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Studies in Historical Anthropology, vol. 2:2002[2005], pp.

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Skeletal Biology Research in Ecuador


Douglas H. Ubelaker
Curator, Physical Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Abstract: Since 1973, the author has conducted extensive research with human remains from Ecuador recovered from archeological contexts. In 1973 and 1974, this eort involved excavation of two key coastal sites (Ayaln and San Lorenzo). Subsequently, research has focused on the analysis of samples excavated by others and the investigation of broad themes related to health issues. Collectively, the data gathered have help elucidate long term temporal change and geographic variation in morbidity and the complex interaction between biology and culture in Ecuadors past. Keywords: Ecuador, skeletal biology, morbidity

Although Ecuador is a relatively small country within the Americas, it displays relatively great environmental variability. Located on the Pacic coast and divided by the Andes mountain chain, Ecuador presents a variety of major ecological zones, including high altitude within the Andes mountain, tropical forest in the interior and northern coast and semiarid in the southern coast. Ecuador also has witnessed relatively extensive archeological activity in spite of its small size. Although human populations have in the past occupied most of Ecuador territory in varying densities and all major areas have received at least some archeological attention, most investigations have concentrated on the coastal and highland areas where ground cover is less extensive. History of Research My professional contributions to understanding Ecuadors ancient past began in 1973 when archeologist Earl Lubensky invited me to work with him in the excavation and analysis of a mortuary site on Hacienda Ayaln on the southern coast in Guayas Province (Figure 1). At that time, I had just completed a demographic study of an early ossuary burial sample from the eastern United States (Ubelaker 1973a, 1974a, 1974b) and was interested in obtaining comparative data from another area of the hemisphere. The preliminary dates on the Ayaln site suggested that a useful comparative study would be possible. Lubenskys initial excavations revealed both individual primary burials and largely secondary burials within ceramic urns, all dating to precontact times. In the summer of 1973, I continued his excavation producing a total of 54 large burial urns dating

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between AD 730 and AD 1155 and 25 primary and two secondary (not in urns) burials dating from 500 BC to AD 1155. Analysis revealed that 435 individuals were represented, 384 from the urns and 51 from the earlier non-urn sample. Research on this material eventually culminated in a Smithsonian monograph (Ubelaker 1981a) documenting archeological features of this mortuary site and presenting the full analysis of the biological materials. The goal of this monograph was not only to present detail on the mortuary procedures and biological features but to stimulate additional scientic inquiry and comparative studies through full presentation of the data. The project also cemented my own interest in the skeletal biology of ancient Ecuador and opened the academic door for future collaboration and study in that country. The following year (1974), I received a grant from the National Geographic Society to return to the Ayaln area to enlarge the sample and obtain locally comparative data. Following a site survey, our team concentrated on a mortuary site we discovered within the town of San Lorenzo del Mate, close to the original Ayaln site. Excavation produced a valuable comparative sample of approximately 106 individuals of mostly primary burials representing the Jambeli culture of the Regional Development Period, dating between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500 (Ubelaker 1983a). Preliminary analysis documented the varied mortuary customs, high infant mortality, cranial deformation, and other features of this unique sample. Following the 1973 and 1974 excavations in Guayas Province, my involvement in Ecuador human skeletal biology shifted away from excavation toward analysis of human remains excavated by others. This represented a conscious decision on my part aimed at 1. concentrating research in Ecuador rather than in other areas of the Americas in order to conduct an in-depth study of this region and 2. the recognition that many skilled archeologists were working in Ecuador and collaboration (rather than my own excavation) enabled me to examine more samples of human remains. Following this approach I collaborated with various archeologists in the study of human remains from a variety of archeological contexts within Ecuador. These included 192 individuals from the very early Sta. Elena, Las Vegas site of OGSE-80 dating 8250 B.P. 6600 B.P. (Ubelaker 1980a, 1988a); 199 individuals from the highland Cotocollao site dating 1000 B.C. to 500 B.C. (Ubelaker 1980b, 1988b); 24 individuals from the coastal La Libertad site (OGSE-46) dating from 900 B.C. to 200 B.C. (Ubelaker 1988c); 88 individuals from the La Tolita site from the northern coast dating from 600 B.C. to 200 B.C. (Temprano component), 200 B.C. to A.D. 90 (Classico component) and A.D. 90 to A.D. 400 (Tardio component), (Ubelaker 1988d, 1997a); 20 individuals from the highland Cumbay site dating from 400 B.C. to A.D. 100 (Ubelaker 1990a, 1990b); 30 individuals from the coastal Guangala site of OGSE-MA-172 dating from 100 B.C. (Ubelaker 1983b, 1993a), 76 individuals from the highland La Florida site dating from A.D. 340 (Ubelaker 2000a), 7 individuals from the coastal Agua Blanca site dating from A.D. 800 to A.D. 1500 (Ubelaker 1988e); 46 individuals from the historic Santo Domingo church in Quito, dating from A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1650 , and 427 individuals from various components of the historic San Francisco Church dating

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from A.D. 1500 to about A.D. 1940 (Ripley and Ubelaker 1992, Ubelaker 1994b, Ubelaker and Ripley 1999). Research on the above samples has been reported in full within individual monographs and site reports. In addition, specic problems have been investigated using the unique nature of some of the individual samples and the great temporal and geographical range of the collective sample. Cultural Modications of Teeth Documentation of unique features in the Ecuadorean samples include studies of cultural modications of teeth (Ubelaker 1977a, 1986a, 1986b, 1987a). Such examples include preparation of teeth for inserts and incisions on the labial surface formed in a pattern similar to those documented from ancient Mexico. Foot Bone Alterations The original study of the Ayaln material documented for the rst time in skeletal biology studies the presence of alterations on the metatarsals and proximal foot phalanges suggesting habitual kneeling posture involving hyperdorsiexion of the toes (Ubelaker 1979a, 1979b, 1985). Since the original discovery of such alterations mostly in the feet of females at Ayaln, the trait has been documented in other Ecuadorean samples. Dental Disease Because teeth preserve so well and oer so much anthropological information, they are of special interest in skeletal biology research. My research in Ecuador has focused specically on patterns of dental disease (1992a) and enamel hypoplasia (1992b). Porotic Hyperostosis Porotic hyperostosis represents a condition of abnormal bone on the cranial vault. Within the Ecuador samples, the condition was found primarily from coastal sites and from temporal periods in which agriculture was practiced. Because of the temporal and geographical distribution of the condition within Ecuador, I have suggested that parasitism, stimulated by population density and sedentism represents the most likely contributing factor (Ubelaker 1988f, 1990c, 1991a, 1992c). Parasitism, especially hookworm, produced blood loss causing anemia which can lead to porotic hyperostosis. Isotope Studies Chemical analysis of human remains, especially isotopic analysis, can provide important dietary information. Such an analysis of remains from the La Florida site in the Quito area revealed status dierences in isotopic signatures. Very deep shaft tombs at this site contained human remains of contrasting status. The archeologist in charge of the excavation (Leon Doyon of Yale University) argued

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ECUADOR
Cape San Francisco

LA TOLITA

QUITO

r Mi

R.

COLOMBIA

CUMBAYA COTOCOLLAO LA FLORIDA HISTORIC CHURCHES

AGUA BLANCA

Da ul

RANGE

Bahia de Caraquez

C ho

n e R.
R.

REAL ALTO AYALAN

Gulf of Guayaquil

M OUN

LA LIBERTAD STA. ELENA

T AIN

OGSE MA-172

ECUADOR

ANDE S

PERU
na oro M
R.

. bez R Tum

1000-6000 M.
R.

Chir a

200-1000 M
0 50 100 150 200 k.

Figure 1: Location of archeological sites yielding human skeletal samples within Ecuador.

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that the tombs were constructed for the noble elite of the area. Also interred were their subordinates, including likely sacrices. Isotopic analysis of the remains revealed status dierences as well. Ethnohistorical sources suggested that the ruling elite in the area received corn tribute payments from the lower classes. The upper class made beer from the corn and distributed it to the lower classes. The isotopic evidence suggested the ruling elite were consuming more of the beer than were their subordinates (Ubelaker et al. 1994, 1995; Ubelaker 2000a). Temporal Change In 1982, I was invited to synthesize available data from my work in Ecuador for a Wenner-Gren-sponsored symposium in Plattsburgh New York, organized by Mark Cohen of the State University of New York in Plattsburgh and George Armelagos, then from the University of Massachusetts. The goals of the symposium included a world-wide examination of temporal changes in the evidence for morbidity, especially around the time of the origins of agriculture. The symposium was a unique and ambitious eort to bring together scholars working with skeletal samples from diverse regions to address central questions of temporal change and the interface of biology and culture at critical time periods. The symposium successfully brought together many specialists in skeletal biology and the resulting volume allowed tentative synthesis regarding many of the key issues. The eort also stimulated many of us participants and others to use our data in stimulating ways to address larger issues in anthropology. My own contribution to that symposium primarily focused on temporal change in the human skeletal biological data within Ecuador (Ubelaker 1984a). This interest strengthened after the symposium and continued to dominate much of my research interest in subsequent years. Publications focusing primarily on long term temporal trends within Ecuador include Ubelaker 1984a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992a, 1992e, 1996a, 1999a, 1999b, 2000b, and Verano and Ubelaker 1992. In addition, most of the reports on individual samples provide similar temporal comparative context. Variables examined include demographic data, estimates of living stature, antemortem trauma, evidence of infectious disease, porotic hyperostosis, lines of increased density (Harris lines), dental hypoplasia and dental disease. The studies of temporal change outlined above generally agree with other such research from the Americas in documenting some variability but a general trend toward increasing morbidity. In Ecuador, the single most likely casual factor is increasing sedentism and population density associated with a temporal increase in the reliance upon agriculture and in general social complexity. Although little change has been detected in living stature, various measures of physiological stress show temporal variation. Geographical Variation The Ecuadorean samples also present some geographical variation. As noted above, porotic hyperostosis was conned largely to coastal sites. Such regional variation is also suggested by the broader measures of morbidity. An interesting view of this variability derives from my collaboration with historian Linda

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Newson of Kings College, London to provide Ecuadorean perspective within a larger project examining the history of health and nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. This project sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Ohio State University brought together a diverse group of scholars to interpret human skeletal data within a broad historical and environmental framework. Our examination of the Ecuadorean data within the guidelines of the project revealed less evidence of morbidity in the highland samples than in coastal ones. Within coastal samples, those from the northern coast presented higher frequencies of periosteal lesions and trauma, but less other evidence of morbidity than samples from the southern coast. Comparisons with samples from other regions in Latin America suggested relatively little morbidity in the Ecuadorean samples (Ubelaker and Newson 1998). Population Issues The information summarized above also has enabled research focusing on broad population issues (Ubelaker 1996b; Verano and Ubelaker 1992). These issues include not only temporal and geographical patterns of morbidity but broad issues of health, adaptation and cultural impact. Data from the precontact sites allow examination of the relationship of biological factors with geography and such cultural developments as social complexity, trade, migration, sedentism and subsistence. Samples from the historic period oer skeletal perspective on available archival and historical interpretations of cultural contact and urban morbidity and mortality. Summary In summary, my initial involvement in the 1973 excavation at the Ayaln site on the south coast of Ecuador eventually led to over 27 years of systematic research with Ecuadorean samples. This eort has revealed a great deal of biocultural information about past Ecuadorean populations. Hopefully, it also will stimulate others to collect and publish similar data in a systematic manner that will facilitate comparative studies and broad interpretation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Publications of D.H. Ubelaker related to populations of the Americas. Note this list excludes publications on general skeletal biology, techniques of analysis, forensic applications, samples from other world regions and other topics not directly related to populations of the Americas. Bass W.M., Ubelaker D.H. 1967: Skeletal Material of Four Infants from the Curry Site [in:] The Archeology of the Upper Verdigris Watershed, ed. F.A. Calabrese. [Kansas State Historical Society Anthropological Series 3:117-121], Topeka. 1969: An Analysis of Skeletal Material from the Langdeau Site, 39LM209. Appendix C [in:] The Grand Detour Phase, eds. W. W. Caldwell and R. E. Jensen. [Smithsonian Institution River Basin Surveys Publications in Salvage Archeology, No. 13], Washington, D.C., pp. 87-89.

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Buikstra J.E., Ubelaker D.H. (Editors). 1994: Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains, Proceedings of a Seminar at The Field Museum of Natural History, [Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44], Fayetteville: Arkansas Archeological Survey. Damann F.E., Miller E., Jones E.B., Ubelaker D.H. 1999: Temporal trends in morbidity in the Chesapeake Bay area: Part One. Samples, methodology, and context, (abstract) American Journal of Physical Anthropology, supplement 28, p. 114. Jantz R.L., Ubelaker D.H. 1981a: Introduction. Progress in Skeletal Biology of Plains Populations, eds. R. L. Jantz and D. H. Ubelaker, Plains Anthropologist, Memoir 17, Vol. 26, No. 94, Part 2, pp. 1-2. 1981b: Progress in Skeletal Biology of Plains Populations, Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 26. No. 94, Part 2, Memoir 17. King J.A., Ubelaker D.H. 1996a: Introduction, [in:] Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier, eds. J. A. King and D. H. Ubelaker, Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust Press, pp. 1-3. 1996b: Living and Dying at Patuxent Point, [in:] Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier, eds. J. A. King and D. H. Ubelaker, Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust Press, pp. 105-120. 1996c: Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier, eds. J. A. King and D. H. Ubelaker, Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust Press. Merchant V.L., Ubelaker D.H. 1977: Skeletal Growth of the Protohistoric Arikara, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46(1), pp. 61-72. Miller E., Damann F.E., Ubelaker D.H., Jones E.B. 1999: Temporal trends in morbidity in the Chesapeake Bay area: Part two. Data and conclusions, (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 28, p. 203. Ripley C., Ubelaker D.H. 1992: The Ossuary of San Francisco Church, Quito, Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 14, p. 139. Ubelaker D.H. 1966: Arikara-Made Glass Pendants (abstract), Plains Anthropologist 11(32), pp. 172-173. 1971: Dentition, [in:] The Leavenworth Site Cemetery: Archaeology and Physical Anthropology, eds. W. M. Bass, D. R. Evans, and R. L. Jantz. [University of Kansas Publication Series in Anthropology 2] pp. 184-193. 1973a: The Juhle Ossuary at Nanjemoy Creek, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference, New Jersey, pp. 17-36. 1973b: The Reconstruction of Demographic Proles from Ossuary Skeletal Samples: A Case Study from the Tidewater Potomac, Dissertation Abstracts International 34(6). 1974a: Demographic Reconstruction from Ossuary Skeletal Samples: A Case Study from Southern Maryland (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 40(1), p. 154.

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1974b: Reconstruction of Demographic Proles from Ossuary Skeletal Samples: A Case Study from the Tidewater Potomac, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 18], Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1974c: Preliminary Report of an Analysis of the Savich Farm Site Cremations, Eastern States Archeological Federation Bulletin 33, p. 11. 1976a: The Aboriginal Population of America North of Mexico: A New Appraisal (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44, pp. 212-213. 1976b: Analysis of the Human Skeletal Remains from the Rosenkrans Site, Sussex County, New Jersey, Archaeology of Eastern North America 4, pp. 45-50. 1976c: Paleodemography of Virginia Indians: A Critique, Archaeological Society of Virginia, Quarterly Bulletin 30(3), pp. 67-168. 1976d: Prehistoric New World Population Size: Historical Review and Current Appraisal of North American Estimates, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45(3), pp. 661-666. 1976e: The Sources and Methodology for Mooneys Estimates of North American Indian Populations, [in:] The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, ed. W. M. Denevan, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 243-288. 1977a: Drilled Human Teeth from the Coast of Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 67(2), pp. 83-85. 1977b: Human Cremations from the Gore Mound, Boone County, West Virginia, The West Virginia Archeologist 26, p. 13. 1977c: Human Skeletal Remains from Botany Bay, St. Thomas, Oce of the Territorial Archaeologist, U.S. Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and Cultural Aairs Bulletin 29, pp. 1-3. 1977d: Human Skeletal Remains from Cramer Park, St. Croix Oce of the Territorial Archaeologist, U.S. Virgin Islands, Department of Conservation and Cultural Aairs Bulletin 26, pp. 1-2. 1977e: Human Skeletal Remains from Puerto Frances, Dominican Republic, Revista Dominicana de Antropologia y Historia 5, pp. 187-188. 1977f: (review) The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970, by Sherburne F. Cook, The American Historical Review, p. 1081. 1977g: Reconstruccin Demogrca de Restos Oseos Prehistoricos, Anuario Cientico 1(1), pp. 167-177. Universidad Central del Este, Republica Dominicana. 1978: Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Aldine Manuals on Archeology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company. 1979a: Skeletal Evidence for Kneeling in Prehistoric Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 50(3), p. 488. 1979b: Skeletal Evidence for Kneeling in Prehistoric Ecuador, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51(4), pp. 679-685. 1979c: Human Remains, [in:] The Flanary Site, Scott County, Virginia, p 18. Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 34(1), pp. 1-32. 1979d: (review) The Middle Woodland Population of the Lower Illinois Valley: A Study in Paleodemographic Methods, by David L. Asch, and Hopewell in The Lower Illinois Valley: A Regional Study of Human Biological Variability and Prehistoric Mortuary Behavior, by Jane E. Buikstra, [Northwestern Archeological Program Scientic Papers, Vols. 1 and 2], Evanston, Illinois. Plains Anthropologist 24(83), pp. 76-78. 1980a: Human Skeletal Remains from Site OGSE-80, A Preceramic Site on the Sta. Elena Peninsula, Coastal Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 70(1), pp. 3-24.

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1980b: Prehistoric Human Remains from the Cotocollao Site, Pichincha Province, Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 70(2), pp. 59-74. 1981a: The Ayaln Cemetery: A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 29]. Washington, D.C. 1981b: Approaches to Demographic Problems in the Northeast, [in:] Foundations of Northeast Archaeology, ed. D. R. Snow, New York: Academic Press, pp. 175-194. 1982a: (review) Essays in Population History. Volume III: Mexico and California, by Sherburn F. Cook and Woodrow Borah, Ethnohistory 29(2), pp. 149-150. 1982b: Human Skeletal Remains from the Reedy Creek Site 44Ha22, Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia 37(4), pp. 204-205. 1983a: Prehistoric Demography of Coastal Ecuador, National Geographic Society Research Reports 15, pp. 695-704. Washington: National Geographic Society. 1983b: Human Skeletal Remains from OGSE-MA-172: an Early Guangala Cemetery Site on the Coast of Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 73(1), pp. 16-27. 1983c: Human Skeletal Remains from Mound 46JA47, Jackson County, W. V., West Virginia Archeologist 35(2), p. 55. 1984a: Prehistoric Human Biology of Ecuador: Possible Temporal Trends and Cultural Correlations, [in:] Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, chapter 19, eds. M. N. Cohen and G. J. Armelagos, New York: Academic Press, pp. 491-513. 1984b: A Discussion of Mid-Atlantic Ossuaries, [in:] The Accokeek Creek Complex and the Emerging Maryland Colony, Accokeek, Maryland: Alice Ferguson Foundation, pp. 33-60. 1984c: Human Skeletal Remains, Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation, revised edition. Washington: Taraxacum. 1984d: (review) Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America, ed. H. F. Dobyns, Ethnohistory 31(4), pp. 303-305. 1985: Evidencia Esqueletica de Postura Arrodillada en el Ecuador, Miscelnea Antropolgica Ecuatoriana, Boletn de los Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador 5, pp. 35-46. 1986a: Alteraciones Dentales En El Ecuador Prehistorico, Un Nuevo Ejemplo de Jama Coaque, Miscelnea Antropolgica Ecuatoriana 6, pp. 89-94. (printed in 1988). 1986b: Dientes Humanos Taladrados de la Costa Ecuatoriana, Miscelnea Antropolgica Ecuatoriana 6, pp. 95-98. (printed in 1988). 1986c: (review) Health and Disease in the Prehistoric Southwest, eds. C. F. Merbs and R. J. Miller, The Kiva 51(3), pp. 214-216. 1986d: Human Remains from the Thorn Mounds (46MG78 and 46MG79), West Virginia Archeologist 38(2), pp. 51-53. 1987a: Dental Alteration in Prehistoric Ecuador, A New Example from Jama-coaque, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 77(2), pp. 76-80. 1987b: Comment on Paleopathology and the Health Status of the American Indian, Paleopathology Newsletter 59, p. 14. 1988a: [1990] Restos de Esqueletos Humanos del Sitio OGSE-80, [in:] La Prehistoria Temprana de la Pennsula de Santa Elena, Ecuador: Cultura Las Vegas, ed. K. E. Stothert, Guayaquil: Museos del Banco Central del Ecuador, pp. 105-132. 1988b: Restos Humanos Prehistoricos del Sitio Cotocollao, Provincia del Pichincha, Ecuador, [in:] Cotocollao: Una Aldea Formativa del Valle de Quito, ed. M. Villalba O. [Miscelnea Antropolgica Ecuatoriana, Serie Monogrca 2], Museos del Banco Central Del Ecuador: Quito, Appendix II, pp. 557-571.

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1988c: Human Remains from OGSE-46, La Libertad, Guayas Province, Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 78(1), pp. 3-16. 1988d: Prehistoric Human Biology at La Tolita, Ecuador, A Preliminary Report, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 78(1), pp. 23-37. 1988e: A Preliminary Report of Analysis of Human Remains from Agua Blanca, A Prehistoric Late Integration Site from Coastal Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 78(1), pp. 17-22. 1988f: Porotic Hyperostosis in Prehistoric Ecuador (abstract), Collegium Antropologicum 12 supplement:34. 12th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Zagreb, July 24-31, 1988, p. 34. 1988g: Aboriginal North American Population Size: A New Estimate (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 75(20), pp. 281. 1988h: North American Indian Population Size, A.D. 1500 to 1985, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 77(3), pp. 289-294. 1988i: Skeletal Biology of Prehistoric Ecuador: An Ongoing Research Program, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 78(1), pp. 1-2. 1988j: Los Testimonios de Nuestra Historia Antigua: Estudio de Esqueletos, Hoy 4 de Septiembre, Quito, Ecuador, p. 2C. 1989: Human Skeletal Remains. Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation, second edition. Washington: Taraxacum. 1990a: Human Skeletal Remains from Jardn del Este, Cumbay, Pichincha, Ecuador, [in:] La Preservacin y Promocin del Patrimonio Cultural del Ecuador. Cooperacion Tecnica Ecuatoriana - Belga No. 4. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural, pp. 22-39. 1990b: Restos Humanos Provenientes de Jardn del Este, Cumbay, Pichincha, Ecuador, [in:] La Preservacin y Promocin del Patrimonio Cultural del Ecuador, Cooperacion Tecnica Ecuatoriana - Belga, No. 4. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural, pp. 40-52. 1990c: Porotic Hyperostosis, Parasitism and Sedentism in Ancient Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81(2), pp. 309-310. 1990d: (review) Birds, Beads and Bells: Remote Sensing of Pawnee Sacred Bundle, by Diane L. Good, Plains Anthropologist 35(128), pp. 213-214. 1991a: Ecology of Porotic Hyperostosis in Ancient Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 12, p. 176. 1991b: Temporal Trends of Dental Disease in Ancient Ecuador (abstract), Third Anthropological Congress of Ales Hrdlicka, Czechoslovak Anthropological Society of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, p. 37. 1992a: Temporal Trends of Dental Disease in Ancient Ecuador, Anthropologie, XXX/1, pp. 99-102. 1992b: Enamel Hypoplasia in Ancient Ecuador, Journal of Paleopathology, Monographic Publications 2, pp. 207-217. 1992c: Porotic Hyperostosis in Prehistoric Ecuador, [in:] Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Perspectives on Anemia, Chapter 7, eds. P. Stuart-Macadam and S. Kent, New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 201-217. 1992d: Patterns of Biological Change in Ancient Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 14, p. 165. 1992e: Patterns of Demographic Change in the Americas, Human Biology 64(3), pp. 361-379.

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1992f: Afterword, [in:] The First Immigrants from Asia. A Population History of the North American Indians, ed. A. J. Jae, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 235-237. 1992g: Disease and Demography, The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia Vol 1. Eds. D. Buisseret, H. Nader, W. E Washburn, and P. M. Watts, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 225-228. 1992h: North American Census, 1492, Pacic Discovery, Winter, pp. 32-35. 1992i: North American Indian Population Size: Changing Perspectives, [in:] Disease and Demography in the Americas, eds. J. W. Verano and D. H. Ubelaker, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 169-176. 1992j: Post-Columbian Demographic Change in America North of Mexico, Proceedings, Conference on the Peopling of the Americas, Veracruz, Mexico 4, pp. 21-55. International Union for the Scientic Study of Population. 1992k: The Sources and Methodology for Mooneys Estimates of North American Indian Populations, [in:] The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, second edition, ed. W. M. Denevan, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 243-288. 1992l: Syphilis, The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia Vol 2, eds. D. Buisseret, H. Nader, W. E Washburn, and P. M. Watts, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 654-655. 1993a: Restos Humanos Esqueletcos de OGSE-MA-172, un Sitio Guangala Temprano en la Costa del Ecuador, [in:] Un Sitio de Guangala Temprano en el Suroeste del Ecuador, Banco Central del Ecuador, Guayaquil, pp 99-112. 1993b: Historical Perspectives on Estimation of the American Indian Population Size, Variability and Evolution, Vol. 2/3, pp. 85-92. 1993c: Human Biology of Virginia Indians, [in:] Powhatan Foreign Relations 1500-1722, chapter two, ed. H. C. Rountree, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 53-75. 1994a: The Biological Impact of European Contact in Ecuador, [in:] In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, eds. C. S. Larsen and G. R. Milner, New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. 147-160. 1994b: Biologia de los Restos Humans Hallados en el Convento de San Francisco, Also published in English. Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural del Ecuador. 1994c: An Overview of Great Plains Human Skeletal Biology, [in:] Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains Migration, Warfare, Health, and Subsistence, eds. D. W. Owsley and R. L. Jantz, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 391-395. 1995a: Biological Research with Archaeologically Recovered Human Remains from Ecuador: Methodological Issues, [in:] Archaeology in the Lowland American Tropics, Current Analytical Methods and Recent Applications, Chapter 8, ed. P. W. Stahl, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 181-197. 1995b: Osteological and Archival Evidence for Disease in Historic Quito, Ecuador, [in:] Grave Reections, Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies, Chapter XI, eds. S. R. Saunders and A. Herring, Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc., pp. 223-239. 1996a: History and Disease in Ecuador (abstract), Paleopathology Newsletter 65, p. 4. 1996b: The Population Approach in Paleopathology: A Case Study From Ecuador, [in:] Notes on Populational Signicance of Paleopathological Conditions: Health, Illness and Death in the Past, ed. A. Perez-Perez, Barcelona: Fundacio Uriach, pp. 37-54. 1996c: Aboriginal Human Remains from Osborne Island, New Jersey, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey 51, pp. 73-74. 1996d: The Impact of Infectious Disease, [in:] Infectious Diseases: The Diagnostic Challenge, eds. E. P. Fischer and S. Klose, Mnchen: Piper, pp. 157-198.

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1996e: Pipe wear: Dental impact of Colonial American culture, Anthropologie, XXXIV/3, pp. 321-327. 1997a: Skeletal Biology of Human Remains from La Tolita, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 41]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1997b: The Savich Farm Site Cremations, Burlington County, New Jersey, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, No. 52, pp. 88-92. 1997c: Human Skeletal Remains from the Pennella Site, Ocean County, New Jersey, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, No. 52, pp. 92-96. 1999a: Ancient disease in anthropological context, [in:] Digging for Pathogens, ed. C. L. Greenblatt, Jerusalem: Center for the Study of Emerging Diseases, pp. 175-199. 1999b: The impact of disease: Two worlds meet, Perspectives in Health, 4(1), pp. 14-17. 1999c: Human Skeletal Remains, Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation, third edition, Taraxacum: Washington. 2000a: Human Skeletal Remains from La Florida, Quito, Ecuador, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, No. 43]. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2000b: Patterns of Disease in Early North American Populations, [in:] A Population History of North America, eds. M. R. Haines and R. H. Steckel, Chapter 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51 to 97. Ubelaker D.H., Angel J.L. 1976: Analysis of the Hull Bay Skeletons, St. Thomas, Journal of the Virgin Islands Archeological Society 3, pp. 7-14. Ubelaker D.H., Bass W.M. 1970: Arikara Glassworking Techniques at Leavenworth and Sully Sites, American Antiquity 35(4), pp. 467-475. Ubelaker D.H., Damadio S.H. 1986: Human Skeletal Remains from the Isinglass Mound (46MS54), West Virginia Archeologist 38(2), pp. 53-54. Ubelaker D.H., Jantz R.L. 1979: Plains Caddoan Relationships: The View from Craniometry and Mortuary Analysis, Nebraska History 60(2), pp. 249-259. 1986: Biological History of the Aboriginal Population of North America, Lieferung 11: Amerika I: Nordamerika, Mexico. Rassengeschichte der Menschheit, ed. I. Schwidetzky, Munich: Oldenbourg. Ubelaker D.H., Jones E.B., Turowski A.W. 1996a: Description of the Patuxent Point Skeletal Remains (Appendix I), [in:] Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier. Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust Press, pp. 133-183. 1996b: Skeletal Biology of the Patuxent Point Human Remains, [in:] Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier. Crownsville: Maryland Historical Trust Press, pp. 47-104. Ubelaker D.H., Katzenberg M.A., Doyon L.G. 1994: Chemical evidence for status dierences in precontact highland Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 18, p. 199.

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1995: Status and Diet in Precontact Highland Ecuador American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 97(4), pp. 403-411. Ubelaker D.H., Newson L. 1998: Skeletal evidence for health in ancient Ecuador (abstract), American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 26, p. 221. Ubelaker D.H., Phenice T.W., Bass W.M. 1969: Articial Interproximal Grooving of the Teeth in American Indians, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30(1), pp. 145-150. Ubelaker D.H., Ripley C.E. 1999: The Ossuary of San Francisco Church, Quito, Ecuador: Human Skeletal Biology, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 42]. Ubelaker D.H., Rousseau A. 1993: Human remains from hospital San Juan de Dios, Quito, Ecuador, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 83(1), pp. 1-8. Ubelaker D.H., Scammell H. 1992: Bones, A Forensic Detectives Casebook. New York: Harper Collins, 317 pages. 1993: Bones, A Forensic Detectives Casebook. (Paperback Edition). Harper Paperbacks, Harper Collins, Publishers, New York. (Republished in 2000 by M. Evans and Company, Inc.: New York.) Ubelaker D.H., Verano J.W. 1992: Conclusion, [in:] Disease and Demography in the Americas, eds. J. W. Verano and D. H. Ubelaker, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 279-282. 1992: Introduction. In Disease and Demography in the Americas, eds. J. W. Verano and D. H. Ubelaker, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 1-2. Ubelaker D.H., Viola H.J. 1982a: Editors Introduction, [in:] Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel, eds. D. H. Ubelaker and H. J. Viola, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 30], pp. 1-10. 1982b: Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel, eds. D. H. Ubelaker and H. J. Viola, [Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 30]. Ubelaker D.H., Wedel W.R. 1975: Bird Bones, Burials and Bundles in Plains Archaeology, American Antiquity 40(4), pp. 444-452. Ubelaker, D.H., Willey, P. 1978: Complexity in Arikara Mortuary Practice, Plains Anthropologist 23(79), pp. 69-74. Verano J.W., Ubelaker D.H. 1991: Health and Disease in the Pre-Columbian World, [in:] Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Commemoration, eds. H. J. Viola and C. Margolis, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 209-223. 1992. Disease and Demography in the Americas, eds. J. W. Verano and D. H. Ubelaker, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

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1993: Health Proles, [in:] Seeds of Change: Readings on Cultural Exchange after 1492, Menlo Park: Addison-Wesley, pp. 25-26. Willey P., Ubelaker D.H. 1976: Notched Teeth from the Texas Panhandle, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 66(4), pp. 239-246.

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