnh 4.20. S cu hnh thit b trm u cui nhnh r ca Sea-Me-We 3

4.1.4.2. C2C Cable Network (C2CCN)
Gii thiu chung
C2CCN l mt h thng cp quang bin vng (ring) c dung lng ln nht
th gii gm 10 trm u cui ti 7 quc gia Chu . y l mt tuyn cp bin t
nhn do C2C, mt cng ty c phn thuc Singtel, s hu, u t v xy dng. Bng
4.4 gii thiu cc c im chnh ca h thng C2CCN.

Bng 4.4. Cc c im chnh ca h thng cp quang bin C2CCN

Dung lng thit k h thng: 7,68 Terabit/s
10G x 96 bc sng, 8 i si quang
Cu hnh Vng Ring, t khi phc, d phng cao
Cng ngh DWDM
Chiu di tuyn cp 17000 km
Gi tr u t 2 t USD
Cc im cp b Shima, Chikura (Nht), Pusan (Korea),
Shanghai (Trung Quc), Changi (Singapore),
Batangas (Philippines), Tansui, Fangshan
(i Loan), Chung Hom Kok (Hong Kong).
im ni vi tuyn China US Fangshan v Chikura
im ni vi tuyn Japan US Shima
Thi gian hon thnh 11-2001
146

C2CCN mua si trn tuyn cp xuyn Thi Bnh Dng mi ca Tycom,
cho php cung cp dung lng u ni trc tip vi M.
Tuyn C2CCN c mt s u im sau:
+ C2CCN l tuyn c dung lng cc ln, vi dung lng thit k ti 7.86
Terabit/s (10 Gbit/s x 96 x 8 i si).



Hnh 4.21. Bn h thng cp quang bin C2CCN
+ an ton cao bao gm hai vng Ring t ng khi phc lu lng trong
trng hp c s c nh hng thit b.
+ u ni ti cc nc trng im trong khu vc: Singapore, Hongkong, i
Loan, Hn Quc, Nht bn.
+ Ngoi ra, C2CCN l tuyn cp khu vc chu nhng c kh nng cung cp
dung lng kt ni trc tip n M.
Cu hnh h thng
Hnh 4.22 m t cu hnh u ni ca h thng C2CCN. H thng hnh thnh
gm hai vng Ring pha Bc v pha Nam nn tng cng an ton h thng.
147


Hnh 4.22. Cu hnh h thng cp quang bin C2CCN
Thit b:
H thng C2CCN do hng Tyco cung cp v xy dng trn gi. Thit b s
dng loi Terawave
TM
c gii thiu trn.
4.2 Mt s vn trong nghin cu xy dng tuyn truyn cp quang bin
WDM
Nhng vn c cp trong phn ny l nhng vn ca mt tuyn cp
bin ni chung. Nhng d hiu ta c th gn vn ny vo gii quyt mt tuyn
c th. V d tuyn cp bin Vit Nam Hong Kong.
4.2.1 Chn dung lng, cng ngh v cu hnh h thng
4.2.1.1. Nhu cu dung lng ca Vit Nam
Nhng c s xc nh dung lng truyn dn quc t ca Vit Nam phi da
vo cc ch trng chnh ca chnh ph Vit Nam.
Dung lng truyn dn quc t, ch yu l phc v kt ni Internet tng
trng t bin, do s ph cp Internet c bit l vi truy nhp bng rng ADSL.
Bng 4.5 trnh by nhu cu dung lng truyn dn quc t tnh n 2014.


148
Bng 4.5. D bo nhu cu dung lng truyn dn quc t


Nh vy theo d bo, nhu cu dung lng truyn dn quc t ca Vit Nam vo
nm 2610 l 294 STM-1, hay tng ng khong 46 Gbit/s. Trong khi , nu ch
kt ni hai im ln cn l Hong Kong v Singapore th TVH v Se-me-we 3 v CSC
ch p ng c 1/10 nhu cu .
Bi vy, cn phi c k hoch xy dng tuyn cp quang bin mi cp b vo
Vit Nam b sung dung lng cng nh thnh phn hng lu lng mi, m
bo an ton thng tin khi lu lng tng ln rt cao.
Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) c k hoch hp tc
vi nc ngoi xy dng tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam Hong Kong.
4.2.1.2. La chn dung lng thit k ca h thng
La chn dung lng:
- Vic la chn dung lng thit k cho h thng cp bin quc t da trn cc
nguyn tc:
+ Thnh phn trng yu ca c s h tng vin thng quc gia, h thng cp
quang bin i hi c tin cy, an ton cao v tui th khong 20 n 25 nm.
Do , vic thit k h thng trong khong 10 nm u s dng ht dung lng
thit k l c hiu qu cao.
+ Dung lng s dng trn h thng ngoi vic dnh cho lu lng cc loi
hnh dch v vin thng quc t (thoi, data, internet) cn dng khi phc lu
lng trn cc h thng khc. Vi mt quc gia, cn c vi ba h thng cp bin khc
nhau (c bit nh Vit Nam). Do , dung lng ca h thng s ln hn t 1/3 n
1/2 dung lng dnh cho lu lng chy trn .
+ Vic la chn cng ngh da trn c s nhng tin b mi v m bo tnh
kinh t ca u t v khai thc, thng qua ch tiu nh gi l gi thnh trn mt n
v dung lng (STM-1).
- Dung lng thit k cho tuyn cp quang bin mi ca Vit Nam:
149
+ Theo s liu d bo nhu cu dung lng trong 10 nm, theo nguyn tc la
chn nh nu trn th dung lng thit k ti thiu ca h thng cp quang bin
mi Vit Nam - Hong Kong l 72 Gbit/s. Vy dung lng chn thit kt l 80 Gbit/s.
+ Dung lng ban u d kin cho h thng l 20 Gbit/s.
4.2.1.3. La chn a im
a. a im ngoi nc
Vic la chn a im ngoi nc kt cui tuyn cp bin mi da trn cc yu
t sau:
+ Phi l u mi tp trung nhiu tuyn cp quang bin hin i, dung lng cao v
c kh nng kt ni i nhiu ni trn th gii.
+ Gn vi Vit Nam v a l ti thiu khong cch tuyn.
+ C mi trng m ca t do v vin thng, cc chnh sch v th tc cp php
thun tin.
+ Gi c, th tc thu, mua a im cp b, tuyn trung k hp l v d dng.
Khu vc ng ln cn vi Vit Nam c cc im ph hp vi cc iu kin
trn l Hong Kong, Singapore, i Loan v Nht Bn. Xut pht t iu kin a l
th cn cn nhc gia Hong Kong v Singapore.



Hnh 4.23. Gii thiu cc h thng cp quang bin kt cui
khu vc ng .

150
- Hong Kong: Xt 4 iu kin trn th cho thy Hong Kong l a im ph hp nht
do gn v a l. Ngoi ra, Hong Kong l trung tm kt ni dung lng quc t ln
th hai sau Nht. Hu ht cc h thng cp bin ln trong khu vc u cp b Hong
Kong (Hnh 4.23). Hong Kong c mi trng php l v vin thng m ca, hu ht
cc hng vin thng hng u th gii u c chi nhnh v vn phng hot ng ti
Hong Kong.
- Singapore: Singapore cng l mt a im kh ph hp, l trung tm kt ni dung
lng quc t ln, l u mi kt ni sang pha Chu u, Australia, l th trng m
v h tng vin thng Singtel cng kh vt tri.
Trn c s nhng nhn xt trn, c bit Vit Nam c nhu cu dung lng cao
i M v cc nc trong khu vc nn chn Hong Kong l hp l hn c.
b. a im trong nc
Vic la chn a im trong nc xy dng trm cp b cho tuyn cp bin
Vit Nam Hong Kong c da trn cc yu t sau:
- C v tr a l thun li kt ni tuyn i Hong Kong nhm gim thiu chiu di
ca tuyn, gim chi ph u t.
- a im nm vng bin thun li cho thit k, thi cng v qun l khai thc vi
yu cu phi xem xt iu kin a l ca y bin, bin gii quc gia, hot ng
nh c, hot ng tu thuyn, khai thc ti nguyn.
- Thun li kt ni mng truyn dn ng trc ni a, cc trung tm vin thng
chnh.
- C s h tng t nh ng st, ngun in, nh trm..
Trn c s trn th c hai a im l Nng v Vng Tu. So snh nhiu mt th
Nng l ph hp hn, c bit l Nng i Hong Kong vo khong hn 1000 km.
4.2.1.4. La chn cng ngh truyn dn
Cng ngh la chn cho tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam - Hong Kong p ng
dung lng thit k ca h thng 80 Gbit/s l s dng WDM vi hai hng la chn:
- WDM 2.5 Gbit/s x 16 x 2 i si.
- WDM 10 Gbit/s x 8 x 1 i si.
Vic la chn phi m bo p ng c yu cu nng cp, m rng trong
tng lai, thun tin cho qun l khai thc v quan trng l c chi ph u t thp.
Vi cc vn t ra trn th vi cng ngh hin nay, khong lp xp x 90 -
100 km, do vi phng n chn im cp b gia Hong Kong v Vit Nam cn c
11 trm lp. Nu s dng hai i si nn phng n WDM 2.5 Gbit/s s c gi tr u
t thp hn, phi trang b 2 SLTE mi trm cui, 2 EDFA ti mi trm lp. Ngoi
ra, phng n ny c dung lng thit k ti a l 80 Gbit/s v khng c kh nng m
rng hn na. Nu s dng phng n WDM 10 Gbit/s ch s dng 1 SLTE mi
151
trm u cui, 1 EDTA, mi trm lp v 11 trm lp c kh nng m rng dung
lng ln 16 (160 Gbit/s).
V vy, y xut chn phng n WDM 10 Gbit/s x 8 x 1 i si cho
tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam Hong Kong.
4.2.1.5. Cu hnh h thng
C th c ba dng cu hnh h thng cho tuyn Vit Nam Hong Kong nh sau:
a. Cu hnh tuyn n
Hnh 4.24 m t cu hnh tuyn n cho tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam
Hong Kong.


Hnh 4.24. Cu hnh tuyn n cho cp tuyn cp quang bin
Vit Nam-Hong Kong

y l dng cu hnh n gin nht do ch c mt tuyn cp vt l v tuyn
thit b km theo duy nht, khng c c ch d phng, nn tin cy an ton thp khi
xy ra s c in p hay hng thit b chm (trm lp PFE, SLTE).
u im ca phng n ny l n gin, gi u t thp.
b. Cu hnh tuyn vng dt
Hnh 4.25 m t cu hnh tuyn vng dt cho tuyn cp Vit Nam Hong
Kong.
152

Hnh 4.25. Cu hnh tuyn vng dt cho tuyn cp
Vit Nam-Hong Kong
Vi phng n ny, tuyn cp gm hai i si quang vi SLTE v EDFA ring
trn mi i si to thnh hai tuyn DLS. Lu lng mc 10 Gbit/s c u
chuyn gia hai DLS bng chc nng chuyn mch bo v ca thit b SDH, ADM-
64, hoc DXC, cn gi l thit b bo v mng (NPE: Network Protection
Equipment).
Phng n ny cho php bo v khi thit b trn mt tuyn DLS b hng th lu
lng c chuyn qua DLS kia. Tuy nhin, kh nng d phng khng c hiu qu
nhiu v s c ch yu c thy v thc t l do t cp.
u im chnh ca phng n ny l kh nng m rng dung lng khi ta c s
ng thi c hai DLS cho lu lng.
c. Cu hnh tuyn vng y
Hnh 4.26 m t cu hnh ca tuyn vng y cho tuyn cp quang bin Vit
Nam Hong Kong.
153

Hnh 4.26. Cu hnh tuyn vng y cho tuyn cp bin gia
Vit Nam Hong Kong

Vi phng n ny, hai tuyn cp bin ring r c xy dng to thnh mch
vng y . y l phng n ti u v k thut v n m bo lu lng trong mi
trng hp khi xy ra s c do t cp hay hng thit b. Xu hng hin nay l xy
dng cc h thng cp quang bin mch vng y m bo an ton cao v
dung lng khai thc rt ln, kh c kh nng khi phc ca cc h thng khc hoc
nu c th chi ph thu cng rt ln. Nhc im ca phng n ny kinh ph u t
ln gp i so vi tuyn n.
Theo mt s nghin cu xut: Bc u xy dng tuyn cp quang bin
Vit Nam Hong Kong v xy dng tuyn cp quang bin gi u ni i hng khc
(chng hn i Singapore cc tuyn c kh nng phn ti lu lng ln nhau. Nh
vy, c th la chn phng n tuyn n cho cc hng gim chi ph u t. Vic
khi phc lu lng khi c s c c th thc hin qua tuyn SMW-3 nhnh Nng
Hong Kong. Tuy nhin, dung lng ti a ch t 10 Gbit/s.
Trong trng hp cha c kh nng xy dng tuyn gi u th vic chn cu
hnh mch vng y l m bo an ton lu lng.
4.2.2 La chn tuyn cp
Cc yu t cn xem xt khi la chn tuyn cp
Khi nghin cu la chn hng tuyn cho mt h thng cp quang bin cn
phi tun th theo nhng nguyn tc sau y ti thiu ha nhng tc ng c hi
n qu cng sut h thng, n thay i chiu di tuyn cp v ti u v gi u t:
+ B mt v iu kin a l y bin;
154
+ Bin gii quc gia;
+ Hot ng nh c;
+ Cc tuyn cp bin v tuyn dn du hin ti v trong k hoch;
+ Cc khu vc dnh cho khai thc du kh, khai thc c;
+ Nhng hn ch v hng hi.
+Neo tu;
+ Nhng cng trnh b bin khc;
iu kin y bin
+ dc b mt y bin cn phi c tnh n khi thit k tuyn.
+ Cc thng tin a l ca b mt y bin cn phi c u t cho thit k.
Nhng khu vc bi ct ngm cn trnh xa v rt kh chn cp. Hu ht cc tuyn chy
qua thm lc a u c dc ln, cc lng cho nc su. gim ri ro vi cp
do tnh khng n nh ca sn dc v tc ng xoy ca dng hi lu, ni chung,
tuyn cp c ri vung gc vi hng ca sn dc. vng nc nng, khi cp
cn chn phi trnh nhng bi ngm, san h, nhng khu vc m thy lc hc v
trm tch y bin c bin ng cng cn trnh do kh khn thi cng t cht lng.
+ nh bt c: Theo thng k, nh bt c l mt nguyn nhn chnh ca s c
cp bin i vi cc tuyn cp khng chn hoc chn khng thch hp.
+ Cc tuyn cp bin, tuyn ng dn du hin c v c trong k hoch.
Khi thit k tuyn cp bin tnh n vic kh nng tuyn r i ct ngang nhng
tuyn cp bin hoc tuyn ng dn du hin c cng nh s c trong k hoch. Phi
hn ch ti a vic ct ngang ny v ri ro cao i vi tuyn thi cng.
i vi tuyn Nng Hong Kong c kh nng phi ct ngang qua mt s
tuyn cp bin v tuyn ng dn du hin c v trong k hoch.
+ Neo tu: Neo tu l mt nguyn nhn chnh e da ti cc tuyn cp bin.
Tuyn cp bin phi la chn trnh nhng khu vc neo tu bin. mt s vng
bin su, nh Hong Kong on cp b ca cp phi chn su n 10m.
4.2.3 La chn hng tuyn
Trn c s phn tch cc vn trn v da vo kho st trn bn v cc s
liu thng k xc nh hng tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam Hong Kong.
+ Bn chn.
Hnh 4.27 cho ta bn tuyn cp d kin cho tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam
Hong Kong.

155

Hnh 4.27. Bn tuyn d kin cho tuyn cp quang bin
Vit Nam Hong Kong
+ Danh mc cc v tr tuyn.

Bng 4.6. Danh mc v tr d kin tuyn cp quang bin
Vit Nam Hong Kong
STT V Kinh
Kh/cch
cp (m)
Kh/cch
cp (m)
Kh/cch
cp (m)
Loi
Loicpca cp
Ghi ch
on Ly tin Theo loi
0 N16 02.3117 E108 15.1442 0 0
1,798 DA
1 N1602.6323 E108 16.0754 1,798 1,798 AC1; PLDN
46,293 DA BURY
2 N16 02.9832 E108 41.9647 48,091 48,091 AC2
9,362 DA BURY
3 N16 02.1877 E108 41.9647 57,453 57,453 AC3
12,293 DA BURY
4 N16 02.3014 E108 54.0099 69,746 69,746 AC4
116,664 SAH BURY
5 N16 34.9536 E109 49.9174 186,410 116,663 PLUP
156
269,026 LWP
6 N17 48.2332 E111 55.9805 455,436 269,027 AC5
160,269 LW
7 N18 29.5540 E113 12.8983 615,705 160,268 AC6
53,935 LWP
8 N18 52.1624 E113 30.9065 669,640 53,935 AC7; PLGN
160,886 SAH Bury
9 N20 18.2360 E113 44.1528 830,526 160,886 AC8
116,429 SAH Bury
10 N21 20.9919 E113 49.2609 946,955 277,315 AC9
52,620 DA Bury
11 N21 48.8884 E113 55.1915 999,575 52,619 AC10
10,100 DA Bury
12 N21 54.1202 E113 56.8631 1,009,675 62,720 AC11; PLUP
18,749 DA
13 N22 04.2490 E113 57.2000 1,028.424 81,469 AC12
4,764 DA
14 N22 06.6923 E113 56.3270 1,033,188 86,233 AC13
696 DA
15 N22 07.0656 E113 56.3771 1,033,884 86,929 AC14
3,434 DA
16

N22 08.8855 E113 55.9864 1,037,318 90,363 AC15
490 DA
17 N22 09.1381 E113 56.0726 1,037,808 90,853 AC16
418 DA
18 N22 09.3614 E113 56.1066 1,038,645 91,271 AC17
419 DA
19 N22 09.5859 E113 56.1382 1,040,522 91,689 D AC18
1,877 DA
20 N22 10.5938 E113 56.2649 1,044,422 93,567 AC19
3,900 DA
22 N22 12.7017 E113 56.3026 1,045,053 97,467 AC20
631 DA
23 N22 13.0237 E113 56.1828 98,098 AC21
1,152 DA
24 N22 13.4732 E113 55.7205 99,249

157
Bng 4.6 cho ta danh mc v tr d kin tuyn cp quang bin Vit Nam Hong Kong.
4.2.4 Cc yu cu k thut cho h thng
4.2.4.1. Ch tiu cht lng
a. tin cy ca h thng
- Tui th thit k: 25 nm tnh t khi nghim thu.
- Tt c cc phn t, linh kin, cng ngh s dng phi kim tra v th thch tt
m bo tin cy cao, c bit l phn chm.
- Khi thit k, phi tnh s ln h hng v mt lin lc gy ra do s c thit b vi
phn chm v phn thit b trm TSE. S ln sa cha cn s dng tu cp do thit b
chm phi t 0.5 ln trong thi gian tui th thit k 25 nm.
- Cc thit b s dng trong h thng, c bit l SLTE, PFE, SDH, Repeater cn c
d phng.
- Cc giao din h thng: Tuyn cp Vit Nam Hong Kong c cc phn ng
truyn s (DLS) c lp gia cc giao din kt ni vi mng ni a tun theo khuyn
ngh ca ITU-T G.703 v G.957 cho giao din STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64.
Giao din STM-1 l giao din c s.
b. Cc giao din ca thit b SDH/DXC
(STM-1e): G.703 (155,52 M).
(STM-10): I-1, S1.1.
(STM-4): S-4.1.
(STM-16): S-16.1, S-16.2, L-16.1.
(STM-64): S-64.3, S-64.2.
Cc chuyn mch bo v s tun th ITU-T G.783. Cc giao din quang s p
ng c ch chuyn mch 1+1 bi-directional switching copatible with 1: n bi-
directional switching
c. Ch tiu cht lng ca phn DLS
Ch tiu cht lng ca DLS tha mn cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T G.826.
- Ch tiu li: Ch tiu li DLS ca h thng mc STM-64 c tnh:
SESR = 4 x 10
-8
x L = 4 x 10
-5
BBER = 2 x 10
-9
x L = 2 x 10
-6
Trong : SESR (Severely Error Second Ratio): l t s giy (s) b li nghim
trng trn tng giy (s) trong mt khong thi gian o c nh.
BBER (background Block Error Ratio): l t s ca s khi li nghim trng
trn tng s khi c trong mt khong thi gian o c nh.
L l khong cch tnh bng km ca phn DLS (i vi tuyn Vit Nam Hong
Kong L = 1000 km).
158
- Ch tiu jitter: mi DLS ca h thng s p ng nhng yu cu sau theo
khuyn ngh ITU-T.
+ Hn mc thp ca jitter u vo chu c cc i: DLS ca h thng s c
kh nng chu c ti giao din u vo mt tn hiu quang c c tnh theo G.957
v c iu bin bng mt jitter hnh sin.
+ Mc jitter u ra cc i khi khng c jitter u vo:khng vt qu mc hn
ch nu trong G.958.
+ c tnh truyn t jitter: di mc hn ch trong G.958.
d. Ch tiu v qu cng sut
Khi thit k h thng phi tnh mt bng qu cng sut ti thiu p ng (nh
ch ra trong chng 2). Bng tnh qu cng sut s ch ra gii php m bo cc
ch tiu cht lng ca h thng. D tr cng sut ca h thng i vi trng hp
ca tui th h thng (EOL) l 1dB.
Qu cng sut c tnh da trn h s Q. Hnh 4.28 biu din quan h gia
BER v gi tr Q c FEC v khng c FEC.



Hnh 4.28. Quan h gia BER v gi tr Q
Ta thy Q=11.2 dB tng ng vi BER=2,4 x 10
-4
trc FEC v BER=10
-11
sau
FEC. Hay ni mt cch khc, t c BER=10-11 ta c gi tr Q = 11,2 dB v
16,7 dB khi c v khng c FEC. Nh vy, h s li khi sa mo (c FEC) l 5,5 dB.
159
4.2.4.2 Ch tiu k thut thit b
a. Thit b trm u cui
Thit b trm u cui (TSE) c cc chc nng:
- Ghp/ tch cc tn hiu STM-64 truyn dn trn tuyn cp quang bin.
- Cung cp ngun cho cc trm lp.
- Thc hin iu khin, gim st v bo dng.
Thit b u cui bao gm: SLTE, PFE, SSE v SDH/DXC.
a1. Cc yu cu chung
- Thit b TSE phi c chuyn mch t ng d phng khi cn thit m bo
yu cu v tin cy ca h thng. C ch d phng c th l 1:n hoc 1+1. Thit b
TSE c c ch t ng v nhn cng.
- Cc gi my, shelf thit b ca TSE c trang b nhng phng tin hin th cnh
bo ch tnh trng hot ng ca thit b.
- Thit b TSE bao gm thit b gim st h thng (SSE) kim tra, theo di, iu
khin trng thi hot ng v lu tr thng tin t cc thit b khc nhau ca h thng.
- Thit b TSE s dng ngun in mt chiu c di in p 40.5-75 VDC. Thit b
ngun in c d phng bo v t hai ngun ring bit m bo tin cy cao.
- Thit b TSE phi d phng nng v ngui y m bo khai thc lu di.
- Thit b TSE c kh nng qun l, iu khin t xa, bao gm c kh nng qun l
thit b PFE, thit b chm.
a2. Thit b u cui tuyn cp bin (SLTE)
- Thit b SLTE thc hin gp cc lung tn hiu STM-64 vo mt u ra quang
truyn dn qua cp bin, v thc hin ngc li u kia.
- Giao din SLTE vi thit b SDH/ DXC l mc quang STM-64 tun th cc loi
giao din STM-64 ca ITU-T G.691.
- SLTE cho php kt ni vi thit b gim st, thit b chm, thm ch khi mt tn
hiu vo STM-64.
- Mi nhnh STM-64 ca SLTE s vn hot ng vi ng ch tiu ca n khng
ph thuc vo nhnh khc.
- SLTE c cc ch tiu v li v jitter m bo tun th ca h thng vi ch tiu
cht lng h thng xt trn.
- Vic s dng FEC trong SLTE s tun th ITU-T G.975. SLTE c chc nng
hin th s li c sa bng FEC v trn m khi s li khng th sa c. Kt qu
s gi ti SSE o cht lng truyn dn ca thit b chm v nh gi d tr.
- Cc thng s cht lng ca SLTE vi thit b SDH/DXC l mc quang STM-64
tun th cc loi giao din STM-64 ca ITU-T G.691.
160
- SLTE cho php kt ni vi thit b gim st thit b chm, thm ch khi mt tn hiu
vo STM-64.
- Mi nhnh STM-64 ca SLTE s vn hot ng vi ng ch tiu ca n khng ph
thuc vo nhnh khc.
- SLTE c cc ch tiu v li v jitter m bo tun th ca h thng vi ch tiu cht
lng h thng xt trn.
+ Vic s dng FEC trong SLTE s tun th ITU-T G.975. SLTE s c chc nng
hin th s li c sa bng FEC v trn m khi s li khng th sa c. Kt qu
s gi ti SSE o cht lng truyn dn ca thit b chm v nh gi d tr.
+ Cc thng s cht lng ca SLTE c gim st v c cnh bo thch ng. C
nhng im o trn mt my c th o kim tra, ti thiu gm: mc tn hiu ng
truyn (pht v thu) tn hiu ch th li c sa (FEC).
a3. Thit b cp ngun (PFE)
- Cu hnh: cu hnh cp ngun cho tuyn cp bin Vit Nam Hong Kong s p
dng theo s nh ch ra trn hnh 4.29.


Hnh 4.29. Cu hnh cp ngun cho tuyn cp bin V-H
Do khong cch khng ln (~1000 km) nn PFE s dng loi 3 kV/1A mi
u cui, u Vit Nam dng ngun m (-), u Hong Kong dng ngun dng (+)
(Double End Feeding). B cp ngun PFE c chc nng chuyn i ch cp
ngun sang cp ngun t mt trm u cui cho ton tuyn (Single-End Feeding).
- tin cy v n nh: Cu hnh ngun phi m bo cp ngun cho h
thng tin cy v n nh k c trong qu trnh m/ tt bao gm vic thit lp li vic
cp ngun trong trng hp h thng c s c.
- nh v li: thit k cu hnh PFE cho php nh v li chp cp trong
khong lp. Trong trng hp ngun cp vn cn trong phn on s c, quy trnh
nh v li trong iu kin mt lin lc cho php nh v li trn tuyn vi chnh
xc 0.5 km.
- PFE ca mi trm u cui c d phng y v c th chuyn i ch
cp ngun t ng. Mi PFE c N b bin i lm vic v c kh nng cung cp in
p cc i s dng N-1 b bin i cp ngun cho c tuyn t mt u. Qu trnh
161
chuyn i ch cp ngun hoc chuyn i thit b d phng s khng lm gin
on hoc gy ra li i vi lu lng.
- PFE c trang b gim st trng thi hot ng v a ra cnh bo. Cc thng
s v trng thi ca PFE gm t nht l cc thng s sau: in p v dng in tuyn;
in p v dng in ra; dng in trong mi dy dn ca cp tip t cp ngun; sai
p gia t trm v t cp ngun; dng chy trong h thng t trm. Cc iu kin
cnh bo ca PFE s t nht gm: trong mi bi bin i ngun: qu dng, hng b
bin i; trong ng cp ngun chung: qu p, qu dng, thiu dng, in p c-quy
ngoi gii hn.
a4. Thit b gim st h thng (SSE)
Thit b SSE cung cp giao din ngi my gim st v iu khin thit b TSE
cng nh cc thit b phn chm.
- i vi thit b chm, SSE cung cp cc chc nng:
+ Gim st trng thi, cht lng.
+ nh v s c.
+ Khc phc t dng hoc nhn cng.
+ Gim st nh k tuyn.
+ iu khin thit b chm.
- i vi TSE, SSE thc hin cc chc nng sau:
+ Hin th trng thi.
+ X l cnh bo.
+ Thc hin khc phc t ng.
SSE thc hin cc chc nng ca mt h thng qun l mng bao gm: qun l
s kin, qun l mng bao gm: qun l s kin, qun l cht lng h thng, qun l
cu hnh v qun l an ton.
b. Trm lp
b1. Yu cu chung
Trm lp c nhng chc nng sau thc hin truyn tn hiu quang WDM cho
c ly xa:
- Khuch i tn hiu quang: Trm lp thu v khuch i trc tip v pht tip
theo tuyn cp bin.
- Gim st v nh v h hng: Trm lp tch lnh gim st hoc tn hiu iu
khin c truyn ti t ng truyn quang v thc hin cc chc nng: chuyn i
Laser bm, kim tra cng sut ra quang v kim tra dng iu khin Laser bm, kim
tra cng sut vo quang v kim tra nhit . Nhng thng tin kim tra ny c
truyn v trm u cui bng cng ngh iu bin quang.
162
- Ngoi ra, trm lp cp ng OTDR o EOTDR cho php nh v li chnh
xc bng cch s dng my o COTDR. Vic kim tra trm lp trong khai thc v do
OTDR khi s c m bo xc nh v tr li chnh xc rt ngn thi gian sa cha.
- Trm lp c tin cy rt cao m bo yu cu v tin cy ca h thng.
- Trm lp chu c p sut cao ca nc su n 8000 m v chu c
mi trng y bin v mn, nhit , ha cht.
b2. Cc thng s chnh ca trm lp.
Cc thng s chnh ca trm lp c tng hp trn bng 4.7.
Bng 4.7. Cc thng s yu cu i vi trm lp

c. Cp bin
c1. Yu cu chung
Si quang, mi ni si quang, b ghp cp, b ni cp, b chuyn i cp, u
cp phi c thit k m bo yu cu v cht lng chung ca h thng trong
ton b tui th.
Cp c cc loi khc nhau s dng nhng v tr khc nhau ty thuc vo
iu kin a l, khai thc c xc nh trong qu trnh kho st v thit k tuyn
cp. Cc loi khc nhau phi m bo kt ni c vi nhau d dng v do Universal
Joint Consortium (UJ) xc nhn.
Cc loi cp bin s dng cho tuyn Vit Nam Hong Kong phi p ng c
nhng yu cu sau:
- Cp c trng lng nh (LW) ph hp vi khu vc nc su 8000 m.
- Cp trng lng nh c bo v (LWP), ph hp vi su 6000 m.
- Cp bc gip st n nh (SAL): ph hp t, chn su 1500m, nu
khng chn, c th t v khi phc su 2000 m.
163
- Cp bc gip st n (SA): ph hp t, chn su 1000 m, nu ch t v
khi phc su 1500m.
- Cp bc gip st kp (DA): ph hp t, chn su 400 m. Loi cp ny
kh nng nn s khng b di chuyn bi thy triu.
- Cp bc gip (RA): loi ny ph hp trin khai, khai thc v khi phc
su 200m vi cng cng tc thi danh nh (NTTS) khng nh hn 260 N.
Cp ny ph hp vi mt nghin b mt y bin v chng li cc tc ng bn ngoi.
- Cp vng nc su, nc nng chu nhit -10
o
C n + 50
o
C; cp t: -
20
o
C n +50
o
C. n
- Thm nhp ca nc v kh: cp v cc u ni c thit k gn thm nhp
ca nc v kh vo cu trc bn trong ca cp trong iu kin khai thc bnh thng.
Trong trng hp b t cp, th chiu di on cp phi thay do nc thm nhp t
im t khng vt qu.
+ Vng nc su: < 1km theo hai hng.
+ Vng nc nng: < 0.25 km theo hai hng.
(sau khi b t nm di y bin 14 ngy).
+ Cp bin c ng dn cp ngun in vi tr khng 1,0 /km.
ng dn ny c c tnh DC v tn s thp AC ph hp vi nh v li cp.
c2. Yu cu v c
- Cp bin c thit k m bo cho si quang bn trong khng suy gim
cht lng ng k trong thi gian tui th. Cp, hp cp phi chu c cc lc
trong qu trnh ri, chn, khi phc v s dng li khng nh hng n cht lng
c v truyn dn ca tuyn. Vic thit k v ch to cp, hp ni cp khng b nh
hng ti cht lng khi c cht trn tu, cp hot ng su thit k cc i t
nht trong thi gian cn thit tu cp hon thnh ba bn mi ni cp, trong iu
kin chn ng mnh (gi cp 8 v sng cao 4m).
- Cc loi cp, hp ni cp, kt ni Repeater s c kh nng khi phc t su
thi cng su nht vi tc 1 knot (hng s thy ng hc) v gc ko ln ti thiu
75
o
trong iu kin sng bin cao ti 4m.
- Cc loi cp c cc ch tiu c kh p ng yu cu ch ra trn bng 4.8







164
Bng 4.8. Bng cc ch tiu c kh yu cu ca cp bin


c3. Yu cu v in/quang
Tuyn cp quang Vit Nam Hong Kong s dng cng ngh WDM (c th ti
a n 16) nn si quang dng cho cp l loi ph hp vi ITU-T G.655 (NZDSF)
reduced slope and leaf.
Khi thit k h thng, da trn c im k thut v cng ngh s dng trm
u cui, trm lp v da vo c tnh si quang, nh thu s p dng cc gii php
k thut cn thit (nh b tn sc, cn bng h s khuch i..) ti u ha thit k,
khc phc hiu ng phi tuyn v nng cao khong lp.
Nh thu s cung cp chi tit c tnh ca cc loi si s dng v quan h ca
chung ti phm cht ca h thng nh: Di bc sng khai thc v tc truyn lan,
cc c tnh ca si theo ITU-T, suy hao trung bnh ca si (suy hao mi ni v dung
sai), kim sot tn sc mu, bc sng c tn sc mu zero v dc ca n, tn sc
phn cc mode.
4.3 Kt lun chng 4
Chng ny trnh by cc vn lin quan n vic xy dng tuyn cp quang
ni chung (phn 4.1) v d c th v nghin cu thit k tuyn cp quang bin gia
Vit Nam Hong Kong (phn 4.2).
Nhng thng tin trnh by y c coi nh l nhng ti liu thc t gip
cho ngi c d hiu khi nghin cu h thng cp quang bin.








165
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] o Khc An, Vt liu v linh kin bn dn quang in t trong thng tin
quang, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia, H Ni, 2003.
[2] inh Th Thu Phong (2004), nh hng ca tn sc si quang ti c ly tuyn
truyn dn thng tin quang, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin thng v Cng ngh
thng tin, s 245, thng 12 nm 2004, trang 21-24.
[3] V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, H
Ni 1997.
[4] V Vn San, Nng cao nhy thu quang gii phng bng tn trong h
thng thng tin quang, Lun n Tin s K thut, H Ni, 2000.
[5] V Vn San, H thng thng tin quang, Nh xut bn Bu in, H Ni,
2003.
[6] V Vn San, Sensitivy of 10Gb/s Optically Amplified Receiver with Signal
Waveform Variation, Journal of Optical Communications, Vol,22, No.6, pp.
210-214, Berlin, Germany, December 2001.
[7] inh Th Thu Phong: Nghin cu nh hng ca tn sc mode phn cc v
nhiu lin quan trong h thng thng tin, Lun n tin s k thut 2010.
[8] Nghin cu nh hng tn sc mode phn cc v nhiu lin quang trong h
thng thng tin quang. TS. inh Thu Phong Lun vn tin s k thut Nm
2007.
[9] Nguyn Cng Hng, Bi ging mn Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng,
Khoa in t - Vin Thng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, H Ni 2003.
[10] ITU-T, G.692, Optical Interfaces for multichannel system with optical
amplifiers, 10/1998.
[11] ITU-T, G.694.1, Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: DWDM frequency
grid, 06/2002.
[12] ITU-T, G.694.2 Spectral Grids for WDM Applications: DWDM frequency
grid, 06/2002.
[13] ITU-T, G.798, Characteristics of optical transport network hierarchy
equipment function blocks, 06/2002.
[14] ITU-T, G.958, Digital line systems based on the synchronuos digital hierarchy
for use on optical fibre cables, 11/1994.
[15] ITU-T, G.971, General features of optical fibre submarine cable systems,
04/2000.
[16] ITU-T, G.972, Definition of terms relevant to optical fibre submarine cable
system, 10/2000.
166
[17] ITU-T, G.973, Characteristics of repeaterless optical fibre submarine cable
system, 12/2003.
[18] ITU-T, G.97, Characteristics of regenerative optical fibre submarine cable
system, 03/1993.
[19] ITU-T, G975, Forward error correction for submarine systems, 10-2000.
[20] ITU-T, G.976, Test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable
systems, 10/2000.
[21] ITU-T, G.977. Charactoristics of optically amplified optical fibre submarine
cable systems, 04/2000.
[22] Kenichi Iga, Fundamentals of Laser Optics, Plenum Publising Corporation,
1994.
[23] S.Shimura, International Submarine Cable Systems, KDD Engineering and
Consulting Inc., Tokyo, 1985.
[24] Peter K.Runge, Patril R.Trischita, Undersea Lightwave Communcation, IEEE
Press, Network, 1986.
[25] 2
nd
International Conference on Optical Fiber Submarine Telecommunication
Systems, March 1993.
[26] Y R Zhou, A Lord and E S R Sikora, Ultra-long-haul WDM transmission
systems, BT Technology Journal, Vol 20 No 4, October 2002.
[27] O.Gautheron, Submarine optical networks at the threshold of Tbit/s per fiber
capability, Alcatel Telecommunications Review 3
rd
Quarter 2000.
[28] Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin Thng Vit Nam (VNPT), iu chnh b sung
cu trc mng vin thng quc t giai on 2004-2005, H Ni, 08/2004.
[29] Adali T. (2002), Applications of signal pocessing to optical fiber
communications.
http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~adali/pubs/IEEEpubs/leos2002ada;i.pdf
[30] Agrawal g.P., Fiber-optic communication systems, Second Ed., John Wiley
& Sons, New York, USA 1997.
[31] Ali M., Tancevski L. (2002), Impact of Polarization-nmode Dispersion on the
Design of Wavelength-Routed Networks, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters,
vol.14, No.5, 720-722.
[32] Alzetta D., Matsumoto M. (2004), Location Optimization and Distribution of
Polarization-Mode Dispersion Compensators Using Polarizers, Journal of
Lightwave Technology, 22(4), 1014-1022.
[33] Antonelli C., Mecozzi A., Cornik K., Brodsky M., Boroditsky M (2005),
PMD-Induced Penalty Statistics In Fiber Links, IEEE Photonics Technology
Letters, Vol.17, No.5, 1013-1015.
167
[34] Antonelli C., Mecozzi A. (2005), Pulse broadening due to polarization mode
dispersion with first order compensation, Optics letters, Vol.30, No.13, 1626-
1628.
[35] Audet F., Leblanc M. (2004), Reducing the cost of upgrade for high-PMD
cable with the help of distributed PMD measurement, Pro.OFC, Los Angeles,
California, USA (MF107).
[36] Barcelos S., Azevedo T.S., Rando R.F., Rigon E.L., Sasaki N.K., Arellano
W.,Alkschbirs A., Benetti W., Lima D., Polarization Mode Dispersion Fields
Measurements An Audit for Brazilian Newly Installed Fiber Networks.
http://www.ofcnfoec.org/materials/fiberwork1.pdf
[37] BenlachtarY., Scopes M., Killey R.I., Bayvel P., (2005), Novel Eye
Monitoring Technique for Detection of First Order PMD, in Quantum
Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS) 2005, vol.3, paper JthE77,
1789-1791.
[38] Bhandare S., Sandel D., Milivojevic B., Hidayat A., Fauzi A. A., Zhang H.,
Ibrahin S.K, Wust F., Noe R., (2005), 5.94-Tb/s 1.49-b/s/Hz (40x2x2x40Gb/s)
RZ-DQPSK Polarization-Division Multiplex C-Band Transmission Over 324
km, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 17 (4), 914-916.
[39] http://www/alcatel.com
[40} http://www.fujitsu.co.jp