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M U Suy thoi kinh t ton cu thay i bn cht, tm vc v phc tp ca ri ro logistics v chui cung ng. ng thi, kinh doanh m rng i i vi hot ng logistics v chui cung ng pht trin phc tp hn bao gi ht. Nhng iu ny i hi cc nh lnh o cn xem xt nhng nguy c nghim trng nht i vi cng ty ca mnh v kh nng ti cn bng cc yu t gia ti u ha chi ph v qun l ri ro hiu qu. V vy, tm hiu tm quan trng ca hot ng qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng ti quyt nh chn ti Qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng Thc trng ti Vit Nam v xu hng trn th gii. Mc ch ca lun vn l cung cp cho nhng ngi c nhu cu tm hiu v qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng nhng kin thc c bn v qu trnh qun tr ri ro, nhng vn trng tm trong hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng. Thng qua , lin h vi thc trng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam v mt s nc trn th gii. Lun vn cng a ra mt s xu hng chnh trong qun tr m cc nh cung cp dch v s dng i ph vi nhng ri ro c th xy ra i vi chui cung ng. Cui cng, ra mt s gii php v kin ngh nhm nng hiu qu hot ng qun tr ri ro cho logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam. ti c thc hin da trn phng php phn tch v tng hp: Cc phn ca hot ng qun tr ri ro s c phn tch thnh cc b phn ring bit, vn dng phng php nh gi tng hp kt hp vi h thng ha c th nhn nh y v tnh hnh hot ng chung v nu ra cc im mnh, im yu trong vic qun tr ri ro ti Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, cn s dng phng php i chiu: i chiu gia l lun v thc tin; gia thc trng qun tr ri ro trn th gii v Vit Nam tm ra v gii quyt nhng kh khn thch thc trong hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam.

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C th thy, Vit Nam c nhiu tim nng trong pht trin logistics v cung ng song cc doanh nghip Vit Nam t nhiu cng chu nh hng bi nn kinh t th gii. Trong khi , cc doanh nghip logistics v cung ng Vit Nam hon ton cha nhn thc r rng v nhng nguy c c th lm sp ton b h thng logistics v chui cung ng. Do , lun vn mt phn gp phn khng nh rng qun tr ri ro l mt hp ng bo him m chng ta cha nhn thy ngay li ch ca n cho n khi ri ro xy ra v cung cp nn tng cho hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. . Ngoi phn m u, kt lun v danh mc ti liu tham kho, lun vn s c trnh by thnh 3 chng nh sau : Chng I: Nhng l lun c bn v qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng. Chng II: Thc trng hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam. Chng III: Xu hng qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng trn th gii v bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam. hon thnh bi lun vn, ti nhn c s hng dn, gip v gp nhit tnh ca qu thy c trng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni. c bit, ti xin gi li cm n su sc ti Thc s Phm Thanh H dnh nhiu thi gian v tm huyt hng dn v gip ti hon thnh lun vn tt nghip. Bn cnh , ti cng xin gi li cm n ca mnh ti cc anh ch sinh vin kha trc to iu kin v gp cc d liu cn thit cho bi lun vn thm hon thin. Mc d ti c gng hon thnh lun vn vi s c gng v nng lc ca mnh, tuy nhin khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong nhn c s ng gp qu bu t qu thy c v cc bn.

NI DUNG
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CHNG I: NHNG L LUN C BN V QUN TR RI RO LOGISTICS V CHUI CUNG NG. I. Tng quan v qun tr trong logistics v chui cung ng. 1. Khi nim logistics v chui cung ng. 1.1 Khi nim. Logistics v chui cung ng l hai khi nim khng cn qu mi m trong hon cnh kinh k m th trng ton cu ngy cng m rng v pht trin. Theo quan im ca cc nh qun tr th chui cung ng chnh l giai on pht trin cao hn ca logistics. Bi l, s pht trin nhanh chng ca khoa hc cng ngh v qun l cui th k 20 a logistics ln mt tm cao mi. Hn na, trong bi cnh cnh tranh khc lit th trng ton cu hin nay, vic gii thiu sn phm mi vi chu k sng ngy cng ngn hn, cng vi mc k vng ngy cng cao ca khch hng thc y cc doanh nghip phi u t, v tp trung nhiu vo chui cung ng ca n. iu ny, cng vi nhng tin b lin tc trong cng ngh truyn thng v vn ti, thc y s pht trin khng ngng ca chui cung ng v nhng k thut qun l n. Khi u, Logistics c ngun gc xut pht t Hilp - logistikos - phn nh mn khoa hc nghin cu tnh quy lut ca cc hot ng cung ng v m bo cc yu t t chc, vt cht v k thut (do vy, mt s t in nh ngha l hu cn) cho qu trnh chnh yu c tin hnh ng mc tiu. V Napoleon tng nh ngha: Hu cn l hot ng duy tr lc lng qun i , nhng cng chnh do hot ng hu cn s si dn n s tht bi ca v tng ti ba ny trn ng ti Moscow v cng ht mc ng dy cung ng ca mnh. Cun sch u tin v logistics ra i nm 1961, bng ting Anh vi ta Physical distribution management, t n nay c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau c a ra khi qut v lnh vc ny, mi khi nim th hin mt gc tip cn v ni dung khc nhau.
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Trn th gii, khi nim logistics c cp bi nhiu t chc khc nhau vi cc kha cnh khc nhau gm: Lin Hp Quc: Logistics l hot ng qun l qu trnh lu chuyn nguyn vt liu qua cc khu lu kho, sn xut ra sn phm cho ti tay ngi tiu dng theo yu cu ca khch hng. y ban Qun l Logistics ca Hoa K: Logistics l qu trnh lp k hoch, chn phng n ti u thc hin vic qun l, kim sot vic di chuyn v bo qun c hiu qu v chi ph v ngn nht v thi gian i vi nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm, cng nh cc thng tin tng ng t giai on tin sn xut cho n khi hng ha n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng p ng yu cu ca khch hng. Theo Lut Thng mi Vit Nam, logistics l mt hot ng thng mi do cc thng nhn t chc thc hin mt hoc nhiu cng on bao gm nhn hng, vn chuyn, lu kho bi, lm th tc hi quan v cc loi giy t, t vn khch hng, ng gi, giao hng hoc cc dch v khc c lin quan n hng ha hng ph th lao. Hoc hiu mt cch n gin, logistics l vic thc hin v kim sot ton b hng ha cng nhng thng tin c lin quan t ni hnh thnh nn hng ha cho n im tiu th cui cng.

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C th thy rng, khi nim v hot ng chui cung ng ra i vo nhng nm 1980s. Thi k ny cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy rng phi coi cc khch hng v cc nh cung ng nh l ng minh chin lc, nhng n v cng tc kinh doanh. Chnh s hp tc, lin kt gia cc bn l c s hot ng logistics t c hiu qu ngy cng cao, gim s chng cho, hao ph khng cn thit, tp trung vo vic kinh doanh,
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Phm vi v nh hng
Global Global Supply Supply chain chain logistics logistics logistics logistics Facility Facility logistic Worpla logistic Worpla s s ce ce logistic logistic s s Corporat Corporat e e logistics logistics

1950 2000

1960

1970

1980

1990

Hnh 1.1: Cc giai on pht trin ca logistics

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thc y thng li chung. Chui cung ng ra i. l mt mng li cc c s h tng (nh my, kho hng, cu cng, ca hng), cc phng tin (xe ti, tu ho, my bay, tu bin) cng vi h thng thng tin c kt ni vi nhau gia cc nh cung ng ca mt cng ty v cc khch hng ca cng ty . Cc hot ng logistics (dch v khch hng, qun tr d tr, vn chuyn v bo qun hng ho) c lin kt vi nhau thc hin cc mc tiu trong chui cung ng. Ngoi ra da trn quan im v cc dng vn chuyn, chui cung ng c hiu l "Qu trnh ti u ho v v tr, vn chuyn v d tr cc ngun ti nguyn t im u tin ca dy chuyn cung ng cho n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng, thng qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t . Cho n ngy nay, chui cung ng c xem xt mt cch hon thin hn. Chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc doanh nghip tham gia, mt cch trc tip hay gin tip, trong vic p ng nhu cu khch hng . Chui cung ng khng ch bao gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn cng ty vn ti, nh kho, nh bn l v khch hng ca n.

Hnh 1.2: S mt chui cung ng in hnh

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1.2 Cu trc chui cung ng. Trong chui cung ng c s kt hp ca mt s cng ty thc hin nhng chc nng khc nhau. Nhng cng ty l nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn s, nh bn l v khch hng c nhn hay khch hng l t chc. Nh sn xut Nh sn xut l cc t chc sn xut ra sn phm. Nh sn xut bao gm nhng cng ty sn xut nguyn vt liu v cng ty sn xut thnh phm. Cc nh sn xut nguyn vt liu nh khai thc khong sn, khoan tm du kh, ca g. . . v cng bao gm nhng t chc trng trt, chn nui hay nh bt thu hi sn. Cc nh sn xut thnh phm s dng nguyn vt liu v cc b phn lp rp c sn xut ra t cc cng ty khc. Nh phn phi Nh phn phi l nhng cng ty tn tr hng vi s lng ln t nh sn xut v phn phi sn phm n khch hng. Nh phn phi bn sn phm cho nhng nh kinh doanh khc vi s lng ln hn so vi khch hng mua l. Do s bin ng nhu cu v sn phm, nh phn phi tn tr hng ha, thc hin bn hng v phc v khch hng. Mt nh phn phi in hnh l mt t chc s hu nhiu sn phm tn kho mua t nh sn xut v bn li cho ngi tiu dng. C nhng chc nng khc m nh phn phi phi thc hin l qun l tn kho, vn hnh ca hng, vn chuyn sn phm cng nh chm sc khch hng. Nh phn phi cng l mt t chc ch i din bn hng gia nh sn xut v khch hng, khng bao gi s hu sn phm . Loi nh phn phi ny thc hin chc nng chnh yu l khuyn mi v bn sn phm. Vi c hai trng hp ny, nh phn phi l i l nm bt lin tc nhu cu ca khch hng, lm cho khch hng mua sn phm t cc cng ty sn xut. Nh bn l
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Nh bn l tn tr sn phm v bn cho khch hng vi s lng nh hn. Nh bn l trong khi bn hng cng nm bt kin v nhu cu ca khch hng rt chi tit. Do n lc chnh l thu ht khch hng i vi nhng sn phm mnh bn, nh bn l thng qung co v s dng mt s k thut kt hp v gi c, s la chn v s tin dng ca sn phm. Khch hng

Khch hng hay ngi tiu dng l bt k c nhn, t chc no mua v s dng sn phm. Khch hng l t chc c th mua mt sn phm kt hp vi sn phm khc ri bn chng cho khch hng khc l ngi s dng sn phm sau/ mua sn phm v tiu dng. Nh cung cp dch v

l nhng t chc cung cp dch v cho nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l v khch hng. Nh cung cp dch v c nhng chuyn mn v k nng c bit mt hot ng ring bit trong chui cung ng. Chnh v th, h c th thc hin nhng dch v ny hiu qu hn v vi mc gi tt hn so vi chnh cc nh sn xut, nh phn phi, nh bn l hay ngi tiu dng lm iu ny. Trong bt k chui cung ng no, nh cung cp ph bin nht l cung cp dch v vn ti v dch v nh kho. y l cc cng ty xe ti v cng ty kho hng v thng c bit n l nh cung cp hu cn.

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Hnh 1.3: Cu trc chui cung ng Trong thc t c rt nhiu s bin ng trong nhng m hnh c bn ny. Mt vi chui cung ng c nhiu cp bc cho khch hng v cho c nhng nh phn phi, trong khi mt khc c nhiu chui li c s lu thng nguyn liu n gin, trong khi c nhng chui khc th c h thng rc ri v phc tp. Nhng chin lc khc nhau cng dn n cc chui cung ng khc nhau, v th mt cng ty cn tp trung vo s nhanh chng trong phn phi iu ny s xy dng mt chui khc tp trung vo vic h thp chi ph. Nhng nhn t ny cng nh hng n cu trc ca chui cung ng l: yu cu ca khch hng, xu hng chung ca nn kinh t, s sn sng ca dch v hu cn, yu t vn ha, tc i mi, s cnh tranh, th trng, s sp xp v ti chnh.

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im nhn trong cu trc chui cung ng l tnh tng tc v s kt ni gia cc ch th trong chui thng qua 3 dng lin kt: - Dng thng tin: Dng giao v nhn ca cc n t hng, theo di qu trnh dch chuyn ca hng ho v chng t gia ngi gi v ngi nhn - Dng sn phm: Con ng dch chuyn ca hng ho v dch v t nh cung cp ti khch hng, m bo ng v s lng v cht lng - Dng ti chnh: Ch dng tin bc v chng t thanh ton gia cc khch hng v nh cung cp, th hin hiu qu kinh doanh. 1.3. Vai tr ngha ca logistics v chui cung ng trong hot ng kinh doanh Ngnh logistics - chui cung ng c v tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc nn kinh t hin i v c nh hng to ln n s pht trin kinh t ca cc quc gia v ton cu. Phn gi tr gia tng do ngnh logistics v chui cung ng to ra ngy cng ln v tc ng ca n th hin r di nhng kha cnh di y: Logistics - chui cung ng l cng c lin kt cc hot ng kinh t trong mt quc gia v ton cu qua vic cung cp nguyn liu, sn xut, lu thng phn phi, m rng th trng. Trong nn kinh t hin i, s tng trng v s lng ca khch hng thc y s gia tng hng nghn sn phm v dch v mi v gii thiu, bn ra v phn phi chng hng ngy n cc ng ngch ca th gii trong thp k va qua. gii quyt cc thch thc do th trng m rng v s tng nhanh ca hng ha v dch v, cc hng kinh doanh phi m rng quy m v tnh phc tp, pht trin cc nh my lin hp thay th cho nhng nh my n. Chui cung ng hin i gip cc hng lm ch c ton b nng lc cung ng ca mnh qua vic lin kt cc hot ng cung cp u vo, sn xut, lu thng, phn phi kp thi chnh xc. Nh m p ng c nhng c hi kinh doanh trong phm vi ton cu. Tit kim v gim chi phi ph trong lu thng phn phi . Vi t cch l cc t chc kinh doanh cung cp cc dch v logistics v chui cung ng chuyn nghip, cc
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doanh nghip logistics cung nh qun l chui cung ng mang li y cc li ch cho cc ngnh sn xut v kinh doanh khc. T m mang li hiu qu cao khng ch cht lng dch v cung cp m cn tit kim ti a v thi gian v tin bc cho cc qu trnh lu thng phn phi trong nn kinh t. M rng th trng trong bun bn quc t, gp phn gim chi ph, hon thin v tiu chun ha chng t trong kinh doanh c bit trong bun bn v vn ti quc t. Trong thi i ton cu ha, thng mi quc t l s la chn tt yu cho mi quc gia trong tin trnh pht trin t nc. Cc giao dch quc t ch thc hin c v mang li hiu qu cho quc gia khi da trn mt h thng logistics chui cung ng gi c hp l v cht lng cao. H thng ny gip cho mi dng hng ha c lu chuyn thun li, sun s t quc gia ny n quc gia khc nh vic cung ng kp thi, phn phi chnh xc, chng t tiu chun, thng tin r rng L mt b phn trong GDP, logistics - chui cung ng nh hng ng k n t l lm pht, t l li xut, nng sut, chi ph, cht lng v hiu qu, cng nh cc kha cnh khc ca nn kinh t . Mt nghin cu ch ra rng bnh qun mt t chc ca M c th m rng nng sut logistics 20% hoc hn trong 1 nm. Mt cch ch ra vai tr ca logistics l so snh ph tn ca n vi cc hot ng x hi khc. Ti M chi ph kinh doanh logstics ln gp 10 ln qung co, gp i so vi chi ph bo v quc gia v ngang bng vi chi ph chm sc sc khe con ngi hng nm. Marketing coi logistics l vic phn phi vt l hng ha. C s cho quan nim ny l hot ng d tr thnh phm hoc cung cp cc yu t u vo do logistics v chui cung ng m nhim cng l nhim v ca bin s phn phi (Place) trong marketing - mix v c gi l phn phi vn ng vt l. Hiu n gin l kh nng a 1 sn phm n ng thi im, ng s lng, ng khch hng. Sn xut coi logistics v hot ng chui cung ng l vic la chn a im xy dng nh my, chn ngun cung ng tt v phn phi hng ha thun tin, thng sutBi l cc hot ng ny nh hng v lin quan cht ch n thi gian iu hnh sn xut, k hach sn xut, kh nng cung cp nguyn vt
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liu, tnh thi v ca sn xut, chi ph sn xut, thm ch ngay c vn bao b ng gi sn phm trong sn xut cng nghip hin i. Logistics v chui cung ng gip nng cao hiu qu qun l, gim thiu chi ph sn trong qu trnh sn xut, tng cng sc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip . Quan im marketing cho rng, kinh doanh tn ti da trn s tha mn nhu cu khch hng v cho thy 3 thnh phn ch yu ca khi nim ny l s phi hp cc n lc marketing, tha mn khch hng v li nhun cng ty. Logistics v chui cung ng ng vai tr quan trng vi cc thnh phn ny theo cch thc khc nhau. N gip phi hp cc bin s marketing mix, gia tng s hi lng ca khch hng, trc tip lm gim chi ph, gin tip lm tng li nhun trong di hn. Logistics v chui cung ng cho php doanh nghip di chuyn hng ha v dch v hiu qu n khch hng : Logistics khng ch gp phn ti u ha v v tr m cn ti u ha cc dng hng ha v dch v ti doanh nghip nh vo vic phn b mng li cc c s kinh doanh v iu kin phc v ph hp vi yu cu vn ng hng ha. Hn th na, cc m hnh qun tr v phng n ti u trong d tr, vn chuyn, mua hngv h thng thng tin hin i s to iu kin a hng ha n ni khch hng yu cu nhanh nht vi chi ph thp, cho php doanh nghip thc hin hiu qu cc hot ng ca mnh Logistics v chui cung ng c vai tr h tr nh qun l ra quyt nh chnh xc trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, l mt ngun li tim tng cho doanh nghip: Mt h thng logistics v chui cung ng hiu qu v kinh t cng tng t nh mt ti sn v hnh cho cng ty. Nu mt cng ty c th huy ng nhanh ngun u vo v cung cp sn phm cho khch hng ca mnh mt cch nhanh chng vi chi ph thp th c th thu c li th v th phn so vi i th cnh tranh. iu ny c th gip cho vic bn hng mc chi ph thp hn nh vo h thng logistics v chui cung ng hiu qu hoc cung cp dch v khch hng vi trnh cao hn do d to ra uy tn 2. Qun tr logistics v chui cung ng
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2.1 S cn thit ca hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng. 2.1.1 Ngun gc ca qun tr logistics v chui cung ng. Trong thp nin 1980, cc cng ty pht hin ra rng cc chin lc v cng ngh sn xut mi cho php h gim chi ph v cnh tranh tt hn cc th trng khc nhau. Nhiu trong s cc cng ty ny ang khm ph rng qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu l bc k tip h cn phi thc hin gia tng li nhun v th phn. Thc ra, trong nm 1988 cc cng ty M tiu tn 898 t USD, hoc khong 10% ca tng sn phm quc ni ca M, chi cho cc hot ng lin quan n logitics v cung ng. Trong nm 2000, chi ph ny tng ln 1006 t USD. Con s ny kt lun rng chi ph vn chuyn, lu tr v kim sot sn phm trong chui cung ng, c trong cc nh my sn xut, nh kho v gia cc cu thnh khc nhau ca chui cung ng. Khng may mn l mc u t khng l ny in hnh bao gm nhiu cu thnh chi ph khng cn thit do tn kho tha, cc chin lc vn ti khng hiu qu v cc hot ng lng ph khc trong chui cung ng. V d, cc chuyn gia tin rng ngnh bun bn tp ha c th tit kim khong 30 t USD, hoc 10% chi ph hot ng thng nin ca n bng vic s dng cc chin lc chui cung ng hiu qu hn. V vy nhiu c hi hin c ct gim chi ph trong chui cung ng. Khng c g ng ngc nhin l c kh nhiu cng ty c th gia tng sn lng mt cch ng k hoc gim chi ph thng qua vic qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu. P&G c tnh rng n tit kim 65 triu USD t khch hng bn l thng qua mt sng kin v chui cung ng trong vng 18 thng gn y. V d ny gi rng i tc chin lc gia nh cung cp v ngi sn xut c tc ng quan trng n thnh tch hiu qu ca chui cung ng. Vo nm 1979, Wal-Mart ch l mt nh bn l nh min Nam ch vi 229 ca hiu v doanh thu bnh qun khong mt na so vi ca hng ca Kmart. Trong 10 nm, Wal-Mart thay i chnh bn thn mnh; vo nm 1992, Wal-Mart t k lc v doanh s cao nht cho mi mt vung din tch ca hng, vng quay tn kho ln nht v li
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nhun hot ng ln nht trong ca hng bn l chit khu. Ngy nay Wal-Mart l nh bn l ln nht v li nhun cao nht trn ton th gii. Thc ra, vo nm 1999, WalMart chim gn 5% chi tiu v bn l ca ton nc M. Wal-Mart thc hin c iu nh th no? Khi im chnh l nh tp trung thng xuyn vo vic tha mn nhu cu ca khch hng; mc tiu ca Wal-Mart l m bo cho khch hng c c hng ha bt c khi no v bt c ni u h mun v xy dng cu trc chi ph cho php c mt mc gi cnh tranh. Yu t then cht t c mc tiu ny l to ra cch thc gip cng ty b sung tn kho trn c s chin lc v tn kho. Cc v d trn m t nhiu cu chuyn thnh cng v qun tr chui cung ng. Chng gi rng trong mt s ngnh, qun tr chui cung ng c l l mt nhn t quan trng nht quyt nh thnh cng ca doanh nghip. Cc v d cng nu bt mt cu hi quan trng. Nu cc cng ty ny ci thin hiu qu chui cung ng bng cch tp trung vo s hp tc chin lc, s dng cc kho hng tp trung hoc s dng chin lc dch chuyn cho, iu g ngn cn cng ty khc trong vic p dng cc k thut ging nhau thin hiu qu chui cung ng ca h? 2.1.2 Quan im chung v qun tr chui cung ng. Thut ng qun tr chui cung ng - SCM ra i sau qun tr logistics v ang tr thnh mt thi thng trong cc hot ng kinh doanh hin i. Ngi ta bn v vic thit lp cc gii php SCM, mng li SCM, cc b phn mm SCM,... nhng vn bn khon t hi: Thc cht SCM l g ? ng dng SCM ra sao?... C rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v qun tr logitics v chui cung ng. Theo nh ngha ca Hip hi cc nh chuyn nghip v qun tr chui cung ng (Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals - CSCMP): Qun tr logistics l mt phn ca qun tr chui cung ng bao gm vic hoch nh, thc hin, kim sot vic vn chuyn v d tr hiu qu hng ha, dch v cng nh nhng thng tin lin quan t ni xut pht n ni tiu th p ng yu cu ca khch hng. Hot ng ca qun tr
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logistics c bn bao gm qun tr vn ti hng ha xut v nhp, qun l i tu, kho bi, nguyn vt liu, thc hin n hng, thit k mng li logistics, qun tr tn kho, hoch nh cung/cu, qun tr nh cung cp dch v th ba. Qun tr chui cung ng bao gm hoch nh v qun l tt c cc hot ng lin quan n tm ngun cung, mua hng, sn xut v tt c cc hot ng qun tr logistics. mc quan trng, qun tr chui cung ng bao gm s phi hp v cng tc ca cc i tc trn cng mt knh nh nh cung cp, bn trung gian, cc nh cung cp dch v, khch hng. V c bn, qun tr chui cung ng s tch hp vn qun tr cung cu bn trong v gia cc cng ty vi nhau. Qun tr chui cung ng bao gm tt c nhng hot ng qun tr logistics nu cng nh nhng hot ng sn xut v thc y s phi hp v qui trnh v hot ng ca cc b phn marketing, kinh doanh, thit k sn phm, ti chnh, cng ngh thng tin. Theo hi ng qun tr hu cn, mt t chc phi li nhun th qun tr chui cung ng l s phi hp chin lc v h thng cc chc nng kinh doanh truyn thng v cc sch lc xuyn sut cc chc nng ny trong mt cng ty c th v gia cc doanh nghip trong chui cung ng vi mc ch ci thin thnh tch di hn ca cc cng ty n l v ca c chui cung ng. Tnh nht qun th hin trong cc nh ngha ny chnh l tng ca s phi hp v hp nht s lng ln cc hot ng lin quan n sn phm trong s cc thnh vin ca chui cung cp nhm ci thin nng sut hot ng, cht lng, v dch v khch hng nhm t c li th cnh tranh bn vng cho tt c cc t chc lin quan n vic cng tc ny. Thc t trn th gii cho thy rng, mt s nh nghin cu thng ng nht hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng thnh mt hot ng qun tr. Bi v vic phn bit hai hot ng ny l thuc vo ai ang nh gi vn ny, nn t phn ny s khng phn bit gia qun tr logistics v qun tr chui cung ng v coi qun tr logistics l mt b phn cu thnh ca qun tr chui cung ng.
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2.1.3 Vai tr ca SCM i vi hot ng kinh doanh i vi cc cng ty, SCM c vai tr rt to ln, bi c khng t cng ty gt hi thnh cng ln nh bit son tho chin lc v gii php SCM thch hp, ngc li, c nhiu cng ty gp kh khn, tht bi do a ra cc quyt nh sai lm nh chn sai ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu, chn sai v tr kho bi, tnh ton lng d tr khng ph hp, t chc vn chuyn rc ri, chng cho... Ngoi ra, SCM cn h tr c lc cho hot ng marketing, c bit l marketing mix (4P: Product, Price, Promotion, Place). Chnh SCM ng vai tr then cht trong vic a sn phm n ng ni cn n v vo ng thi im thch hp. Mc tiu ln nht ca SCM l cung cp sn phm/dch v cho khch hng vi tng chi ph nh nht. im ng lu l cc chuyn gia kinh t nhn nhn rng h thng SCM ha hn tng bc nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut ca cng ty v to iu kin cho chin lc thng mi in t pht trin. y chnh l cha kho thnh cng cho B2B. Tuy nhin, nh khng t cc nh phn tch kinh doanh cnh bo, chic cha kho ny ch thc s phc v cho vic nhn bit cc chin lc da trn h thng sn xut, khi chng to ra mt trong nhng mi lin kt trng yu nht trong dy chuyn cung ng. Trong mt cng ty sn xut lun tn ti ba yu t chnh ca dy chuyn cung ng: th nht l cc bc khi u v chun b cho qu trnh sn xut, hng ti nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h; th hai l bn thn chc nng sn xut, tp trung vo nhng phng tin, thit b, nhn lc, nguyn vt liu v chnh qu trnh sn xut; th ba l tp trung vo sn phm cui cng, phn phi v mt ln na hng ti nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h. Trong dy chuyn cung ng ba nhn t ny, SCM s iu phi kh nng sn xut c gii hn v thc hin vic ln k hoch sn xut - nhng cng vic i hi tnh d liu chnh xc v hot ng ti cc nh my, nhm lm cho k hoch sn xut t hiu qu cao nht. Khu vc nh my sn xut trong cng ty ca bn phi l mt mi trng nng
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ng, trong s vt c chuyn ho lin tc, ng thi thng tin cn c cp nht v ph bin ti tt c cc cp qun l cng ty cng a ra quyt nh nhanh chng v chnh xc. SCM cung cp kh nng trc quan ho i vi cc d liu lin quan n sn xut v khp kn dy chuyn cung cp, to iu kin cho vic ti u ho sn xut ng lc bng cc h thng sp xp v ln k hoch. N cng mang li hiu qu ti a cho vic d tr s lng nguyn vt liu, qun l ngun ti nguyn, lp k hoch u t v sp xp hot ng sn xut ca cng ty. Mt tc dng khc ca vic ng dng gii php SCM l phn tch d liu thu thp c v lu tr h s vi chi ph thp. Hot ng ny nhm phc v cho nhng mc ch lin quan n hot ng sn xut (nh d liu v thng tin sn phm, d liu v nhu cu th trng) p ng i hi ca khch hng. C th ni, SCM l nn tng ca mt chng trnh ci tin v qun l cht lng - Bn khng th ci tin c nhng g bn khng th nhn thy. 2.2 Cc vn chnh trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng.

Hnh 1.5: S khi qut v qun tr logistics/chui cung ng

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Theo , cc vn trong qun tr logitics/chui cung ng thng c cp n, bao gm: 2.2.1. Cu hnh mng li phn phi. Nh qun tr nn la chn v tr v cng sut ca nh kho nh th no, quyt nh v sn lng sn xut cho mi sn phm ti mi nh my nh th no, v thit t dng dch chuyn gia cc n v, hoc t nh my n kho hng hoc t kho hng n ngi bn l, theo cch thc ti thiu ha tg chi ph sn xut, tn kho v vn chuyn v tha mn mc dch v yu cu? y l mt bi ton ti u phc tp v i hi cng ngh tn tin v cch tip cn i mi gii quyt. 2.2.2. Kim sot tn kho Hy xem xt trng hp mt ngi bn l duy tr tn kho mt sn phm c th. V nhu cu khch hng thay i theo thi gian, nh bn l c th s dng nhng d liu qu kh d bo nhu cu. Mc tiu ca nh bn l l phi quyt nh im t hng li v mc t hng ti thiu chi ph t hng v chi ph tn kho sn phm. V c bn, ti sao ngi bn l nn gi tn kho v tr u tin? iu ny c phi do s khng chc chn v nhu cu khch hng, hay quy trnh cung ng, hoc do l do no khc? Nu do s khng chc chn v nhu cu khch hng, th c iu g gim thiu vic ny khng? Tc ng ca cc cng c d bo c s dng trong vic d bo nhu cu khch hng l g? Nh bn l c nn t hng nhiu hn, t hn hay chnh xc nhu cu d bo? V cui cng, vng quay tn kho no nn c s dng? iu ny c thay i gia cc ngnh khc nhau khng? 2.2.3. Cc hp ng cung ng Trong cc chin lc chui cung ng truyn thng, mi bn trong chui tp trung vo li nhun ring v v th ra cc quyt nh t quan tm n tc ng ca chng n cc i tc khc trong chui cung ng. Mi quan h gia nh cung cp v ngi mua c thit lp thng qua phng tin l cc hp ng cung cp c th ha v gi c v
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chit khu s lng, thi hn giao hng, cht lng, hng ha gi tr li v ... D nhin cu hi l liu c hp ng cung ng no c th c s dng thay th chin luc chui cung ng truyn thng vi mt chin lc khc nhm ti u ha hiu qu chui cung ng ca ton h thng? C th, tc ng ca chit khu s lng v cc hp ng chia s doanh s n thnh tch ca chui cung ng l g? C chin lc nh gi no m nh cung ng c th s dng khuyn khch khch hng mua nhiu sn phm hn trong khi vn gia tng li nhun ca nh cung cp? 2.2.4. Cc chin lc phn phi Nh cp phn trc, y l chin lc phn phi m qua cc ca hng c cung cp bi cc nh kho trung tm hot ng nh nh iu phi quy trnh cung ng v nh im trung chuyn cho cc n hng n t cc nh bun bn bn ngoi, nhng bn thn n khng gi tn kho. Chng ta xem nhng nh kho nh vy nh l im dch chuyn. Xem xt cc cu hi sau: Chin lc no mt cng ty c th nn s dng: chin lc dch chuyn cho, chin lc phn phi c in tn kho c gi cc nh kho, hoc vn chuyn trc tip, chin lc m qua hng ha c vn chuyn trc tip t nh cung ng n cc ca hng? Trong chin lc phn phi, qun tr vn ti ng vai tr quan trng. Nu sn phm c a n ng v tr m khch hng yu cu tc l gi tr ca n c tng thm. Mt khc vic s dng phng thc v cch thc t chc vn chuyn cn gip cho sn phm c n ng vo thi im khch hng cn hay khng? iu ny cng to thm gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. Nh vy bng cch qun tr vn chuyn tt s gp phn a sn phm n ng ni v ng lc ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng 2.2.5. Tch hp chui cung ng v cng tc chin lc Cc cu chuyn kinh doanh thnh cng ca National Semiconductor, Wal-Mart v Qun tr chui cung ng P&G minh ha rng chui cung ng ti u ton b v tch hp khng nhng c th thc hin c m n cn c tc ng rt ln n thnh tch v th
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phn ca doanh nghip. Trong th trng cnh tranh ngy nay, hu ht cc cng ty khng c s la chn; h b thc p phi tch hp chui cung ng ca h v tham gia vo cng tc chin lc. p lc ny xut pht t c khch hng v i tc trong chui cung ng ca h. S tch hp ny c th t c thnh cng nh th no? R rng vic chia s thng tin v hoch nh tc nghip l cha kha cho chui cung ng tch hp thnh cng. Nhng thng tin no nn c chia s? N c s dng nh th no? Thng tin tc ng n vic thit k v vn hnh chui cung ng nh th no? Mc tch hp no l cn thit trong ni b t chc v vi cc i tc bn ngoi? Cui cng, loi cng tc no c th c s dng v loi no nn c vn dng cho mt tnh hung c th? 2.2.6. Chin lc s dng ngoi lc v thu mua Suy ngh n chin lc chui cung ng ca bn khng ch lin quan n vic phi hp cc hot ng khc nhau trong chui, m cn quyt nh iu g c thc hin trong ni b v iu g nn thu ngoi. Lm th no cng ty c th xc nh cc hot ng sn xut no thuc cc nng lc ct li v v vy nn c hon tt ni b, v nhng sn phm hoc b phn no nn c mua t ngun cung cp bn ngoi, bi v cc hot ng sn xut ny khng phi l nng lc ct li? Cng ty nn s dng vic trao i ring hoc cng ng khi x l vi cc i tc thng mi? 2.2.7. Thit k sn phm Thit k hu hiu ng vai tr then cht trong chui cung ng. Hin nhin l vic thit k sn phm c th gia tng chi ph tn kho hoc chi ph vn ti lin quan n cc thit k khc, trong khi cc phc tho khc c th to iu kin thun li nhm lm gim chu k sn xut. Vic thit k sn phm thng rt tn km. Khi no th nn thc hin vic ti thit k sn phm gim chi ph hu cn hoc gim thi gian giao hng trong chui cung ng? Nhng thay i no nn c thc hin trong chui cung ng nhm tn dng u th ca vic thit k sn phm mi?
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2.2.8. Cng ngh thng tin v h thng h tr ra quyt nh Cng ngh thng tin l mt cng c then cht trong vic qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu. Thc ra, rt nhiu quan tm hin ti v qun tr chui cung ng c c v nh nhng c hi c uc t s xut hin khi lng ln nhng d liu v cc khon tit kim c c t vic phn tch nhng d liu ny. Vn then cht trong qun tr chui cung ng l d liu no l quan trng i vi qun tr chui cung ng v d liu no c th c b qua? D liu nn c phn tch v s dng nh th no? Vai tr ca thng mi in t l g? C s h tng no cn thit i vi cc i tc bn trong chui cung ng? Cui cng, v c cng ngh thng tin v h thng h tr ra quyt nh l c th mua c, th nhng cng ngh ny c th c nhn nhn nh l cc cng c chnh c s dng t c li th cnh tranh trn th trng hay khng? 2.2.9. Gi tr khch hng Gi tr khch hng l phng thc nh gi nhng ng gp ca cng ty cho khch hng, da trn nhng sn phm, dch v v nhng sn phm v hnh cng hin. L thc o cht lng ton b h thng logistics ca doanh nghip, nh gi ng gi tr khch hng c nh hng rt ln n th phn, n tng chi ph b ra v cui cng n li nhun ca doanh nghip. Trong vi nm gn y, tiu thc ny thay th cho cc tiu thc nh gi khc chng hn nh cht lng v s tha mn ca khch hng. Hin nhin qun tr chui cung ng hiu qu l then cht nu cng ty mun p ng nhu cu khch hng v cung cp gi tr. Gi tr khch hng c o lng nh th no? Cng ngh thng tin c s dng gia tng gi tr khch hng trong chui cung ng nh th no? Qun tr chui cung ng ng gp vo gi tr khch hng nh th no? Mi quan h gia gi ca sn phm vi nhn hiu sn phm trong th gii truyn thng v th gii trc tuyn l g? II. Qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. 1. Khi nim ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng.
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Ri ro l khng th trnh khi trong vic ra quyt nh. Ri ro tim n trong mi lnh vc kinh t, hot ng logistics v chui cung ng cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. Ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng hin ti ang l mt vn quan trng trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng. Ri ro l do cc s kin khng chc chn xy ra trong tng lai. Cc s kin ny khng d on trc c, tim n trong mi chui cung ng; s khng n nh; s kin bt thng hoc ngoi tm kim sot ca doanh nghip gy ra t qung v gin on trong chui cung ng dn n tn tht cho doanh nghip. Ri ro trong chui cung ng c th pht sinh t mi s kin bt k bn trong v bn ngoi doanh nghip. Chng hn, khi nh cung cp giao nguyn vt liu ti khch hng ca h, s lun c ri ro rng nguyn vt liu c th b giao chm hn d tnh, hng ha b h hng hoc tn tht, giao sai s lng hoc chng loi, hoc giao hng sai a im, ha n c sai st, khch hng v th s khng thanh ton tin hng v nhiu vn khc pht sinh. Cc s kin khng d on ny c th gy nh hng ln ti ton chui logistics v cung ng. Ri ro rt d dng tc ng ti chui cung ng do ranh gii gia cc mt xch trong logistics v cc chui cung ng tch hp rt linh ng. Ch mt tc ng nh cng c th gy ra gin on mt khu ca chui cung ng hay ton b chui cung ng hay lm ph v dng vn chuyn vt cht, thng tin nh c thit lp. 2. Phn loi ri ro trong Logistics v chui cung ng. Ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng c th pht sinh t nhiu s kin khc nhau. C ri ro ch gy tc ng nh, cng c nhng ri ro gy tc ng ln ti chui cung ng, thm ch ph hy ton b chu trnh ca chui. V cng c nhng ri ro xut hin thng xuyn trong qu trnh vn hnh thng thng v c nhng ri ro ch xy ra vi tn xut rt nh nh thm ha thin nhin. Song tm li c th phn loi ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng thnh 2 loi sau: 2.1. Ri ro bn trong.
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L nhng ri ro nm trong s kim sot ca doanh nghip nh ri ro ti chnh, lng tn kho qu ln, li v sai st t h thng cng ngh thng tin, thit b, my mc, phng tin kho bi,.v..v,.. Ri ro bn trong l loi ri ro doanh nghip kim sot d dng hn so vi ri ro bn ngoi. Bi v chng xut pht trong qu trnh vn hnh v hot ng ca mt doanh nghip. Cc loi ri ro thuc bn trong doanh nghip thng bao gm: Ri ro sn xut: Ri ro pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh sn xut hay gin

on trong mt hay nhiu khu sn xut ca doanh nghip, ri ro do lng hng tn kho qu mc, thiu ht nguyn vt liu Ri ro kinh doanh: Gy ra do s thay i trong c cu nhn s, c cu qun

l trong qu trnh kinh doanh, v d nh s thiu ht ngun nhn lc c k nng, ri ro ti chnh.Nhng yu t ny c th gy ra ri ro v hu qu nghim trng cho doanh nghip cung ng nhng nhiu khi khng c nh gi mt cch y . Ri ro hoch nh v kim sot: Pht sinh do vic nh gi khng y v

hoch nh k hoch khng hp l, nhng vn dn ti vic qun l khng hiu qu trong doanh nghip, ri ro do xc nh sai cu sn phm v ngun cung nguyn vt liu, do cc chnh sch u chnh khng ng ch, ng thi im v sai lm trong vic ra quyt nh. Ri ro lin quan n c s h tng: Chng hn nh h thng nh kho, kho

bi, phng tin vn ti, h thng bo qun hng tn kho, .. cc yu t ny trc tip tc ng ti chui logistics v cung ng. 2.2. Ri ro bn ngoi. L loi ri ro nm ngoi s kim sot ca doanh nghip nh ri ro do s ln xung ca t gi hi oi, bin ng chnh tr, khan him nguyn vt liu v cc ngun u vo khc, bin ng ca kh hu, mi trng Cc loi ri ro bn ngoi c th gy nh hng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu n chui cung ng. Ri ro bn ngoi bao gm 5 loi chnh:
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Ri ro do cu: Loi ri ro ny c th do s bin ng ca nhu cu ca

khch hng v th trng v hng ha, ri ro do xut hin nhiu loi hng thay th, Ri ro do cung: gy ra do s khng lin tc dng sn phm trong chui

cung ng hay s gin on trong vic cung cp nguyn liu u vo cho quy trnh sn xut, chi ph nguyn vt liu bin ng, Ri ro mi trng: Xut pht t nhng bin ng v t bin xy ra bn

ngoi chui cung ng. in hnh l cc thay i lin quan n kinh t, x hi, chnh tr v kh hu. Ri ro ny bao gm hnh sch thu, t gi hi oi, v c cc s kin bo ng, dn bin, khng b, ng t v l lt,v..v Ri ro kinh doanh: C nhn t gy ri ro xut pht t s khng n nh

trong vn ti chnh v qun l ca nh cung cp, hot ng st nhp, chia tch v chuyn i doanh nghip cung cp u c th gy ra ri ro trong chui cung ng. Ngoi ra cn do nh cung cp khng c chng trnh i ph vi cc mi e da trong qu trnh kinh doanh. Ri ro lin quan n c s h tng: xut pht t yu t h tng cng ngh,

h thng vt cht, h thng giao thong vn ti, h thng x l cht thi cng nghip ca nh cung cp. Nhng yu km trong c s h tng ca nh cung ng cng gy nh hng n logistics v chui cung ng ging nh nh hng ca chnh h thng vt cht ca doanh nghip. Khc bit l doanh nghip khng kim sot c h thng ny ca nh cung ng. 3. V tr ca qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng trong h thng qun tr. Qun tr ri ro l mt yu t khng th thiu trong qu trnh qun tr chui cung ng v hot ng logitics ca doanh nghip. Qun l ri ro l mt phn trong vic lp k hoch d n nhm xc nh nhng nguy c ch yu, t xy dng cc k hoch phng chng hay gim thiu nhng tc ng bt li. Nh bit, chui logistics v cung ng l mt dy chuyn cc yu t, lin kt vi nhau mt cch cht ch thc hin chc nng
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dch chuyn dng vt cht ti ngi tiu dng. Do vy vic qun tr ri ro chui cung ng ng ngha vi vic gii quyt tt c nhng ri ro v tr ngi pht sinh dng ti nguyn, vt cht c truyn ti mt cch nhp nhng v hiu qu trong ton b qu trnh cung ng. Qun tr ri ro chui logistics v cung ng a ra chin lc v vy tng cng s bo m cho hot ng qun tr c hiu qu. Ni mt cch khc, khi thit lp h thng qun tr ri ro, nh qun l nhm thc hin mc tiu: Mt l, tng kh nng chu ng ca h thng logistics v chui cung ng i vi cc ri ro xy ra khng d on trc, iu cng ng ngha vi vic gip chui logistics v cung ng nhanh chng phc hi v tr li trng thi bnh thng cng nhanh cng tt. Hai l, mt gc no c th gim thiu nhng tc ng tiu cc ca ri ro v tn hi m cc ri ro gy ra i vi chui khi khng th ngn chn n xy ra. Theo cc nh qun tr ri ro qun tr ri ro khng phi l vic to ra mt mi trng kinh doanh phi ri ro m l vic cc nh qun tr nhn thc c nhng ri ro c th xy ra, nh gi c ng quy m v tm nh hng ca chng, ng thi a ra cc gii php hp l i ph vi ri ro. Thnh cng ch t c khi ngi ta dm chp nhn ri ro. V vy trong kinh doanh ni chung v hot ng logistics v chui cung ng ni ring th qun tr ri ro thc s hiu qu khng phi l vic ngn chn hon ton ri ro xy ra m l bit kim sot chng v bin nhng tr ngi thnh c hi t c th cn bng trong kinh doanh. 4. Quy trnh qun tr ri ro.

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Hnh 1.6: S quy trnh qun tr ri ro Tuy khng th bao hm c bc tranh tng th v ha ng qun tr ri ro nhng c th tm tt quy trnh theo 3 bc chnh sau. 4.1. Xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra ri ro Bc u tin trong bt k qu trnh qun tr ri ro no l d on v nhn dng nhng ri ro m doanh nghip phi i mt, xem xt tt c cc yu t c th gy nh hng tiu cc v nghim trng ti hot ng ca chui cung ng. Mt cch khi qut th nhn dng ri ro c xc nh l vic xc nh nhng loi ri ro c th nh hng ti chui cung ng nhn dng ng ri ro ngi ta phi nh gi c h thng tt c cc s kin c lin quan v cc mt xch trong chui cung ng. Chng hn, nhn din ri ro lin quan ti nh cung cp. Thng th mun nhn din ri ro bn phi hiu r s hiu bit ca doanh nghip bn v cc nh cung cp v tnh ton c mc ph thuc vo h. T trng giao dch ca doanh nghip bn chim bao nhiu trong tng s giao dch ca nh cung
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cp? Cc nh cung cp c b l thuc vo s thay i ca chu k kinh t hay cc cuc khng hong, suy thoi kinh t hay khng? Nhn chung nhn din ri ro tt, cc nh qun tr phi xem xt v ln danh sch nhng ri ro thng gp theo cc tiu ch c th. 4.2. nh gi v o lng ri ro. Vic nh gi v o lng ri ro tc l phn tch nh hng ca ri ro n chui cung ng. Thng th vic phn tch ri ro c thc hin bng hai phng php: Phng php nh tnh v phng php nh lng. Phng php nh tnh miu t cc c im ca ri ro, cn phng php nh lng gip a ra cc thng tin chi tit, khch quan v hu ch v kh nng xy ra ri ro v kt qu m ri ro gy ra cho chui cung ng. Thng qua , nh gi c mc nh hng ca mi ri ro n chui, t a ra biu m t mc nghim trng ca mi ri ro. 4.3 Xc nh bin php i ph vi ri ro Sau khi ln danh sch cc ri ro v phn tch nh hng c th gy ra ca chng n chui cung ng, nh qun tr ri ro s a ra gii php thch hp nht i ph vi ri ro. Cch i ph vi ri ro ph thuc vo hon cnh v mc tc ng ca mi ri ro. Nh qun tr ri ro thng la chn cc gii php nh: th vi ri ro, gim kh nng xut hin ri ro, gim tc ng ca ri ro, chuyn nhng ri ro, lp k hoch phng ri ro, thch ng vi ri ro, chng li ri ro hay chuyn ti mi trng khc. Khi ln danh sch cc phng thc i ph vi ri ro, cn la chn cch i ph thch hp nht bng vic phn tch c h thng v lp cy ra quyt nh vi mi cch i ph. La chn gii php vi kh nng hn ch c tn hi t nht vi chui cung ng. Trong mt vi trng hp nh qun tr c th la chn nhu gii php cng mt lc c mt chin lc tng hp gii quyt tt c cc ri ro c th xy ra. 5. Qun l ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. Qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng bao gm nhiu hot ng khc nhau, trong cc nh qun tr thng tp trung ch yu vo cc ni dung sau:
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5.1 Dch v khch hng. Quan im chung v dch v khch hng Trong hot ng logistics, dch v khch hng c hiu l ton b kt qu u ra, l thc o cht lng ca ton b h thng. Do mun pht trin logistics phi c s quan tm thch ng n dch v khch hng. Dch v khch hng gip to ra gi tr gia tng cho sn phm hay dch v c trao i, c o bng hiu s gi tr u ra v gi tr u vo ca mt lot cc hot ng kinh t c quan h tng h vi nhau v th hin qua s hi lng ca khch hng. Tu theo tng lnh vc v sn phm kinh doanh m gi tr cng thm vo sn phm v dch v do hu cn mang li khng ging nhau. Quan im khi qut cho rng dch v khch hng l tt c nhng g m doanh nghip cung cp cho khch hng - ngi trc tip mua hng ho v dch v ca cng ty. Tuy nhin trong thc t c nhiu cch tip cn khi nim ny. Trong hot ng logistics v chui cung ng cng c c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v dch v khch hng: Dch v khch hng l nhng hot ng c th ca cng ty nhm gii quyt tt cc n t hng ca khch hng nh: lp b h s chng t, lm th tc hi quan, x l, truy xut n hng, Dch v khch hng l vic thc hin nhng cng vic c th, c nh gi bng nhng thng s c th, nhng quy chun c sn, v d kh nng hon thnh 98% n hng trong vng 24 gi, n thm khch hng 9 thng mt ln, hay hon thnh th tc hi quan trong vng 2 gi Theo quan im ngnh logistics, th dch v khch hng lin quan ti cc hot ng lm gia tng gi tr trong chui cung ng. ng gc ny, dch v khch hng l mt qu trnh din ra gia ngi bn, ngi mua v ngi cung ng dch v logistics (nu ngi bn khng nng lc t cung cp dch v ti khch hng). Kt thc qu trnh ny th sn phm hng ho hoc dch v c tng thm mt gi tr no , gi tr ny trong trao i ngn hn khng mang nhiu ngha lm nhng trong di hn c th l
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nhn t to cc mi quan h lu di. Cc gi tr ny cng c th c chia s gia cc bn tham gia. Cc hot ng trong dch v khch hng Dch v khch hng chia thnh 3 nhm: Trc, trong v sau khi giao dch.
Cc yu t trc giao dch 1. Xy dng cc chnh sch phc v khch hng 2. Gii thiu cc dch v cho khch hng 3. T chc b my thc hin. 4. Phng nga ri ro 5. Qun tr dch v

Cc yu t trong giao dch 1. Tnh hnh d tr hng ha Dch V Khch Hng 2. Thng tin v hng ha 3. Tnh chnh xc ca h thng 4. Tnh n nh ca qu trnh thc hin n hng 5. Kh nng thc hin cc chuyn hng c bit 6. Kh nng iu chuyn hng ha 7. Th tc thun tin 8. Sn phm thay th

Cc yu t sau giao dch 1. Lp t, bo hnh sa cha v cc dch v khc 2. Theo di sn phm 30 3. Gii quyt nhng than phin, khiu ni, tr li sn phm,ca khch hng. 4. Cho khch hng mn sn phm

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Hnh 1.7: Cc yu t trong dch v khch hng Trong qu trnh cung cp dch v khch hng cng pht sinh nhiu ri ro. Ri ro trong dch v khch hng c nh ngha l cc tr ngi pht sinh tc ng n nhu cu khch hng. Mi hot ng trc khi giao dch, trong giao dch v sau khi giao dch u c th tc ng ti nhn thc ca khch hng, lm thay i tn nhim v tin cy ca h i vi nh cung ng, do nhng quy trnh trong qu trnh thc hin dch v khch hng nu khng c thc hin hiu qu v khng p ng nhu cu khch hng s gy ra tn hi cho chui cung ng. Cc ch tiu nh gi mc tha dng ca khch hng Trong qu trnh qun tr ri ro cn xc nh cc yu t tiu chun nh gi mc hi lng ca khch hng, o lng mt cch hp l trnh ri ro mt khch hng v gim st li nhun. Qun tr lng ha qua cc ch tiu c th ty theo chui cc dch v khch hng m doanh nghip cung cp cho cc nhm khch hng mc tiu. Di y l mt s nhng ch tiu ph bin Tn s thiu hng (Stockout Frequency). Cho bit s ln thiu bn hng ha trong mt n v thi gian T l y hng ha ( Fill Rate): Th hin qua t l phn trm hng ha thiu bn trong mt n v thi gian hoc mt n hng T l hon thnh cc n hng (Orders shipped complete): Cho bit s n hng ha thnh trn tng s n hng k kt trong mt n v thi gian, thng l mt nm hoc mt qu.

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Tc cung ng (Speed): Khang thi gian thc hin mt n t hng tnh t khi khch hng trao n t hng n khi khch hng nhn n hng.(Lead time) n nh thi gian t hng( Consistency) : Dao ng thi gian ca khong thi gian t hng bnh qun. Tnh linh hot ( Flexibility): Cho bit kh nng thch nghi vi cc nhu cu dch v khch hng c bit v s thay i ca khch hng Kh nng sa cha cc sai lch ( Malfuntion Recovery): Mc tip thu v sa chnh nhng sai st tc nghip vi khch hng mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. tin cy dch v ( Reliability): S tin tng, uy tn ca dch v khch hng v doanh nghip i vi khch hng Ngoi ra cc ch tiu v tnh thun tin ca t hng, s an ton cho hng ha nh vn chuyn hng khng gy thit hi, cc vn n chnh xc v hon ho, thc hin tr hng an ton, cung cp thng tin nhanh chng v chnh xc, thi phc v thin ch hoc kh nng nhanh chng gii quyt cc vn ny sinh cng c s dng nh gi cht lng phc vTuy nhin cc ch tiu ny rt kh c th nh gi hoc nh lng.
Khch Giao Vn chuyn Khihng xem xt qun tr ri hng ro v dch v khch hng, chnh sch qun l m cc nh t hng cho khch hng ho qun tr u tin hng u l hn ch ri ro trong chu trnh giao hng nh xc nh c hng

ton b chu trnh giao hng v thc hin ng thi gian giao hng cam kt. lm Chuyn n r cc ni dung ca mt chu k t hng, hy theo di ng i ca mt thng hng in hnh: n t n t Ho n Danh mc hng hng ho sn c
Nhn n hng Kim tra cng n H s danh mc hng ho 32 Sn xut Thc hin n t hng Chun b xut kho

K hoch H Th Huyn Trang sn xut

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Hnh 1.8: ng i ca n t hng Cn c vo ng i ca mt n hng trong hnh trn, c th chia cc tc nghip c bn trong qu trnh p ng mt n t hng thnh cc bc trong hnh di:
Hnh thnh n hng Truyn tin v n hng Tip nhn n Bo co trng thi Thc hin n hng hng

Trong qu trnh qun l n hng cng cn x l mt s trng hp ngoi l, t a ra cch nhn din vn nhanh chng v quyt nh ng n hn. iu ny c ngha l qu trnh qun l n hng hng ngy nn t ng ha v c nhng n hng i hi qu trnh x l c bit do nhm ln ngy giao hng, yu cu ca khch hng thay i... Vi nhng yu cu nh vy, qun l n hng thng bt u bng s kt hp chng cho chc nng ca b phn tip th v bn hng, c gi l qun l mi quan h khch hng - CRM (Customer Relationship Management). C mt s nguyn tc c bn c lit k di y c th gip qu trnh qun l n hng hiu qu:
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Nhp d liu cho mt n hng: Nhp mt v ch mt ln. Sao chp d liu bng cc thit b in t c lin quan n ngun d liu nu c th, v trnh nhp li d liu bng tay d d liu ny lu thng sut chui cung ng. Thng thng, cch hu ch nht l khch hng t nhp cc n hng vo h thng n hng ca cng ty. Sau h thng ny s truyn d liu n cc h thng khc c lin quan l cc c nhn tham gia vo chui cung ng. T ng ha trong x l n hng: Qu trnh x l bng tay nn ti thiu v h thng nn gi d liu cn thit vo nhng v tr thch hp. X l trng hp ngoi l l xc nh nhng n hng c vn v mi ngi cng tham gia gii quyt. n hng lun trng thi sn sng phc v khch hng: Hy khch

hng theo di n hng trong sut giai on t t n hng cho n khi chuyn sn phm n cho h. Nn khch hng thy trng thi sn sng phc v ca n hng m khng phi nh s h tr no khc. Khi mt n hng gp vn th ly n hng thu ht s ch ca cc nh cung ng lin quan gii quyt. Tch hp h thng t hng vi cc h thng lin quan khc duy tr tnh ton vn d liu. H thng tip nhn n t hng cn thit phi c d liu m t v sn phm v gi c h tr khch hng ra cc quyt nh la chn ph hp. H thng m bo d liu sn phm tch hp vi cc h thng t hng. D liu t hng trong h thng phi cp nht thng tin trng thi tn kho, k hoch phn phi D liu ny nn t ng ha cp nht thng tin vo h thng ng lc v chnh xc. Theo truyn thng, chu trnh t hng ch gm nhng hot ng xy ra t thi im n hng c t ti thi im nhn bi khch hng. Nhng hot ng c bit nh t hng k tip gii quyt chng s nh hng ti ton b chiu di chu trnh t hng. Nhng hot ng pht sinh vi khch hng nh l tr li sn phm, gii quyt khiu ni, v thanh ton ha n vn ti khng phi l b phn k thut ca chu trnh t hng.
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Tc ng ca thi gian p ng n hng n cht lng dch v khch hng Xt trn gc thi gian, chu k p ng n hng hay khong thi gian thc hin n hng (Lead time) c nh ngha l khong thi gian t khi khch hng gi n t hng n khi khch hng nhn c hng ha. Cc yu t ca thi gian t hng bao gm thi gian t hng, thi gian tp hp v x l n t hng, thi gian b sung d tr, thi gian sn xut v thi gian giao hng. Nhng khong thi gian ny c th c kim sot trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua vic la chn v thit k cch thc chuyn n t hng, chnh sch d tr, th tc x l n t hng, phng thc vn chuyn, phng php lp k hoch. Thi gian t hng ph thuc vo phng thc t hng, bao gm khong thi gian m ngi bn v cc im tip nhn n hng gi li n hng trc khi chuyn n v khong thi gian m n hng c chuyn i. Cc phng thc t hng tin tin s cho php rt ngn khong thi gian ny ng k.
Tp hp v x l n t hng Chuyn n t hng ca KH i l bn l Giao hng Chuyn H chuyn tip ti ngun hng

Giao hng trc tip t nh sn xut Tng thi gian t hng

Tp hp, x l n t hng t kho hoc nh sx nu khng cn d tr

t hng

X l h, chun b h2

Thi gian b sung DT

Thi gian giao hng a. Thi gian chuyn t kho vn

a. Kim tra H b. Chuyn H ti kho

a. Chun b chng t t hng t nh my vn chuyn b sung d tr 35 b. Kim tra kh nng thanh ton c. Tp hp n hng ti

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Hnh 1.9: Phn tch tng thi gian p ng n hng 5.2 Qun tr tn kho Tm quan trng ca qun tr ri ro trong qun tr tn kho Trong hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng, cc nh qun l phi quyt nh phi tn tr u nhm cn i gia tnh p ng v tnh hiu qu Tm quan trng ca qun tr tn kho, nhu cu v s phi hp ca cc quyt nh tn kho v cc chnh sch vn ti l hin nhin. Tt nhin, qun tr tn kho trong chui cung ng phc hp l rt kh khn v c nhng tc ng ng k n mc dch v khch hng v chi ph chui cung ng trn phm vi ton h thng. Nhng kh khn v ri ro trong qun tr tn kho khng nhng tc ng ti chi ph v li nhun ca doanh nghip m nhiu khi cn tc ng rt ln ti dch v khch hng. Hy xem xt trng hp khi m lng hng ho d tr trong kho thp hn nhiu so vi cu cn thit, nh sn xut s khng iu kin p ng n hng, v hu qu mt dn khch hng l khng th trnh khi, chu trnh ca chui cung ng b ngt qung, mt i tnh lin tc.. ng thi khi lng hng tn kho qu ln, lm gia tng cc chi ph pht sinh c lin quan n vic tn tr, lm cn tr h thng sn xut, thi gian cn sn xut, phn phi cc n hng ca khch hng gia tng th kh nng p ng nhng thay i cc n hng ca khch hng yu i, hao ht, mt mt vt liu. chi ph o kho hn ch s gim st v cht lng.Do vy, mc tiu ca qun tr tn kho cng nh qun tr ri ro trong chui cung ng l hn ch n mc thp nht lng hng tn kho, ti thiu ho nhng chi ph khng cn thit, phn tn cc ri ro trong chui logistics v cung ng. Khi qut cc vn trong d tr v tn kho
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Nh bit, mt chui cung ng in hnh gm c nh cung ng v nh sn xut, nhng ngi c nhim v dch chuyn nguyn vt liu vo thnh phm, v cc trung tm phn phi v nh kho m qua sn phm hon thnh s c phn phi n cho khch hng. iu ny ng rng tn kho xut hin trong chui cung ng di mt vi hnh thc: Tn kho nguyn vt liu, tn kho trong sn xut, tn kho thnh phm, tn kho trong phn phi. Qu trnh d tr hay tn kho tn ti trong sut qu trnh cung ng hu ht cc khu, bao gm: Nh cung ng- Thu mua Thu mua- Sn xut Sn xut- Marketing Marketing- Phn phi Phn phi- Trung gian Trang gian- Ngi tiu dng

Vy th no l qun tr tn kho? Qun tr tn kho l vic t chc qun l tt c cc cng vic, cc d liu lin quan n cng tc d tr m bo d tr mt cch hiu qu v gim chi ph.. Mc tiu l gim chi ph tn kho cng nhiu cng tt nhng vn p ng c mc phc v theo yu cu ca khch hng. Qun l tn kho da vo 2 yu t u vo chnh l d bo nhu cu v nh gi sn phm. Vi 2 yu t u vo chnh ny, qun l tn kho l qu trnh cn bng mc tn kho sn phm v nhu cu th trng, ng thi khai thc li th tnh kinh t nh qui m c c mc gi tt nht cho sn phm. Mt cch c th ho, qun tr tn kho l t chc thc hin nhng vic sau:

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Nhn hng: o lng v kim tra tnh trng hng ho hoc nguyn liu trc khi nhp kho theo ho n hay phiu giao hng D tr hng: Thc hin vic lu gi hng ho hay nguyn vt liu an ton, ng phng php m bo c v s lng v cht lng. Kim tra hng: Xc nh kim tra hng ho hay nguyn liu theo nh k hay t xut khi cn thit nhm m bo hng ho lun trong tnh trng tt v khng b tht thot ng thi m bo cc nguyn tc v phng php khi kim tra theo qui nh ca cng ty. Ghi s: Tin hnh ghi chp v qun l d liu lin quan n ton b cc hng ho nhp hoc xut kho nhm cp nht thng tin ra quyt nh d tr hiu qu. Sp xp: Sp xp hng ho trong kho theo nguyn tc v trt t nhm lm hp dn khch hng ng thi to thun tin cho vic quan st, kim k, ly hng khi cn thit. t mua hng: Xc nh c s lng d tr cn thit sao cho khng tha, khng thiu v lp d tr t mua hng theo ng thi im v ng s lng ng chng loi. Phng php qun tr tn kho M hnh quy m l t hng hiu qu a. Cc gi nh M hnh gi nh cc iu sau: Mc s dng (nhu cu) xc nh v u. Mc d nhu cu c lp m tn kho phc v l khch quan vi mun ca t chc lu gi tn kho. Nh th tht kh c th xc nh chnh xc ton b nhu cu. Song m hnh EOQ gi thit nhu cu m chng ta phc v l xc nh. Vi gi thit ny biu tn kho gia hai ln b sung hng ha l ng thng. Lng tn kho bnh qun l tr s trung bnh gia mc tn kho ti a (lc

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nhn xong n hng), v ti thiu (ngay trc lc nhn n hng). Qua gi thit ny ta c: Dm=Da/12. Nu gi I l lng tn kho bnh qun. Imax l tn kho ti a(ngay sau Nu gi nhu cu tiu thu hng ha trong nm l Da, th Da hon ton

xc nh, hng ngy s l: d = Da/N vi N l s ngy trong nm., nhu cu mi thng l

khi nhn n hng). Imin l tn kho ti thiu (ngay trc lc nhn n hng) . Ta c

Gi n v hng ha khng thay i theo qui m t hng. iu ny, cho php chng ta loi chi ph mua sm chi ph mua sm ra khi hm tng chi ph theo quy m t hng. Ton b khi lng hng ha ca n hng giao cng thi im. iu ny cho php tch ly ton b khi lng hng ha ca n hng vo tn kho. Do , h thc lin h gia Imin v Imax nh sau: Imax = Imin + Q. Trong Q l khi lng t hng. S lng sn phm t hng l c nh Q cho mi n hng. l nh kho t hng cho mi ln vi s lng l Q sn phm Chi ph c nh (chi ph thit t), S, l c nh v khng thay i. Nh kho phi chu chi ph c nh cho mi ln t hng Qun tr chui cung ng Chi ph t v nhn mt n hng khng ph thuc vo qui m t hng. iu ny, mc d t xy ra hon ton trn thc t, song trn mi n hng c th c cc chi ph nh chi ph giao dch, chi ph vn chuyn c chuyn... trong chng mc nht nh khng ph thuc vo qui m t hng to hay nh, m ch ph thuc vo s ln t hng.

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Chi ph tn kho l tuyn tnh theo s lng mt hng tn kho. Chi ph tn kho nh nhng phn trc chng ta cp bao gm chi ph c hi vn, chi ph bo qun tn kho, hao ht bo him... Cc chi ph ny bin thin cng chiu vi tn kho bnh qun. Mc tiu ca chng ta l tm chnh sch t hng ti u nhm ti thiu chi ph mua sm v chi ph tn kho hng nm trong khi vn tha mn nhu cu (ngha l khng c s thiu ht v sn phm). Chng ta c th xem xt m hnh qua s sau:

Hnh 1.10: M hnh tn kho EOQ y chnh l mt phin bn n gin nht ca mt h thng tn kho thc t. Vi gi nh rng nhu cu trong khong thi gian t hng th c nh l khng thit thc. V vic b sung sn phm c kh nng phi mt vi ngy, v yu cu s lng t hng c nh l hn ch. ng ngc nhin l nhng gi m t m hnh ny gip chng ta xy dng cc chnh sch tn kho hu hiu i vi h thng tn kho thc t phc tp hn rt nhiu. b. Xc nh EOQ D dng nhn thy rng trong mt chnh sch ti u cho m hnh c m t trn, cc n hng t nn n nh kho mt cch chnh xc khi mc tn kho gim n khng. iu ny gi l t hng tn kho zero, m cc n hng c t v nhn khi mc tn kho khng bng 0. R rng, mt chnh sch kinh t hn s lin quan n vic ch i cho n khi tn kho bng 0 trc khi t hng, v vy s tit kim chi ph tn
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kho. iu ny c gi l m hnh tn kho rng ca. Chng ta xem thi gian gia hai ln b sung n hng nh l thi gian chu k. V vy, tng chi ph tn kho trong nm l

V chi ph c nh c tnh mt ln cho mi n t hng v chi ph tn kho c th c xem nh l tch s ca sn phm tn kho trong nm, H, vi mc tn kho trung bnh, Q/2. V mc tn kho thay i t Q n 0 trong sut thi gian chu k T, v nhu cu l c nh vi t l d n v sn phm trong mi giai on thi gian v v th Q= dT. Hn na, chi ph t hng ph thuc vo s ln t hng v chi ph cho mi ln t hng. V Da l nhu cu trong nm v th s ln t hng trong nm l Da/Q. V th tng chi ph lin quan n quy m n hng l:

Mc tiu l ti thiu ha TC. Chng ta cng thy rng hm TC l hm s thay i theo bin s Q. V th bng phng php ton hc, chng ta c th xc nh quy m l t hng hiu qu nh sau:

TC t cc tiu ti qui m t hng :

S lng sn phm cho mi ln t hng ny c xem l s lng t hng hiu qu (kinh t EOQ).
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M hnh n gin ny gi m hai iu quan trng sau: 1. Chnh sch ti u cn i gia chi ph tn kho vi chi ph c nh (chi ph thit t). Thc ra, chi ph thit t = SDa/Q, trong khi chi ph tn kho = HQ/2 (xem hnh).

Hnh 1.11. M hnh quy m t hng hiu qu V vy, khi gia tng s lng n v cho mi ln t hng Q, chi ph tn kho s gia tng trong khi chi ph thit t s gim. S lng t hng ti u t c ti im m chi ph thit t (SDa/Q) bng vi chi ph tn kho (HQ/2). l:

2. Tng chi ph tn kho t b nh hng vi s lng sn phm t hng; iu ny ngha rng nhng thay i v s lng sn phm t hng c tc ng tng i t n chi ph thit t v chi ph tn kho. minh ha iu ny, cn nhc n ngi ra quyt nh t hng vi s lng Q l tch s ca b vi quy m t hng ti u Q*. 5.3 Cng ngh thng tin v h thng ra quyt nh. Tm quan trng ca h thng thng tin v cng ngh thng tin.
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Thng tin trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng l cht kt dnh cc hot ng logistics trong cc n lc hp nht ca nh qun tr. Thng tin logistics- chui cung ng cung cp c s cho cc quyt nh lp k hoch, thc thi v kim tra hiu qu. Nu khng qun l tt thng tin, cc nh qun tr logistics khng th bit c khch hng mun g, cn d tr bao nhiu, khi no cn sn xut v vn chuynNhng ri ro gy ra do qun tr h thng thng tin khng hiu qu c th gy ra nh hng ti rt ln ti chui logistics v cung ng. H thng thng tin logistics v chui cung ng l mt b phn ca h thng thng tin ton doanh nghip v n hng ti nhng vn c th ca qu trnh ra cc quyt nh logistics v s lng v qui m ca mng li c s logistics, v hot ng mua v d tr hng ho, v vic la chn phng thc vn chuyn v n v vn ti ph hp, v.v. H thng thng tin trong logistics v chui cung ng gip nm vng thng tin v bin ng ca nhu cu, th trng v ngun cung ng, gip cho cc nh qun tr ch ng c k hoch mua hng, giao hng, d tr, thu dch v vn ti mt cch hp l tho mn yu cu ca khch hng vi mc chi ph thp nht. ng thi gp phn m bo vic s dng linh hot cc ngun lc logistics v chui cung ng, xy dng chng trnh logistics v chui cung ng hiu qu, ch r thi gian, khng gian v phng php vn hnh cc chu k hot ng trong logistics v chui cung ng. Cng ngh thng tin c th h tr nhng hot ng tc nghip v ng thi cng l s hp tc gia cc cng ty trong chui cung ng. Bng vic s dng h thng mng d liu tc cao v c s d liu, cc cng ty c th chia s d liu qun l ton din chui cung ng. Hiu qu s dng cng ngh ny l mt vn ct yu thnh cng trong cng ty. Ba chc nng cu to nn mt cng ngh cho tt c cc h thng thng tin hot ng l: Thu nhp v giao tip d liu
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Lu tr v phc hi d liu X l v bo co d liu

Ri ro trong h thng thng tin khng hiu qu Cc chuyn gia phn tch ch r mi ri ro trong khi thc hin a h thng thng tin vo s dng - bao gm nhng ri ro do hoch nh, ri ro do cng ngh, ri ro vt cht, hay c nhng ri ro do quan h vi khch khch h khng cp nht c thng tin cn thit. Khi h thng thng tin hot ng km hiu qu, chm tr trong truy cp hoc sai st s l nguyn nhn dn n sai lch thng tin gia cc i tc trong chui logistics v cung ng, v d nh xc nh sai nhu cu khch hng, khng c hng thc giao, vn chuyn sai a ch, sai s lng...H thng thng tin bao gi cng lun di chuyn song song vi dng vt cht v ti chnh trong chui do vy ri ro thng tin c th dn n ph v cc lin kt trong chui cung ng mt cch d dng, ph v mi lin h gia doanh nghip, cng ty vn ti v khch hng. Ngoi ra, vi doanh nghip trong chui cung ng s dng nhng thng tin c tnh tng hp v di hn, vi nhng d bo v th trng v cc ngun cung ng, h thng cng ngh thng tin km hiu qu c th gy ra ri ro trong vic ra cc quyt nh quan trng nh vic qui hoch mng li c s logistics, trong vic la chn h thng qun tr d tr hng ho, trong vic la chn cc ngun hng n nh v cht lng, v.v. Gii php cng ngh no cho qun tr ri ro lin quan n h thng thng tin. Ngy nay khi th trng logistics v chui cung ng ti cc quc gia v ton cu ngy cng m rng , nn kinh t cng nh cc hot ng khc c nhiu bin ng v bt n th cng ngh thng tin ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong vic hn ch cc ri ro do s bt n nh gy ra. Cc nh qun l c rt nhiu s la chn cho vic qun tr ca mnh.

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Hnh 1.12:Cc gii php cng ngh thng tin trong SCM Trao i d liu in t EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) EDI l cng ngh c pht trin truyn nhng loi d liu chung gia cc cng ty c th lm vic chung vi nhau. Nhng nm 1980s, nhiu cng ty ln trong lnh vc sn xut t ng, ngnh cng nghip vn ti lp ra EDI u tin. N c
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xy dng cho cc nghip v vn phng lm vic t ng nh lu tr v nhn n t hng, ha n, thng bo trc k hoch vn ti, trng thi n hng cha thc hin. . . V ngun gc, EDI c xy dng lm vic vi mt khi lng ln d liu thng qua nhng my tnh khng l v s dng mng VAN (Value Added Network) kt ni cc i tng tham gia trong chui.. Nhiu cng ty u t vo h thng EDI rt ln v nhn thy EDI c hiu qu rt ln v chi ph do h thng duy tr s lin tc trong giao tip vi i tc kinh doanh. Tp d liu EDI chun xc nh mt lng ln cc giao dch kinh doanh. Cc cng ty c th quyt nh tp d liu no m h s s dng. Hin nay h thng EDI c th hat ng trong bt c loi my tnh no v c th s dng Internet nh km. Cng ngh RFID Cng ngh ni bt chnh l RFID (Radio Frequency Identification - Nhn dng tn s sng v tuyn). RFID cung cp gii php v kh nng cho doanh nghip gim ch ph lao ng, n gin ha quy trnh sn xut kinh doanh, ci thin qu trnh kim sot hng tn kho, nng xut sn xut, tng doanh thu, ng thi nng cao s thon mn ca khch hng. y l mt k thut nhn dng sng v tuyn t xa, cho php c d liu trn con b in t m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi n nh s tr gip ca sng v tuyn khong cch t 50cm ti 10m, ty theo dng nhn. B nh ca con b c th cha t 96 n 512 bit d liu, nhiu gp 64 ln so vi mt m vch. Bn cnh , thng tin lu gi trn con b c th c sa i bng s tng tc ca mt my c. Dung lng lu tr cao ca nhng nhn thng minh ny s cho php chng cung cp cc thng tin a dng nh thi gian lu tr, ngy bn, gi v thm ch c nhit sn phm. Vi cng ngh mi, cc th RFID c th ni chnh xc sn phm l g, n ang nm u, khi no ht hn, hay bt c thng tin no m bn mun lp trnh cho n. iu ny gip cc nh qun l khng phi lo lng n vic kim k kho, khng s giao nhm hng.
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Cng ngh RFID s truyn ti v s d liu v a im bn hng, ni sn phm, cng nh cc chi tit khc trong dy chuyn cung ng. Ni cch khc, n s c tc ng rt ln ln dy chuyn cung ng. Tuy nhin, hai ro cn ln nht ngn tr s pht trin rng ri ca RFID l chi ph xy dng c s h tng v thiu cc chun mc chung c tt c cc ngnh cng nghip chp nhn. Ngoi ra c mt lot nhng li ch khc cng c a ra khi s dng cng ngh RFID: Gim lu lng hng tn kho do gim bt chi ph lu kho, lu bi, ci

tin quy trnh qun tr t ng ha. Cng ngh ny gip nm bt c thng tin v thi gian di chuyn thc s ca ngun hng, v vy gip cho vic b sung hng ha vo phn phi hiu qu hn, iu chnh nhanh nu hng ha giao sai hay t sai v tr. Gim bt lu lng hnh ha b li hay hao ht. Cc cng ty s dng thit

b RFID gn lin vi sn phm gip nh v sn phm c ngha rng vic di chuyn nhng sn phm hng ha khng ng chng loi v s lng s c nhn din ngay tc th. Vic theo di v kim k trong kho c thit lp mt cch c h thng v

n gin. Tn hiu pht ra t tem in t gip xc nh thi gian tn ti ca hng tn kho, do nhn vin kim k d dng bit c loi hng ha no khng cn tha mn nhu cu trn th trng, qu hn, hng ha no thu ht khch hng. T iu chnh tc sn xut v cung ng sn phm. 5.4 Qun tr ri ro trong vic s dng ngoi lc. Trn th gii, xu hng thu ngoi hot ng logistics v ang tr thnh xu hng bt kh khng v em li nhiu hiu qu v hiu nng cho cc doanh nghip sn xut ng thi gieo mm cho s sinh si v pht trin ngnh dch v logistics. Cng ty cung cp dch v logistics thu ngoi hay cn gi l 3PL, l mt cng ty cung cp cc dch v logistics mang tnh chin thut a chiu cho khch hng. Nhng cng ty ny s
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h tr thc y dng chy thit b v nguyn liu t nh cung ng n nh sn xut, v sn phm cui cng t nh sn xut n nh phn phi v nh bn l. Cc dch v mang tnh chin thut ny thng c bn gm vn ti, dch v kho bi, gom hng nhanh (crossdocking), qun l tn kho, ng gi hay giao nhn vn ti. C th ni rng, n 89% ngi s dng thu ngoi nh gi hot ng ny nh l li th cnh tranh mang tnh chin lc cho hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh. Vic thu ngoi gip cc cng ty gim chi ph, gim ti sn c nh v tng vng quay n hng. Hn na trong bi cnh nn kinh t th gii ang gp kh khn, cc cng ty ang vt ln vi tnh trng thiu ht tn dng th iu ny cng c ngha hn bao gi ht. Nhng ngi s dng hot ng thu ngoi cng mong i cc nh cung cp dch v phi cho thy kh nng trong vic gip khch hng gim chi ph, cam kt thc hin theo ng cp dch v yu cu v c bit l nng lc cng nh kh nng u t v cng ngh v y l yu t quan trng trong vic kim sot v ci tin hot ng logistics trong tng li. Song vic la chn c kh nng cung cp dch v thu ngoi khng phi d, khng phi lc no cng khp v lun c th pht sinh cc ri ro khng lng trc c. ng thi vi mt h thng thng tin khng ton din ca cc bn c th gy ni lo mt kh nng kim sot, vn v cht lng v phn phi do vic giao tip khng hiu qu, khi nng lc ni b li l tr ngi i vi cc nh s dng dch v thu ngoi. Thm vo , nhiu hng nh gi thp nhng chi ph lin quan n dch v thu ngoi, bi v c nhiu chi ph n lin quan n vic m phn v l kt hp ng outsourcing. Bn cnh , mt s vn cng ny sinh nu nhu cu th trng cng nh mi trng kinh doanh thay i, bn than doanh nghip s khng phn ng c nhanh nu nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi khng chuyn nghip. iu ny gii thch ti sao cho n gi th cc cng ty vn ch thu ngoi cc dch v thng thng, v cc dch v c ph thng ha (commoditized) nh vn ti, kho bi, track and trace.

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Vy gii php no gim thiu nhng ri ro lin quan n nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi? Th nht, cn pht trin h thng cng ngh thng tin c s kt ni lin tc v hiu qu gia cc hng v nh cung cp dch v 3PL. Bi v phn ln cc vn trong hot ng thu ngoi ch yu pht sinh t nhng ri ro trong vic ra quyt nh. H thng cng ngh thng tin c thit lp nhm mc tiu chia s thng tin gia cc i tc trn c s i bn cng c li. Th hai, xc nh hot ng no cn thu ngoi, hot ng no khng cn thit. iu ny nhm trnh s ph thuc qu nhiu vo nh cung cp dch v 3PL, ng thi tn dng ti a ngun lc doanh nghip. Th ba, nng cao s cng tc (collaboration) v tng cng mi quan h vi cc i tc 3PL trong chui cung ng. R rng nht l vic mt i mt nh cung cp dch v trong chui cung ng c th em n nhng nh hng khng tt i vi nhng nh sn xut hay l khch hng, vn l nhng mt xch trong chui. Th t, xy dng chng trnh lin tc kinh doanh (business continuity) nhm qun l ri ro t hot ng thu ngoi. Theo cc chuyn gia, hot ng thu ngoi c th tit kim chi ph, tuy nhin nhng ri ro i km cn phi c qun tr tt. Nhn thy c iu ny, cn xy dng chng trnh kinh doanh lin tc trong xc nh r tng ngi s qun tr ri ro ti tng mt xch ca chui. 5.5 Ngun cung ng. La chn ngun cung ng hng ha v ngun nguyn vt liu tin cy l mt trong nhng hot ng c tnh cht rt quan trng i vi vic to ra li nhun v duy tr li th cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trong chui cung ng. Nh chng ta bit vic la chn u vo cho sn xut hay ngun hng trong lu thng vt cht ca chui cung ng doanh nghip c th c ly t ngun lc bn ngoi hay t doanh nghip sn xut v khai thc. Khi nn kinh t cng pht trin, nhu cu cng
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gia tng, chui cung ng cng m rng, doanh nghip mun tng th phn v sc cnh tranh th khng th ch t mnh sn xut hng ha cung ng cho khch hng. Vic phi la chn nh cung ng l khng th trnh khi. Vn l lm sao la chn c nhng nh cung cp ng tin cy vi mc gi hp l, phn phi ng thi gian v c ngun cung n nh trnh nhng ri ro c th xy ra vi chui cung ng Vy nhng ri ro l g? Nm 1997, Boeing mt i gn 2.6 t la do thiu ht nguyn vt liu v ph kin t cc nh cung cp. V cng nm, Toyota cng phi ngng sn xut 20 ngy lin tc do s c chy nh cung cp h thng thng thy lc duy nht (Aisin Seiki). Theo Toyota th chi ph cho vic ngng sn xut ny vo khong 195 triu la cng vi doanh thu khong 325 triu b mt. Nhng v d ny cho chng ta thy rng, s ph thuc nhiu vo cc nh cung cp khng chuyn nghip s em n nhng ri ro cho cc cng ty. Vic la chn nh cung cp khng tt s gy ra thiu ht ngun u vo cho qu trnh sn xut, lm nh tr qu trnh sn xut, tt yu dn n thiu ngun cung cho khch hng v gin on chui cung ng. Bn cnh , khi vic qun l mi quan h vi nh cung cp khng hiu qu, vic mt i mt nh cung cp trong chui cung ng c th em n nhng nh hng khng tt i vi nhng nh sn xut hay l khch hng, vn l nhng mt xch trong chui. iu ny c th nh hng ti tm l nh cung cp, gy ra vic tng gi ngun u vo, tng chi ph sn xut v lm gim li nhun, thm tr nh cung cp c th cung cp nhng nguyn liu khng t tiu chun v cht lng, gy ra gim st trong cht lng sn phm cui cng. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu ri ro lin quan n nh cung cp do cc yu t bn ngoi tc ng. Chng hn, mt s h hng trong c s h tng ca nh cung cp hay tn hi vi h thng phm mm v cng ngh thng tin, s c bt thng nh ho hon, bo l, thin tai trong qu trnh vn chuyn, s thay i trong chnh sch php lcng gy ra ri ro khng nh cho chui cung ng.

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Thc t vic la chn nh cung cp bao gi cng cn cn nhc v xem xt nhiu yu t, la chn phi c tin hnh theo phng php nh gi hp l v chun xc. Trn gc mi doanh nghip c cc cch thc v tiu tr la chn khc nhau. Nhng thng thng c th nh gi v la chn theo 7 bc sau:

Hnh 1.13: Cc bc la chn nh cung cp Bc 1: Xy dng h thng ch tiu nh gi Trong bc ny cn xc nh cc tiu chun c bn cho vic la chn nh cung cp ca bn. Cc yu t nh gi, cht lng v phn phi bao gi cng l cc yu t nn tng tc ng ti nhu cu ca doanh nghip. Tuy nhin vic nh gi c chnh xc cn xem xt c th rt nhiu yu t, l: Nng lc cung cp sn phm
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cp.

H thng, qu trnh v chnh sch qun l cht lng tng th ca nh cung

Vic thc thi cc quy nh php lut Nng lc v s n nh v ti chnh ca nh cung cp. H thng cng ngh thng tin ( EDI, m vch, ERP, CAD/CAM) Uy tn ca nh cung cp

Bc 2: Xc nh trng s cho mi ch tiu. Mi ch tiu cn c p t vo mt trng s sao cho tng ng vi tm quan trng tng i ca n trong h thng ch tiu. Tng cc trng s lun bng 1. vic nh gi c hiu qu th vic gn cc trng s cn linh hot. Ty hon cnh c th m thay i trng s cc ch tiu, hay b bt i ch tiu ny hoc thm vo ch tiu quan trng khc. Bc 3: Xc nh cc ch tiu con v trng s cho mi ch tiu con . Bc ny gip c th ha v m rng chi tit hn na h thng ch tiu nh gi. Tm ra nhng ch tiu tiu biu nht nu chng tn ti, vi eu kin l tng cc trng s cho ch tiu con ny phi bng trng s ca chi tiu ln ban u. Bc 4: Xc nh h thng thang im nh gi mc hi lng da trn cc trng s xc nh bc ny, doanh nghip s t ra tiu chun nh lng i vi nh cung cp. Chng hn, vi tng trng s im l 10 th 1-2= poor, 3-4= weak, 5-6= marginal, 7-8= qualified, 9-10= outstanding. Thc t th c mt s doanh nghip xem bc ny nh bc s kho. Doanh nghip c th pht hin ra cc nh cung cp khng t tiu chun ngay t u v loi khi cc bc nh gi tip theo tit kim thi gian v n gin ha danh mc nh cung cp.
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Bc 5 : nh gi trc tip mi nh cung cp Cho im trc tip cc nh cung cp la chn ban u v so snh im s cc nh cung cp vi nhau la chn ra nh cung cp tiu chun. Trong qu trnh ny, mt s ch tiu nh lng th c nh gi mt cch chnh xc, song c mt s ch tiu nh tnh li da trn nh gi ch quan ca ngi trc tip nh gi. Bc 6: Xem xt kt qu v ra quyt nh la chn nh cung cp. La chn nhng nh cung cp c tng s im cao nht. T xc nh nh cung cp hng ha hin ti cho doanh nghip hoc cho nhng hp ng giao dch trong tng lai. Bc 7: Xem xt qu trnh p ng ca nh cung cp Sau khi la chn c nh cung cp, khng ch dng li , doanh nghip cn phi xem xt lin tc cch thc p ng tiu chun m cc nh cung ng c la chn thc hin. Nn nh l quy trnh la chn ny ch l nhng nh gi bc u, quan trng l thc t nh cung cp p ng c tt nhu cu ca mnh hay khng. Ngoi vic lp k hoch la chn nh cung ng nh trn th qun tr ngun cung cp c hiu qu cn phi quan tm n nhiu vn : - a dng ha nh cung cp trnh ph thuc v la chn c nh cung cp ti u nht trong tng thi im m bo khng xy ra gin on khi ngun cung tr nn khan him. Nhng trong khi a dng ha chui cung cp i hi phi c chnh sch gi vng mi quan h lu di vi cc nh cung cp c uy tn v cung cp t trng ln ngun u vo ca chui. - Khi cng c cng nhiu cung ng, chui cung ng tr nn phc tp th cn c chin lc tch hp cc nh cung cp. S hp tc ca h s to ra mt ngun cung cp n nh hn. Khi mt nh cung cp khng kh nng cung cp ngun lc nh yu cu th nh cung cp kia c th c chnh sch h tr. iu ny to cho chui cung ng tr nn vng chc v hn ch nhng gin on nghim trng.
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- Doanh nghip cng cn bt tay vi nh cung cp c th phng v chia s nhng ri ro tc ng trc tip n mnh hay nhng ri ro tc ng gin tip thng qua tc ng ca chng n nh cung cp. Khi xy ra nhng ri ro nh ri ro ti chnh vi nh cung cp th gii php ny l mt gii php hiu qu, tuy nhin cn da trn uy tn v mi quan h i tc vi nhau chia s ri ro loi ny. 5.6 Vn ti v kho bi. Vn ti l mt qu trnh gn nh xuyn sut trong hot ng logistics v chui cung ng. Vn ti lin quan n vic di chuyn t nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm trong chui cung ng. Di gc chc nng qun tr Logistics trong doanh nghip, hot ng vn ti hng ho c v nh si ch lin kt cc tc nghip sn xutkinh doanh ti cc a bn khc nhau ca doanh nghip. Vn chuyn cung cp nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v hng ho u vo cho cc c s trong mng li logistics.

Hnh 1.14: Chu trnh vn chuyn Khi m cng ty hot ng trn phm vi ton cu th chi ph vn ti thm ch ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Chi ph vn ti c th bng 1/3 chi ph vn hnh ca chui cung ng nn quyt nh chn la y l rt quan trng. Vi s hin din ca h thng vn chuyn tin tin, a dng to ra h thng vn chuyn chi ph thp v nng ng s gp
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phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc gia trn th trng ton cu, tng tnh hiu qu ca sn xut v gim gi c hng ho. Vn ti cng to ra gi tr ra tng bng cch cung ng hng ho ti khch hng ng thi gian v a im, m bo an ton hng ho trong mc gi tho thun. Vic s dng cc phng tin chuyn ch khc phc khong cch v khng gian ca sn phm v dch v trong h thng logistics theo yu cu ca khch hng. Nu sn phm c a n ng v tr m khch hng yu cu tc l gi tr ca n c tng thm. Mt khc vic s dng phng thc v cch thc t chc vn chuyn cn gip cho sn phm c n ng vo thi im khch hng cn hay khng? iu ny cng to thm gi tr gia tng cho sn phm. Tuy nhin, khng th ph nhn c l cht lng dch v vn chuyn hng ho thng khng n nh do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan gy ra. Bn cnh nhng yu t khng kim sot c nh iu kin thi tit v iu kin giao thng, nhng yu t a dng v ngi li xe, cht lng phng tin, bn bi cng gy tc ng khng nh n tnh khng n nh ca dch v vn ti. Do , i hi cc nh qun l chin lc phi xem xt chnh xc cc yu t n dng lm tn hi n h thng vn ti. Xc nh cc tiu tr quan trng c th nh hng ti cht lng dch v, ng thi c bin php phng vi cc ri ro pht sinh.

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Hnh 1.15:Cc thnh t quyt nh s la chn nh cung cp dch v vn ti Giao thng vn ti l mt h thng phc tp m mi phng thc vn ti vi cc iu kin khai thc c th u c cc li th so snh v ri ro nht nh c v mt thi gian v gi c. nh hng ca tng yu t thuc h thng ny vn cha c nh lng mt cch chun xc, mc d cc nh khoa hc tp trung nghin cu gii quyt, xc nh cho tng phng thc vn ti ring bit. Hin nay, phng cch tip cn gii quyt vn ny l theo quan im ton din ngha l xem xt t khu thit k n khu thc hin qu trnh vn ti vi cc ch tiu so snh nh: gi cc, chi ph vn chuyn, chi ph bo qun, xp d, hao ht t nhin, ri ro... trong iu kin yu cu v cht lng v thi hn vn chuyn c th. Lun im "chun xc v thi hn ca logistics c cp, xem xt trong tt c cc khu, t vn chuyn, xp d, giao hng ng thi hn (khng nhng khong thi gian c xc nh khi din ra mc cu m cn c trong khong thi gian c hiu qu ca mc cu).
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Mt kha cnh khng km phn quan trng trong vic pht trin h thng cc hnh lang giao thng l mi quan h tng tc gia cc nc v lut php theo cc hip nh trn c s n gin ho th tc cho qu trnh qua bin gii. Chng hn, s xut hin cc yu cu qu cht ch v an ninh ti h thng cng cng gp thm vo s bt n chui cung ng. p lc chnh tr k t v 11 thng 9 l phi r sot tt c container nhp cng M vn ang l vn cn nhc. Mt khi cng ngh tin b, phn ln container s c kim tra bng cc thit b chp hnh nh bn trong v d nhin nh nhp khu phi chu chi ph ny, dn ti cho php x l hng qua cng nhanh chng hn. Nhng vn c mt t l nht nh container c chn lc kim tra thc t bn trong, y l mt quy trnh s lm ko di thi gian thng quan. Do vy, i hi cn phi xy dng cc hnh lang giao thng thch hp, linh hot, p ng tiu chun quc t, c bit l c s h tng k thut v mi trng sinh thi. Ngoi ra cn phi xy dng h thng thng tin thng nht kim sot an ton, an ninh trong qu trnh vn ti v thng tin kp thi cho cc bn c lin quan. Ngy nay, cc nh qun tr nhn thc cng r rng, thiu u t cng vi hn ch trong vic ci thin nng sut gn y h thng cng bin, ng ngha vi p lc v ln h thng cng bin, vn ti ng b v ng st s ngy cng ln hn nhiu v n khin tnh trng tc nghn ngy cng t hn. Cc tuyn ng vn ti (bin, b) tc nghn lm cho thi gian vn chuyn tr ln bt n v chnh s bt n ny lm nh hng n hiu qu kinh doanh. Hn hai thp k qua, chui cung ng b cht hn em li nhiu hiu qu kinh t di hnh thc quy m tn kho t hn. Cho d tn kho nm trong nh kho hay trn boong tu, th ngi s hu n phi tr chi ph n nhng n li cha bn c-ngha l h phi chu chi ph trong khi ch i. Hin ti th vn ti ng bin t Chu n cc im ni a Bc M tn km thi gian v tin bc. Vic m rng knh o Panama, d kin s hon thnh vo nm 2014, c th gip phn no gii phng p lc n cc cng b Ty nc M bng vic cho php tu ln t Chu c th chy trc tip n vnh Mexico v cng b ng. Song chuyn hng t Thng Hi
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ti Savannah, Georgia, hay Nerwark, New Jersey li lm qung ng di hn gn gp i, buc nh nhp khu phi chu thm p lc chi ph. C th thy l qun l hot ng vn ti khng phi l cng vic d dng v hot ng ny chu s chi phi ca rt nhiu yu t, thin nhin, con ngi v h thng c s h tng, k thut. iu ny i hi cc nh qun tr phi c s tch hp vi nhiu b phn khc vic qun tr chui c hiu qu v gim bt c cc ri ro. Kho bi Kho hng l ni m lu gi v cha hng ha, n thc hin cc chc nng sau y: Tp hp hng ha vn chuyn.

Cung cp v trn hng.

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- Trung chuyn hng trong ngy. - Lm dch v. - Ngn nga ri ro. - iu ha sn xut Cc hot ng trong kho hng c m t v sp xp nh trong hnh di y:

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Hnh 1.17: Cc hot ng trong kho hng Cch b tr v thit k nh kho. Vic b tr kho hng khng hp l c th gy mt s ri ro. Mt kho hng thng c mt s kt hp ca cc nguyn vt liu v chng t c lu gi trong n. Qun l cc chuyn ng ca tt c cc nguyn vt liu trong mt nh kho c th rt kh khn. Nu lm tt, qu trnh c th c thng sut v nng sut c th c tng cng. Nhng nu khng, mt kho hng ngun cung cp c th b mt i, t sai v tr thm tr tht thot m khng bit nguyn nhn. Mt gii php s c thc hin mt h thng qun l kho bi (WMS), nhm mc ch l cha kha kim sot s di ng v cc ti liu lu tr trong kho hng. WMS cng c th gip cho qu trnh giao dch, shippings, vt liu a im, receivings v
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nhng ngi khc. in hnh ca h thng qun l kho bi bao gm mt lot cc cng ngh nh: RFID scanners RFID my qut RFID tags Th RFID Barcode scanners Barcode my qut Mobile computers My tnh, in thoi di ng Long range wireless devices Long phm vi cc thit b khng dy High end servers to store (application, database, files) Cao kt thc vo cc my ch lu tr (ng dng, c s d liu, cc tp tin) ng thi qun l nh kho c ti u ha khng gian, cch b tr v thit k nh kho cn tun th cc nguyn tc sau: - S dng nh kho mt tng - Di chuyn hng ha trong kho theo ng thng

- S dng thit b bc xp ph hp - Ti thiu ng i trong kho

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- S dng ti a cao ca nh kho - S dng hiu qu mt bng kho

Trn y l mt s ni dung ch yu trong hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng. Vi mi ni dung, cc nh qun tr ri ro v ang nhn din y cc ri ro c th xut hin v tc ng ti chui, a ra cc cch thc i ph vi ri ro ph hp. Qua , cc doanh nghip cng nh t chc c th i chiu v so snh c chin lc qun tr hiu qu.

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CHNG II: THC TRNG HOT NG QUN TR RI RO LOGISTICS V CHUI CUNG NG TI VIT NAM. I. Tng quan v hot ng logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam Trong nhng nm gn y, s lng cc doanh nghip Vit Nam tham gia vo hot ng logistics v cung ng ngy cng nhiu ( hn 90% trong s cc doanh nghip giao nhn vn ti ang hot ng ti Vit Nam). Hin nay c khong 900-1000 doanh nghip kinh doanh cc dch v logistics thuc cc thnh phn kinh t, trong c khong 18% l doanh nghip nh nc, 80 doanh nghip t nhn v 2% khc l doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi. Trong s cc doanh nghip ny c hn 113 doanh nghip l thnh vin ca hip hi Giao nhn Kho vn Vit Nam ( VIFFAS). Quy m hu ht cc doanh nghip u thuc loi va v nh. Trong cc hnh thc cung cp dch v ph bin l hnh thc giao nhn vn ti, cho thu kho bi, khai thu hi quan, dch v i l v vn chuyn ni a ch cha tr thnh tch hp, t chc lin kt trong hot ng trong chui logistics. Cho n nm 2009 th ti th trng Vit Nam c s hin din ca nhiu cng ty cung cp dch v logistics hng u trn th gii nh Kuehne & Nagel, Schenker, Panalpina, Expemditor Intl, EGL, APL logistics, Maersk Logistics, MOL Logistics, NYK Logistics,v..vChui dch v m cc cng ty c tn tui ny to ra gi tr gia tng cao cho chui logistics vi rt nhiu loi hnh a dng nh giao nhn hng khng, hng hi t ca ti ca, qun l n hng, dch v gom hng t nhiu quc gia n cc cng trung chuyn, dch v kim sot cht lng hng ha S ra i ca hng lot cc cng ty giao nhn vn ti v logistics trong mt thi gian ngn phn no th hin s pht trin nhanh chng ca dch v logistics ti Vit Nam song so vi Singapore, l quc gia v tr s 1 trong hot ng ny th Vit Nam ang cn khong cch tng i xa. H thng logistics Vit nam thuc loi trung bnh trn th gii, tuy nhin cng khng th ph nhn nhng n lc ca doanh nghip logistics Vit
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Nam. in hnh l nhiu doanh nghip lin kt, lin doanh vi cc cng ty cung cp dch v ny ca nc ngoi, pht trin kh hiu qu. Ngay c cc cng ty ln nh Vinatrans, Falcon, Thamicocng ch cung cp cc dch v theo kiu gom hng l i vi hng xut khu, t chc vn chuyn ni a v giao hng nhp khu cho ch hng l. Tuy nhin s lng cc, cng ty c kh nng cung cp dch v gom hng l cng ch chim 10%. Bn cnh cc doanh nghip Vit Nam a phn u c quy m nh, hn ch v vn, cng ngh v nhn lc, c s h tng v vn ti kho hng cn yu km. Phn ln cc cng ty u l cng ty TNHH nn ngun vn u t cho hot ng logistics cn hn ch nhiu mt, u t vo kho hng, phng tin vn ti, xp d cn gp nhiu kh khn. Mt im yu ln khc ca doanh nghip Vit Nam l kh khn trong vic lin kt gia cc cng ty trong nc v vi mng li ton cu. Nguyn nhn l h cha xy dng c mng li cc nh cung cp dch v trong nc ti nc ngoi v tm ph ca cc cng ty Vit Nam ch trong phm v ni a hoc mt vi nc trong khu vc. Trong khu tm ph ca cc cng ty nc ngoi chng hn nh APL Logisitics l gn 100 quc gia, Maersk Logisitics l 60 quc gia, Exel cng vy. iu ny l mt trong nhng cn tr khi cc doanh nghip cung cp cc dch v trn gi cho khch hng. Nht l trong xu th ton cu ho, ch hng v d nh Walmart, Kmart, Nike, Adidas, Gap th thng c xu hng sourcing t rt nhiu quc gia v lnh th trn th gii. Chng ta cng c th tnh n vai tr ca cc i l m cc cng ty Vit Nam thit lp cc quc gia khc nhng quan h ny thng kh lng lo v khng ng nht. Theo nhn nh v v tr ca doanh nghip Vit Nam trong chui logistics ton cu th cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ch gi v tr bn sn phm cho cc nh xut nhp khu. Nu sn phm khng tt, hoc gi cao hn nh ch bin khc th doanh nghip Vit Nam s b thay th. trong nc th vic bn hng n tn cc siu th, nh bn l c th d thc hin nhng trong chui cung ng ton cu th vic v cng kh. L do th nht l cc nh bn l quan h cht ch vi cc nh XNK t rt lu, h tin tng khi mua hng ca nh XNK hn l mua hng
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trc tip t DN sn xut, d mua hng trc tip t sn xut r nhng nh vy l mo him. Th hai l nh XNK bn rt nhiu hng, nh bn l cng cn mua rt nhiu hng trong khi DN VN ch bn vi mn hng. Quy m doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics nh, kinh doanh manh mn. Ngun li hng t ny li ang chy vo ti cc nh u t nc ngoi. Cc DN Vit Nam mi ch c mt phn rt nh trong ming bnh khng l v ang ngy cng phnh to ca th trng dch v logistics. Theo tnh ton mi nht ca Cc Hng hi Vit Nam, lnh vc quan trng nht trong logistics l vn ti bin th DN trong nc mi ch p ng chuyn ch c 18% tng lng hng ha xut nhp khu, phn cn li ang b chi phi bi cc DN nc ngoi. iu ny thc s l mt thua thit ln cho DN Vit Nam khi c n 90% hng ha xut nhp khu c vn chuyn bng ng bin. Nm 2006 lng hng qua cc cng bin Vit Nam l 153 triu tn v tc tng trng ln n 19,4%. y thc s mt th trng m c m cc tp on nc ngoi ang thm mun v tp trung khai ph. Hin nay h tng c s logistics v chui cung ng ti VN ni chung cn ngho nn, qui m nh, b tr bt hp l. H thng c s h tng giao thng ca VN bao gm trn 17.000 km ng nha, hn 3.200 km ng st, 42.000 km ng thu, 266 cng bin v 20 sn bay. Tuy nhin cht lng ca h thng ny l khng ng u, c nhng ch cha m bo v mt k thut. Hin ti, ch c khong 20 cng bin c th tham gia vic vn ti hng ho quc t, cc cng ang trong qu trnh container ha nhng ch c th tip nhn cc i tu nh v cha dc trang b cc thit b xp d container hin i, cn thiu kinh nghim trong iu hnh xp d container. i vi cc cng hng khng vn cha c ga hng ho, khu vc gom hng v lm cc dch v logistics khc... Vai tr nh hng v h tr ca nh nc l cc k quan trng song ti Vit Nm vai tr ca nh nc cha c th hin r nt. Nu nhn sang Singapore chng ta c th thy sc mnh ca nh nc tc ng n mt ngnh hay lnh vc no nh th no. Singapore xy dng h thng cng bin, cng ty vn ti bin, hng hng khng, cng
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ty logisitics thnh mt chui dch v theo ng m hnh One-Stop Shop. Cn chng ta th iu ny cha c th hin r nt, hoc nu c th cn ri rc, thiu tnh tng th v di hn. Ngay bn thn cc doanh nghip logisitics cng cha c mt hip hi logisitics thc s vi s tham gia ca nh nc. Ti nay chng ta mi ch c Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam. Ngoi ra, chng ta ang thiu mt i ng chuyn vin trong ngnh logisitics chuyn nghip v c o to bi bn. Bn thn cc trng i hc ln c chng ch l gii thiu theo kiu ci nga xem hoa. Hn bao gi ht s thnh cng bt u t con ngi. Chng ta cn xy dng chin lc nhn lc cho logisitics. Mt thc t ng bun l Vit Nam vn cha hi nhp vo chui cung ng ca khu vc. Chng ta khng th c nng lc cnh tranh khu vc ng ngy nay nu khng tham gia vo chui cung ng ca n. Do , khi Vit Nam tr thnh nc c thu nhp trung bnh, vic tham gia vo chui cung ng chnh l iu Vit Nam cn ch hn nu vn mun duy tr nng lc cnh tranh ca mnh. II. Thc trng hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam. Theo nghin cu ca McKinsey, th nhm nm ri ro ln nht m cc chui cung ng ca cc cng ty ang b nh hng l: (1) S sn c, chi ph v cht lng ca ngun nhn lc, (2) Cc vn v php l, (3) S ng tin ca cc nh cung cp, (4) S thiu ht cc cc nguyn vt liu v gi c bin ng, (5) S bin ng ca t gi hi oi Nhn li Vit Nam, cc cng ty khi hot ng trong mi trng ny cng nh gi rng, nhn s v vn php l vn lun l 2 ri ro hng u m cc chui cung ng ca cc cng ty ang phi i mt. Tuy nhin mt trong nhng ri ro ni ln trong 3 nhm ri ro chnh ti th trng Vit Nam l c s h tng cn yu km. iu ny c th c l gii khi Vit Nam vn l nn kinh t cn ang chuyn i v pht trin. S yu km ny c thy r nht vi 3 thng va qua khi h thng cng Vit Nam b tnh trng n tc
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dn n chi ph tng, ng thi lm ngng tr cc k hoch cung ng cho sn xut cng nh a sn phm ra th trng. Cch y hn 2 nm, rt kh thuyt phc cc doanh nghip Vit Nam u t nhiu hn vo vn qun tr ri ro, nhng hin ti, sau khi tri qua khng hong kinh t, nhiu doanh nghip c ci nhn khc. Vi nhng ri ro ngy cng gia tng th doanh nghip Vit Nam cng ang xc nh cho mnh nhng cch thc gii php i ph vi ri ro c th xy ra. 1. Dch v khch hng Nh chng ta nghin cu, dch v khch hng l cc bin php trong h thng logistics v chui cung ng sao cho gi tr gia tng c cng vo sn phm t mc cao nht vi tng chi ph thp nht. Gi tr gia tng chnh l s hi lng ca khch hng v n l hiu s gia cc gi tr u ra v gi tr u vo thng qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t c quan h qua li v tc ng tng h nhau. Do , dch v khch hng c nh hng rt ln n tng chi ph b ra v li nhun mang li cho doanh nghip. Thc t vn v cht lng dch v khch hng cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn ang rt yu km v cha c s quan tm thch ng. Trong bo co nm 2008 ca cng ty SCM Vit Nam cng cho thy r cht lng dch v l vn m cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ang cn phi ci thin nhanh chng:

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Hnh 2.1: Cc vn gp phi khi lm vic vi nh cung cp dch v logistics Nhng ri ro trong dch v khch hng ca doanh nghip Vit Nam thng din ra trong cc yu t trong giao dch v sau giao dch. Trong cc yu t trong giao dch, vn kim sot thng tin v hng ha nh thng tin v tnh hnh thc hin n hng, ngy vn chuyn thc t v d kin, v tr thc t v thc trng l hng, iu m khch hng mun tip cn nhiu hn th doanh nghip Vit Nam li cha p ng c y . c bit l vic theo di cc n hng b tr li vn cha c cc doanh nghip ch trng ng mc, trong khi khch hng li lun quan tm n nhng nhng ri ro vfa ngoi l lin quan n giao hng nht l cc th trng mi xm nhp v trong ngoi thng. Bn cnh tnh chnh xc ca thng tin lin quan n khch hng cng l vn ng quan tm ca doanh nghip Vit Nam. Nhng thng tin khng chnh xc i hi phi c thng bo v nh chnh li cho khch hng cng sm cng tt. Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam lun cho rng vic sa li cho khch hng v nh cung cp rt tn km v mt thi gian, pht sinh nhiu vn v cc khon chi ph gia tng. Song bao gi th thng tin cho khch hng cng cn chnh xc m bo tnh minh bch v to lng tin cho h. Mt yu t quan trng l tnh n nh ca qu trnh thc hin n hng hay chu trnh t hng ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cha cao. Khong thi gian t khi t hng cho
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n khi nhn dc hng cha c rt ngn ng k. Qu trnh t hng truyn thng cn tng i phc tp, qua nhiu khu v lm nh hng rt nhiu n vic mua hng ca khch hng. Hin nay nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam chn gii php ng dng thng mi in t v dch v thanh ton trc tuyn nhm rt ngn thi gian giao hng cng nh gim thiu cc cng on t hng, to iu kin thc hin nhanh qu trnh mua hng ca khch hng. Thng mi in t thc s ph v khong cch v khng gian v thi gian cho khch hng bng cch kt ni vi cc ngn hng, s dng cc dch v thanh ton nhanh chng tin li nh chuyn khon nh ATM, v in t, Paypal..Khch hng vn c th mua hng theo ng yu cu trong thi gian ngn nht. Trong cc yu t sau giao dch, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam thng phi i ph vi cc ri ro lin quan n bo hnh, sa cha cng nh gii quyt khiu ni t pha khch hng. Vn v bo hnh, sa cha hng ha c cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ci thin mt cch ng k. Hu ht cc doanh nghip Vit Nam u c b phn chuyn thc hin dch v sau bn hng, bo tr sa cha hng ha. y l vic cn thit v nhn thc ng ca doanh nghip Vit Nam nhm gia tng li ch thm na cho khch hng v to uy tn cho doanh nghip. Nhiu doanh nghip nhn thc c cc vn cn thit phi lm lm tng thm gi tr cho khch hng, ng thi loi b nhng vn lm lng ph ngun lc cho doanh nghip m khng lm gia tng gi tr. Bn cnh vic gii quyt cc vng mc v khiu ni t khch hng trong vic giao hng, tr li hng hay khiu ni v cht lng hng ha cng l mt trong cc vn cn ci thin trong doanh nghip Vit Nam. Thc t n nay vn cn khng t doanh nghip Vit Nam cn t ra lng tng trong vic gii quyt cc khiu ni ca khch hng lin quan n cht lng hng ha v cht lng phc v. Hot ng gii quyt khiu ni khng c hoch nh c th cho phng ban no m cn mang tnh chng cho v khng hp l. C khi no c khiu ni ca khch hng l chuyn vic gii quyt cho phng k thut v nu trch nhim thuc v doanh nghip th thc hin chnh sch n b theo kiu mt i mt. Trong khi , mt doanh nghip hin i hn , mi khi c
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khiu ni cn c km theo mt vn bn gii thch c km th xin li. Nhng vn bn ny c lm mt cch may mc, cc nguyn nhn c lp i lp li nhiu ln. Tht ng bun l c rt nhiu trng hp cc doanh nghip Vit Nam i co vi khch hng ph nhn sai st v pha doanh nghip, v nhiu khi l l tng vic gii quyt khiu ni, thm tr khng tr li thc mc ca khch hng. Trong mt s trng hp vic gii quyt khiu ni khng c thc hin mt cch hp l v tha ng. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng lm gim st v mt dn lng khch hng trung thnh vi doanh nghip, lm gim uy tn doanh nghip v dn n gim st kt qu kinh doanh. Mt nghin c gn y ca cc chuyn gia cho thy nu doanh nghip bit cch gii quyt mu thun kp thi th gn 52% trong s cc khch hng tng khiu ni cng 92% tng s cc khch hng tng than phin s vn s dng hng ha hay dch v ca cng ty. Nhn thc c vn ny, mt s doanh nghip Vit Nam cng xy dng hn mt quy trnh gii quyt khiu ni, t chc b phn tip nhn v gii quyt cc thc mc v x l cc khiu ni vi mc ch l t vic gii quyt cc khiu ni c th gim bt nguy c mt uy tn ca cng ty, gii quyt vi thi gian nahnh nht v lm sao tha mn c nhng nguyn vng ca khch hng. R rng vic tip nhn thng tin t pha khch hng , dch v v cht lng phc v ca doanh nghip c ci thin rt nhiu. iu cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn nhn nhn y l chiu hng tch cc ca cc thng tin ca khch hng ch khng phi l chiu hng tiu cc. Bi l cc thng tin gip doanh nghip nhn thc c sai st ca h trong dch v, t iu chnh v hon thin hn v cht lng dch v khch hng. Ring i vi doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics Vit Nam hin nay vi vic p dng chnh sch chi ph lu kho hp dn, khng p dng chi ph ly tin c th gip gia tng thi gian d tr lu kho hng ha nhu hn, to iu kin thun li cho khch hng trong vic lu kho hng ha. Song do thiu nhng chnh sch u i cho khch hng s dng thng xuyn dch v nn s thu ht khch hng s dng dch v cn hn ch. Hn na, do u t tin hc ha h thng qun l hng trong kho cn tng i t nn vic kim m, cht xp, di chuyn hng ha trong kho cha m bo tnh
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khoa hc, khng nhanh chng v kp thi nn lm tng chi ph v thi gian trong chu trnh t hng ca khch hng, dn n nguy c mt khch hng ca doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam. Vn phn loi v ct tr hng ha trong kho cha c tnh ng b v km hiu qu nn gy ra s gim st ng k trong dch v khch hng. Vic a dng ha cc loi hnh kho bi nh: kho cha hng bao kin, hng ri c khi lng ln, kho chuyn dng nh kho cha hng ng lnh, kho cha hng ti sng, kho cha hng cng ngh caol iu m cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn quan tm trit qun l hng ha lu kho mt cch an ton nht v hiu qu nht. Nhn chung, nhng ri ro pht sinh t dch v khch hng trong cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn tn ti nhiu trong doanh nghip logistics v cung ng. Song vn ny l vn m doanh nghip c th tm kim cc gii php gii quyt thch hp v tha ng, hc hi v nng cao nhm tng cng hn na gi tr gia tng. iu ny c th thc hin bng vic xy dng mt chin lc dch v khch hng khoa hc v hp l p ng tt nhu cu khch hng mt cch tt nht. u t xy dng mt h thng dch v khch hng tt hn, cht lng hn bao gi cng c ngha l ri ro trong hot ng logistics v chui cung ng t pha khch hng c gim thiu i by nhiu, nht l khi dch v khch hng s ngy cng tr thnh yu t quan trng quyt inh n s tn ti ca doanh nghip trong iu kin cnh tranh khc lit nh hin nay. 2. Qun tr tn kho. Vic s dng cc m hnh qun tr tn kho c thc hin kh hiu qu trong cc doanh nghip cung ng Vit Nam. Thc t th hin ti cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn quy m nh, nhu cu ca khch hng cng cha mc qu cao, do vy qun tr hot ng d tr ti Vit Nam khng qu phc tp. C hai m hnh qun tr kho ph bin trn th gii u c doanh nghip trin khai v p dng m thi gian di. M hnh EOQ cho php doanh nghip Vit Nam c lng c mc sn xut hp l cho mi ln t hng, t gim ng k chi ph qun l hng ha v hn ch a ng vn do lng hng ha sn xut d tha so vi nhu cu.
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Hin nay, ho nhp vi th gii, cng l lc kinh t Vit Nam cng chu nh hng t s thng trm, bin ng ca kinh t ton cu. Trong tnh hnh chi ph u vo ca sn xut ngy mt tng cao, vic hn ch nh hng n gi thnh sn xut l iu mong mun ca tt c cc doanh nghip. V th, c doanh nghip ang tm cch gim d tr nguyn liu u vo. Nhng nu khng tnh ton k lng hng phi sn xut ra hp l c ngha l bn u t sai mc tiu. l l do ti sao nhiu cng ty Vit Nam ang trin khai p dng m hnh Just in time m bo rng lng sn xut va cung ng nhu cu ca khch hng, v t tit gim c chi ph cho kho bi v gim s lng ph phm. Phng thc ny c nhiu u im v gi thnh v s cht ch cng nghip v c nh gi l s dng t nhn lc hn, t din tch hn, to ra t ph phm hn, v sn xut c nhiu loi sn phm hn hnh thc sn xut i tr. Mt hn ch khc na ca doanh nghip cung ng l vo cc thi im c nhu cu cao trong nm, vic tnh ton thi im t hng khng c chnh xc, gy ra ri ro trong thiu ht hng ha. Cng nhn ty rng, nhu cu tiu th sn phm ca khch hng lun thay i tng ngy. V nhu cu ca cc b phn sn xut cng thay i theo lch trnh sn xut. Do , nu doanh nghip Vit Nam vn xc nh khng ng thi im t hng, doanh nghip c th ri vo tnh trng thiu hoc tha nguyn liu, ng thi gy mt lng tin ca khch hng v nng lc sn xut. Ngoi ra, tn kho ln cng khin doanh nghip mt nhiu thi gian mi x l ht hng tn. Cc doanh nghip thy sn gn nh dnh trn nm 2009 x l hng tn kho ng ca nm trc. V th, nhiu doanh nghip l l vic u t pht trin ngun nguyn liu hay sn xut thnh phm. Kt qu l khi cc n hng xut khu thy sn tng tr li, Cng ty Ch bin Xut khu Ci i Vm (Cadovimex - C Mau), Cng ty Ch bin Xut khu Thy sn Gi Rai (Bc Liu) cht vt tm kim ngun cung ng. H sn sng tr gi cao nhng vn khng tm ngun hng. Hin cc c s nh chp nhn sn xut mc 40-60% cng sut v tic r nhn c hi i qua.

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C th ni, mun qun tr tn kho hiu qu nht, doanh nghip Vit Nam cn lp k hoch st sao, c s kt hp cht ch gia vic d bo nhu cu khch hng, d bo gi c, nhu cu vt t, cng nh lp k hoch cho vic sn xut ti u p ng tt nht nhu cu sn phm. y l vn doanh nghip Vit Nam cn quan tm xem xt s dng hiu qu cc m hnh nhm nng cao cng tc qun l tn kho, gim chi ph lu kho hng ha v t c mc tiu li nhun trong kinh doanh. 3. Cng ngh thng tin v h thng ra quyt nh. H tng thng tin l im yu cc doanh nghip logisitics Vit Nam - mt trong nhng ngnh dch v m cng ngh thng tin ng vai tr quan trng v sng cn, lin kt cc khu trong chui logistics vi nhau mt cch cht ch. Mc d cc doanh nghip logisitics c nhiu thc trong vic p dng CNTT vo hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh nhng iu ny vn cn km xa so vi cc cng ty logisitics nc ngoi. Nu ch xt v kha cnh xy dng website th phn ln website ca doanh nghip Vit Nam ch n thun gii thiu v mnh, v dch v ca mnh nhng thiu hn cc tin ch m khch hng cn nh cng c track and trace ( theo di n hng ), lch tu, e-booking, theo di chng tChng ta nn bit visibility ( kh nng nhn thy v kim sot n hng ) l mt yu t c cc ch hng nh gi rt cao khi h la chn nh cung cp dch v logisitics cho mnh. Bn thn cc cng ty nh APL Logisitics , Maersk Logisitics c Nike chn l nh cung cp dch v cho mnh l h c th cung cp cho Nike cng c visibility trong bt k thi im no, ti bt k ni no nhn vin ca Nike cng c th nm bt v c th ko ra bt k cc loi bo co lin quan n cc n hng ca mnh , ang v s c thc hin bi cc cng ty trn. iu ny s gip Nike tnh ton tt nhng d bo, kim sot hng tn, p ng kp thi yu cu ca khch hng chi ph ti u nht. Thc t th mt s cng ty logistics Vit Nam cng v ang trin khai cc h thng thng tin qun tr lnh vc logisitics ca mnh v u t xy dng h thng phn mm TMS ( Transport Management System ) hoc WMS ( Warehouse Management
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System ) nhm gip doanh nghip gim chi ph, nng cao nng sut hn rt nhiu. Ngoi ra th h thng thng tin c s dng rng ri bao gm POS (im bn hng), h thng thng quan t ng, h thng phn v theo di lung hng, h thng EDI (h thng chia s v trao i d liu in t). S tin b nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin trong thi gian qua gip cho qu trnh hon thin logistics, qun tr kinh doanh v dch v khch hng pht trin mnh m. Theo bo co kho st logistics gn y nht ca cng ty SCM th nng lc cng ngh ca nh cung cp dch v vn nm trong ba nhm u tin hng u khi la chn nh cung cp ca khch hng. Hu ht cc cng ty phn hi u ch trng n kh nng ng dng H thng qun l kho bi ( WMS - Warehousing Management System ). Mc d k vng nhiu vo cng ngh nh v bng sng radio ( RFID Radio Frequency Identification) vn cao nhng tht ra vic s dng cng ngh RFID ny vn rt thp trong thc t trong cc loi cng ngh. Nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cha cn nhc vic s dng cng ngh hin i ny trong tng li gn. Nguyn nhn l cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cha thy c li ch lu di ca cng ngh RFID m i hi chng phi pht huy hiu qu ngay tc th. Ngoi ra cng ngh RFID kh tn km m vi s pht trin hin ti ca doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam th ng dng h thng ny khng phi vic d dng.

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Hnh 2.2: Xp hng ng dng cng ngh Cng theo mt kho st ti cc cng bin ln Vit Nam cho thy vic trin khai h thng qun l hin i mi ch giai on s khi. So vi cc cng ty ln ti cc quc gia khc trn th gii nh Trung Quc, Singapore, Thi Lan th tc trin khai ng dng cn rt chm. ng dng Hi Phng IT v EDI H thng C qun ni b ng dng Khng EDI Hnh 2.3: ng dng IT ti mt s cng bin Vit Nam H thng cng ngh thng tin trin khai chm tr tt yu s gy hn ch rt nhiu cho vic qun tr logistics v chui cung ng. Dng di chuyn ca vt cht trong logistics
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lun lun song song cng vi dng di chuyn thng tin. V vy khi dng thng tin chuyn dch khng c thng sut, nhp nhng v mau l th th c th gy ra nhiu kh khn v ri ro. i vi doanh nghip Vit Nam, h thng IT lc hu lm nh tr qu trnh phn phi do thiu s lin kt cht ch gia cc khu, v mt xch trong chui cung ng.Thng tin khng c cp nht lin tc v chnh xc gy ra s ngt qung v sai lch. c bit l nhng ri ro lin quan n vic mt mt, h hng hng ha trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi m nu doanh nghip khng ng dng cc cng ngh nh RFID th kh kim sot c hiu qu. Hin nay Vit Nam, Maersk Logistics Vit Nam v VICT l nhng cng ty i u trong vic ng dng thnh cng cng ngh thng tin hin i trong logistics. Cng nh hu ht cc vn phng Mearsk Logistics khc trn th gii, Maersk Logistics Vit Nam trin khai rt thnh cng h thng thng tin ton cu (Global System) trao i thng tin ni b, trao i thng tin vi khch hng, cp nht v lu tr cc thng tin lin quan n tnh trng ca hng ha cung cp cho khch hng mi lc mi ni. Mt s h thng thng tin m Maersk Logistics ang s dng l: H thng trao i thng tin gia cc vn phng MCS( Maersk Communication System); H thng qun l n t hng MODS ( Maersk Operation & Documetation execution System); H thng kim tra ca khch hng( Client Visibility Tool); cng c qun l m hng ( E - label System) 4. Qun tr ri ro trong s dng ngoi lc. Thc t cho thy cha thy xu hng thu ngoi th hin r rt cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trong lnh vc logistics. Chng ta c th thy vic cc doanh nghip Vit Nam thu cc cng ty qung co nc ngoi xy dng chin lc v thc hin cc hot ng qung co v marketing Vit Nam nhng chng ta li cha thy doanh nghip Vit Nam thu cc cng ty Vit Nam hay nc ngoi cung cp dch v logistics trn gi Vit Nam. iu ny c bt ngun t nhiu nguyn nhn nhng mt nguyn nhn quan trng c l chnh l vic thiu mt cu ni gia nh s dng dch v v nh cung cp dch v logistics m y vai tr ca nh nc v hip hi l v cng quan
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trng. Nu coi VIFFAS (Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam ) l i din cho nhng nh cung cp dch v logistics Vit Nam th vai tr ca VIFFAS l qu nht nho v thiu s nng ng cn thit. iu ny gp phn lm gim ting ni v hnh nh ca chnh cng ng cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics. n lc chng ta cn ngi li v cng nhau chia s nhng gnh nng trong hot ng logistics thng qua vic hp tc chin lc. Th trng 3PL ti Vit Nam ch yu ang nm trong tay cc i gia cung cp dch v logistics ca nc ngoi hoc cc cng ty lin doanh nh Maerk, NYK, APL, Linfox, Toll Mt s mu iu tra mi y cho thy, khong 10 n 15% doanh nghip hi vin Hip hi Giao nhn Kho vn Vit Nam (VIFFAS) c kh nng cung ng dch v 3PL. Trong khi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mi loay hoay l nh cung cp ph cho cc 3PL nc ngoi, y l iu kh c th chi ci. M thc t do chng ta qu t kinh nghim, c bo h qu lu tr thnh cng nhc, khng sng to, ng thi do quy m hot ng cn nh b, thin cn, t tham vng. Tuy pht trin dch v 3PL trong nhng nm gn y, nhng i b phn cc doanh nghip trong nc cn c nhiu khong cch v uy tn trn thng trng, tay ngh, v c bit, h thng cng ngh thng tin, dch v khch hng cn yu km. Nhiu gi thu lt vo tay cc cng ty nc ngoi vi mt l do n gin: h c c h thng mng li ton cu gip kim sot hiu qu dng chy logistics ton cu, v c bit l uy tn kh lu i vi khch hng. Tuy vy, chic bnh 3PL ngy cng ln ln cng vi pht trin kinh t t nc, cc d n u t FDI, ODA. Nhng ngi lm dch v 3PL trong nc am hiu tng con ng, tng cy cu, tng iu khon lut v l ti Vit Nam, v thnh cng nh Vietranstimex, Vinatrans, Sotrans, Vietfracht,Gemadept, Tranaco Tim nng dch v 3PL ti Vit Nam rt ln, ng hnh vi cc d n u t pht trin t nc. Theo cc ti liu m ti c c, ti khu vc chu , Vit Nam v Trung Quc c nhp pht trin kinh t cao hn, nn t l tng trng th trng thu ngoi
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logistics (i tung cu 3PL) nm trong khong 10-15%/nm. R rng, con ng pht trin cung ng dch v 3PL l con ng i dng xanh, mt th trng mi m cc doanh nghip giao nhn, vn ti , logistics phi vn ti. Dch v logistics theo hng 3PL hin din v c nhiu tim nng pht trin ti Vit Nam. Do , nu ch cung cp cc dch v kho vn n gin, thun ty m khng tch hp chng thnh qu trnh, chui dch v, ngi cung ng dch v kh c th tha mn khch hng v mt gim chi ph cng nh tnh p ng nhanh (quick responsiveness). Ch c cng ngh thng tin, lin lc hin i lm nn tng cho dch v logistics 3PL, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam mi c th cnh tranh c vi cc cng ty 3PL sng s trn th gii c mt ti Vit Nam. Hin nay, c nhiu gii php u t cng ngh thng tin hiu qu vi chi ph thp, cc doanh nghip va v nh cn nm bt c hi ny trang b cho mnh. Vi nm tr li y, xut hin nhng lp o to ngn hn v logistics v s hc vin tham gia ngy cng nhiu. l tn hiu vui i vi s tri dy ca 3PL ti Vit Nam. Tuy vy, nhn thc c logistics l mt qu trnh nhn thc ton din, ng b, phi hp cc k nng l thuyt ln thc hnh, xen ln hc hi trong thc t, trng lp v k c hc hi cc i tc i th c nhiu kinh nghim. V vy, phi coi vic pht trin ngun nhn lc logistics Vit Nam l mt chin lc lin tc v lu di. C th kt lun rng, trn thc t, dch v logistics theo hng 3PL xm nhp, v ang pht trin ti Vit Nam. Bn thn cc cng ty trong nc, tuy th phn khng ln, trnh dch v cha cao, nhng bit tn dng cc u th trong nc v mt phn vo h thng i l nc ngoi pht trin, gt hi nhiu kinh nghim, cng ty giao nhn vn ti a phng thc, cc cng ty giao nhn d n, cng trnh, cc cng ty gom hng 5. Ngun cung ng.
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Hin ti cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cha c nhng chin lc qun l v duy tr ngun cung cp bn vng v hiu qu. Trong khi , yu t ngun cung cp ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra yu t u vo ca chui cung ng, t mi c th tip din dng vn chuyn khc trong chui cung ng. Hu ht cc doanh nghip Vit Nam xy dng chin lc qun l ngun cung ca mnh theo kiu manh mn chp git. C ngha l vic s dng cc nh cung ng ch theo hnh thc m rng cng nhiu i tc cung ng cng tt, i tm kim cc nh cung ng mi p ng nhu cu hin ti ca mnh m khng duy tr mi quan h lu di. Vic a dng ha nh cung cp cng gip mt phn lm gim thiu ri ro nh cung cp nhng trong mt s hon cnh c th gy ra nhiu ri ro nh tm l khng tin cy ca nh cung cp vo khch hng, phc tp ha qu trnh quan h vi nhiu nh cung ng, kh iu chnh ngun hng khi th trng c nhiu nhu cu v bin ng. Thay v tp trung vo cc nh cung cp tim nng th doanh nghip li cng ngy cng gia tng s lng nh cung cp. Mt khc, cc doanh nghip mi ch nhn thc c nhng ri ro xy ra i vi doanh nghip mnh ch cha nhn thc c nhng ri ro gin tip lin quan n nh cung cp.V vy rt t doanh nghip lin kt cc nh cung ng trc tip vi nhau chia s ri ro v phng cc bt trc xy ra i vi chui cung ng v h tr ri ro cng nhau trong vic thay th ngun hng khi mt nh cung ng gp phi vn hay l ngun ti nguyn tr nn khan him. Bn cnh , doanh nghip Vit Nam cng cha c chnh sch thch ng trong vic u i v h tr cc nh cung cp. Ngoi cc li ch v chnh sch gi i vi cc doanh nghip cung cp hng vi s lng ln v cht lng n nh th hu nh khng c chnh sch khuyn khch hay m bo g i vi nhng ri ro i vi nh cung cp. trong khi vn kim sot ri ro t nh cung cp lun c mi lin h vi li ch vi doanh nghip. y l nhng thiu st cn tn ti kh nhiu trong cc doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam. Thc t th vn c mt s doanh nghip p dng cc chnh sch lin
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kt kh hiu qu chng chi vi ri ro v gia tng li ch ca tt c cc bn lin quan. Ch yu l mt s chnh sch h tr ti chnh, ng trc tin hng khi doanh nghip cung cp gp kh khn v ti chnh hay i vi mt hng i hi vn u t ln. Mt s doanh nghip ch ng v nh cung ng hp tc vi nhau trong vic mua cc loi hnh bo him hng ha trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. 6. Vn ti v kho bi Qun tr vn ti Trong cng cuc hi nhp WTO, vic gia tng trao i thng mi l khng th thiu, nhu cu v giao thng gia cc nc trn th gii tng mnh ko nhu cu v vn ti tng theo. Vi bi cnh hot ng logistics ngy cng pht trin v m rng, doanh nghip Vit Nam ngy cng ch trng n hot ng vn ti trong logistics v hot ng ny ng gp rt ln vo gi tr gi tng ca logistics, ng thi cng hm cha kh nhiu ri ro. Hin nay, hot ng vn ti trong logistics ch yu tp trung vo vn ti bin. Nhm cng ty vn ti bin Vit Nam c s lng tu kh ln nhng i tu ca cc cng ty ny ch yu l tu c trng ti nh v gi nn nng sut vn chuyn vn cn hn ch. Trong nm nay, cc cng ty vn ti bin ang tp trung u t pht trin i tu. Thng 12/2007, tu ch du ln nht Vit Nam l Vinalines Galaxy c Tng cng ty Hng hi Vit Nam a vo hot ng. Trong thi gian ti, Nosco cng chun b a vo hot ng Tu Epiphania, trng ti 68.591 DWT, tr gi 78,5 triu USD - y l con tu c trng ti ln nht Vit Nam tnh n thi im hin ti. Trong thi gian qua, cc cng ty hng hi tuy c xu hng u t tu c trng ti ln nhng tui li gi vi mc ch gim thiu chi ph u t. Trong iu kin hin nay, cc d n ny c th mang li li nhun cho doanh nghip trong thi gian trc mt nhng khng m bo mc tiu pht trin bn vng v lu di, ng thi c th gy ra nhiu ri ro trong qu tnh vn chuyn ng di. Mt khc, vi nng lc cng bin ca
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Vit Nam nh hin nay, nu khng y mnh pht trin th thi gian ti tu b s phi xp hng ch bc xp hng xut nhp khu. Thi gian ch i lu s lm cho chui logistics b chm tr v gin on. Cnh tranh ni ngnh v quc t ngy mt gay gt (th phn trong nc hin nay ca cc cng ty vn ti bin ch chim khong 20% tng khi lng hng ho xut nhp khu, cn li l ca nc ngoi). Ri ro v mt t gi hi oi cng l sc p ln ti ngnh: vic t gi hi oi bin ng mnh trong thi gian qua c nh hng mt cch mnh m n kt qu hot ng sn xut ca nhm cng ty vn ti bin. Bi v, vic kinh doanh vn ti bin ch yu s dng ng USD l ng tin thanh ton, cc hp ng phi k kt vi mc gi c trong khi t gi VND/USD ang c xu hng gim (USD mt gi). Bn cnh , cc cng ty vn ti bin ni ring v doanh nghip Vit Nam ni chung vn cha thc s quan tm ti cc cng c phng chng ri ro t gi, c bit trong hon cnh hin nay, khi vic p dng bin giao ng t gi c ni rng +/-1% c hiu lc. Nhc im quan trng ca Vit Nam trong vic qun tr hot ng vn ti l ngi Vit khng ch trng my n vn bo qun h thng c s h tng. Cu ng, cng bin, nh c hay nhng c s h tng v thit b cng nghip xy xong mt hai nm xung cp, phn v khng c thc hin hon chnh, phn v ch u t, k c nhng t nhn, khng d tr ngn sch v nhn lc bo qun. y l mt c tnh vn ha kh c th sa c. Mt trong nhng bin php qun tr ri ro ch yu ca doanh nghip Vit Nam l s dng cc hp ng bo him hng ha v phng tin vn ti qun tr nhng ri ro trong hot ng vn ti logistics. i vi nh cung cp dch v logistics Vit Nam, ng ph bo him l mua ly s yn tm trong hot ng kinh doanh, chia s lo ngi v nhng mm mng ri ro c th xy ra trong chui logistics. Trong , hot ng bo him thn tu c cc ch hng Vit Nam la chn rt nhiu nhm hn ch ri ro trong qu trnh vn ti hng ha trn bin. Bi v trong thc t, i tu vn ti Vit Nam cn

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kh nhiu yu km; i tu gi, lc hu, nng lc cnh tranh km xa so vi i tu cc quc gia khc trogn khu vc. Qun tr kho bi H thng kho bi l b phn khng th thiu trong h thng c s h tng ca logistics. L ni ct tr nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, thnh phm trong sut qu trnh chu chuyn t im u cho n im cui cng ca dy chuyn cung ng, ng thi cung cp thng tin v tnh trng, iu kin lu tr v v tr ca hng ha c lu kho. Chnh v vy nhng ri ro pht sinh trong vic qun l kho bi cng nh hng ha lu kho cn c hn ch mt cch kp thi v tt nht. Theo nh ng Pieter Hamans, chuyn gia t vn vng chu - Thi Bnh Dng ca Exact Software th nhng thch thc hin nay trong lnh vc qun l kho bi l phi thc hin giao nhn nhanh chng, chnh xc trn c s mt h thng thng tin c tch hp gia cc b phn vn hnh trong mt doanh nghip v cc i tc bn ngoi. c bit nhng ngnh nh dc phm, thc phm in t trong iu kin nhit i nng m nh Vit Nam th thi gian lu kho cng phi c ch nhiu hn. Nhiu mt hng cn phi tun th cc quy nh v cc tiu chun quc t ca ngnh nh HACCP trong thc phm; 21 CFR chapter 11, GMP trong ngnh thc phmBn cnh , hin nay, vic qun l hiu qu lm vic ca i ng nhn vin trong kho bi cn nhng i hi kht khe. Vo thi im bt k, ngi qun l cn bit: nhn vin ang lm g trong kho hng, lm vic nh th no, mc ng sai ca cng vic ra sao Ngi qun l phi bit cch ti u ha khng gian trong kho, ti cc v tr bc xp, phi vn chuyn v bc xp cng nhanh cng tt v ti u nht, y l vn lin quan n c hai ni nhn hng v xut hng i. Ngi qun l phi nm r c hng ha c xp k no ly nhanh chng, k no tn a hng mi nhn v. Nh vy mt doanh nghip sn xut c hng trm loi vt t khch nhau th qun l kho mt cch chun xc c ngha cc k quan trng, lin quan n chi ph hot ng ca doanh nghip. Chnh v vy, ng dng cc gii php phn mm qun l kho s l cng c hu hiu gii quyt cng nh gim thiu
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nhng ri ro trong vic qun l kho hng v hng ha trong kho mt cch c hiu qu nht Hin nay, c tn hiu ng mng khi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam p dng kh ph bin cng ngh thng tin nhm gii quyt vn qun l kho bi tr nn d dng hn. Theo kt qu kho st ca cng ty SCM 2008, h thng qun l kho bi (WMSWarehouse Management System) c cc doanh nghip Vit Nam ng dng kh tt. H thng qun l kho WMS cho php qun l mt cch hiu qu cc qu trnh, cc hot ng trc tip ti kho bao gm nhn hng, nh v hng ha trong kho, xut hng, kim tra tn kho. ng thi vi s h tr thng tin lin lc bng sng radio cho php truyn d liu theo thi gian thc t gia h thng v nhn vin kho. Nh tnh nng u vit , h thng qun l kho WMS ti a ha khng gian cha hng v gim thiu cc thao tc thng qua quy trnh xp hng t ng ti kho. H thng qun l kho bi WMS ny ph hp vi cc doanh nghip c quy m trung bnh hoc cc doanh nghip c quy m ln nh Vit Nam thun tin cho vic qun l nh kho v cc trung tm phn phi hng ha. y thc s l cng c hu hiu gip accs doanh nghip Vit Nam t hiu qu trong vic qun tr ri ro lin quan n kho hng v hng ha lu kho. Tuy nhin, trong vn xy dng cc kho bi, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cha ch trng nhiu dn v tr t cc kho hng nhng a im thun li tng qu trnh lu thng hng ha cng nh hn ch ri ro trong hnh trnh chuyn ch hng ha. Nhiu kho hng gy nh hng lm gim phm cht hng ha ch v cch la chn a im xy dng khng ph hp vi c im kh hu nng m. ma nhiu Vit Nam, m ng l phi chn nhng ni kh ro m bo an ton ti a cho hng ha. Bn cnh , din tch s dng trong kho cha c cc doanh nghip Vit Nam tn dng mt cch ti u gim chi ph lu kho v tng lng hng d tr. Xu hng hin nay l cc kho hng cn xy dng c h thng, ngn k cn chia thnh nhiu phn, mi tng chia thnh nhiu ngn v hng c xp d vo mi ngn bng h thng pallet bi cc xe nng vi
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mc tiu ti u ha din tch s dng cng nhiu cng tt. y l vn m cc doanh nghip logistics Vit Nam cn ci thin, xy dng v nng cp hon thin cng tc qun l h thng kho bi tt hn doanh nghip mnh.

CHNG III: XU HNG QUN TR RI RO TRONG LOGISTICS V CHUI NG NG TRN TH GII V BI HC CHO VIT NAM I. Nhng xu hng tc ng ti qun tr logistics v chui cung ng ton cu 1. Ri ro tc ng ti chui cung ng ngy cng gia tng.

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Mc d trong nhng nm gn y cc nh qun tr rt ch trng n vn qun tr ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng. Tuy nhin, hin nay qun tr chui cung ng ton cu ang gp nhiu thch thc nghim trng. Khi hu ht cc cng ty v cc chnh ph ph thuc vo chui cung ng th ch cn mt hoc mt vi im b xo trn, gy tc nghn, tt yu c chui b tn thng. Nhng xo trn trong gn 2 nm qua t khi khng hong ti chnh ton cu ang din ra l bi hc t gi khng ch i vi nhng nh qun tr chui cung ng m cn vi nhiu chnh ph trong iu hnh kinh t v m. Bn cht ca chui logistics v tnh phc tp ca n lm chui d dng b tc ng bi c nhng ri ro tim n bn trong v ri ro bn ngoi t chc. Nhng ri ro s gia tng nu nh cc nh qun l li lng trong kim sot v khng c nhng ch cn thit ti vn ny, v vy mc ri ro c xu hng ngycng tng. Mt trong nhng ng gp tch cc ca cc nh hoch nh vo vic gim thiu ri ro l lm cho vic qun tr hiu qu hn bi ng thi gia tng cht lng dch v khch hng v gim chi ph. H thit lp mt quy trnh qun l c hiu qu ng k song ngy cng nhn thy r rng rng qu trnh ny lm cho chui cung ng cng gp phi nhiu ri ro v tn hi. C th thy hiu ng ny trong vic qun tr d tr, khi cc nh qun l mt nhiu nm a ra cc phng php d tr vi mc tn kho thp hn nhng sau li xo b phng php ny.

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Hnh 3.1: Vulnerability of the supply chain (Ngun: Donald Waters,2007, Supply chain risk management - Vulnerability and Resiliencein Logistics) H tin rng vic d tr tn kho l mt s lng ph ngun lc. Nhng thc t th hot gip t c cc mc tiu thc t, gim nh s chnh lch v khng n nh gia cung v cu. Nu khng c h thng d tr th chui cung ng dng b tn thng hn do nhng s kin bt thng gy ra, thm ch mt s gin on nh do qun tr tn kho khng hiu qu cng c th gy ra tn hi nghim trng. Theo nghin cu ca Hendricks v Singhal (2003) th iu ny l nguyn nhn ln lm tng ln ng k s gin on v chi ph trong chui cung ng. Vn ca cc phng thc logitics mi - cc phng thc lm gia tng ngy cng nhiu ri ro- l nhng ri ro pht sinh trong chui logistics v cung ng khng phi do cc nh qun tr sn sng i ph vi mc ri ro cao m l v h thng khng xem xt n ri ro v khng tnh ton chi ph v nh hng ca chng n h thng chui cung ng v hot ng kinh doanh ca h. Ni ng hn l cc nh qun tr c tnh n yu t ri ro trong vic ra quyt nh song h c ci nhn phin din
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v khng xc nh c tt c cc ri ro lin quan. Chng hn, khi xem xt vn qun tr tn kho, cc nh qun l cho rng mc d tr t hn s gim ri ro v t gy ra lng hng tn ng qu mc cu, tht thot, thiu ht, h hng v nhng ri ro khc lin quan n tn kho tch ly. Tuy nhin c mt nghch l y l khi mt phng php qun tr c p dng lm gim ri ro khu ny trong chui cung ng th n li lm tng ri ro khu khc. Mt m hnh qun tr l tng l m hnh cn bng cc ri ro . S pht trin cn gii hn ca hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ng ngha vi vic rt nhiu nh qun tr cha thc c quy m v tm nh hng ca cc ri ro. Cc quyt nh ca h khng thc s lm cn bng tt c ri ro, m iu duy nht l c v nh h lun sn sng i ph vi chng v hon ton qun i ri ro s pht sinh mt cch khng d on c. Ni chung, cn c mt nh gi ton din v khch quan cc quy trnh v phng thc qun l ri ro chui cung ng. Cha kha ca gii php ny l cm t khch quan. C qu nhiu cng ty nh gi qu cao kh nng ca mnh, nh gi thp ri ro v n gin ha qu mc cc gii php. Ngoi yu t ri ro e do do nh qun tr cha nhn thc c th chui cung ng ca cc cng ty cn phi i mt vi nhng yu t bn ngoi khng thun li nh: S tng nhanh ca hot ng thu ngoi ngy cng lm cho chui cung ng ca cc cng ty ngy cng phc tp hn do nhiu nh cung cp hn nhng quc gia khc nhau, cng vi vic nhu cu ngy cng tng ca khch hng phm vi ton cu. Ngoi ra s ph thuc nhiu vo cc nh cung cp khng chuyn nghip cng s em n nhng ri ro cho cc cng ty. Nm 1997, Boeing mt i gn 2.6 t la do thiu ht nguyn vt liu v ph kin t cc nh cung cp. V cng nm, Toyota cng phi ngng sn xut 20 ngy lin tc do s c chy nh cung cp h thng thng thy lc duy nht (Aisin Seiki). Theo Toyota th chi ph cho vic ngng sn xut ny vo khong 195 triu la cng vi doanh thu khong 325 triu b mt. Nhng quy nh v lut l ca cc t chc quc t cng nh quc gia ngy cng nhiu hn khin cho hot ng thng mi quc t tr nn phc tp, chng hn nh quy
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nh khai hi quan trc 24 gi tu chy ca M, hay nh quy nh v c kh nng p dng qut 100% container ti cc cng i trc khi cp cng ca M. Ngoi ra cn c cc quy nh lin quan n an ton nh C-TPAT, CSI, ISPS, Known Shipper, PIP m cc cng ty phi tun th theo. Vn cn nh sau s kin 11-9, M a ra nhiu bin php an ton v iu ny lm cho hng ngn chic xe ti ch nguyn vt liu phi nm ch ti bin gii M - Canada trong khi cc nh my khng c nguyn vt liu sn xut. Nn kinh t ngy cng khng n nh vi cc chu k kinh t xut hin ngy cng nhiu. Khi nn kinh t tr nn yu i th nhu cu cho cc sn phm ngy cng gim v nu nh cng ty ang phi s hu mt lng tn kho ln th s phi i mt vi s thit hi v kinh t. Cisco tng phi loi b hng tn kho tr gi 25 t USD ra khi s sch k ton ca mnh vo qu 2 nm 2001 khi m nhu cu yu i. Bn cnh , vng i sn phm ngy cng ngn cng vi s thay i nhanh ca cng ngh dn n hng tn kho ngy cng mau li thi. Nhu cu ca khch hng nhn chung ngy cng cao v kht khe hn t ra thch thc cho chui cung ng ca cng ty phi nhanh hn trong vic a sn phm ra th trng cng vi t l cao hn v s sn sng sn phm cho ngi tiu dng la chn; trong khi , s hn ch nng lc sn xut trc s pht trin nhanh ca nhu cu. Hng Nike ni ting phi bo co l hn 100 triu la vo nm 2000 v thiu ht trong vic cung ng i giy Air Jordan. Thin tai, nhng yu t mi trng v ha hon nh hng ln n chui cung ng ton cu. y l mt trong nhng ri ro nh hng nng n nht n chui cung ng ca cc cng ty ton cu. Cn bo Floyd lm ngng tr ton b hot ng sn xut ph tng ca cng ty Daimler-Chrysler ti Greenville, North Carolina (M) khin cho by nh my sn xut ca cng ty ny phi ng ca by ngy. Hn nhng ngi quan tm n chui cung ng u bit n s kin chy nh my cung cp linh kin v thit b cho Nokia v Eriksson New Mexico nm 2000. iu ny khin cho Eriksson khng

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c linh kin cho cc my in thoi v kt qu c tnh l hn 390 triu USD. Hn th na, chnh s kin ny lm th phn ca Eriksson gim xung ng k. Cho n nm 2008, th gii phi i mt vi cuc khng hong kinh t M, iu ny trc tip nh hng ti hiu qu ca cc nh cung ng dch v 3PL. Bi v theo t chc Amstrong & Associates, phn ln cc cng ty ton cu u ph thuc vo doanh thu thu c trong tuyn vn ti Chu - Thi Bnh Dng n M. Nh vy khi nn kinh t M suy thoi v cha i vo n nh th hiu qu ca hot ng logistics v cung ng c s tng trng chm li. Hin ti s bt n gi du th trn th gii v s qu ti ca h thng c s h tng M v cc nc Chu tip tc gia tng v tc ng rt ln n kh nng qun tr chi ph ca cc nh cung ng. Cc nh cung ng rt kh kim sot chi ph ca mnh trong khi gi c dch v cho khch hng c n nh trong hp ng cung ng dch v. Theo cc chuyn gia, h thng vn chuyn a phng thc ca M phi chu mt sc p rt ln v tc u t vo c s h tng chm hn tc lu chuyn hng ha.. D on n nm 2020, tc ny c th dn n s n tc ti hu ht cc cng bin M. Cn Chu h thng c s h tng vn km pht trin. 2. Xu hng trong qun tr ri logistics v chui cung ng. Trong nhiu nm, hot ng logistics v chui cung ng dng nh khng c quan tm nhiu. Drucker (1962) tng miu t hot ng ny nh l mt lnh vc b lu m ca nn kinh t v tht ng bun khi thi mt lnh vc kinh doanh y tim nng nhu vy. Nhng nn kinh t ca chng ta tri qua thi k di pht trin v hin nay hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng c nhiu thay i so vi trc y. Ngi ta mua hng trc tuyn t cc website nhiu hn l ti cc trc tip cc ca hng; hng ho c trc y c sn xut nhiu trong nc v hin nay hu ht nhp khu t Trung Quc. Truyn thng di ng to iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn ti thng tin; cc trung tm dch v logistics chu u ang dn thay th cc kho d tr; cc cng ty a quc gia ang dn thng tr cc lnh vc kinh t; cng ngh RFID (radiofrequency
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identification) v GPS (global positioning systems) kim sot dng vn chuyn ca nguyn vt liu v hng ho; cc khu vc thng mi t do nh lin minh chu u c tm nh hng ngy cng ln ti cc quc gia. Chui cung ng ang c nhng thay i r rt, nhng ci m cc nh qun tr ng gp vo s thay i l g? Nhng thay i quan trng c th k n l: Nhn thc c chc nng cn thit ca logistics v hot ng ny cn

c qun l mt cch k lng. Khng nh vai tr chin lc ca cc quyt nh v chui cung ng trong

t chc. Hiu r hot ng logistics tiu tn nhiu chi ph v nu qun l hiu qu s

to c hi tit kim c phn ln chi ph Nhn mnh vai tr ca vic tho mn nhu cu khch hng v s ph thuc

ca dch v khch hng vo logistics Nhng thay i trong vic vn hnh nn kinh t t ra nhiu i hi hn

vi chui cung ng nh cc t chc hot ng thc s hiu qu, logistics mau l, va ng lc, ng sn phm vi ng s lng, ng thi im, thi gian vn chuyn ngn. Ton cu ho v thng mi quc t ngy cng pht trin di s tc ng

ca cc khu vc thng mi t do nh Lin minh chu u, Khkhu vc thng mi t do Bc M, Hip hi cc nc ng Nam t. Cnh tranh ngy cng khc lit gia cc t chc trong nc v quc t. S tch hp gia cc hot ng trong chui cung ng, thng qua cc lin
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H thng giao tip ngy cng c ci thin c bit nh thng mi in

minh chin lc.

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S thay i ca hnh thc sc mnh trong chui cung ng, vi s gia tng

cc thnh vin chi phi n hot ng ca chui. Cc t chc tp trung vo nhng hot ng trong tm v logistics thu

ngoi vi bn th ba. S gia tng nhng mi lo ngi v tn hi ca mi trng, s thay i quan

im v nhim mi trng. rc thi, tc nghn giao thng, xy dng S thay i trong cc chnh sch ca chnh ph v quyn s hu, nh ot,

quyn s dng, trch nhim v chi ph giao thng vn ti. Nhng gi va nu trn cho thy nhiu vn ang c t ra i vi chui cung ng. Vy cc cng ty sn sng i mt v phn ng vi nhng thch thc trn nh th no. Tuy nhin, iu r rng rng mt trt t kinh t th gii mi hin ra v v th nhiu trong s nhng mc nh c bn nht ca mt cng ty v ri ro phi c xem xt li. Mt trong nhng mc nh nh th c l l s bt kh xm phm ca vic tit kim chi ph v li nhun ngn hn y khng phi lun l tng tt nht nu tnh n s n nh v lu di v ci thin v tr ca cng ty trong mt bi cnh kinh doanh kh khn hn rt nhiu. Phn ng li n, hin nay cc nh qun tr ang n lc lin tc ci thin h thng qun tr ca h hiu qu hn bng vic a ra cc phng php v quy trnh qun tr mi. Vo nhng nm 1990, hn 90% cc t chc c gng ci tin chui cung ng ca h hoc a ra cc k hoch thay i hiu qu chui cung ng ( Factor, 1996). Mt cuc nghin cu gn y ch ra rng 57% cc cng ty ang lp k hoch khi u cho vic qun tr kho hng v vn ti, 53 % cho qun tr qu trnh thu mua v 42% tp trung vo tn kho v nguyn vt liu (Computer Sciences Corporation, 2004). Mt cuc kho st tng t cho thy cc phng php hoch nh chui cung ng mi gp phn gip 72% cng ty gim chi ph ca h v tng mc doanh thu thm 57%.

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S ci thin ny c v nh l tin tt cho hot ng chui cung ng nhng phi nh rng him khi ngi ta tnh ton c tt c mi ri ro xy ra v nhng tn tht t cc ri ro thm vo c th gy ra s nh i hiu qu kinh doanh ca t chc. Tht khng may, khi cc nh qun tr thay i phng thc qun tr i vi chui cung ng ca h th mi trng hot ng li c s thay i mi v h li phi tm kim mt phng thc qun tr khc. Hu qu ca iu ny l t h thng logistics vo tnh trng bt n nh. Phn ln cc nh qun tr chp nhn nh l mt iu khng th trnh khi v tin rng chui cung ng ca h s sm tr nn vng tri v n nh hn. Theo Jttner (2005) th cc xu hng qun l chui cung ng mi tc ng hiu qu ti hot ng cung ng, ng thi lm gia tng tnh ri ro ca h thng logistics v chui cung ng bao gm: Tch hp chui cung ng (integration of supply chains) Gim chi ph (cost reduction) Logistics nhanh (agile logistics) Thng mi in t (e-business) Ton cu ha ( globalisation) Thu ngoi ( outsourcing)

3. Cc xu hng tc ng ti chui cung ng. 3.1 Tch hp chui cung ng (integration of supply chains) Khi nh qun tr bt u tm kim gii php cho vic ci thin logistics, h bt u vi cc hot ng ring l - thu mua, kim sot tn kho, vn ti, d tr, qun l nguyn vt liu, ng gi,Tuy nhin, h sm nhn thc r l ngay c khi c c kim sot ring l th cc hot ng ny vn c s lin quan cht ch, bt c mt s thay i no vi hot ng ny khng trnh khi tc ng ti cc hot ng khc. S ci thin trong qu trnh thu mua tc ti lng tn kho, thay i trong h thng vn ti tc ng ti h thng kho bi, thay i trong lng nguyn vt liu lm gia tng nhu cu ng gi, bao
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bV vy, ngy nay cc doanh nghip c khuynh hng la chn khuynh hng tch hp l s la chn duy nht thay v cc dch v n l. Mt s ci thin ton din ch t c khi tt c cc yu t trong dng vt cht va c xem xt di kha cnh ring r va c chc nng tch hp. Tht kh c c mt h thng tch hp nhu vy, nhng theo thi gian cc cch tip cn mi ca nh qun tr lin kt cc hot ng vi nhau. V th mt phng ban ny c th m nhn tt c trch nhim trong khu u vo nguyn vt liu, trong khi phng ban khc phn phi thnh phm. Nhng iu ny vn to ra mt s gin on chc nng lin tc. Do , bc tip theo l phi to ra mt h thng tch hp ni b hiu qu bng vic c cu sao cho mi chc nng n l m nhn c xuyn sut qu trnh chu chuyn ca dng vt cht. Tch hp ni b c ngha l mi t chc cn qun tr logistics ni b cng hiu qu cng tt, nhng vn c ranh gii gia cc thnh phn trong chui cung ng. Ranh gii ny ph v tnh linh hot v nhp nhng ca dng vt cht, lm vic qun l tr nn kh khn v tn nhiu chi ph hn. iu ny gi nh n mt pht biu ca Christopher (1999) rng phn ln cc c hi gim chi ph hoc tng gi tr l nh bit tn dng ranh gii gia cc khu ca chui cung ng. Vn lun ch l bt k hot ng ring r no ca cc thnh vin trong chui cng c th gy nh hng tiu cc ti cc thnh vin khc ca chui cung ng v lm gim kt qu hot ng kinh doanh. Bc k tip, cc nh qun l xem xt n s tch hp bn ngoi, xut hin trong sut qu trnh dch chuyn v lm thay i ranh gii gia cc thnh phn ca chui. Bc cui cng hin nhin s l mt bc kh khn hn, v mi thnh vin ca chui cung ng l mt thc th c lp v c li ch, mc tiu, cch thc vn hnh, vn ho,..khc nhau. Tch hp chui cung ng i hi h phi iu chnh li ch ca h v nhn thc c rng mc tiu tng th ca cc chui cung ng l tho mn nhu cu khch hng cui cng. Nu c bt k vn g xy ra vi chui cung ng, tt c phi cng chia s trch nhim. Mc tiu cn thit ca s tch hp cc thnh phn ca chui cung ng l to ra sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng mc tiu., v bng cch ny bn c
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nhu sn phm hn v to thm gi tr gia tng cho tt c thnh vin ca chui cung ng. Mc tiu ny ch c th t c thng qua s hp tc v cng tc cht ch ca mi thnh phn. Hin nay, chng ta c ba mc tch hp chui cung ng: u tin l chui logistics vi cc hot ng ring l trong phm vi t chc; th hai l tch hp ni b vi cc hot ng ring l ca t chc c lin kt di mt chc nng chung; th ba l tch hp gia cc thnh vin ca chui cung ng, khi m cc t chc hng ra ngoi phm vi t chc v phi hp vi cc thnh vin khc cng chia s mc tiu chung. Mc thp nht c trng bi mi quan h lu di gia cc thnh vin ca chui trong khi mc cao nht th hin s hp tc hoc cng tc chin lc. C th tng tng s tch hp ny nh qu trng cng tc lin tc trong dng vn chuyn vt cht, thng tin, kim sot v sau l c s h tng (Decker v Van Goor, 1998). C v nh s tch hp mc cao hn l iu hin nhin, nhng khng hn l mt m hnh tt nht v thc t cho thy, ch s tch hp trong chui cung ng hay mi quan h lu di gia cc i tc khng th cha . Do , cn c c hai yu t cho mt chui cung ng hot ng hiu qu. Li ch ca tch hp chui cung ng Mc d khng d t c s tch hp hiu qu nhng nhng li ch t chnh sch ny mang li li ch khng nh, bao gm: tr thp hn. Hp tc chin lc l yu t cn thit ginh c mc tiu ny Chia s thng tin trn ton h thng, cho php tt c cc thnh vin u c Mang n mc tiu chung cho tt c c cc thnh vin ca chui cung ng,

nhn mnh li ch t vic t c tho dng cao hn ca khch hng v chi ph qun

th tip nhn lng thng tin cn thit v s dng chng cho vic hoch nh chin lc
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ca chnh t chc vi tnh khngchc chn, mc ri ro thp hn, trong iu kin n nh hn. S hp tc mang li tnh hiu qu v nng sut lao ng cao hn, vi mc

tn kho thp hn, tc chu chuyn vt cht nhanh hn, vn u t t hn, i ph nhanh v linh hot hn vi s thay i ca mi trng. p dng nhiu phng php kim soat mi, v d nh phn ng nhanh v

hiu qu vi nhu cu khch hng. Xo b cc phng php khng c tc dng gia tng gi tr khch hng.

Vi xu hng gia tng ri ro, vic t c cc li ch trn ch c c mc ri ro thp v cc yu t khc c tnh minh bch. Tnh minh bch y c ngha l mt khu no ca chui cung ng c nhn thc r trong khi vn hnh khu khc. iu ny ch c th xy ra khi tt c cc thnh vin chia s thng tin v c quan im r rng v cc hot ng trong chui cung ng. Khi mt nh sn xut c th iu chnh doanh s ti khu bn l v lp k hoch sn xut ch khng phi d bo v nh cung cp nguyn vt liu c th bit c k hoch sn xut ca nh sn xut. Kt qu l gim thiu ri ro ro v s khng chc chn. Tch hp v ri ro S tch hp rng ln chui cung ng vi s lin kt ca tt c cc thnh vin to ra dng di chuyn vt cht hiu qu hn v mc ri ro thp hn c v l tng hn so vi thc t. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh khng hon ho ca chu cung ng l cc thnh vin lun tm kim li ch c nhn, ngay c khi iu ny phi nh i bng vic mt i tc. Chng ta bit rng mt thnh vin c th tng gi tng li nhun ca mnh nhng lm gim cu. Tng t khi mt hng c gim ri ro t vic gim mc tn kho bng vic chuyn ri ro sang hng khc bng m hnh nh cung cp qun l hng tn kho (vendor-managed inventory VMI) hay hoch nh, d bo v b sung theo m hnh
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cng tc (CPFR). Nhng hin ti c nhiu m hnh khc vi mc ri ro m khi gim ri ro loi ny th li lm tng ri ro khc.Cng vi s thay i bn cht ri ro, s thay i ny cng nh hng n s la chn phi sn sng i ph vi ri ro. Khi nh qun l cm thy rng, mc tn kho ni b qu thp, h c th d dng iu chnh mc ny tng ln nhng khng lm c khi thu ngoi hot ng qun l t bn th ba. C th kt lun rng s tch hp gia cc thnh phn chui c th gim ri ro ny nhng lm tng ri ro khc. Trong nhng ri ro gia tng th ri ro do vic chia s thng tin lun tn ti trong tch hp. Khi thng tin c chia s cho nhiu thnh vin, c nhiu mi e do hn vi an ton ca chui nhng cng c khng t c hi, v thng tin c th c truyn qua cc thnh phn khng mong i. H c th s dng thng tin cho mc tiu cnh tranh v thng mi, khi vic cnh tranh khng cng bng th dng thng tin khng c chuyn dch nhp nhng. iu ny cng to ra nhng hiu ng tch cc khc. Cc t chc nhn thc c h c c phn ln thng tin trong chui cung ng v bt c s trao i thng tin no vi bn ngoi cng c th to ra s bt cn i. Khng c s cng tc no c th vt qua c thc t c bn l mi thnh vin trong chui cung ng ch c th to ra li nhun khi mua nguyn vt liu gi r t i tc ny v bn t hn cho i tc khc. V vy mi thnh vin t nht phi c gng ginh c li th qua cc i tc thng mi. Quan nim v li ch chia s khng thuyt phc khi cc thnh phn vt tri trong chui quyt nh gt b cc ro cn v thu nhiu li nhun hn, t to ra tn hi cho cc i tc khc. Mt nguyn tc c bn ca tch hp chui cung ng l cc hng c gng lm gim s lng cc nh cung cp. Trong chui cung ng truyn thng mi t chc hp tc vi nhiu nh cung ng bo m rng h c c cc giao dch tt, khuyn khch cnh tranh v bo m khng b gin on ngun cung khi nh cung cp khc gp kh khn. Tuy nhin, vic tch hp chui cung ng to ra cc mi quan h hp tc lu di, cc t chc tm kim c nh cung cp tt nht cho h, pht trin mi quan h v hot ng quy m ln hn.
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3.2 Gim chi ph (cost reduction) Chin lc logistics ca mt doanh nghip bao gm tt c cc mc tiu, k hoch, chnh sch, vn ho, ngun lc, quyt nh v hnh ng di hn lin quan n chui cung ng. Chin lc a ra ci nhn chung cho tt c cc doanh nghip v cc quyt nh khc v chui cung ng, v nn cn bng gia yu t: Cc chin lc quy m ln hn hn bao gm cc chin lc kinh doanh, tng th, Mi trng kinh doanh, bao gm c cc yu t bn ngoi chui cung ng, tc ng ti logistics m nh qun tr khng kim sot c, v d nh khch hng, iu kin th trng, cng ngh pht trin, mi trng kinh t, ro cn php l, i th cnh tranh,... Yu t ni b, bao gm phm vi bn trong t chc m nh qun tr c th kim sot, nh l k nng ngi lao ng, ti chnh, sn phm, c s vt cht, cng ngh, mi quan h khch hng, ngun lc sn c, Xc nh chin lc logistics c ngha l nh qun l to ra cc yu t ni b hot ng tt nht trong mi trng n nh. Vic vn hnh t chc hiu qu hn so vi i th cnh tranh i hi c mt chin lc qun tr chi ph khn ngoan hn, c th sn xut sn phm tng t vi mc chi ph thp hn. Trong lnh vc logistics, to ra mt chui cung ng nhanh nhn v hiu qu s cho chi ph thp hn. Bn cnh , vn hnh hiu qu mang tnh c bit ho s ng gp vo vic to ra chin lc khc bit ho sn phm, ci m khch hng khng th mua c bt k i th no. Trong logistics, vn hnh t chc linh hot cng gip ci tin dch v khch hng. Cc chin lc logistics hiu qu tiu tn t chi ph v nh qun l c th qun l tt thng qua vic thit lp vic t chc chng ti thiu ho tn kho, gim thi gian phn phi, s dng t ngun lc hn, thu t ngi lao ng hn, gim n lc v ch, xo b nhng lng ph cho chui cung ng. C nhiu phng php gip gim chi ph nh sn
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xut ng lc ( Just-in-time), ci tin lin tc ( Continuous improvement), sn xut khng tn kho ( stockless production) Nhng li ch t cc chin lc trn rt r rng, v d nh khng lng ph ngun lc, ct gim chi phi ph, sn phm tt v li nhun cao hn. Nhng chng ta bit rng kt qu hot ng kinh doanh tt hay ct gim chi ph ng ngha vi gia tng ri ro. C th minh ho bng chin lc Just-in-time. JIT cng c bit nh mt phng php sn xut tinh gn (Lean) hay sn xut khng tn kho, bi v yu t then cht ca vic p dng thnh cng JIT l gim tn kho ti nhiu cng on khc nhau dy chuyn sn xut ti mc ti thiu. iu ny cn phi c s phi hp tt gia nhng cng on sao cho mi cng on ch sn xut chnh xc s lng cn thit cho cng on sau. Ni mt cch khc, mt cng on ch nhn vo chnh xc s lng cn thit t cng on trc. Hot ng ny lm gim lng tn kho tt c cc khu: cung ng nguyn vt liu, sn xut v tiu th sn phm; gim nhu cu v mt bng; tng cht lng sn phm, gim ph phm v lng sn phm lm li; gim thi gian phn phi trong sn xut; dng sn xut nhp nhng v t gin on, chu k sn xut ngn, do cc cng nhn c nhiu k nng nn h c th gip ln nhau v thay th trong trng hp vng mt. Song thc t th Justin-time l tng mt s ri ro khc. Khi c bt k s gin on no trong qu trnh cung cp nguyn vt liu, chm tr, thin tai, t bin v cu, sn phm mi hay bt c s thay i no th ton b dy chuyn sn xut phi ngng hot ng nh hng n rt nhiu thnh phn lin quan v c th gy thit hi cho nh sn xut v s phi chu nhng tn tht pht sinh do vic ngng sn xut. 3.3 Logistics nhanh nhy (agile logistics) Chin lc logistics tinh gn thng b ph phn do ch tp trung vo gim chi ph v ph v tnh linh hot trong vic i ph vi nhng s kin khng mong i. V vy cc nh qun l a ra mt chin lc tp trung nhiu vo vic tho mn khch hng bng vic phn ng nhanh vi s thay i mi trng, gi l logistics nhanh nhy. Mc tiu chnh ca chui cung ng nhanh nhy l c th nm bt v p ng (sense and
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response) nhng thay i v cu mt cch nhanh chng, d dng, trong tm d on v vi cht lng cao. Di dy l bn nguyn t to nn chui cung ng nhanh m nu thiu mt trong bn th nh ngha s khng cn hon ho. Tc : u tin lun lun phi k n tc , l s nhanh nhy nm bt c nhu cu tiu dng mi hnh thnh v pht tn hiu hiu qu c c phn x thng minh t chui cung ng. V d, mt bao lu mt cng ty khng ch b phn marketing m c chui cung ng nhn bit c nhu cu mi sau khi nhu cu ny hnh thnh ngi tiu dng trn th trng? V mt bao lu th chui cung ng ca cng ty bt u hot ng cho nhu cu ny. D dng: Khc vi tc , yu t ny cn xt n nhanh nhy ca cng ty khi m mi vic khng din ra nh d kin, cng ty c d dng cm nhn c s thay i v c phn hi ngay khng. Chui cung ng nhanh nhy nht l chui cung ng c thit k c th linh hot thch ng vi nhng bin ng v thay i v cu khng lng trc c. Chng cng c mt s hn ch v c thit k theo c ch b sung ko (pull-based replenishment) Kh nng d on c: Phn ng ca chui cung ng lun phi c d on trc. Khng th lc th nhanh chng nm bt v p ng nhu cu khch hng, lc th chm chp. Thc t kh nng d on c khi cn quan trng hn tc . Khch hng s thch mt cng ty m c th lun lun p ng nhu cu ca h trong ba ngy hn l mt cng ty khi th lm c iu trong mt ngy, khi th phi mt n su ngy. Cht lng: V ng nhin cht lng lc no cng phi c m bo. Mt chui cung ng nhanh nhy, d dng nm bt v phn hi nhu cu nhng cht lng cung ng km khng th gi l chui cung ng nhanh nhy. Tm tt li nhng g m t l mt chui cung ng c kh nng nm bt v p ng bin ng v cu mt cch nhanh chng, d dng, trong tm d on, c cht lng

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cao. l mt chui cung ng lun vng vng, c kh nng phc hi cao khi tnh th tr nn bp bnh v bin ng. Tnh nhanh nhy ngy cng tr nn v cng quan trng khi vng i sn phm ngn hn, i hi ca th trng thay i nhanh chng v nhu cu ca khch hng ngy cng bin ng. y cng l cch thc tt nht tha mn tt nhu cu khch hng, nhng ngi ang tm kim nhiu hn s la chn, sn phm c cht lng tt hn vi mc gi hp l, thi gian phn phi t hn, vi gi tr cao hn c th s dng cng ngh thng tin giao dch vi nh cung cp trn ton th gii, vi th trng minh bch m h c th so snh v i chiu sn phm, uy tn gia cc nh cung cp. cc nh qun tr thit lp chin lc logistics nhanh nhy nhm phn phi hng ho ti khch hng ca h theo cch tt nht, t gim cc ri ro gim cc ri ro dch v khch hng, mt n t hng, i ph chm. Nhng hot ng ny cng hm cha mt s ri ro tim n. V d, logistics nhanh nhy cn nhiu ngun lc cho h thng vn hnh linh hot do lm gim nng sut sn xut v tng chi ph.T , pht sinh ri ro t pha nhng khch hng quan tm ti mc gi thp chuyn ti nh cung cp khc. iu ny khng nh mt iu rng khng phi khi no bn cng c th tho mn ht mi nhu cu khch hng v cng c nhng ri ro do nhiu ngun lc khng c s dng, chi ph cao hn. Logistics tinh gn v logistics nhanh nhy, theo mi cch khc nhau, u c tc ng n chui cung ng, nhng v c bn th hai chnh sch c s khc bit r rt.

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Hnh 3.2: A Comparison between Lean and Agile Strategy ( Ngun: Comparing lean and agile logistics strategies: a case study -Ruth Banomyong& Nucharee Supatn -Thammasat Business School Thammasat UniversityBANGKOK 10200, THAILAND)

Hnh 3.3:Comparison of Industry Objectives of Craft, Mass, Lean and Agile Production (Ngun: Comparing lean and agile logistics strategies: a case study - Ruth Banomyong& Nucharee Supatn -Thammasat Business School Thammasat UniversityBANGKOK 10200, THAILAND) Nhn chung th tnh nhanh nhy ca mt cng ty trong vic nm bt v phn hi nhu cu mt cch nhanh chng, d dng, c d tnh v vi cht lng cao s tr nn ht sc quan trng khi m s cnh tranh trn ton cu ngy cng gay gt, phc tp v bt n. Trong khi cc cng ty lun n lc nng cp chui cung ng nhanh ca chnh h, h cng nn m rng tm nhn n nhng i tc ca mnh. Kh nng cnh tranh ca mt cng ty khng nhng ph thuc vo tnh nhanh nhy ca cng ty m cn ph thuc vo s
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nhanh nhy ca nhng i tc khng th thiu ca h. Nhng ngi chn thng s l nhng cng ty thuc v h thng nhanh nhy nht. 3.4 Thng mi in t (e-business) Mng thng tin ton cu , ang v s tc ng rt ln n nn kinh t ton cu, ti tng quc gia, ti tng doanh nghip v cng vi n l cc hot ng hu cn kinh doanh. Qun tr hu cn l mt lnh vc phc tp, vi chi ph ln v bi bm, nhng li l mt trong nhng yu t ch o quyt nh li nhun ca doanh nghip trong thng mi in t (TMT). Gn 40% tng chi ph bn hng trn mng tp trung nm sau giai on khch hng nhn vo biu tng "mua" trn mn hnh. Chnh thi im quan trng , khi ngi truy cp mng tr thnh khch hng ca doanh nghip, l bc khi u ca ton b qu trnh hu cn TMT. X l n t hng, thc hin n hng, giao hng, thanh ton v c vic thu hi li nhng hng ho m khch hng khng ng ... l nhng ni dung ca cng tc hu cn trong mi trng TMT. Bn cht v ni dung ca cc tc nghip th khng khc bit nhiu so vi mi trng kinh doanh truyn thng. Nhng nhng yu t v cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) v k vng ca khch hng trong mi trng ny ang t ra cho cng tc hu cn nhng c hi v thch thc khng nh. Trc y, vic ny cn nhiu n th tc hnh chnh nhng hin ti h thng t ng ho thay th quy trnh th cng phc tp. H thng trao i in t EDI xut hin nhng nm 1990 v thng mi in t hin ti- thng qua h thng mng ni b, hoc Internet cho php kt ni lin tc vi nh cung cp, d h bt k a im no vi iu kin th trng minh bch, chi ph gia nhp thp v chi ph giao dch khng ng k. Hin nay, khi cc cng c Internet gn nh vn n mi ngc ngch trn tri t vi mc chi ph v cng thp, th bn hon ton c th kt ni dy chuyn cung ng ca bn vi dy chuyn cung ng ca cc nh cung cp, k c cc khch hng, trong mt mng li rng khp nhm ti u ho chi ph v c hi cho tt c cc thnh phn c lin quan.

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Thng mi in t, mt b phn ca kinh doanh in t, pht trin ch yu theo ba m hnh B2B, B2C v C2C. c bit hng mi in t (B2B) l mt phng thc m bt c ai ang giao dch kinh doanh vi bn u c th c kt ni li thnh mt i gia nh hp tc cng c li. Mc d B2B mi ch xut hin trong vng vi nm tr li y, nhng mt s ngnh cng nghip, nh , c c nhng bc tin ln, ni bt nht l lnh vc sn xut hng tiu dng cung cp trc tip cho cc siu th v ca hng bn l, sn phm t ng v cng ngh cao. Theo thng k ti Anh vo nm 2001, c 83% nh cung cp s dng m hnh B2B, vi gi tr giao dch 2000 t USD trn ton th gii nm 2006. Thng mi in t khng nhng thc y hot ng mua bn m cn gip to ra cc loi hnh logistics mi, nhn mnh vic chuyn i t trao i dng vt cht n dng thng tin. Chng hn, khi mt t chc, hot ng theo phng thc truyn thng d tr hng ho cho cc nhu cu pht sinh th khi p dng thng mi in t h c th i n khi pht sinh nhu cu v sau s dng logistics nhanh nhy p ng li nhu cu th trng. Khi bn hi nhng ngi tin tuyn trong cc ngnh cng nghip ny rng h hy vng s nhn c nhng g t cc dy chuyn cung ng ca mnh, th hu nh tt c u s c cng cu tr li l: S r rng. Dy chuyn cung ng ti phn ln cc ngnh cng nghip c xem nh mt vn bi ln. Ngi chi khng mun phi by cc qun bi ca h, bi v h khng tin tng bt c ai. Nhng trn thc t, nu h lt nga qun bi ca mnh, th tt c u c th c hng li. Cc nh cung cp s khng phi d on xem c bao nhiu nguyn liu th s c t hng, cc nh sn xut s khng phi thu mua qu s lng h cn d phng trong trng hp nhu cu v sn phm t ngt tng cao, cc nh bn l s khng phi trng cc k hng, nu h chia s vi nh sn xut cc thng tin h c v tnh hnh bun bn sn phm ca nh sn xut Internet gip cho vic trao i thng tin ny tr nn d dng, nhng hng th k khng tin cy v thiu hp tc gia cc bn khin cng vic ny gp nhiu kh khn.
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Nhng nm gn y, khng t cng ty ri vo tnh th tin thoi lng nan, tc l h b buc phi tham gia vo vic chia s thng tin v dy chuyn cung ng vi mt hoc mt vi i gia trong ngnh. Bn mun bn hng trong cc ca hng thuc h thng Wal-Mart? Nu c, bn hy sn sng chia s d liu vi h. u im ca vic chia s thng tin dy chuyn cung ng kp thi, chnh xc l kh nng sn xut hay vn chuyn mt s lng nht nh sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng. l mt cng vic vn c bit n vi ci tn Sn xut kp thi (just-intime manufacturing) v n cho php cc cng ty c th gim thiu lng hng tn kho. ng thi, cc cng ty thc cht s ct gim c chi ph k t khi h khng cn phi mt tin sn xut v lu kho cc sn phm d tha na. H thng thng tin thng mi in t khng phi lc no cng hiu qu, v logistics phi da vo h thng cc mng li tch hp phc tp. Nu c bt c iu g xy ra mt h thng th khng nhng gy tn hi cho h thng m cn lm cho cc h thng khc b ngng tr. Khi c mt loi virus xm nhp vo mt my vi tnh n c th nhanh chng lan truyn ti cc my tnh khc lin quan. V vy, cc h thng trong chui cung ng b h hng khi cc lin kt yu i v gy mt an ton cho h thng an ninh d liu. Cng tc dy chuyn cung ng trong thi i TMT Hy xem xt cc sn phm tiu dng nh mt v d ca s cng tc. Nhiu nm qua, c hai cng ty phi kt hp cht ch vi nhau trong dy chuyn cung ng l WalMart v Procter & Gamble. Trc khi hai cng ty ny bt u cng tc vo thp nin 80, cc nh bn l trn th trng hu nh rt t khi chia s thng tin vi cc nh sn xut. Nhng sau , hai ngi khng l ny xy dng mt h thng phn mm lin kt gia P&G vi cc trung tm phn phi ca Wal-Mart. Khi sn phm ca P&G sp tiu th ht ti nhng trung tm phn phi ny, h thng s t ng gi th nhc nh P&G vn chuyn thm sn phm. Trong mt s trng hp, h thng cn c p dng cho c cc ca hng nhng quyn ca Wal-Mart v cho php P&G gim st cc gi hng sn
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phm thng qua tn hiu v tinh ghp ni thi gian thc (real-time satellite link-ups), sau gi thng bo ti cc nh my sn xut mi khi danh mc hng ha c my scan trong h thng t ng qut qua. Vi kiu thng tin ny, P&G bit r khi no cn sn xut, vn chuyn v trng by thm sn phm ti cc ca hng ca Wal-Mart. T , P&G s khng cn phi gi qu nhiu sn phm trong kho ch ch i in thoi ca Wal-Mart. Vic xut ho n v thanh ton cng c thc hin t ng. H thng s gip P&G tit kim ng k thi gian, gim thiu hng tn kho v gim cc chi ph x l n t hng, qua duy tr vng chc khu hiu m Wal-Mart treo trc mi ca hng kinh doanh Low, everyday prices (gi thp mi ngy). Tp on Cisco Systems chuyn sn xut v cung cp cc thit b Internet cng l mt ci tn c bit n trong vic cng tc dy chuyn cung ng. Cisco c mt mng li rng khp bao gm cc nh cung cp linh kin thnh phn, cc nh phn phi v nh sn xut theo hp ng c lin kt cht ch vi nhau thng qua mt mng ring ca Cisco nhm thit lp nn mt dy chuyn cung ng o c tc cao. V d, khi c lnh t hng mt sn phm ca Cisco, cc thng bo s t ng c gi ti cc nh sn xut ph theo hp ng. Trong khi , cc nh phn phi c bo ng kp thi cung cp cc linh kin cn thit, chng hn nh b ngun in.... Cc nh sn xut ph theo hp ng ca Cisco s bit c vic g cn phi thc hin, bi v h ng nhp vo mng ca Cisco v c lin kt trong h thng sn xut ca ring Cisco. Ngay sau khi cc nh sn xut ph theo hp ng tip cn vi mng li ca Cisco, h thng mng ny bt u can thip vo dy chuyn sn xut ca cc nh thu ph m bo rng mi chi tit u hon ho. Cc nh my sn xut nhn thng tin, kim tra li ri bt u vn hnh theo ng quy trnh chung ca mng li Cisco. Mt trong nhng b phn khng th b qua ca Cisco l phn mm kim tra t ng. Phn mm ny c chc nng xem xt cc quy nh c m ho, so snh i chiu vi n t hng v sau kho st k lng xem liu c iu g bt n khng. Nu mi vic u
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n tho, phn mm ca Cisco sau s cng b tn khch hng v thng tin giao nhn cc nh thu ph c th vn chuyn hng ha ti a ch m khch hng yu cu. Th l khch hng c sn phm. Khng nh kho, khng kim k hng, khng ho n hay chng t, ch l mt chng trnh phn mm gim st t ng dy chuyn cung ng ca Cisco vo mi thi im, ti mi ni v cng mt lc. Dy chuyn s t ng vn hnh cho n khi c xut hin mt khim khuyt no . Trong trng hp ny, h thng s bo b phn k thut hay IT kim tra. Nhng chuyn gia phn mm qun l dy chuyn cung ng gi iu ny l qun l bng ngoi l (management by exception) - bn khng cn lm bt c iu g, tr khi h thng c mt li no . Nu c mt im yu ca h thng cng tc ny, th chnh l vic n khng c kim nghim nhiu ln. Mng li ca Cisco c thit k i ph vi s tng trng ca hng. Nhng Cisco v h thng mng li cng tc ca mnh gp nhiu bt ng khi ng u vi s suy thoi kinh t trong thi gian gn y. ng nhin hng s mt i cht thi gian khc phc nhng kh khn ny trong mng li cng tc dy chuyn cung ng ny, khi nhu cu ca khch hng cho cc sn phm st gim v Cisco cng cc i tc trong dy chuyn cung ng ri vo tnh trng d tha sn phm tng t iu xy ra vi cc nh sn xut sn phm cng ngh cao trong thi k suy thoi. Cisco buc phi nhn nhn li nng lc hoch nh dy chuyn cung ng ca mnh. 3.5 Ton cu ha ( globalisation) Nh vn th k 19 Jules Verne, mt trong nhng tc gi c dch nhiu th ting nht, a ra nhiu d bo m tr thnh hin thc trong th gii hin i. Trong cc cun sch ca ng, ng tng d bo s ra i ca tu ngm, in thoi di ng, my fax thm ch l tu thm d mt trng. Vo nm 1873, Verne vit v mt cuc ua k l vng quanh th gii. Trong cuc ua ny, dnh c mt gii thng tr gi 20 ngn bng Anh, i hi ngi tham gia phi vt qua nhiu vng thi gian khc nhau, nhiu bin gii quc t v trn nhiu loi phng tin khc nhau. iu c bit l cuc ua vng quanh th gii phi c hon thnh trong 80 ngy. Ngy nay cng c mt cuc
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ua nh th- cuc ua ton cu khng ngng ngh nhm a sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng trc khi nhu cu tng t bin, v d nh nhng ngy mua sm vo mi cui thng 12. Nh cuc ua m Verne m t, cc doanh nghip hm nay cng c khong 80 ngy vn chuyn hng ct lc kp a ln cc k trng by hoc l khng c g c. Chui cung ng ton cu ko di hn bao gi ht. 68 phn trm hng tiu dng c mua ngoi trn phm vi ton cu, thng phi di chuyn trn 8000 dm t ni sn xut n ni tiu th. C mi nm p lc cnh tranh trong cuc ua ny li tng ln. Ch c mt iu duy nht gim chnh l li nhun bin i vi bt k sai st no. Trong mt mi trng thch thc ny, mt chui cung ng hiu qu s to ra v kh cnh tranh mnh. Trn thc t, cc nghin cu trong vo mt thp k qua i n kt lun r rng rng chui cung ng tc ng trc tip n 75 phn trm kt qu hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Trong thi th y, cc cng ty cn xc nh nhng kinh nghim v k nng thc hnh qun tr chui cung ng tt nht gip gim chi ph hot ng thp hn i th. Lm th no cc doanh nghip c th chy vng quanh th gii nhanh nht? Ging nh cun tiu thuyt ca Jules Verne, h cn pht huy kh nng tc , s nhanh nhy, v s chnh xc. Giao tip ngy cng c ci tin, c bit qua h thng Internet ton cu, cho php cc t chc trn ton th gii c th giao thip vi tt c cc i tc. Chui cung ng v th ngy cng m rng c s nh cung cp v khch hng vi hot ng thu mua, vn ti, d tr, sn xut, bn v phn phi sn phm trn th trng ton cu. Cc nhn t thc y qu trnh ton cu ha bao gm: Ch ph thp hn: do s di chuyn ti cc a im c ngun lc r hn, v d sn xut ti Trung Quc, dch v Call centre n Li th kinh t theo quy m: Gia tng th trng v s lng sn phm gip doanh nghip gim chi ph trung bnh trn sn phm.
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Gim ri ro do di chuyn ti nhng ni an ton hn so vi nhng ni c ri ro c nhn bit trc. S sn c ngun lao ng c k nng v kin thc khan him ni ny nhng li sn c ni khc. Gn vi ngun nguyn liu do vic chuyn ti a im gn nh cung ng. Xa b cc ro cn thng mi c bit trong cc khu vc thng mi t do nh lin minh chu u, khu vc thung mi t do Bc M, hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam . M rng nhu cu ti th trng mi v tim nng. Tng cng s nhn thc ca khch hng trc tip ti th trng thm nhp. Logistics hiu qu hn vi cc cng c c container ha, k thut tm kim qua v tinh v vn ti a quc gia. S pht trin ca cc dch v h tr c cung cp bi cc doanh nghip quc gia khc trn th gii. Hot ng st nhp v mua li vi s m rng hot ng ti nhiu quc gia. Song bn cnh , nhng ri ro do ton cu ha mang li khng t. Bao gm cc ri ro t thin nhin nh ng t, bo l v nhng iu kin thi tit khc nghit khc, chin tranh, khng b, dch bnh, cc vn vi i tc cung ng, ha hon v cc s kin bt thng khc, mt h thng cng ngh thng tin, ri ro ti chnh, ti phm a quc gia, bi cng cng nghip, s khc bit ngn ng v vn ha, v cc vn khc ti nc ch nh. Vic m rng kinh doanh ton cu ngy cng gia tng ng ngha vi vic vn nhng n khc trn th gii cng c th tc ng nghim trng ti chui cung ng. C 3 ngun c th gy ra ri ro cho chui cung ng khi ton cu ha:

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Mt l, ri ro t vic hot ng ti mi trng t quen thuc v xa ni vn hnh thng thng. iu ny lm gim kh nng kim sot, gia tng cc vn v vn ha, ngn ng, ngun lao ng a mc k nng, php lut, s khng n nh v chnh tr v h thng kinh t Hai l, ri ro t dng vn chuyn vt do chui cung ng m rng hn. Bao gm cc ri ro tim n do hnh trnh vn chuyn m rng, phm vi a quc gia, p ng vi s khc bit ca nhiu nn vn ha, e da do my mt hay rt ngn thi gian bn hng do vng i sn phm quc t b thu hp, Ba l, ro cn khng mong i trong thng mi nh l tiu chun v thit k sn phm, s a dng v khu vc i hi chng loi sn phm cng phi a dng, sn phm khng ph hp vi nhu cu ca khch hng. Nhng kh khn thc t lm cho chui cung ng khng th p ng nhu cu khch hng nh chnh sch bo h ca chnh ph, vn bin gii, c s h tng khng ph hp khng y , thiu k nng ngh nghip ca ngi lao ng, Ri ro cn pht sinh t mt ngun gc khc, l s tp quyn, khi mt hng di chuyn ti a im mi thun li hn thng tm kim li th kinh t theo quy m. Chng hn, mt trung tm logistics chu u c th hiu qu hn nhiu hng logistics hot ng ring l cc quc gia khc nhau. Thc t th nhng m hnh nh vy him khi vn hnh nhp nhng nh k vng, km linh hot v d dng b tn hi hn. bo v hot ng ca mnh t nhng ri ro nh vy, cc t chc a ra cc c cu qun l khc nhau vi chn la ch yu l hot ng trong nc, quc t, a quc gia hay ton cu. Ch yu th cc cng ty trong nc ch hot ng ti ni a v xut khu ti cc quc gia khc; cc cng ty quc t c a im thng xuyn hot ng ti mt quc gia, t kim sot cng ty con v chi nhnh; cng ty a quc gia bao gm nhiu cng ty cc quc gia khc nhau, lin kt vi nhau song mc c lp gia cc cng ty rt ln; cc cng ty ton cu coi ton b th gii nh mt th trng duy nht, tp trung hot ng vo th trng hiu qu v cho nng sut cao nht.
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3.6 Thu ngoi ( outsourcing) Trong mt bi bo gn y trn tp ch Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies, tc gi Robert J Bowman nhn xt rt l th rng, cha bao gi m th trng dch v logistics li sinh si ny n mnh m nh hin nay bi mt mt yu t v cng quan trng l chnh l xu hng outsourcing (thu ngoi). Nu quan st th phn ln cc tp on ln trn th gii u outsource cc hot ng logistics hoc chui cung ng ra bn ngoi cho mt nh cung cp dch v th ba hoc th t. Nhng ci tn m chng ta c th k n l Dell, l Walmart, l Nortel, l GAP, Nike.. Chnh xu hng y gip th trng logistics th gii tng trng mc hai con s. C th ni, cc t chc vn hnh thnh cng nht khi tp trung vo kh nng to s khc bit ca h so vi i th cnh tranh v da vo ngun lc bn ngoi, cc t chc chuyn nghip, nhng lnh vc m h vn hnh khng hiu qu. chnh l nguyn tc lin quan nthu ngoi (outsourcing), c s dng trong cc hot ng nh lm sch kho bi, ti dch v k ton, kim ton, php l v x l thng tin Hot ng thu ngoi logistics ngy cng gia tng vi cc nh cung cp dch v chuyn nghip trong mt vi hoc tt c cc hot ng ca chui logistics. Ti M, c khong 2 phn 3 cc hng thu ngoi hot ng logistics( theo Eye for Transport, 2005; Logistics Institute, 2006). Ti chu u, th trng thu ngoi logistics t gi tr 176 t Euro vo nm 2004 v tng 45% vo nm 2008 (theo Datamonitor, 2004). Logistics thu ngoi hay cn gi l logistics bn th ba mang li nhiu li ch nh gim chi ph c nh, dch v chuyn nghip, cng vic c phi hp to ra li th kinh t theo quy m, to cho kh nng ca doanh nghip ph hp vi nhu cu, kh nng i ph vi bin ng ca cu, tng mc bo m ca dch v. Nhng iu ny r rng lm gim thiu mt s ri ro do chuyn ri ro cho nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi. Mt cch ph bin gim ri ro hn na l thu ngoi mt vi hot ng ch khng phi tt c hot ng trong chui. Khi , mt hng c th lin kt vi bn th ba trong hot ng vn ti, v vy s c s san s ri ro khi c vn xy ra. Tt nhin vic gim ri ro trong khu ny s thay th bng vic
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gia tng ri ro khu khc, c bit l gim bt quyn kim sot v ph thuc vo i tc. Bn cnh th hot ng thu ngoi cn c mt t chc thit lp hnh thc vn hnh mi hn v bng cch ny thay th cc ri ro kh nhn din bng ri ro d nh gi v d bo hn. Mt ri ro ng trong hot ng ny l cc nh cung cp dch v ny khng p ng c i hi nh mong i. Hn mt na cc nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi khng to ra dch v t yu cu hay gip gim chi ph ca chui logistics v hn mt phn t hng nhn thy rng thu ngoi khng lm gim thi gian s dng ni b ca doanh nghip thu ngoi hot ng logistics (Logistics Institute,2006). iu ny gy ra ri ro v kt qu kinh doanh, chui cung ng tr nn phc tp hn, pht sinh chi ph khng th kim sot, Mt vn v cng quan trng trong hot ng thu ngoi l quyt nh hot ng no nn thu ngoi. Mt vi nh qun tr rt ho hng vi hot ng thu ngoi n ni h loi b cc hot ng ch yu v chuyn chng cho cc nh cung cp dch v thu ngoi nh mt cch chuyn ri ro hiu qu, nhng kt qu l tht bi. Khi mt nh sn xut thu cng ty vn ti vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, cng ty vn ti c th c trch nhim nu hng ho b mt mt, nhng nh sn xut ca chui cung ng phi chu ri ro do vic gin on chui. Hin ti, th trng thu ngoi gia tng nhiu hu ht cc khu vc trn th gii, bao gm c vng Chu Thi Bnh Dng v Asean v ph bin cc tp on a quc gia. Nm 2008, nn kinh t th gii c xu hng suy thoi nhng xu hng gia tng dch v thu ngoi logistics vn khng dng li, c bit khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng. Theo y ban kinh t pht trin Singapore, th trng thu ngoi logistics khu vc ny t mc tng trng 15%/nm. D don n nm 2015 s tng gp 4 ln. II. Kinh nghim qun tr ri ro ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ca mt s nc 1. Kinh nghim qun tr ri ro ca Trung Quc Trung Quc l mt trong nhng quc gia hng u trong lnh vc logistics Sau khi gia nhp WTO vo nm 2001 th s pht trin ca lnh vc ny cng tr nn vt bc
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hn. Nh s pht trin vt bc ca nn kinh t v dng chy ca ngun vn u t nc ngoi vo Trung Quc nhng nm u th k XXI, nhu cu v dch v logistics y tng ln khng ngng. Chnh ph Trung Quc bi b nhng quy nh hn ch hot ng ca cc cng ty nc ngoi trong vc ny, to c hi cho cc cng ty thm nhp vo th trng Trung Quc, xy dng th trng kinh doanh mang tnh cnh tranh cao trn quy m ton cu. Nhng thnh tu ng gp ca hot ng logistics v chui cung ng mang li cho Trung Quc khng nh. Tuy nhin nhng ri ro trong lnh vc ny lun l mi quan tm v lo lng hng u ca cc nh u t. Trung Quc ch ng sau M trong mc pht sinh cc ri ro trong chui logistics. Bi l, c rt nh u t rt quan tm vo h thng chui logistics ca quc gia ny v coi Trung quc l im n chin lc cho hot ng sn xut v ngun lc tim nng ca h. H thng logistics Trung Quc v th m ngy tr nn pht trin v hm cha nhiu phc tp, tt yu tim n nhiu ri ro kh kim sot. Khng th b qua vai tr ca chnh ph Trung Quc trong vn hoch nh cc chnh sch qun tr ri ro. t vic qun tr logsitics ln hng u vn hnh hiu qu, Trung Quc c rt nhiu cc chnh sch u t vo c s h tng nhm hn ch nhng ri ro gy ra s gin on trong h thng logistics quc gia. Mc d h thng c s h tng ti Trung Quc vn cn nhiu hn ch so vi s pht trin kinh t ni chung v pht trin logistics ni ring, tuy nhin h thng ny c ci tin v nng cp thng xuyn. iu ny c c l do Chnh ph Trung Quc a vic pht trin h thng c s h tng vo chin lc pht trin 5 nm ln th 11 (11 th Five Year Plan 2006-2010) ca mnh, xy dng: ng cao tc: vi hng ngn km ng cao tc nhm ni lin tt c cc thnh ph ln vi hn 250 triu dn. Hin nay, Trung Quc ang xy dng 14 ng cao tc ni lin cc thnh ph Bc Kinh, Hng Kng v Macau. iu ny a tng chiu di ng cao tc ca Trung Quc ln trn 41.000 km, xp th 2 th gii sau M. Chnh ph
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Trung Quc d nh n nm 2020, h thng ng cao tc ca Trung Quc c th ginh v tr th 1 t M. H thng ng st: Trung Quc d nh s hon thnh thm 16.000 km ng st n cui nm 2010. Trong d n ny, Trung Quc dnh mt ngn sch khng l trn 190 t la M ch xy dng mi cc tuyn ng st nhm nng cao nng lc vn chuyn lin hp (intermodal transportation) Cc d n c s h tng khc: Trong k hoch pht trin 5 nm, Trung Quc d kin s xy thm 40 trm vn chuyn lin hp, 18 trung tm logistics (logistics park), v hn 100 cng chuyn dng x l container. Trung Quc cng t ra rt mnh dn trong vic p dng h thng cng ngh qun l logistcs hin i nht trn th gii. Cc phn mm cho vic qun l hng tn kho, phn mm RFID, ERP, CRM, SCM u c pht trin v s dng ph bin trong h thng logistics Trung Quc. Trung Quc hi vng rng h s sm tr thnh nhng nh cung cp v s dng h thng IT ny hiu qu nht v tng ng k kh nng kim sot chui cung ng, m bo an ton v hn ch cc tn tht trong qu trnh kim sot hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ngoi ra c th k n chnh sch tch hp cc thnh phn trong chui logistics. Sau khi gia nhp WTO, chnh ph Trung Quc ni lng cc chnh sch bo h ca mnh cho cc hot ng logistics nhm thu ht cc nh u t. iu ny cho php cc cng ty cung cp dch v logistics nc ngoi c php tham gia su rng hn cc dch v logistics. Cc i tc trong nc v nc ngoi khng ngng k kt cc hp ng lin kt v lin doanh. Xu hng ny cng gia tng Trung Quc khi cc cng ty phn phi v logistics lin kt sc mnh ca h xy dng mt chui cung ng mang tnh cnh tranh cao. Trung Quc c nh gi l bit tn dng li ch ca vic s dng cc nh cung cp dch v 3PL gim bt nhng ri ro trong logistics v chui cung ng ca h.Chng hn nh, TNT Logistics lin doanh vi Anji mt cng ty vn ti thuc s hu ca Tp on cng nghip t Thng Hi- thnh lp Anji-TNT; Meridian IQ- Cng
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ty con ca YRC Worldwide hot ng trong lnh vc logistics- lin kt vi JinJiang Investment,Chnh ph Trung Quc nhn thc c rng cc cng ty nc ngoi c rt nhiu kinh nghim, h thng cng ngh thng tin sm pht trin bn vng v nn ti chnh vng mnh, nn vic hp tc vi h s gip Trung Quc tip thu c nhng kinh nghim qu bu, ci thin h thng thng tin v p dng cc m hnh qun l ri ro hiu qu cho cc cng ty ni a. Trong nhng nm gn y, Trung Quc m rng nhiu h thng o to nhn lc trong ngnh logstics vi nhiu trng i hc v chuyn nghip. Sinh vin Trung Quc c khuyn khch tham gia nhiu kha hc trong ngnh logistics cng nh vn ti. Doanh nghip cng nh chnh ph Trung Quc sm nhn thc c h thiu mt ngun lc tri thc trong ngnh qun tr logsitics v chui cung ng cng nh vic qun tr kho hng, hoch nh chin lc logstics, do vy c gng p ng nhng nhu cu v i ng nhn lc bng cc hot ng o to. Nm 2001, Trung Quc mi ch c mt trng i hc duy nht o to qun tr logistics nhng n nm 2006, s lng cc trng i hc v chuyn nghip o to ngnh ngh ny ln ti 200 trng. Thi gian gn y, mt s cng ty cn tng cng vic t o to ngun nhn lc qun tr logistics cho chnh doanh nghip mnh, v d nh DHL-Sinotrans- mt cng ty hng u v logistics Trung Quc m mt trng chuyn nghip ti Shanghai nhm tng cng o to i ng nhn vin v gip h nhn thc r hn v tm quan trng ca qun tr ri ro.. 2. Kinh nghim qun tr ri ro ca Singapore Singapore lun c nh gi l im n an ton v nng ng cho cc nh u t trong nhiu lnh vc kinh t ni chung v hot ng logistics v cung ng ni ring. logistics l lnh vc kinh t c tim nng rt ln ca Singapre, khi ng gp khong 8%vo tng GDP ca quc gia ny. Ngay t u, quc gia ny khng nh l v tr pht trin kinh t chin lc vi nn chnh tr n nh, ngun lao ng trnh cao, chnh sch kinh t thng thng v hiu qu,Khng ging nh Trung Quc, nhng ri ro xy

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ra i vi h thng chui logistics Singapore lun c ngn nga sm nh h thng qun l h tr ti a cho vic qun tr ri ro v nn tng mi trng kinh t n nh. M hnh kinh doanh dch v e-logistics ca Singapore tr thnh m hnh kiu mu cho nhiu quc gia mun pht trin logistics hc hi. Ngy t nm 2001 Singapore u t 11,6 t USD vo h thng cng ngh thng tin hin i phc v ti a cho hot ng logistics. V th m, vic hn ch ri ro c kim sot ngay t u. Cc chuyn gia nh gi, vic s dng cng ngh thng tin ca doanh nghip Singapore mc hiu qu, lin kt rt bn vng cc thnh phn trong chui vi nhau v vi chnh ph in t (e- government). Ngoi ra doanh nghip Singapore cn ginh c nhng li ch rt ln trong vic s dng TradeNet System phc v cho quy trnh th tc hi quan, gip thc y nhanh th tc thng quan v hn ch tc nghn trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng ha, iu ny gii thch cho vic Singapore l quc gia c thi gian khai bo th tc hi quan ngn nht trong khu vc Chu . c bit, iu ny rt c ngha vi hot ng gom hng l (LCL), khi thi gian chuyn ti ca hng l tin dn ti bng thi gian chuyn ti ca hng container (FCL). Trc kia phi mt 4-5 ngy hon thnh mi th tc d hng, ng hng v lm th tc hi quan cho hng trung chuyn nhng hin ti thi gian gim xung ch cn 1,5-2 ngy. Thm vo , Singapore cn thit lp c h thng phn phi rt hiu qu v linh ng nh c s lin kt vi nhiu cng bin v cm cng trn th gii. C s h tng hin i gip nh cung cp dch v Singapore c th vn chuyn hng ha ti nhiu cng bin trn th gii mt cc d dng v thun tin nht. c bit vi h thng qun l t chuyn ch container ni a, cc cng ty Singapore thc s c mt h thng phn phi hng ha rt nhanh v an ton. H thng cng bin Singapore thu ht tu thuyn t khong 400 hng tu ln trn th gii, kt ni vi hn 700 cng bin ca trn 130 quc gia. Sn bay quc gia kt ni vi hown150 thnh ph thuc 50 quc gia vi tn xut khai thc v vn chuyn hng ha cao.

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Mt nn tng quan trng ng gp vo vic qun tr ri ro chui logistics Singapore l h thng qun l v o to nhn lc qun tr c trnh cao. Cc cng ty vn ti bin v logistics ca Singapore trin khai hot ng ri ro n tng nhn vin ca cng ty. ng thi cc cng ty logistics c s lin kt cht ch vi chnh ph, c bit l vi Hip hi Logistics Singapore ( SLA Singapore Logistics Association) thng qua vic y mnh cc chng trnh o to, hun luyn, bm st thc t nhm pht trin theo hng chuyn mn ha hot ng qun tr logistics. C th thy, c c thnh cng nh ngy hm nay Singapore c nhng nhn nh v nh gi ng tm quan trng ca hot ng qun tr logistics v sm xy dng h thng logistics bn vng v n nh 3. Bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam. Qua s phn tch hot ng qun tr logistics Trung Quc v Singapore, c th thy cc quc gia ny c th cung cp cho Vit Nam nhng bi hc c gi tr trong hot ng logistics. Bi v cc quc gia ny c mt s c im tng t nh Vit Nam. Vi Trung Quc : Vit Nam v Trung Quc tng tri qua thi k nn kinh t k hoch ha tp trung, trong h thng c s h tng v h thng phn phi c qun l tp trung bi nh nc v km pht trin, Vit Nam v Trung Quc cng gia nhp vo T chc Thng mi th gii (WTO).Cn Singapore - bi hc t s pht trin kinh t ca quc gia ny bao gi cng l kinh nghim qu gi cho hu ht cc quc gia trong khu vc Chu , mt khc Vit Nam mi ch c xem l ang nhng bc xut pht im trong hot ng logistics nn iu cn thit l cn phi hc hi t Singapore trong vic xy dng nn tng ban u cho hot ng logistics. Trong thc t th Nh nc Vit Nam cng nh cc hip hi giao nhn cha c cc vn bn c th nh hng hoc ln k hoch cho hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics.V vy thng qua kinh nghim qun tr ri ro ca mt s nc nh Trung Quc v Singapore c th xc nh mt s nh hng pht trin cho qun tr ri ro, c th l:
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Tng cng nhn thc ca nh nc v doanh nghip v tm quan trng

ca qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng. Xy dng khun kh php l ng b v thng nht cho hot ng

logistics nhm to c s an ton v minh bch cho cc nh u t, ng thi to s n nh cho h thng logistics. u t v pht trin h thng c s vt cht tm v m v vi m, c

bit l h thng cng ngh thng tin. Pht huy vai tr ca cc hip hi nhm to ra tnh lin kt vng chc gia

cc i tc trong chui cung ng. y mnh cng tc qun l v o to i ng lao ng chuyn nghip v

i ng qun tr logistics, ng thi gy dng thc qun tr ri ro n tng nhn vin. Nhng bi hc kinh nghim cho chng ta ci nhn tng qut v hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng, t oc nh phng hng v gii php cho hot ng qun tr ri ro c th ca Vit Nam, ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc. II. Gii php nng cao hiu qu hot ng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam. 1. Gii php v m 1.1 Xy dng chnh sch pht trin logistics v h thng php l lin

quan n pht trin qun l chui logistics. Trn thc th, nh nc ta cha c nhiu vn bn php l lin quan n hot ng logistics. Hot ng logistics Vit Nam mi ch c cng nhn l hnh vi thng mi trong Lut thng mi sa i ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2006 v c th hin trong ngh nh 140 quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut thng mi v iu kin kinh doanh v gii hn trch nhim i vi cc doanh nhn kinh doanh dch v logistics mi c ban hnh ngy 5
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thng 9 nm 2007. Hot ng logistics v cung ng cn kh non tr Vit Nam nn nh nc cha thc s c chnh sch php l y , t kh c th khuyn khch doanh nghip u t vo hot ng ny m cm thy yn tm u t. Do vy, i hi phi c nhng vn bn lut quy nh chi tit v cc chnh sch r rng khuyn khch hot ng tim nng ny. C th l: Khn trng thc hin vic ban hnh cc vn bn di lut nhm hin thc

ho lut thng mi v logistics v cc vn bn hng dn c th chi tit v vn qun l logistics cho cc doanh nghip v nh cung cp dch v logistics. To s nht qun trong chnh sch v php lut quy nh v hot ng

logistics. in hnh nht l s nht qun trong cc chnh sch v th tc hi quan, v kho bi, v v iu hnh cng. iu ny lm cho quy trnh tr nn d dng v linh hot hn. R rng khi c mt nn tng php l tt th cc doanh nghip c th an tm khi c cc tranh chp pht sinh hay gim c cc ri ro do h thng php l gy ra. ng thi to mt trng an ton cho cc nh u t khi u t kinh doanh dch v logistics v chui cung ng, to li ch thit thc cho doanh nghip Vit Nam khi tham gia vo th trng. T mi nng cao c cht v hiu qu vic qun tr ri ro ca nh nc, cc b v ban ngnh lin quan ti hot ng logistics ti Vit Nam 1.2 Xy dng kt cu h tng, phng tin k thut nhm h tr cho

s pht trin ca lnh vc qun l chui cung ng. Theo nhng nh gi v thc trng hot ng logistics Vit Nam th mt trong nhng yu t gy nn ri ro ch yu cho h thng logistics Vit Nam l c s h tng khng ng b v km pht trin, hot ng logistics Vit Nam cn non tr v i hi c nhiu s u t hn na. Phi ni rng c s h tng yu km l yu t rt ln cn tr hot ng logistics c vn hnh nhanh nhy v hiu qu, v y l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra cc ri ro lin quan n hot ng d tr, vn ti, bc d hng ho ca cng ty logistics. Do , gc v m th nh nc l yu t quan trng ra cc bin php v
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chnh sch u t hp l cho cc cng bin, sn bay, ng song, kho bi trang thit b da trn k hoch tng th, to kh nng tng tc qua li ln nhau gia cc i tc v cc khu trong chui logistics. Vic u tin trong gii php ny l nh nc cn c chnh sch ci thin h thng giao thng vn ti, trong kt hp ng b gia h thng ng b, ng st, ng hng khng, ng thu C th thy rng vic u t kt hp ny gip cho cc u mi, cc cng, kho bi c lin kt vi nhau cht ch, to s n nh trong vn chuyn v phn phi, thc y chu trnh khp kn ca m hnh vn ti a phng thc. Vic ci thin v nng cp bao gm cc yu t ch yu sau - H thng vn ti bin: Nh bit, hin nay 90% vn ti hng ho xut khu nc ta vn ti bng ng bin. Trong tnh trng tc nghn,vn chuyn hng ho b ngng tr lun l nguy c e do trn cc cng bin Vit Nam. Nhim v trc mt l khuyn khch u t xy dngcc cng container, cng nc su phc v cho vic trung chuyn hng ho. ng thi c kh nng m rng cc tuyn ng, trc ht cn xy dng mt i tu hng mnh c nng lc i bin ln nhm trnh nhng ri ro lin quan n vn hnh v cc ri ro khc lin quan n qun l cht lng dch v khch hng i tu bin. Nguyn nhn l i tu i bin Vit Nam qu gi, trng ti nh, lc hu v khng c kh nng i bin. Do nhim v trc mt l u t i tu mi hn, pht trin theo hng hin i ho, tr ho v chuyn dng. Nh nc cn ng ra bo lnh cho cc cng ty vay vn v h tr cc u i trong vic u t i tu. Gii quyt bi ton v ri ro ngng tr vn ti do trng ti nh ca i tu cn xy dng h thng container hin i hn. Nu d kin tc tng ca hng container l 21% pha Nam trong 5 nm ti th mi nm khu vc ny cn thm mt cng container mi vi cng sut gn 1 triu TEU mi c th b p c s thiu ht cng pha nam.

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- H thng giao thng ng b: Cn xy dng tuyn ng cao tc m bo cho phng tin vn ti ng b chuyn dng lu thng. Tng cng u t xe chuyn dng tr container v cc trm container ng b. Thc trng hin nay l cc xe tr container trng ti ln khng c vo thnh ph ban ngy, iu ny lm tng thi gian vn ti, hot ng vn ti ng b b ngng tr v gim hiu qu. Trong ngn hn cn nng cp m rng cc tuyn quc l, tnh l cng nh cc cu ti a im c nhu cu vn ti ln, ng yu cu k thut nhm m bo cho cc phng tin lu thng thng sut. Trong di hn, c k hoch xy dng h thng giao thng ng b cao tc to thnh mng li vn ti phi hp nhp nhng vi cc h thng vn ti phng thc khc. - H thng vn ti ng sng: Vn ti ng sng ng vai tr rt quan trong trong h thng vn ti a phng thc ca chui logistics. Vi li th ca h thng sng ngi Vit Nam th h thng ny gip hn ch rt ln nhng n tc ti cc bin nh vic chia s trng ti v khng gian cho cc tu, x lan,gim bt p lc qu ti cho cc cng bin. Chnh v vy vic b tr xy dng cc cng ng sng phi m bo cho s lin kt cc phng thc vn ti mt cch thun li nht. Tnh ton phn lung hot ng cho cc con sng, pht trin vn ti container x lan l rt ph hp v to ra s linh hot trong chu trnh vn chuyn. - Vn ti ng st: Cn nng cp cc tuyn ng hin i t cp quc gia v cp khu vc, ng thi xy mi v m rng cc tuyn ng. c bit xy dng cc tuyn ng st nhnh ni cc khu vc, cc trung tm cng nghip, khu ch xut, cc cng ln p ng nhu cu vn chuyn hng ha Ngoi ra, cn b sung thm cc phng tin vn chuyn nh u may, toa xe, c bit l cc toa xe chuyn dng c th chuyn ch c nhiu loi hng ha khc nhau nh hng ri, hng lng, hng vn chuyn bng container. H thng h tng cng ngh thng tin cng l mt yu t quan trng pht trin qun tr logistics Vit Nam. Mun qun tr hiu qu nhng ri ro logistics v hn ch xy
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ra nhng gin on trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi th trc ht phi qun tr tt h thng thng tin phc tp. Thc y v pht trin cng ngh thng tin l mt trong nhng vn quan trong tm v m v thc t Vit Nam cc doanh nghip khng vn v khng ch ng trong vic xy dng h thng qun l logistics hin i. 1.3 Tng cng cc chng trnh o to h tr doanh nghip trong

vn qun l chui logistics v cung ng. V nh hng pht trin ngun nhn lc cho ngnh logistics theo quan im ca VIFFAS l pht trin theo hng chnh quy, chuyn nghip v k hoch pht trin di hn v c ngn hn. khc phc tnh trng ngun nhn lc yu km, trong ngn hn chng ta cn t chc thm nhiu lp bi dng kin thc Logistic trong nc v nc ngoi thng qua cc t chc nh U ban kinh t v x hi chu - Thi Bnh Dng (ESCAP), T chc thng mi th gii (WTO), Hip hi giao nhn chu (AFFA), Lin on cc hip hi giao nhn quc t (FIATA)... Trong chin lc di hn, ngh Chnh ph v cc c quan chc nng ti tr, h tr, quan tm trong xy dng v hoch nh chnh sch c nh hng, lin quan n ngnh logistics. Thc hin cc vn bn di lut nhm hin thc ha B lut thng mi, chng v logistics. Tm kim cc ngun ti tr trong nc v quc t cho cc chng trnh o to ngn hn trong v ngoi nc. Phi hp v tranh th hp tc vi cc t chc FIATA, IATA v cc t chc phi chnh ph khc c ngun kinh ph o to thng xuyn hn. Ngoi ra, chng ta cng cn ch trng pht trin cc kho o to di hn ti cc trng i hc, cao ng, trung cp. y khng phi l vic d, cng khng th lm trong mt sm mt chiu song cng khng th khng lm. 2. Gii php vi m 2.1 Nng cao nhn thc v tm quan trng ca qun tr chui

logistics v cung ng trong doanh nghip thng qua o to ngun lc.

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Doanh nghip c th thng bo cho Hip hi v nhu cu o to, cc lnh vc quan tm cng nh mi cc chuyn gia kinh nghim o to ni b doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip hin nay ang c k hoch u t con ngi m bo cnh tranh thng li v cung cp dch v c hm lng cht xm cao hn. o to v chuyn mn ha lc lng lo th tc Hi quan trong cc cng ty giao nhn quc t. Xy dng k hoch, c ngi i tham quan, hc hi nc ngoi, c chnh sch i ng tt v xng ng vi cc nhn vin gii chuyn mn, k thut. o to v ti o to ngun lc hin c, thu ht lao ng t x hi c trnh i hc, cao ng chuyn ngnh lin quan, am tng ngoi ng, c kin thc a l, ngoi thng, cp nht thng xuyn k thut mi trong nghip v giao nhn vn ti quc t. Cc cng ty cn c chng trnh h tr sinh vin thc tp, thuyt trnh v thc tin hot ng ngnh hin nay Vit Nam v trn th gii cho sinh vin. Cc cng ty phi c ng gp vt cht c th cho o to, h tr chuyn mn cho cc trng nu mun s dng sinh vin tt nghip t nhng trng ny. Thm vo , chng ta cn o to i ng nhn vin qun tr s dng cng c php lut bo v quyn li thch ng ca doanh nghip mnh. Thc t hin nay, cc doanh nghip ca chng ta cha c s quan tm v u t ng mc cho cng tc o to v php ch. Nhiu doanh nghip khi c ri ro hoc pht sinh s c mi tm n lut s t vn. Nhiu khi cc i tc nc ngoi ngh chn lut nc ngoi, doanh nghip cng chp thun trong khi bit qu t v lut nc . Dch v logistics khng th ch pht trin th trng ni a m phi vn ra ton cu. Chnh v vy, cc cng ty cung cp dch v logistics cn trang b cho mnh khng ch cc kin thc php lut Vit Nam m cn phi hiu bit su sc v p dng hiu qu lut php quc t cng nh tp qun thng mi quc t lin quan (bao gm cc cng c quc t v vn chuyn hng ha bng ng hng khng, ng bin, ng b, ng st, cc hip nh k song phng, a phng, cc iu kin vn ti quc t). Doanh nghip cng c th h tr nhn vin tham gia cc kha o to v qun tr logistics v chui cung ng ni chung v qun tr ri ro ni ring. Hin nay c nhiu
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kha hc tng cng nhm h tr doanh nghip trong nghip v qun tr ri ro nhm p ng nhu cu v cung cp ngun nhn lc trong ngnh cng nghip Logistics hip hi giao nhn Vit Nam (VIFFAS). Cc kha hc ny c thit k nhm cung cp cho ngi hc mt kin thc h thng trong lnh vc logistics, cng nhng k nng gn lin vi thc tin kinh doanh si ng ca ngnh cng nghip ny. 2.2 Tham gia s tch hp cc doanh nghip trong vic pht huy vai

tr ca cc hip hi logistics. Th trng logistics Vit Nam ang trong giai on cc k phn tn v manh mn. Cc nh cung cp dch v logistics ca Vit Nam ch thun tu hot ng trong mt s phm vi hp v truyn thng nh vn ti, giao nhn hoc kho bi m thiu mt t duy chiu su. n lc cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics cn ngi li vi nhau cng hp tc v chia s ngun lc xy dng chui dch v trn gi. iu ny gip h c kh nng cnh tranh tt hn v c bit l c th u t chiu su vo logistics c v con ngi v h thng thng tin- y l hai th mnh rt ni bt ca cc nh cung cp dch v logistics nc ngoi. Cng vi xu hng c phn ho mnh m cc doanh nghip nh nc to cho kh nng hp tc lin kt chin lc tr ln rt kh thi. Gn y c nhiu cng ty i theo m hnh ny m c th l gia cc cng ty dch v cng, kho bi v vn chuyn. Song vic lin kt hp tc khng ch l vic 1+1 m l mt qu trnh tch hp im mnh v loi b im yu, qu trnh y i hi doanh nghip thc hin vic ti lp n tn gc d quy trnh kinh doanh c hu ca mnh v hn ht, h cn mt i ng t vn chuyn nghip m bo vic tch hp thnh cng. Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam (VIFFAS) cng cn nng ng hn trong vic qun l bo v quyn li hi vin, c bit l trong vic o to, gn kt, thng tin, iu phi, hng dn cc thnh vin tip cn v xm nhp cc th trng nc ngoi. Ci tin quy trnh th tc hi quan - xut nhp khu c bit, cc n v trong ngnh cn xem xt kh nng sp nhp v thnh lp cc n v cung ng dch v logistics theo nhm 3 - 4 n v sc cnh tranh vi cc cng ty a quc gia.
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2.3

Nng cp h thng thng tin v ng dng gii php phn mm trong hot

ng qun l ca doanh nghip C th ni rng, cng ngh thng tin l mt yu t quan trng gip cc nh qun l qun tr hot ng chui mt cch ti u. Khi h thng logistics v chui cung ng ngy cng m rng trn phm vi ln hn v c phm vi ton cu th h thng thng tin l yu t sng cn i vi doanh nghip. Vit Nam, cc doanh nghip ch yu s dng h thng qun l kho bi WMS, h thng qun l vn ti - TMS v h thng trao i d liu EDI trong vic qun l hot ng logistics, trong khi vic ng dng cng ngh nhn dng i tng bng sng radioRFID vo qun l chui cung ng c nhn nh l gip cc doanh nghip gii quyt tt vic ln k hoch sn xut, mua hng, tn kho, qun l kho, giao v vn chuyn hng hali cha c ng dng rng. iu ny i hi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam phi ch ng v mo him hn na trong vic u t h thng ny thy c li ch lu di. Hn th na cn rt nhiu gii php phn mm cho doanh nghip Vit Nam c th la chn thc y hiu qu ca vic qun tr chui logistics. Chng hn, hin nay c rt nhiu gi pho c cc doanh nghip logistics nc ngoi s dng ph bin nh Qun l mi quan h khch hng CRM, Qun l mi quan h vi nh cung cp SRM, Qun l ngun lc doanh nghip ERP Tuy nhin hin nay c mt xu hng cng ngh c s dng trong qun tr logistics v chui cung ng kh ph hp vi doanh nghip Vit Nam, l SaaS ( ng dng phn mm nh l mt loi dch v).

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Hnh 3.4: Gii php SaaS Vic ng dng SaaS rt c ngha. Trc n gi vic mua mt phn mm TMS (transport Management System) hay WMS (Warehouse Management System), v nhiu th khc l mt qu trnh v cng phc tp t lc xy dng nhu cu, tm kim v la chn nh cung cp (vendor), ci t, kim tra, hng dn..(mt lot cc cng on phc tp, v tn km chi ph , ng thi total cost of ownership n nu khng cn thn vt qu s tnh ton ban u..). V khi chng ta ng dng SaaS, ngha l, thay v ci t phn mm trn my tnh th bn ch cn access vo mt ng dng chy trn my ch ca nh cung cp (ASP-Application Service Provider-nh cung cp dch v ng dng) trn Internet. (nht l khi bng thng ngy cng rng, ng truyn ngy cng nhanh..). im mnh ca SaaS chnh l vic bn c th ngay lp tc tip cn n ng dng phn mm , tm kim thng tin thay v phi set up long ngong nh m hnh truyn thng. ng thi bn c th chia s thng tin ngay lp tc (real time) vi cc i tc ca mnh.

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V d, nu bn l 3PL, mi hot ng vn ti bn update bng SaaS s ngay lp tc lc , khch hng ca bn s track and trace c thng tin y trn internet. R rng vic ny gip chia s thng tin v cng tc hiu qu hn nhiu. ng thi vi SaaS, ngha l nhiu ngi s dng cng mt phn mm s dn ti chi ph r hn. Khng ch dng , vi SaaS, s gip cc cng ty tn dng thng tin mt cch hiu qu hn, nh l vi mt h thng TMS kt mng, bn c th nhanh chng benchmark vi cc cng ty khc v hiu qu v hiu nng hot ng, t a ra nhng ci tin lin tc. R rng vi iu ny thng tin thng qua SaaS tr ln dynamic v real time hn. Tm li, vic nng cp h thng thng tin hin ti trong cc doanh nghip giao nhn Vit Nam nn chia lm hai giai on nh sau: Giai on 1: Hon thin h thng thng tin ni b (Intranet), h thng thng tin trong tng b phn chc nng ( logistics, k thut, k ton, marketing,...), h thng thong tin tng khu trong dy chuyn cung ng ( kho hng, bn bi, vn ti,) v s kt ni thng tin gia cc t chc, b phn, cng on nu trn. p dng tin hc ha trong cc b phn ca cng ty, lp t cc phn mm phc v cho hot ng doanh nghip, chun ha cc c s d liuto c s nn tng cho h thng thng tin logistics. Giai on 2: Kt ni h thng thng tin ni b vi bn ngoi theo hai phng thc: - S dng Internet. Phng thc ny kh ph hp vi giai on hin ti v vi a s khch hng va v nh ca cng ty giao nhn vn ti Vit Nam. y l mt xu hng m cc cng ty giao nhn v logistics trn th gii ang hng ti nh l mt cng c khng th thiu. - S dng h thng trao i d liu in t EDI. H thng ny cho php trao i thng tin t my tnh vi cc b phn trong h thng chui logistics v gia cc b phn
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vi nhau. EDI u t rt tn km song mang li hiu qu v an ton rt cao trong vic qun tr chui logistics. H thng ny thc s hu ch nu chui cung ng vi cc thnh vin c quy m ln v trao i thng tin vi cc i tc trn quy m ton cu. h thng logistics TMT c th vn hnh c th khng ch n gin l ci t mt s phn mm vo h thng logistics truyn thng, m l c mt qu trnh thit k, sng to v thc thi m hnh logistics kinh doanh mi. Xut pht t chin lc kinh doanh trong mi trng TMT, doanh nghip cn phi i mi li quy trnh thc thi cc nghip v logistics; tch hp yu t cng ngh thng tin trong ton b h thng, tp hp c ngun nhn s nng lc v nng ng vn hnh, gim st h thng . Mt h thng logistics hon chnh, tng thch vi cc quy trnh ca TMT, p ng c nhng i hi ca khch hng trong thi i CNTT l mt trong nhng yu t ct li vn ti thnh cng trong bi cnh kinh doanh mi m ny. 2.4 Nng cao cht lng dch v cung ng cho khch hng.

Cht lng v gi dch v quyt nh kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip cung cp dch v logistics cng nh gp phn quan trng lm hn ch nhng ri ro xy ra t pha khch hng. Trong di hn, doanh nghip phi nng cao kh nng ca mnh trong vic p ng yu cu ca cc ch hng v thi gian, cht lng v gi dch v. Nh bit, ngoi vic u t c s vt cht, ng dng cng ngh thng tin, th vic nng cao trnh nghip v ca i ng nhn lc c vai tr quyt nh n nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Khuyn khch cc nh cung cp dch v hng hi trong nc lin doanh vi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c mng li dch v logistics ton cu to u ra th trng ngoi nc v nng cao kh nng chuyn mn ca cn b. Mun xy dng lng tin ca khch hng vo dch v th cn xy dng mt chin lc ton din v c tnh kh thi. Khi cn lu n 2 vn sau: - Chin lc nng cao cht lng dch v phi gn lin vi nhu cu khch hng. Chng hn, nhn thy i vi khch hng c nhu cu v dch v logistics thi gian chnh
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l tin bc, cc nh sn xut t ra cu hi liu cc quan nim c v thi gian chnh (lead time) trong chui cung ng l c nh hay khng. H c gng tng kh nng phn ng vi cc du hiu ca th trng thng qua vic nn dn khong thi gian chnh trong chui cung ng, y nhanh qu trnh t nguyn liu sang thnh phm ph hp yu cu ca khch hng. Cch tip cn ny gip tng kh nng linh hot ca mnh a ra cc quyt nh xy dng thuc tnh ca sn phm gn hn vi tc thay i ca cu trn th trng. Do thi gian l yu t tc ng nhiu nht n cht lng dch v khch hng ca hot ng logistics m cn c cc bin php tc ng lm gim ngn khong thi gian ny mt cch thch hp, m bo thi gian giao hng hp l v chnh xc. C nhiu gii php cho vic xc nh thi gian giao hng thch hp + Trc ht l u tin x l cc n hng mang li li nhun cao hn nhm phn b cc ngun lc v thi gian, cng sc mt cch hp l. + Trong mt s trng hp cn s l ng thi cc khu c th phi hp ca nhiu n hng hoc ca cng n hng gim thi gian x l. Gp cc n hng thnh nhng nhm x l ng thi cng l mt cch c th s dng t mc tiu ny. + Tng cng tnh chnh xc ca thc hin n hng v c bit quan tm n khu x l n hng, khu ny nu c lm tt s hn ch ti a cc sai lch mc phi v lm gim thi gian thc hin nhng sa chnh pht sinh. - Xy dng chin lc khch hng phi tnh n tiu chun cnh tranh. Bt k khi no khi tnh n yu t nng cao cht lng dch v nh cung cp dch v cng phi tnh n yu t li nhun v tnh cnh tranh. Khng th c nng cao cht lng dch v l c th nng qu cao gi thnh dch v. C gi c hp l th mi c th cnh tranh c trong th trng logistics v cung ng ngy cng gia tng s lng nh cung ng v tnh cnh tranh gay gt. Nhiu nh sn xut truyn thng y c th to ra s ci tin trong vic gim chi ph thng qua vic gim chi ph thit lp, sn xut theo m hnh t bo, v k thut ng-thi-hn, th vn cn tim nng trong nhng chin lc phi truyn thng nh l c bit ha hng lot. V d, nh sn xut c gng p ng nhu cu khch hng ring r mt
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cch hiu qu thng qua chin lc nh l c bit ha hng lot, l vic pht hin ra gi tr ca tr. H c gng tr hon s khc bit ha sn phm cho n khu cui cng v do vt qua kh khn m c mt gim c v kho hng chm sc sc khe v sc p m t Khi c s pht sinh yu cu v ng gi t cc nh bn l chnh, th sn phm trong kho ca chng ti ra l ri. Chng ti c nhng tnh hung thng ngy ni chng ti thng d tr hng cho mt nh bn l nh Walmart, ngoi tr vic ng gi. i lc chng ti phi d b thng hng ra v ng li bng tay. Vic pht trin nhanh chng cht lng dch v logistics s gp phn nng cao mt cch ng k nng lc cnh tranh ca Vit Nam qua vic gim gi thnh vn ti, nng cao hiu qu v m bo an ton cho hng ha, gp phn nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca nn kinh t ni chung. Nng cao cht lng dch v logistics p ng tiu chun dch v quc t thng qua vic u t pht trin kt cu h tng, p dng cng ngh thng tin tin tin, to mi trng php l m bo minh bch, thng thong l iu m chng ta cn thc hin nhm gp phn tch cc vo vic pht trin kinh t hng hi nh Ngh quyt ca Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng v Chin lc bin Vit Nam n nm 2020 ra. Bn cnh th qun l v tit kim chi ph hiu qu s gp phn lm gim gi thnh sn phm, t lm tng sc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, khi ct gim chi ph, chng ta cn phn bit gia ct (cutting) v gim (reducing). Hin nay, nhiu nh qun l xem ct v gim chi ph l mt. y l mt sai lm ln v nu c ct mt cch v ti v, nh ng tt c cc chi ph theo kiu c m mt la th s dn ti s nh tr hot ng v gim li nhun ca doanh nghip. Tuy chi ph l yu t t quan trng trong vic xy dng mt chui cung ng hiu qu nhng mc p ng nhu cu khch hng v thi gian, s lng v cht lng vn l yu t quan trng nht. Home Depot, nh bn l hng trang tr ni tht hng u ca M, tng ch trng ct gim chi ph bng cch sa thi nhng k s nhiu kinh nghim thay bng nhng ngi lm vic bn thi gian hoc t kinh nghim. Tuy nhin, ch sau mt thi gian ngn, do khch
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hng phn ng v cht lng phc v cng lc cng i xung, Home Depot buc phi iu chnh li chnh sch ca mnh. Chnh v th, mun qun l chi ph trong chui cung ng hiu qu, u tin chuyn vin qun l chui cung ng cn xc nh r u l chi ph nn tip tc duy tr, u l chi ph cn gim v u l chi ph phi ct. K tip, h cn thc hin cc bin php mnh m v cng quyt nhm ct (hoc gim) nhng chi ph cn thit thng qua vic ci tin qui trnh gim thiu nhng khu tha v iu phi hot ng ca chui cung ng hp l hn. Chng hn, h c th p dng chnh sch tn kho an ton (safety stock) duy tr tn kho mc hp l m khng phi hy sinh cht lng dch v. Bn cnh , chuyn vin qun l chui cung ng cng cn tng cng kh nng lp k hoch v d bo phn ng kp thi vi cc bin ng cng nh nng cao cht lng h thng thng tin ca chui gip cc b phn phi hp n vi nhau hn. C th ni, qun tr chui cung ng nhm nng cao cht lng dch v ch yu da trn vic thit lp mi lin h vng chc vi khch hng trc tip hoc thng qua knh phn phi. Ngoi vic ch n vic phn tch nhng d liu, s liu giao dch ca khch hng, chng hn nh h mua nhng mt hng g, thng qua knh phn phi nocn phi ch nhng vn quan trng khc nh n lc thu ht, ginh c nhng cm nhn tt t pha khch hng v gi mi quan h lu di vi khch hng. Vic thiu thng tin v cm nhn ca khch hng, khng th phn tch nhng nhn nh ca khch hng s cn tr doanh nghip trong vic pht trin sn phm v nng cao cht lng dch v ca mnh. Nhn chung, hot ng qun tr ri ro pht huy hiu qu, cc doanh nghip cng nh cc nh qun tr, ty vo tng hon cnh, ra gii php qun tr hiu qu, gii php no kh thi v cn u tin thc hin. Vic thc hin tt cc gii php c nh hng ni trn khng nhng gp phn xy dng hot ng logistics v cung ng hiu qu m cn gp phn hn ch cc ri ro xy ra vi chui cung ng trong mi trng kinh t ton cu ngy cng c nhiu bin ng v phc tp.
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Vi nhng vn trnh by trn, c th khng nh rng qun l chui logistics v cung ng hiu qu tr thnh mt yu cu rt c bn i vi cc cng ty ln nh trn th gii khi m hu ht cc cng ty v cc chnh ph hu ht ph thuc vo chui cung ng v d dng b tn thng khi c nhng bin ng v bt n. KT LUN Nhng xo trn trong 2 nm qua t khi khng hong ti chnh ton cu ang din ra l bi hc t gi khng ch i vi nhng nh qun tr chui cung ng m cn vi nhiu chnh ph trong iu hnh kinh t v m. Chng ta ang sng trong thi hi nhp v tt nhin s khng nm ngoi xu hng pht trin ca th gii. Bc vo sn chi ton cu, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hot ng trong lnh vc logistics v chui cung ng ngy cng c nhiu c hi pht trin nhanh. Tuy nhin, hot ng qun tr logistics v chui cung ng cn ang trong giai on v gp khng t kh khn, thch thc bi quy m ca phn ln cc doanh nghip
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logistics Vit Nam cn nh, tim lc ti chnh yu, ngun nhn lc cn hn ch nhiu mt,...Bn cnh , phn ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cn cha nhn thc c tm quan trng trong vic u t vo qun l hiu qu chui cung ng. Vi thc trng qun tr ri ro logistics v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam nh vy, trong tng lai chnh ph cn sm c nhng gii php ph hp nhm thc y nhn thc v qun tr ri ro, t vic xy dng c s h tng, hnh lang php l v c bit nht l vic gi ngun nhn lc cao cp cng nh o to lun l nhng hnh ng u tin m cc cng ty ti Vit Nam ang thc hin nhm gim bt ri ro cho chui cung ng ca mnh. C th th doanh nghip Vit Nam mi nm bt c nhng c hi tt nht cho pht trin h thng logistics v chui cung ng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

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