PHN TCH YU T KHNG NH (CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS)

L Tn Phng*

1. Phn tch yu t khng nh l g?

1.1 Nhng c im ca m hnh phn tch yu t khng nh
M hnh phn tch yu t khng nh (vit tt l CFA) chun c 3 c im sau y: Mi bin o lng (indicator) l bin lin tc c 2 nguyn nhn to ra n: t mt cu trc n l (construct hoc factor) m bin ny o lng v t cc ngun khc gi chung l s d. Cc s d do o lng l c lp vi nhau v c lp vi cc cu trc. Cc cu trc l c lin quan vi nhau (covary).

Hnh 1 minh ha mt m hnh CFA chun (standard CFA). Trong m hnh ny, cc bin X l bin o lng (indicators); A v B k hiu ca 2 cu trc (yu t); v cc k hiu E biu hin cho s d. i chiu vi 3 c im trn, ta thy (1) cc bin X c 2 ngun nguyn nhn: T A (hoc B) v t s d E; (2) Cc s d khng lin quan vi nhau v khng lin quan vi cu trc A hoc B; (3) Cu trc A v B c lin quan vi nhau.

Hnh 1: Mt m hnh CFA chun

Bc s, Thc s Y t cng cng

1.2 Cc iu kin nh hnh m hnh CFA (Identification)

Ngoi 2 iu kin c bn cho phn tch SEM ni chung (df>0 v cu trc c thang o), theo Kline (2011), CFA chun i hi nhng iu kin sau y m hnh c nh hnh: Nu CFA ch c 1 cu trc (yu t), cn phi c t nht 3 bin o lng (indicators). Nu m hnh c t 2 cu trc tr ln, mi cu trc phi c t nht 2 bin o lng. Tuy nhin, tt nht l c 3 hoc nhiu hn bin o lng cho mt cu trc. Tiu chun 2 bin cho mt cu trc l iu kin ti thiu nht m hnh c nh hnh.

Cc iu kin cho m hnh CFA khng tiu chun (nonstandard CFA) kh phc tp v c th tham kho ti liu ca Kline, trang 137-144.

1.3 Phn tch yu t khng nh v phn tch yu t khm ph

CFA l phng php nhm xc nh s ph hp ca s liu nghin cu vi m hnh l thuyt. Trong phn tch yu t khm ph (Exploratory Factor Analysis: EFA), nh nghin cu da vo s liu nghin cu tm ra cc yu t cu thnh; trong khi CFA nhm khng nh m hnh cc yu t cu thnh c sn qua nghin cu trc hoc m hnh l thuyt c xc nh t trc. EFA c nhim v kho st s liu, gip nh nghin cu tm ra s yu t ph hp c trng cho s liu. Vi EFA, tt c cc bin quan st u c lin quan t nhiu n cc yu t bng cch c lng cc h s ti (loadings). Cu trc t c trong EFA bao gm nhng bin quan st c h s ti ln ln mt yu t v cc h s ti nh ln cc yu t khc (v d, loading < 0.4). Cc yu t trong EFA c xc nh thng qua kt qu phn tch thng k, khng phi t l thuyt, v tn ca tng yu t ch c t sau khi hon thnh phn tch. EFA c thc hin khi cha bit c bao nhiu yu t, v cc bin no thuc yu t no. Ngc la, vi CFA, nh nghin cu phi bit trc c bao nhiu yu t, c bao nhiu bin trong tng yu t. Trong trng hp ny, CFA lm nhim v xem xt s ph hp ca m hnh c sn vi s liu nghin cu. Ni cch khc, CFA tm cch khng nh s ph hp ca m hnh l thuyt c sn i vi s liu nghin cu. cng l mt cch tip cn ca SEM (Structural Equation Modelling).

1.4 V d v CFA
V d ny minh ho mt m hnh n gin ca CFA gm 2 yu t (cu trc). Gi s sau khi nghin cu l thuyt, nh nghin cu bit rng c 2 yu t nh hng n n s hi lng trong cng vic. l s h tr gim st (Supervisor Support) v mi trng lm vic (Working Environment). Cc bin s c o bng thang o Likert 7 im. Yu t h tr gim st c o bng 4 bin sau y: Gim st vin ca ti bit c nng lc ca ti Gim st vin ca ti gip ti gii quyt nhng vn ny sinh trong cng vic Gim st vin ca ti hiu c nhng thch thc trong vic cn i vic nh v vic c quan Gim st vin ca ti h tr gip ti khi ti c kh khn

Yu t mi trng lm vic cng c o bng 4 bin sau y: Ngi gim st v nhn vin l bnh ng trong cng vic ca c quan 2

C quan to iu kin thun li cho vic hon thnh cng vic bng cch cung cp y phng tin lm vic Khng kh lm vic l d chu, thoi mi S ngn np v hp l trong c quan gip ti c th sp xp thi gian hon thnh tt cng vic

S m hnh c biu din nh Hnh 2.

Hnh 2: S m hnh ca v d v s hi lng trong cng vic

Lu rng trong m hnh CFA, ch c nhng h s ti (loadings) do nhng tc ng t bin n n bin o lng (measured items) mi c tnh ton, cn cc mi tc ng khc khng c trong l thuyt s c gi nh l bng zero. iu ny biu hin s khc bit gia EFA v CFA. Trong EFA, tt c cc bin o lng u c tnh loadings n mi yu t, nhng trong CFA th khng c loadings cho (cross-loadings). Trong CFA, ta phi xc nh 5 thnh phn: (1) cc cu trc n (latent construct), (2) cc bin o lng (measured variables) hay cn gi l cc item c lin quan n tng cu trc n tng ng, (3) cc h s ti (loadings), (4) mi lin quan gia cc cu trc n, v (5) sai s (errors) cho tng bin o lng (items). Cc cu trc n c biu din bng hnh ellip hoc hnh trn, cc bin o lng c biu din bng hnh vung hoc ch nht. Do ch c mi quan h tng quan (correlational), c biu din bng mi tn 2 u, cho nn cc bin cu trc c gi l bin c lp ngoi sinh (exogenous). Mi bin o lng u c s d, l phn m bin cu trc khng gii thch c s bin thin ca bin o lng.

QUY TC S 1 Gi tr cu trc (Contruct Validity) c lng h s ti chun ha (standardized loading estimates) nn 0.5, l tng l 0.7 AVE (Average Variance Extracted) nn 0.5 ni ln gi tr tng ng (convergent validiy) c lng AVE cho 2 yu t cng nn ln hn bnh phng ca tng quan gia 2 yu t ni ln gi tr d bit (discriminant validity) H s tin cy ca cu trc (Construct reliability) nn 0.7 ni ln s tng thch ni ti (internal consistency).

2. Cc bc phn tch SEM th nghim gi tr l thuyt m hnh CFA

Theo Hair, c 6 bc ca qu trnh phn tch SEM nh trnh by trong bi S lc v SEM.

2.1 Bc 1: Xc nh cu trc thnh phn

Bc ny lin quan n lit k cc cu trc s cu to nn m hnh. Thang o ca tng cu trc s c xc nh bng cch pht trin thang o mi hoc s dng thang o c sn. Vic pht trin thang o mi cn phi tin hnh thn trng v khoa hc theo tng bc nhm t c mt thang o c gi tr (validity) v tin cy (reliability). Vic s dng thang o c sn cng phi da trn tnh gi tr v tnh tin cy ca thang o ny.

2.2 Bc 2: Xy dng m hnh o lng tng qut (overall measurement model)

Trong giai on ny, nh nghin cu phi xem xt cn thn nhm xc nh cc cu trc quan h vi nhau nh th no xy dng mt m hnh o lng. Sau y l nhng vn cn ch : 2.2.1 n thnh phn (Unidimensionality) n thnh phn c ngha l mt tp hp cc bin o lng (items hoc indicators) c gii thch ch bi mt cu trc m thi. Ni cch khc, mi bin ch lin quan n mt cu trc (yu t) m thi. Khng c hin tng ti trn nhiu yu t khc nhau (multi-loadings). Ni cch khc, nhng ti cho (nu c) u c gi nh bng zero. Xem xt Hnh 3 cho thy c 2 bin X3 v X5 ti ng thi bi 2 cu trc. X3 va ti trn Supervisor Support (h s ti LX3), va ti trn Work Environment (h s ti LX3,SU). Tng t, X5 va ti trn Work Environment (h s ti LX5), va ti trn Supervisor Support (h s ti LX5,WH). Nguyn tc l, nu thm vo cc ti cho m lm cho m hnh ph hp hn, nh nghin cu cng khng nn lm vic ny, tc l khng nn chp nhn ti cho. l v chp nhn ti cho l chp nhn bng chng ca thiu tnh gi tr v mt cu trc (construct validity) ca m hnh. Mt dng khc na l s lin quan gia cc phn d ca bin o lng (indicators). Nu c mi lin quan gia cc phn d ca bin o lng trong cng mt cu trc, ta gi l ng phng sai phn d bn trong cu trc (within-construct error covariance). Nu c mi lin quan gia cc phn d ca bin o lng 2 cu trc khc nhau, ta gi l ng phng sai phn d gia cc cu trc (between-construct error covariance). Cc k hiu C Hnh 3 cho thy cc mi lin h nh vy.

Tng t, khng nn thit lp cc mi quan h phn d nh trn i vi CFA.

Hnh 3: M hnh vi hin tng ti cho (multi-loading)

2.2.2 S lng bin cho mi cu trc (yu t) Cu hi t ra l cn bao nhiu bin cho mi cu trc? C ngha l cn bao nhiu items phn nh mt yu t? Mt mt, nh nghin cu mun c nhiu item i din cho yu t v lm tng tnh tin cy. Mt khc, nh nghin cu cng phi xem xt n s n gin ca cu trc (parsimony) ti u ho v ti thiu ho s lng item cho mi yu t. Thc t l nhiu item khng nht thit ng nghha vi tt hn. i khi c qu nhiu item li pht sinh thm cc yu t ph trong s cc item ny (subscale). Ngoi iu kin ti thiu m hnh c nh hnh nh trnh by ti phn 1.2 trn, thc t, theo tc gi Hair, nn s dng t nht l 3 items cho mt yu t, tt hn l 4 items, nhm m bo bao hm c ni dung l thuyt ca yu t ng thi gip nh hnh (identification) yu t . 2.2.3 Chiu tc ng ca cu trc C 2 chiu tc ng t cu trc n cc bin o lng theo ngha ca nguyn nhn hu qu. Trong Hnh 2, ta thy chiu tc ng l t Supervisor Support n cc bin X1-X4, c xem nh Supervisor Support gy ra (to ra) cc bin X1-X4. C ngha l cu trc n (latent construct) gy ra cc bin o lng, v cc sai s chnh l cc phn khng gii thch c t cu trc bin n ny i vi bin o lng. V d, sai s e1 trong Hnh 2 l phn m Supervisor Support khng th gii thch c cho X1. Kiu chiu tc ng nh vy c gi l reflective measurement theory v cu trc nh vy gi l reflective construct. Cc bin o lng nh vy gi l reflective indicator. Chiu ngc li gi l informative measurement theory, tng ng vi informative construct. Nh vy, informative contruct khng th l bin n. n c gi l bin ch s . Mt v d minh ho cho bin ny l ch s v tng lp x hi (social class). Tng lp x hi c to nn bi 3 yu t: trnh 5

hc vn, vic lm, v thu nhp. Nh vy tng lp x hi khng gy ra 3 yu t trn, m chnh 3 yu t trn cu to nn tng lp x hi. CFA lin quan n reflective construct ch khng phi informative contruct. Do , chiu tc ng l t cu trc n bin o lng ch khng phi ngc li.

QUY TC S 2 Xy dng m hnh o lng tng qut Trong CFA, ng phng sai ca sai s trong cu trc v gia cc cu trc (within- and between-construct error covariance) cn phi gi nh l bng zero. Trong CFA, tt c cc bin o lng ch ti trn mt cu trc m thi. Mi cu trc cn c t nht 3 bin o lng, tt hn l 4 hoc hn.

2.3 Bc 3: Thit k mt nghin cu c th

Giai on ny lin quan n vic thit k mt nghin cu thu c mt kt qu c th. Ni cch khc, nh nghin cu s test m hnh o lng ca mnh bng mt nghin cu c th. 2.3.1 Cc thang o trong CFA Cc bin o lng (indicator) trong CFA nn c o bng thang o th t (ordinal) hoc tt hn l bin lin tc (phn 1.1). Cc thang o ny nn c t nht 4 mc . Tt c cc bin o lng cho mt cu trc khng cn thit phi c cng mt thang o. V d nh khng nht thit phi cng thang o 5 im hay 7 im ca Likert Scale chng hn. 2.3.2 Thit k m hnh (Specifying the model) Do cu trc trong m hnh l cu trc n, cho nn s khng c thang o c th cho n. CFA i hi phi thit k thang o cho cu trc n ny bng mt trong 2 cch: C nh h s ti ca mt trong nhng bin o lng bng 1. C nh phng sai ca cu trc bng 1.

Ch vn nh hnh m hnh (model identification) c cp trong nhng bi vit trc (S lc v SEM v Path Model Analysis). 2.3.3 Cc vn vi nh hnh m hnh nh hnh m hnh (model identification) l c vn khi c nhng biu hin sau: Khi mt hay nhiu h s c sai s chun (standard errors) qu ln C nhng h s bt thng , v l, v d nh sai s phng sai m, cc c lng tham s qu ln, bao gm c cc h s ti chun ho v h s tng quan vt ngoi gi tr -1 n +1.

Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, nh nghin cu cn xem li cc quy tc ca CFA tho mn cha (v d nh quy tc khng c loading cho, c nh h s ti ca mt trong s cc bin o lng v 1 v.v...), hoc xem xt n vic thit lp li m hnh. 2.3.4 Cc vn vi c lng C 2 vn thng gp khi c lng: 2.3.4.1 Cc tham s chun ho khng hp l Vn hay gp nht l khi c lng tng quan (tc l c lng c chun ho) gia 2 cu trc vt qu |1| hoc khi h s ti chun ho (standardized path coefficient) vt qu |1|. V mt l thuyt, iu ny l khng hp l, v nguyn nhn thng l do li ca nh hnh (identification). Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn cng c th t b s liu (v d nh vn multicollinearity hoc khng p ng cc iu kin gi nh khc). 2.3.4.2 Trng hp Heywood Khi phn tch cho ra kt qu c lng phng sai ca sai s (error variance) l mt s m, ta gi v trng hp Heywood (Heywood case). Phng sai l kt qu bnh phng ca lch chun. Do , n khng th l s m. Vn ny hay gp trong CFA khi c c mu nh hoc khi quy tc 3 bin o lng khng c tun th. Gii quyt trng hp Heywood bao gm: Kim tra tnh gi tr cu trc (construct validity) Thm s lng bin o lng m bo quy tc t nht 3 bin cho mt cu trc.

2.4 Bc 4: nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh o lng

nh gi tnh gi tr ca m hnh o lng (measurement model validity) tc l so snh m hnh l thuyt vi m hnh thc t m s liu nghin cu l i din. Ni cch khc, bc ny nhm kho st xem m hnh l thuyt ph hp ra sao vi s liu nghin cu. 2.4.1 nh gi s ph hp (Assessing fit) S ph hp (sau y gi chung l fit) dng so snh 2 ma trn ng phng sai: ma trn pht sinh t b s liu nghin cu v ma trn pht sinh t m hnh. Cc hng dn v fit s c p dng trong CFA. Kt qu ca CFA s cho php nh nghin cu kim tra hoc khng nh m hnh l thuyt l c gi tr. Trong khi , EFA lm nhim v kho st s liu tm ra nhng yu t cu thnh b s liu m thi. 2.4.2 c lng cc tc ng (path estimates) Mt trong nhng nh gi quan trng nht v tnh gi tr ca cu trc (construct validity) l nh gi mi tc ng gia cu trc v bin o lng (item). V mt ton hc, l h s ti (loading). Nh nghin cu m hnh lun mong mun c c h s ti cao. Mt nguyn tc l h s ti t nht l 0.5 v tt nht l 0.7 tr ln. H s ti t ti ngng ny cho thy cc bin o lng c tng quan cht ch vi cu trc v l mt biu hin ca tnh gi tr cu trc (construct validity). Lu rng nguyn tc ny p dng cho h s ti chun ha. Ngoi ra, cng phi xem xt ngha thng k ca mi h s c lng. Cc c lng khng c ngha thng k c th xem xt loi b. Ngc li, mt c lng c ngha thng k khng hn l mt c 7

lng tt nu n khng c gi tr t 0.5 tr ln. Nhng h s ti thp cng c th phi xem xt loi b. Ngoi ra, phn tch CFA cn hin th kt qu ca bnh phng a tng quan (Squared multiple correlations) cho mi bin o lng. Trong CFA, gi tr ny biu th mc m cu trc c th gii thch c cho bin o lng . N cho bit bin o lng phn nh cu trc tt nh th no. Bnh phng a tng quan cn c gi bng nhng tn khc nh tin cy ca item (item reliability), communality, hoc phng sai trch xut (variance extracted). 2.4.3 Tnh gi tr cu trc (Construct Validity) Tnh gi tr cu trc trong ni dung ca CFA gm 4 thnh phn: gi tr tng ng (convergent validity), gi tr d bit (dicriminant validity), face validity, v nomological validity. Hai thnh phn u tin c ngha nht v s c trnh by di y. 2.4.3.1 Gi tr tng ng (Convergent validity) Gi tr tng ng c ngha rng khi cc bin o lng cng phn nh mt cu trc th chng s th hin cc h s tng quan hoc l phng sai ln. Nhng yu t sau y th hin gi tr tng ng ca cc bin o lng: H s ti (factor loading): Gi tr tng ng cao i km vi h s ti cao. H s ny nn c chun ho, c ngha thng k, v gi tr 0.5, l tng l 0.7 tr ln. Phng sai trch xut trung bnh (Average Variance extracted: AVE): AVE c tnh bng trung bnh ca tng bnh phng cc h s ti:

AVE nn c gi tr 0.5 H s tin cy (Reliability): H s tin cy cao cng l biu hin ca gi tr tng ng. Gi tr ca h s tin cy t 0.6 0.7 l chp nhn c, nhng l tng l 0.7.

2.4.3.2 Gi tr d bit (Discriminant validity) Trong CFA, gi tr d bit ni ln rng cu trc ny l tht s khc bit so vi cc cu trc khc. Gi tr d bit cao ca mt cu trc ng ngha vi cc cu trc trong m hnh l ng v hp l. xem xt gi tr d bit, trong CFA ngi ta c th hp nht cc cu trc ri nh gi m hnh. Nu 2 m hnh c s khc bit c ngha th khng nh gi tr d bit. V d nh trong Hnh 2, thay v c 2 cu trc, ta cho thnh 1 cu trc vi ton b 8 bin o lng u thuc v cu trc ny. nh gi m hnh ny so vi m hnh c xem s khc bit. 2.4.4 Chn on m hnh (Model diagnostics) Chn on m hnh nhm xem xt gi tr ca m hnh. Ni cch khc, chn on m hnh nhm kim tra tnh ph hp ca m hnh, xem xt c cn phi xy dng li m hnh cho ph hp vi l thuyt v s liu nghin cu. Nu mc ph hp khng tt, cn thit pi xy dng li m hnh v tip tc trin khai nghin cu khc test li m hnh mi. Mt s cc yu t sau y cn phi xem xt trong chn on m hnh: 2.4.4.1 S d chun ho (Standardized Residuals)

S d l hiu s gia ng phng sai quan st v ng phng sai c lng. Nu m hnh c lng tt, hiu s ny phi nh, tc l gi tr ca s d phi nh. Gi tr s d chun ho c tnh bng s d th chia cho sai s chun ca s d . S d chun ho nh hn |2.5| c xem l tt. S d ln hn |4.0| l kh chp nhn. Cn phi kim tra s liu v s ph hp m hnh nu tn ti nhng s d chun ho t |2.5| n |4.0|. 2.4.4.2 Cc ch s iu chnh (Modification indices) Ch s iu chnh c tnh cho tt c nhng mi lin quan m khng c c lng trong m hnh. V d nh Hnh 2, bin X1 ch c lin quan n cu trc Supervisor Support m thi. Do s tnh ton ch s iu chnh cho X1 ny c lin quan n cu trc Work Environment. Ch s iu chnh ln hn 4.0 c th gi mt m hnh ph hp hn khi c s hin din ca ti cho (multi-loading). Trong trng hp ny, nh nghin cu cn xem xt li m hnh. Tuy nhin, ch da vo cc ch s iu chnh thay i m hnh l khng nn. Cn phi kim tra li vi s d chun ho v cc ch s khc.

QUY TC S 3 nh gi gi tr ca m hnh o lng tng qut Nhng h s ti (loadings) mc d c ngha thng k nhng c gi tr nh (<0.5) cn xem xt loi b. Nhng gi tr ca h s ti chun ho ln hn 1 hoc nh hn -1 biu hin s liu v l, v cn phi xem xt li b s liu. S d chun ho (standardized residuals) < |2.5| c xem l chp nhn c. o o S d chun ho > |4| l s d kh chp nhn v cn xem xt loi b bin lin quan ra khi m hnh S d chun ho t |2| n |4| cn c xem xt cn thn, nhng khng nht thit phi thay i m hnh.

TI LIU THAM KHO CH YU: Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Third ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.

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