I HC NNG TRNG I HC BCH KHOA KHOA HA- B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

GIO N MN HC

THIT B THC PHM

( 4 N V HC TRNH)

BIN SON: TS. TRNG TH MINH HNH

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Lm Ch, Nguyn Nh Thung, on D, H L Vin (dch), Nhng qu trnh v thit b sn xut thc phm, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1989. 2. on D (ch bin), Bi c Hi, Mai vn L, Nguyn Nh Thung, Cng ngh v cc my ch bin lng thc, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1983. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. GS Trn Thanh K, My lnh, Trng i hc Bch khoa Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1992. Bi Hi, Dng Quc Hng, H Mnh Th, Cc thit b trao i nhit, Trng i hc Bch khoa H N, 1996. PGS.TS L vn Hong, Cc qu trnh v thit b cng ngh sinh hc trong cng nghip, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2004. V B Minh, Hong Minh Nam, C hc vt liu ri, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut ,1998. Nguyn Nh Nam, Trn Th Thanh, My gia cng c hc nng sn - thc phm, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2000. Nguyn Trng Th ( dch), C s thit k my thc phm, A.I.A- Xokolov, Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 1976. Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut thc phm, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2000.

NI DUNG CHNG TRNH M U PHN 1: Cc my vn chuyn Chng 1: Cc my v thit b vn chuyn PHN 2: Cc my c hc Chng 2: Cc my phn loi v lm sch Chng 3: Cc my lm nh Chng 4: Cc my p Chng 5: Cc my nh lng Chng 6: Cc my ra chai PHN 3: Cc thit b nhit Chng 7: Cc thit b nhit

M U
1. Cu to v phn loi my sn xut thc phm 1.1. Cu to my My hin i ch yu gm: - Thit b np liu - Cc c cu tha hnh c b phn lm vic - Cc c cu truyn dn (ng c) [ngun ng lc] - Cc my hin i thng c thm hng lot cc b phn ph : + iu chnh v hiu chnh s lm vic ca my + iu chnh my, khi ng, dng my, kim tra + Bo v v chuyn i 1.2. Phn loi my sn xut thc phm 1.2.1. Theo tnh cht tc dng ln sn phm gia cng: - My: l trang b trong sn phm chu tc ng c hc, khi gia cng trn my y, sn phm khng thay i tnh cht ca n, m ch thay i hnh dng, kch thc hoc cc thng s tng t khc chu tc ng c hc - Thit b: l trang b nh my cng tc c bit, trong sn phm b thay i tnh cht vt l hay ha hc hoc trng thi t hp di cc tc dng nh: c l, sinh ha, nhit in c im: + My: c cc b phn lm vic chuyn ng trc tip tc dng c hc ln sn phm gia cng + Thit b: C mt khong khng gian nht nh (bung lm vic) trong tin hnh tc dng ln sn phm vi mc ch thay i tnh cht ca n 1.2.2. Theo cu to ca qu trnh - My lm vic gin on: Sn phm gia cng chu tc dng trong sut thi gian ca mt chu k nht nh. Sau qu trnh li tip din lp li c tnh cht chu k. Thnh phm c ly ra cui chu k - My lm vic lin tc: Thi gian ca qu trnh lm vic n nh, np sn phm ban u v ly sn phm c tin hnh ng thi. Cc b phn lm vic trong nhng iu kin n nh 1.2.3. Theo mc c kh ha v t ng ha
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- My khng t ng - My bn t ng - My t ng 1.2.4. Theo nguyn tc phi hp trong dy chuyn sn xut - My ring l - Nhng my t hp hoc b my - Nhng my lin hp - H thng my t ng 1.2.5. Theo c im chc nng - Cc my v thit b vn chuyn: Bng ti, gu ti, vt ti - Cc thit b c hc: My phn loi, my nghin, my xay xt, my ct thi, my ch, my p,... - Cc thit b ln men - Cc thit b ha l: Chng ct, tinh luyn, trch li,... 2. Yu cu c bn i vi my sn xut thc phm i vi my sn xut thc phm, khi thit k, ch to v s dng chng, ngoi nhng yu cu chung ( cng, sc bn, bn rung ng) cn phi p ng nhng yu cu sau: Kh nng thc hin qu trnh cng ngh tin tin Hiu qu kinh t k thut cao Tnh chng mn cao Gi thnh h: My c kt cu n gin, vt liu ch to ra n r tin, d kim, chi tit tiu chun ha. Sa cha, bo dng d dng, thun li Lm vic n nh, tin cy, m bo mi trng lm vic t bi, ting n,... Tui th 10 12 nm

3. Nhng vt liu chnh ch to thit b sn xut thc phm 3.1. Kim loi v hp kim a. Gang: Ph bin nht, chim 50% kim loi trong my ch bin thc phm. L hp kim ca Fe-C: 2-4% u im: C tnh c cao, dng c cc chi tit phc tp nh thn my, b my, sng trt,...Kh nng chu nn gp 4 ln kh nng chu un. Phn loi:
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Gang xm C: 2,8-3,7%. K hiu C4 Gang trung tnh: Cng l gang xm nhng cho thm ph gia silicocanxi, silicoalumin, felosilu. K hiu CM4 Gang cu: Cng l gang trung tnh nhng cho thm hp kim Mg, bn rt cao, c th c cc trc khuu ca my nn. K hiu B4 Gang r: %C thp, d gia cng Gang hp kim: Thm vo cc loi gang trn cc kim loi Cr, Mn, Ni, Si. Dng ch to gung bm, v bm chu axit, ng dn chu cc mi trng khc nhau

b. Thp: C c tnh, kh nng gia cng c cao. Ty theo phng php nhit luyn cho nhng thp c c tnh khc nhau, rt cao. C 3 nhm: - Thp cacbon : CT3, CT5. Thp 45, thp 50 Thp dng c - Thp hp kim: Cao, Thp c. ng: Khng bn trong mi trng c Cl, Br, I, NH3, H2S. Dn in, dn nhit tt, d dt mng, ko si. Dng nhiu trong cng nghip ru bia, cc loi thp,... ng : - Thau - Thanh. Hp kim Al, Si, Sn d. Nhm: Chu cc mi trng HNO3 m c, CH3COOH 3.2. Phi kim loi a. Ngun gc v c: - granit: granit + andezit + thy tinh lng gi l matit: chu axit - Amian: Dng lm m chu nhit, lm b chng chy, bo n - Thy tinh - Gm b. Ngun gc hu c: - Cao su: 2-4%S: Cao su mm, dng lm m, cc khc ni trc 20-40%S: Cao su ebonit - Faolit: L hn hp ca phenol formuldehyt + amian. bn cao, lm cc ng ng dn, thng cha, my bm - Ngoi ra cn c nha PVC, PP,...
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CHNG 1. CC MY V THIT B VN CHUYN 1. Khi nim My v cc thit b vn chuyn ng vai tr quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut cc sn phm thc phm, lin kt cc h thng cng ngh trong dy chuyn sn xut, vn chuyn nguyn liu t kho cha n dy chuyn sn xut v vn chuyn sn phm v kho cha ... Phn loi: Theo phng thc lm vic c hai loi: - Loi vn chuyn lin tc: Bng ti, vt ti, gu ti, cc thit b vn chuyn vt liu bng khng kh, bng thy lc,... - Loi vn chuyn gin on: Cu, palng, cu trc, thang my,... Trong cc nh my sn xut v ch bin lng thc thc phm, vn chuyn nhng vt liu ri, vt liu ng ti, nhng kin hng hoc nhng vt liu n chic theo phng nm ngang, thng ng hoc nghing, ch yu dng my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc. Khc vi loi lm vic gin on, nhng my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc c th lm vic trong mt thi gian khng gii hn, chuyn ch vt liu theo mt hng nh khng dng li khi np liu v tho liu. Nh vy nng sut ca chng tng i ln hn so vi cc my v thit bi vn chuyn gin on Cc my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc hin nay c th chia ra hai nhm chnh: - My c b phn ko: Bng ti, xch ti, co ti, gu ti, ni ti, gi ti - My khng c b phn ko: Cc loi vt ti, cc my vn chuyn qun tnh, cc h thng vn chuyn bng khng kh v thy lc chng ny chng ta s kho st mt s my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc c dng ph bin trong cc nh my sn xut v ch bin lng thc thc phm trong v ngoi nc 2. Cc thit b vn chuyn c hc 2.1. Bng ti 2.1.1. Cng dng Trong cc my vn chuyn lin tc th bng ti l loi c dng nhiu nht u im: An ton cao, cu to n gin, bn C kh nng vn chuyn vt liu ri v n chic theo cc hng nm ngang, nm ngang v kt hp c hai
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Vn u t v ch to khng ln C th t ng ha Vn hnh n gin, bo dng d dng Lm vic khng n Nng sut cao, tiu hao nng lng t Nhc im: Phm vi s dng ca bng ti b hn ch v: Chng c dc cho php khng cao, thng t 16-240 ty theo vt liu Khng th vn chuyn theo ng cong Khng vn chuyn c vt liu do, dnh kt 2.1.2. Cu to v phn loi bng ti:

Hnh 1.1. Bng ti c nh Bng ti gm c tm bng (3) kn un cong trn tang dn (5) v tang cng (1). Tm bng va l b phn ko, va l b phn ti liu. Chuyn ng c nh lc ma st xut hin khi tang dn quay. ng c (9) cng vi hp gim tc (8) v cc ni trc l cc c cu truyn ng ca my. Phu (2) np vt liu, phu (6) tho vt liu. B phn co (7) lm sch tm bng. Tm bng c cng s b nh b phn cng (10) lp tang cui my hoc lp nhnh khng ti. Tt c cc cm my nu trn u c lp trn mt khung . Khi my lm vic, tm bng dch chuyn trn cc gi trc ln (4), (11) mang theo vt liu t phu np liu n phu tho. Qu trnh tho liu tin hnh tang u my

Sau y l s phn loi cc bng ti dng trong cc nh my lng thc thc phm.

Hnh 1.2. S cc bng ti c nh a) nm ngang; b,c, d) c ng vn chuyn phi hp; ) c xe tho liu; c) lu ng Vn tc chuyn ng ca bng ti khi vn chuyn cc ht c cho bng 1.1 v bng 1.2

Bng 1: Vn tc chuyn ng ca tm bng i vi bng ti nm ngang Vt liu vn chuyn Thc, go, u, la m Ng, i mch, kiu mch Ht hng dng Ht bng ht u nnh Ng bp Ht gy Tru v ph liu ca ht Bao bt, hng ng kin Vn tc chuyn ng ca tm bng m/s 2,5 4,5 2,0 2,5 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,5 1,5 2,0 0,8 1,2 1,5 2,0 0,8 1,2 0,6 1,2

Bng 2: Vn tc v nng sut ca cc bng ti c nh khi vn chuyn cc loi ht c khi lng th tch 0,75l/m3

400 Vn tc tm bng m/s Nng sut, T/h 2.2 Gu ti 2,5 50

500 3,5 100

600-650 3,5 175

759-800 4,5 350

900-1000 4,5 500

1100- 1200 4,8 800

2.2.1. Khi nim: vn chuyn nhng vt liu ri ( dng bt, ht, cc nh) i theo phng thng ng hoc nghing trn 500 ngi ta dng gu ti 2.2.2. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic a. Cu to: Gu ti gm nhng b phn sau: - B phn ko di v tn mang nhiu gu v un vng qua tang (hoc a xch) trn v di ca my - Chn my gm c tang (hoc a xch), trc lp tang, v v hp np liu - u my gm c trc dn ng, tang (hoc a xch), b phn truyn ng v b phn tho liu

- Thn my gm nhiu on ng c tit din trn hoc ch nht ni vi nhau bng bch, nm vo khong gia u v chn gu ti, bao kn b phn ko

Hnh 1.3. Hnh dng chung ca gu ti 1) Bng; 2) gu; 3) tang u my; 4) tang chn my; 5) b gu ti 6) phu np liu 7) b phn cng 8) ca quan st 9) trc u my 10) u gu ti 11) ca tho liu b. Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi my lm vic th gu xc vt liu khu vc chn my v vn chuyn ln pha u my. y, di tc dng ca trng lc v lc qun tnh, vt liu c t gu vo b phn tho liu ri t chuyn ti ni s dng Vt liu ri c vn chuyn bng gu ti gm nhiu dng: dng bt (hoc bi), dng ht, dng cc u im: - Cu to n gin, kch thc chim ch nh
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- C kh nng vn chuyn vt liu ln mt cao kh ln (50-70m), - Nng sut cao (700m3/h) Nhc im: - Nu vt liu vn chuyn ln gy va p, d sinh ting n - D b qu ti nu tip liu khng u, nn cn np liu mt cch u n - Khng tho liu c gia chng, np liu v tr ty thch. 2.2.3. Phn loi: - Theo cu to ca b phn ko: c 2 loi:

Gu ti dng bng: c dng ph bin vn chuyn nhng vt liu ri trong cc kho

lng thc, cc nh my xay bt, nh my xt go, nh my ch bin thc n gia sc, nh my bnh m, nh my p du, nh my sn xut tinh bt, nh my bnh ko, nh my sn xut m si v cc nh my thc phm khc.

Gu ti dng xch: (mt hoc 2 dy xch): ch yu dng vn chuyn nhng vt liu - Theo phng php tho liu: c 3 loi gu ti:

dng cc v nhng vt liu gy tc hi cho tm bng ( nh vt liu nng)

Gu Gu Gu

ti tho liu di tc dng ca trng lc ti tho liu di tc dng ca lc li tm ti tho liu di tc dng ca lc kt hp ( lc li tm v trng lc).

2.3. Vt ti: 2.3.1. Khi nim: vn chuyn nhng vt liu ri theo hng nm ngang, nghing hoc thng ng, trong cc nh my thc phm, ngi ta dng vt ti. Trong cc vt ti, vt liu c vn chuyn tng t nh mt ai c chuyn ng dc theo inh c quay. Vt ti gm c mt mng c nh v mt trc vt. Khi trc vt quay lm cho vt liu chuyn ng tnh tin theo mng. u im : - Chim ch t: Vi cng nng sut th din tch tit din ngang ca vt ti nh hn nhiu so vi cc my vn chuyn khc. S lng bi v cc chi tit chu mi mn khng nhiu nn d vn hnh thao tc. B phn cng tc nm trong mng kn nn c th ni mng vo v tr no ca h thng thng gi. Tc quay ca trc vt tng i ln.
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Gi thnh thp.

Nhc im : Chiu di vn chuyn v nng sut b gii hn. Chiu di ln nht ca vt ti thng khng qu 30m vi nng sut ti a l 100T/h. Ch vn chuyn c nhng vt liu tng i ng nht. Vt liu b o trn mnh, mt phn b nghin nt hoc b phn loi theo khi lng ring. V vy ngi ta khng th dng vn chuyn thc n gia sc ch bin. Tiu tn nhiu nng lng hn bng ti. 2.3.2. Cc loi vt ti 2.3.2.1. Vt ti nm ngang a)

b) Hnh 1.4. Cc vt ti a) s vt ti nm ngang: 1. mng; 2. gi trc treo; 3. trc; 4. cnh vt; 5. thnh mt u; 6.ng np liu; 7,8. ng tho liu; 9. Van an ton; 10. C cu truyn ng b) hnh dng trc vt c) cc loi cnh vt khc nhau v chiu quay ca chng a. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: Trong mng c nh 1 ti phn trn c lp nhng gi trc treo 2 lm ch cho trc 3. Trc c hoc rng v trn sut chiu di ca n c gn cnh vt 4. v tr gi trc treo, cnh vt b gin on 1 khong bng chiu di gi trc. Mt u 5 ca mng c bt kn. Vt liu vo phu np liu 6, i ra ng tho liu 7 v 8 dc theo vt ti. y (6,7 v 8) c cc van chn c th thay i kch thc ca np v tho. Cui vt ti c van an ton 9 tho vt liu khi qu y. C th thay bng ng chy trn lp gn ca tho liu.
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c)

Ty theo cch b tr cnh vt trn trc m vt ti c th l phi hoc tri ( hnh 1.4.c). C nhng vt ti gm 2 phn trong c 1 phn l phi, 1 phn l tri. Cc vt ti ny dng vn chuyn hai dng vt liu theo hng ngc chiu nhau. Nhng vt ti c cnh c lm bng thp l ch dng vn chuyn vt liu kh v ti. Mun vn chuyn nhng vt liu cc hoc dnh phi dng vt ti dng bng (hinh 1.5). vn chuyn nhng vt liu vn cc (ht m, tinh bt, hp cht thc n gia sc) th dng cnh vt dng bi cho ( hnh 1.6)

Hnh 1.5. Cnh vt dng bng.

1.6. Vt ti dng bi cho Mng ca vt ti gm nhiu on t 2m n 4m, ni ghp vi nhau bng bch v bulng. Nu vt ti di qu 3,5 m th phi lp nhng gi trc trung gian (thng l gi trc treo) ci ny cch ci kia 3m. Trong cc nh my lng thc thc phm ch nn dng vt ti c chiu di khng qu 15m. Nu cn vn chuyn theo di ln (30m) th nn lp ng trc hai vt ti c hai b phn truyn ng i u nhau. 2.3.2.1. Vt ti thng ng Khi nim: Vt ti thng ng dng vn chuyn vt liu ri v vt liu dng cc nh (ht, bt, thc n gia sc, cc loi c). Cng c th dng loi vt ti ny vn
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chuyn cc vt liu n chic. Chiu cao khng qu 12-15cm nng sut 80-100 m3/h (vi D cnh vt 300mm) u: - Tit kim din tch - Tho liu theo hng ty , v tr trung gian theo chiu cao thn my. Nguyn tc lm vic: Vt liu c a vo trc vt thng ng trong v tr kn, nh ma st vi cnh vt m thc hin chuyn ng quay. Di tc dng ca lc li tm vt liu c p st vo b mt trong ca mng. Ma st gia vt liu vi mng lm cho qu trnh quay ca vt liu b hm bt nn tc vng ca n gim. Kt qu vt liu trt theo b mt xon c v c nng dn ln pha trn.
Hnh 1.7. Vt ti thng ng

3. Vn chuyn vt liu bng khng kh 3.1. Khi nim: Vn chuyn vt liu bng khng kh da trn nguyn l li dng kh nng chuyn ng ca dng kh trong cc ng dn, vi tc nht nh mang vt liu t ch ny ti ch khc di trng thi l lng. V l thuyt th c th dng khng kh vn chuyn vt liu ri c khi lng v kch thc ht bt k. Nhng nng lng vn chuyn v tiu tn tng nhanh rt nhiu ln so vi trng lc ca ht vt liu, nn thc t phm vi ng dng ca phng php ny b hn ch. Mun lm cho hn hp khng kh v cc ht vt liu chuyn ng c trong cc ng dn th cn phi to c chnh lch p sut 2 u ng, ni cch khc l phi to ra p lc. p lc c to thnh bng cch gim p sut ca khng kh hoc tng p sut ca khng kh. 3.2. Phn loi: Theo tr s p sut to thnh c th chia ra:
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Cc h thng p sut thp, trong tn tht p sut khng vt qu 5.103N/m2. Cc h thng p sut trung bnh, trong tn tht p sut khng vt qu 104N/m2 Cc h thng p sut cao trong tn tht p sut ln hn 104N/m2.

Hnh 1.8. Cc s nguyn l: a) ca h thng ht vi p sut trung bnh vn chuyn bt b) ca h thng ht vi p sut cao c) ca h thng y vi p sut cao 3.2.1. Cc h thng vn chuyn bng khng kh vi p sut thp v trung bnh: Trong cc nh my lng thc thc phm cc nc, h thng p sut thp v trung bnh c s dng rng ri c gii ha cc cng on vn chuyn trong phn xng
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v gia cc phn xng vi nhau, cho php kt hp vi 1 vi qu trnh cng ngh nh lm lnh, phn loi, sy..v..v.. hnh 1.8a l s nguyn l ca mt h thng ht v p sut trung bnh dng vn chuyn bt t thng cha ti kho cha. Bt do t 1 ch n c tho vo thng cha 2, t y bt i theo ng dn 3 vo b phn tho liu 4 t pha trn mng 5, mng ny s phn b bt xung cc kho cha 6 nh qut 7. T b phn tho liu khng kh c dn vo xycln 8 ri vo my lc ti 9 lm sch. T my lc khng kh sch vo qut 10 v ra ngoi tri. H thng ny lm vic vi nng hn hp = 4,5 5,0 kg/kg v vn tc khng kh 18-20 m/s 3.2.2. H thng vn chuyn bng kh vi p sut cao: hnh 1.8b l s mt h thng vn chuyn vi p sut cao bng phng php ht. Chn khng trong mng c to thnh bi my thi kh 1. Khi nhng vi ht 2 vo trong khi ht th khng kh c ht vo, ko theo ht v vn chuyn n trong ng dn 3. Mun x dch c ng dn d dng cn c nhng on ng mm 4. Qua ng dn ht i vo b phn tho liu 5. Ht c tch ra khi b phn tho liu nh van cng 6. Khng kh theo ng dn 7 a i lm sch bi xycln 8 v my lc ti 9 ri vo my thi kh v thot ra ngoi.

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PHN 2 CC THIT B C HC CHNG 2: CC MY LM SCH V PHN LOI .

2.1 Khi nim chung : - Trong Cng ngh sn xut thc phm thc phm, nguyn liu a dng v chng loi, kch c, thnh phn khc nhau .Trong qu trnh thu hoch b ln nhiu tp cht. Do , m bo cc iu kin cng ngh ch bin m bo cht lng thnh phm, gi tr cm quan v..v, nguyn liu trc khi ch bin cn phi qua khu lm sch v phn loi Mc ch ca qu trnh phn loi : * m bo cht lng nguyn liu : ng nht v kch c, thnh phn * Tng thi gian bo qun * Thch hp cho cc cng on ch bin tip theo C s phn loi: C s ca qu trnh phn loi da vo hnh dng, kch thc, chiu di, tnh cht kh ng, tng tc b mt, tnh cht t tnh v..vv, mi loi mt my ring V d : Phn loi mu sc: c t bo quang in Phn loi kch thc: sng, my chn ht. Phn loi theo tng tc b mt Phn loi theo khi lng ring : my gn Tch tp cht l : Nam chm in, nam chm vnh cu 2.2. Phn loi theo c tnh hnh hc: 2.2.1. Khi nim: Phn loi theo c tnh hnh hc c s dng rt ph bin trong cc x nghip lng thc tch tp cht hoc xp loi nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm. C s phng php ny l da vo s khc nhau v chiu dy, chiu rng, chiu di, hnh dng v tit din ca cc phn t trong khi ht lng thc, thnh phm phn loi. i vi dng ny ngi ta dng my phn loi theo kiu sng. 2.2.2. Sng: Sng l phng php ph bin v n gin nht phn loi nguyn liu v sn phm trong cc nh my ch bin bt go v x nghip ch bin thc n hn hp cho gia sc .

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T "sng " dng trong trng hp l phn loi c kch thc ln v "ry" dng trong trng hp l phn loi c kch thc nh. Vic phn loi ht c th tin hnh theo 2 cch: - Phn loi kch thc t nh n ln (hnh 2.1): Ti y cc mt sng c xp ni tip nhau. Mt sng c kch thc l nh c t trc, kch thc l ln t sau. Khi hn hp vt liu chuyn ng t tri sang phi ta s thu c s phn loi nh mong mun. - Phn loi kch thc t ln n nh (hnh 2.2): Ti y mt sng c xp song song v chng ln nhau. Mt sng c kch thc l ln dt ln trn, kch thc l nh t di. Khi hn hp vt liu chuyn ng t trn xung ta s thu nhn c s phn loi nh mong mun

Hnh 2.1.Phn loi theo kch thc t nh n ln Hnh 2.2.Phn loi theo kch thc t ln n nh

Cc b phn chnh ca sng Mt sng l b phn lm vic chnh. Cc vt liu trn mt sng phi c chuyn ng tng i trn mt sng. Nhng vt liu phi c kch thc nh hn kch thc l sng c th lt xung l th sng qu trnh phn loi mi c tin hnh. Cu to: C 2 loi tm c l, li an v thanh ghi . - Mt sng c l: L cc tm kim loi: thp hay ng, trn c cc l c din tch khc nhau: trn, thun di (vung), tam gic. Din tch cc b mt t do phi c t l hp l so vi tng din tch mt sng, do mi m bo bn c kh . l 1,5 chiu dy Tuy nhin chiu dy ti a ca mt sng khng vt qu 12mm. Mt sng dng phn loi cc vt liu c kch thc > 5mm. Cc l trn mt sng c kch thc t 5-80mm c b tr song song hay xen k nhau. Cc l hnh ch nht c chiu di gp 3 ln chiu rng.

16

u im ca mt sng ny l bn, thi gian s dng di nhng n c nhc im l b mt t do nh. Mt sng c l vi hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau . Trong qu trnh phn loi, hn hp c chia lm 2 phn : - Phn lt qua sng gi l cu t lt sng (CTLS) - Phn nm li trn sng gi l cu t trn sng (CTTS) Tm sng c l c ch to t l kim loi dy khong 0,8-1,0 mm. Ty theo kch thc l sng ngi ta chia sng thnh nhiu s. S hiu ca sng l t l s tng ng vi kch thc l sng ( tnh bng mm) nhn vi 10. Th d: Sng t l thun di, chiu rng l 1,75mm th mang s hiu 17,5 (No 17,5). - Mt sng an( hnh 2.3): Dng cc si vi, si kim loi, si la hoc si nha tng hp an li vi nhau theo mt kch thc nht nh. Mt sng bng si kim loi c an thnh cc l dng vung hoc ch nht kch thc cnh l t 5mm n 0,4mm. u im ca loi mt sng ny l c b mt t do ln nhng nhc im l khng bn. S hiu ca mt li sng an bng si kim loi l s tng ng vi kch thc cnh l sng tnh bng mm V d : i vi sng l vung cnh D = 0,4 mm mang s hiu 0.4 (No =04 ) - Ry : i vi sng an nu kch thc l > 0,2mm gi l mt sng an i vi sng an nu kch thc l < 0,2 mm gi l ry Lin X mt ry la c chia lm 2 loi: Ry nh v ry nng ty theo khi lng 1m2 mt ry . Ry nng: C 20 con s ( t s hiu No 71 n No 280 ) Ry nh c 25 con s ( t s hiu No 7 n s hiu 76) i vi ry nng s hiu v d No71 ngha l trong 10cm c 71 hng l i vi ry nh s hiu No 76 ngha l 1cm c 76 hng l. Ry nh phn loi bt, ry nng phn ht ln hn v d : Go, Cm. Gn y ry la c thay bng ry an t si kapron hoc nylon, ry an bng si nhn to bn gp 3 ln, t ht m v hu nh khng lm tc l ry - Thanh ghi ( hnh 2.4):

17

Loi ny dng phn loi cc loi vt liu c kch thc ln hn hn 80mm. Cu to mt sng gm cc thanh ghi c c theo chiu dc sang, khe h gia chng bng kch thc vt liu lt qua sng.

Hnh 2.3 . Cc dng mt sng li an

Hnh 2.4 . Hnh dng cc thanh ghi ca sng

Kch thc ca thanh ghi c chn ph thuc kch thc ca sn phm cha sng. Vi H = d v B = (0,2-0,3) d. Cc cnh nghing c gc nghing khong 6-100 Ch lp t phn chiu rng thanh ghi c kch thc nh hn lun lun quay xung di . 2.2.3. Phn loi cc my sng a.Theo cu to ca b phn lm vic : My sng chia lm 2 nhm . - Mt sng phng: c dng ph bin nht v c h s s dng b mt lm vic ca li cao nht. C 3 loi : My sng c li chuyn ng tnh tin qua li, my sng c li chuyn ng trn, my sng c my chuyn ng rung (hnh 2.5).

Hnh 2.5. S cu to cc loi sng phng - Mt sng hnh tr: kim tra ph liu ca ht.

18

b. Theo iu kin s dng : Sng c nh Sng lu ng c. Theo s lng mt sng: Sng n Sng kp d. Theo hnh thc dn ng : My sng dao ng qun tnh My sng dao ng bng c cu lch tm . My sng dn ng bng tay quay thanh truyn e.Theo vt liu cn sng: My sng tp: Dng tch tp cht. My sng phn loi: phn ring cc thnh phn ht c kch thc v cht lng khc nhau. 2.2.4. My sng c mt sng phng chuyn ng tnh tin qua li : c dng ph bin nht in hnh l my sng phn loi bng li sng v khng kh . Cu to: Hnh 2.6 l cu to ca mt my sng phn loi bng li sng v khng kh dng lm sch v phn ring ht. Theo chiu cao ca my c th chia thnh 3 phn: - Vng phn loi bng khng kh lm sch ht . - Thng sng phn ht theo ln thnh 3 phn ht ring bit . -Vng phn loi bng khng kh chia tng ht theo ln thnh cc phn ring theo tnh cht kh ng hc . Nguyn tc lm vic: Ht vo bung 1, qut 2 ht khng kh ko sn phm vo ng 3 v cun theo cc hn hp nh i vi kh ng lc. Nhng hn hp ny c lng vo bung 4 v t y chng c tch ra khi my. Khng kh sch bung 4 c qut thi vo ln th 2 lm sch ht. Nh vy qut lm vic theo nguyn tc tun hon kn ca dng khng kh. thng sng 5 khi ht c phn ra mt s thnh phn ht khc nhau theo chiu rng v chiu dy ca ht. Tt c vo nhng ngn khc nhau ca vng phn loi bng khng kh pha di. Qut 6 ht khng kh qua lp sn phm ang trt theo mt phng nghing 7. Tng ng vi cc vn tc ca khng kh khc nhau ti

19

nhng ngn ring ca bung lnh, c cc hn hp khoang, ht bn, ht sch v hn hp nh c lng xung

Hnh 2.6. Cu to my phn loi bng li sng v khng kh 2.2.5. My sng rung . Mc ch s dng : - Phn loi nguyn liu - Vn chuyn vt liu - Lm ti v ngui vt liu Phn loi: C 2 c cu gy rung ng cho my sng rung - a c gn i trong . - C cu lch tm * a c gn i trong: c gn trn trc dn ng ca my. Khi trc quay cc a ny gy nn cc lc qun tnh lm cho thng sng chuyn ng theo cc hng khc nhau.

20

Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: 1- thng sng 2,3- l xo xon 4- trc dn ng 5- i trong Hnh 2.6. S ca mt my sng rung Hnh 2.6 l s ca mt my sng rung. C cu gy rung ng l a c gn i trng. li trn, cc tp cht ln c tch ra, cn li di l cc tp cht nh Thng sng 1 c gn li sng t trn bn l xo xon thng ng 2,3. Cc chi tit lp ghp cc l xo vi thng sng, cho php iu chnh mc ko cng ca chng. Ti trng tm ca thng sng c trc 4 trn c gn i trong 5. Khi trc mang i trng quay th trng tm ca thng sng chuyn dch tng i vi trng tm ca ton h, cn trng tm ca ton h th ng yn . * C cu lch tm: Trc lch tm ca my c ta trn cc gi . Cc gi ny li c gn vo thng sng. Khi my lm vic thng sng s thc hin chuyn ng rung nh s quay ca trc lch tm. S cu to my sng rung c cu lch tm c trnh by trn hnh 2.7

Hnh 2.7. S cu to my sng rung c cu lch tm 1. B my; 2. L xo; 3. Khung sng; 4. i trng gy rung; 5. a quay 6. trc lch tm 7. Bnh ai dn ng; 8. li sng My gm c khung sng 3 c bng h thng l xo gn trn b my 1. Trn khung sng 3 cn gn ca trc lch tm 6. Pha ngoi trc lch tm 6, ngi ta b tr hai a 5 m vnh ca n c gn hai i trng. Vi cch lp ny, c th iu chnh bin dao ng ca sng. Trc lch tm nhn truyn ng quay qua

21

bnh ai dn ng 7 t ng c vo. Trn khung sng c th t 1,2 hay nhiu li sng 8 ty theo yu cu phn loi Tnh ton : Nng sut ca my sng rung Xc nh theo cng thc Q = Bq, kg/h Trong : B - Chiu rng ca mt sng, cm q - Ti lng ring ca mt sng kg/cm gi Chiu di ca mt sng : L= Trong : 0,003 - 0,004m/s. 2.3. Phn loi theo nhng tnh cht kh ng hc Trong cc x nghip ch bin bt, go v thc n hn hp cho gia sc thng dng kh ph bin cc thit b phn loi hn hp bng dng khng kh. l phn loi bng sc gi, da vo tnh cht kh ng hc ca cc cu t phn chia thnh cc phn khc nhau. Nhng tnh cht kh ng hc ca phn t ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng, trng thi b mt ca phn t, v tr ca phn t trong dng khng kh v cui cng l trng thi ca khng kh.. Kh nng chng li sc y ca dng khng kh gi l cn gi ca phn t. Nu cc phn t c cn gi khc nhau th vn tc ca chng khc nhau. Da vo s khc nhau c th phn loi hn hp . nc ta, Trung Quc, Nht Bn .v..v. cn dng qut hm tch cc tp cht nh v nng trong khi lng thc da vo nguyn tc phn loi theo tnh cht kh ng hc trn (hnh 2.8).
q 36 pvt b

p : Khi lng ring ca vt liu em sng kg/m3 vtb: Vn tc trung bnh ca cc phn t vt liu c th ly bng

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Hnh 2.8. S t hp 3 qut hm tch tp cht nng v nh a. trng hp trong thc c t si b. trng hp trong thc c nhiu si 2.4. Phn loi theo t trng. cc nh my ch bin go, bt v thc n gia sc th qu trnh lm sch v cc tp cht nng nh: , si, t vin, mnh thy tinh v..v. rt quan trng . Chng c kch thc gn bng kch thc ca ht nn khng th phn loi bng sng .Do phi phn loi v s khc nhau v t trng . Nu cc cu t trong hn hp cn phn loi c s khc nhau r rt v t trng th cng d dng phn ring ra . My tch tp cht si da trn nguyn tc phn loi theo t trng. S qu trnh cng tc ca my tch c gii thiu hnh 2.9 mt s nh my, cn dng ph bin loi my tch kiu Grigorovic. B phn cng tc chnh ca my tch ny l nhng a trn hnh cn .Khi my chuyn

23

ng lc trn, di tc dng ca lc li tm qun tnh, ht chuyn ng ln pha trn ca a hnh chp, cn si chuyn ng xung di ( hnh 2.10).

Hnh 2.9. S my phn ly si 1. Phu np liu 2. My lng 3. Sng 2.5. Phn loi theo t tnh .

2.10. S cng tc ca mt my tch 1.Phu np liu 2. Mt sng; 3. B phn iu chnh gc nghing 4. Phng khng kh; 5. Qut

2.5.1 Khi nim: Cc nguyn liu thnh phm a vo nh my thng c ln tp cht kim loi, nht l st, do qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn hoc lc lm sch . Tp cht st c th lm hng b phn cng tc ca my (c b mt trc nghin, my xay,v..v..) v c th bt tia la - gy ha hon . Do lm sch tp cht st l mt khu c ngha quan trng ca qu trnh sn xut. Cc loi tp cht st, gang, niken u c th dng nam chm tch ra c . 2.5.2 Thit b Dng nam chm vnh cu hoc nam chm in tch cc tp cht st (hnh 2.11, hnh 2.12) . Thit b phn loi bng t tnh gm: Nhiu thi nam chm ghp li, cc nam chm b tr trn mt phng nghing m sn phm chy qua. Sn phm chy qua nam chm thnh lp mng vi vn tc khng ln lm nam chm ht li cc tp cht st. Sau mt thi gian lm vic cn lm sch b mt nam chm. i vi nam chm vnh cu phi m bo lc ht khong 12 kG. Lp nguyn liu chy qua nam chm khng c qu dy.

24

Hnh 2.11. S thit b nam chm vnh cu Hnh 2.12. My phn loi bng nam chm in

2.6. Phn loi theo tnh cht b mt nguyn liu . 2.6.1 Khi nim: Cc cu t khc nhau trong khi ht c trng thi l b mt khng ging nhau. B mt ca chng c th x x, r, nhn, c v, khng v v..v.. Nhng trng thi b mt khc nhau y c th p dng phn loi trn b mt phng nghing . 2.6.2. Nguyn tc ca cc thit b phn loi theo tnh cht b mt nguyn liu (hnh 2.13): Khi cc phn t b mt trng thi khng ging nhau chuyn ng trn b mt phng nghing th chu tc dng ca lc ma st khc nhau. Do , cc phn t y dch chuyn vi nhng vn tc khc nhau. V vy, cui mt phng nghing, chng s ri cc v tr khc nhau. Nu t trn qu o ri nhng tm chn th c th phn loi hn hp ra lm nhiu phn khc nhau theo h s ma st. Phng php phn loi da vo s khc nhau v h s ma st c ngha rt ln trong trng hp phn loi hn hp gm 2 hoc nhiu dng ht c kch thc gn nhau

Hnh 2.13. S d nguyn l phn loi theo tnh cht b mt nguyn liu

25

2.7. Cc my phn loi khc : My phn loi da theo chiu di ht: (My chn ht) 2.7.1. Mc ch: - phn ring cc sn phm thc phm ri xa hoc tch cc tp cht theo chiu di ht (nh p du, men ...). - Chn ht ging tc cc tp cht rm r tch cc tp cht ngn nh: sn, ct, tm tch go xay ra khi thc .v.v... 2.7.2. Phn loi: c 2 loi - My chn ht kiu tr. - My chn ht kiu a. 2.7.3. My chn ht kiu hnh tr(hnh 2.13a, hnh 2.14) Cu to : My gm ng tr bng thp 1 (v thng), b mt bn trong ca v thng c nhng l t ong 2 v vt ti 3, t trong mng 4 . ng tr c ch to bng thp tm, nhng l t ong c ng knh > 3mm thc hin bng phay cc tm thp hoc km. Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi ng tr quay th nhng ht ring l ri vo cc t ong, nhng ht ny cng quay vi ng tr 1 gc no ri ri xung. Ht ngn c lt vo trong l t ong su hn ht di. V vy khi ng tr quay, cc ht ngn ri xung mun hn ri vo mng v c tho ra bng vt ti . Nhng ht di trc theo b mt bn trong ca v thng dc theo chiu di ca thng. Mc phn ring hn hp ht trn ph thuc vo tm t mt cnh trn 5 ca mng 4. 2.7.4.My chn ht kiu a (hnh 2.13.b): Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: Cc l t ong 7 nm trn b mt a gang quay 8. Khi a quay cc ht ngn ri vo bn trong cc l t, sau ri xung mng 6 v c tho ra khi my .Cn ht di trt theo chiu nghing ca my.

Hnh 2.13. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my la chn c ht a. Kiu hnh tr b. Kiu a

26

Hnh 2.14. My chn ht kiu tr

27

CHNG 3 CC THIT B LM NH
3.1. My nghin: 3.1.1. Khi nim : Trong cng nghip sn xut lng thc thc phm thng gp qu trnh nghin nh vt liu t cc cc to, cc ht thnh dng bt th, va hoc bt mn . V d : CN xay bt hn hp, nghin ht ng cc thnh bt CN thc n gia sc: nghin ht, c kh v cc cht b sung khc (mui, nguyn t vi lng, vitamin, khng sinh), thnh bt, nghin th kh du, li ng v.v... CN bnh ko nghin ng . CN tht c : nghin bn TP: Cacao vn, bt nho scola, nghin bt, : Nghin xng, nghin bt c .

CN SX du bo : Nghin ht c du, nghin kh du . CN ln men : Nghin i mch, mm ht ti, mm ht kh v.v ...

Qu trnh nghin nh vt liu trong cc my nghin l nh cc lc c hc. C th phn loi cc dng tc dng c hc nhm ph v vt liu em nghin nh (hnh 3.1). Ty theo kt cu ca tng loi my nghin m lc ph v vt liu em nghin c th l lc nn, p, ch, b, ct, x, p trt, va p hoc do mt vi lc trn cng tc dng ng thi. Cng nghin ph thuc: - Lc tc dng kt cu my cc c cu truyn ng. - Tnh cht c l ca vt liu em nghin nh cng m, tnh cht ca v ht.

Hnh 3.1. Cc lc nghin a )nn p; b)ch; c) b; d)ct ) x; e) p trt; g) p

28

3.1.2. Cc loi my nghin. Cc loi my nghin nghin nh bng mt hoc vi dng tc dng c hc nh m t hnh 3.1. Cc loi my nghin gm c: My nghin a, my nghin trc, my nghin chu con ln, my nghin ba, my nghin bi v.v... Ty theo tnh cht c l hnh dng, m ca nguyn liu em nghin, yu cu ca sn phm, nng xut, cng sut, tnh cht cng ngh ca cng on tip theo (kh t ) m chon my nghin ph hp v kinh t nht . 3.1.3 My nghin a. Trong CNLTTP dng my nghin a nghin bt va v mn. Hin nay t dng do nng sut thp. Phn loi c 4 dng my nghin a : - My c trc thng ng lm quay a trn . - My c trc thng ng lm quay a di . - My c trc nm ngang lm quay 1 a . - My c trc nm ngang lm quay 2 a. Cu to: B phn chnh ca my nghin a l a nghin ch to bng kim loi hoc bng nhn to . Bng kim loi c th bng thp c hoc bng gang. a bng nhn to gm cc thnh phn c trnh by bng 3.1 Bng 1: Thnh phn a nghin bng Thnh phn % Loi mt Bt nhm Bt t nhm Silic Thch anh Ch to a nghin cn m bo cc yu cu. - B mt nghin cn c cng cao, nhm ln . - C tnh ng u trn ton b b mt a nghin, khi lm vic th mn u khng b st m. Bt nhm 70 40 30 70 70 Silic Thch anh Manhdit 15 15 15 15 Magi Clorua 15 15 15 15

29

Do lc lin kt ca a km hn a kim loi nn phi lm thm ai thp. a c vn tc vng 10m/s. i vi trc quay thng ng 18m/s i vi trc quay nm ngang a gang th 28m/s cn a thp c t 68m/s. tng kh nng nghin ca a tng bt ra khi khe nghin v tng khong cch thng gi ngi ta gia cng mt a thnh cc vnh, cc rnh chm c profin hnh tam gic trn 2 mt a (Hnh 3.2 v 3.3).

Hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.3.

Nng sut ca my nghin a : Tnh theo cng thc thc nghim: Q = 0,9 q0 = Trong : q0 : Nng sut ring trn 1m2 b mt a lm vic trong 1 gi T/m2 h. Vi thc q0 = 1,6 T/m2 h D : ng knh ln nht ca mt lm vic ca a .m K = D/d = 1,3 1,7, t s gia ng knh ln v nh ca a nghin . V: Vn tc vng ca a quay, thng ly v =12,5 15m/s Cng sut my nghin a :
D 2 v(k 1) 2k 3

30

N= 3.1.4. My nghin trc:

Qv 180

; kw.

Cc my nghin loi hai, ba hay nhiu trc c dng rt rng ri trong ngnh CNTP nghin bt m, bt ng, nghin cc loi ht lm bt bn thnh phm, cc loi ht c du khai thc cht bo, lm thc n gia sc, lm bnh ko v ln men. S nguyn l ca cc loi my nghin c m t hnh 3.4 . Vi s ny, cc loi my nghin c chung 1 nguyn l lm vic l nghin nt vt liu khi n i qua khe hp gia 2 trc nghin. Vt liu b nghin nt 1 ln nh cc my loi I, II, III, IV, V v VI, b nghin p 2 ln cc my VII, VIII, ba ln cc my loi X, XI, 4 ln loi IX v 5 ln loi my XII. Vi nhng loi my nghin m mt trc thc hin c hai ln nghin nh trc 2 loi VII, trc 2, 3, 4 loi IX th vt liu em nghin phi c tnh cht dnh v dai, sau khi nghin c cn thnh di mng. Cn vi cc loi ht th thng dng my nghin hai hoc 4 trc. hnh 3.5a, l my nghin c 2 trc c nh dng nghin p, cn cc loi vt liu do, nho, khng xut hin hin tng qu ti do lc p tng t ngt. My loi ny c cu to n gin nht v cng thay i c khong cch khe nghin bng cch x rnh trn b my dch chuyn bu lng gi trc vi b my trc khi nghin. Nhng khi my lm vic th chiu rng khe nghin () l khng i. hnh 3.5b, l my nghin c trc di ng c khi lm vic, nh c lp hai l xo chu nn gia trc v b my c nh. Loi ny dng thch hp nghin vt liu dng ht cc nh. Khi qu ti, lc p tng t ngt nn 2 l xo gi trc di ng, l xo b nn li lm tng khong cch gia 2 trc thot lp vt liu ang gy ra qu ti. Khi ht hin tng qu ti, lc p tr li bnh thng, 2 l xo li y trc di ng tr v v tr c vi khe h () lm vic. Loi ny c dng rt rng ri. hnh 3.5.c, l my nghin 2 trc, nhng c 2 trc u c lp l xo chu nn cng di ng c khi c qu ti. My ny dng thch hp vi vt liu em nghin, cng c kch thc khng u, d gy qu ti do lc p tng t ngt. Do kt cu phc tp nn t dng. Di y l s lm vic ca my nghin 4 trc (hnh 3.6) : My c hp cha liu chung phn thnh 2 ngn, trong mi ngn c hnh chp 6. Gn vi c cu thy lc t ng iu chnh khe h gia 2 trc nghin. Ht t hp cha liu xung, quay van chn iu chnh 3 n cp trc ri liu 4 ri ht thnh lp mng trn trc nghin quay chm 9. Mi cp trc nghin 8 v 9, nu l cp trc nhn

31

th lp dao co sch, nu cp trc nghin x rnh th lp bn chi 1 co sch b mt 2 trc. my ny cn lp ng thng p 7, v tay quay 10 iu chnh bng tay khong cch khe nghin. Bng c cu dn ng kiu xch m thc hin c nhim v truyn ng cho trc nghin quay nhanh v trc nghin quay chm theo chiu ngc nhau, va m bo s iu chnh khong cch gia hai trc nghin mt cch d dng .

Hnh 3.4. S nguyn l cc my nghin trc

Hnh 3.5. My nghin 2 trc

Tnh ton nng sut nghin l thuyt ca my nghin trc: Xc nh theo cng thc: Q = 3,6 . 10-6 L v tb . K : Chiu rng xe nghin L : Chiu di trc nghin : khi lng ring ca sn phm nghin v tb =
v n + vc 2

(kg/h) (mm) (mm) (kg/m3)

vn, vc : Vn tc vng ca trc nhanh v trc chm

(m/s)

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Hnh 3.6. Cu to ca my 4 trc nghin dng nghin ht 3.1.5. My nghin ba: Nguyn l: Qu trnh nghin nh vt liu trong my nghin ba l do va p ca cc ba vo vt liu, s ch xt vt liu vi ba v vi thanh trong ca v my. Cc ht vt liu nh lt qua tm li phn loi v c a ra khi my. Cn vt liu ht to cha ng yu cu th c cc a ba tip tc nghin nh. hnh 3.7 l my nghin ba nghin th v trung bnh c m nghin ph: my nghin c lp thm m nghin 7 trn thnh trong v my lm tng kh nng ph v vt liu di tc dng va p ca ba v tc dng ch xt ca m nghin. M nghin ph c t ngay di ghi 2 v tr ca np liu 1. Ghi 2 c nhim v phn phi u theo chiu rng my, hn ch bt kh nng vng liu ln khi ba p. Trn trc quay 3 c lp cc a treo ba 8 cch u v lch u mt gc. Trn mi

33

a 8 c treo hai ba 4, cc hng ba ny p trn cc mt phng qua cc khe ghi 2 theo sut b rng ca my. Vt liu sau khi c nghin nh s lt qua li 6 ra khi my, cn cc cc to cha lt c s b p tip cho ti khi nh chui qua li 6 mi thi. Np ba 5 tho m c thay li hoc thay ba. Hnh 3.8 m t my nghin ba nghin th v trung bnh c li thay i c: l mt kiu my nghin khc cng loi my hnh 3.7, cng np liu tip tuyn theo chiu quay ca ba, nhng li sng 2 thay i va dng nghin th (l li sng to) va dng nghin trung bnh khi thay i li sng c c l nh. a treo ba 1 c bn cht treo ba v cc ba nghin c treo gn nhau sut chiu rng ca my nghin. S vng quay ca rt trong khong 400- 1000 vng/ph, vn tc vng ca rto t ti 40m/s v mc nghin bng 10 -15 .

Hnh 3.7. My nghin ba nghin th v trung bnh c m nghin ph 1.phu np liu; 2.ghi; 3. trc; 4.ba 5. np my; 6.li sng; 7. m nghin ph

Hnh 3.8. My nghin ba nghin th v trung bnh c li thay i c 1. a treo ba; 2. li sng

My nghin mn loi ba c np liu chiu trc c gii thiu hnh 3.9. Vt liu em nghin c qua phu 1 c tay quay 8 iu chnh vic np liu theo nng sut thch hp. Vt liu em nghin c chy thnh lp qua nam chm 2 tch vn st trc khi chy vo khoang nghin. Ba nghin 4 c c thnh dng su hoc tm cnh, trn hai u cnh i xng c un cong v hai vch trong ca khoang nghin va thc hin qu trnh p ca u cnh, va thc hin qu trnh ch xt vt liu nm gia u cnh vi vch 6 trong khoang nghin. Cc vch ny c to gn tng hiu qu ch xt. Trong khoang nghin cn lp thm tm p 3 v li tho sn phm 5. Trc lp ba nghin c truyn chuyn ng quay t mt

34

qua puly 7. Kch thc vt liu em nghin ti 40mm v bt nghin t 0,25mm. Trc lp ba quay 1800 - 2700 vg/ph, cn cng sut 10 kW. My nghin loi ba c ny dng thch hp nghin ht, cc loi c, r, cc loi xng v cc ho cht.

Hnh 3.9. My nghin mn loi ba np liu chiu trc 3.1.6. My nghin rng: Nguyn l: Qu trnh nghin trong my nghin rng cng l do tc dng va p ca cc rng vi vt liu em nghin nh my nghin ba. Do my ny thng c xp cng loi vi my nghin ba, dng nghin mn hoc rt mn nh my nghin rng khng c li sng. My nghin rng khng nhng c dng nhiu trong ngnh lng thc, thc phm m cn c dng c trong ngnh ch bin thc n gia sc (nghin xng, v s, mui khong v.v...), nghin ho cht v luyn kim. Trong sn xut thng dng hai loi my nghin rng : 1. Loi c mt roto quay. 2. Loi c hai roto quay. c hai loi ny gm cu to loi c li sng v khng c li sng. My nghin rng loi mt roto v c li sng: c gii thiu hnh 3.10. Trn trc quay 5 ca my c lp roto 4, trn roto ny c lp cc dy rng nghin 6 thnh cc vng trn ng tm. Cc rng ny cng xa tm quay th bc rng cng gim. i din vi roto 4 l a rng c nh 2 lp vi v my 3. Trn a rng c nh cng lp cc rng 6 thnh cc vng trn ng tm c bc khng i. Cc vng rng

35

trn a c nh nm xen gia cc vng rng trn roto quay 4. S rng v s vng rng thay i tu theo tng loi my vi cc yu cu cng ngh c th khc nhau. Vt liu em nghin np vo qua ming np liu theo chiu trc, khi ri vo vng rng th nht c p vng sang vng rng th hai ca a i din, ri li b vng tip sang vng rng th 3. v.v... qua cc ln va p, vt liu vng t trong ra ngoi v c p nh ti khi lt c li sng 1 sang b phn thu hi bt thnh phm.

Hnh 3.10. My nghin rng loi mt roto v c li sng 1. li sng; 2. a rng c nh; 3. v my; 4. roto 5. trc quay; 6. rng nghin 3.1.7.Mt s my nghin trong CN hp . a. Bm nghin. Bm nghin thng dng gia cng cc nguyn liu m trong c cha nc nhiu nh nghin c chua . Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic:Hnh 3.11 Trn thn bm bng gang 1 c gn trc quay 2 . Trn trc quay gn cc li dao 3. Dao 3 c gn sao cho chng to thnh 1 ng xon c. Do phi gn dao n lch vi dao kia mt gc 120. Xen k gia cc

36

li dao trn trc, ngi ta t cc li dao c nh 4 gn vo thn my. Nguyn liu qua phu 5 vo my. Do tc dng ca dao quay, nguyn liu c nghin nh v do c to xon c, nguyn liu nghin c chuyn dn v pha cui c cnh qut 6 y qua khe h 7 vo bung 8 . y cnh qut 9 y sn phm nghin theo ng 10 ra ngoi. C 2 cnh qut u gn trn trc quay 2. Kch thc khe h c th iu chnh tu theo yu cu nghin nh. Khong cch gia dao trn trc v dao c nh l 2,5mm. Nng sut my khong 800 kg/ h. S vng quay ca trc 400 vng/ph. 5 1 2

9 8 7 5 3 6 4 B

10

1. Thn bm . 2. Trc quay 3. Li dao 4. Li dao c nh 1

120

4 Hnh 3.11 : Bm nghin b. My ng ha: Trong cng nghip hp hoc CN ch bin sa, my ng ho c dng lm ti v nh mn cc thc phm lng nhm tng tiu ho v v mn mng ca sn phm. Th d khi sn xut nc qu c (nc chui, nc c chua), lm cho nc qu khng b phn lp sau ny, khi sn xut cc loi hp sp rau qu th cht lng sn phm c tng ln nhiu.

37

Nguyn tc lm vic ca my l dng p lc cao y sn phm i qua cc khe h rt nh, p sut ca sn phm vo l khong 150 atm v khi ra khi khe nh ch cn cao hn p sut ngoi tri mt t (2 - 3 atm). Khi thay i p sut mt cch qu t ngt v tc tng ln nhiu lm cho sn phm b ti nh ra, th d khi chui i qua thit b ng ho, cc si tht chui c nh i khong 10 ln. Kch thc ca khe h c th iu chnh c t 0,1 0,15 cm, tc chuyn ng ca sn phm qua t ti 150 -200m/s My c nng sut 5000 l/h, cng sut in 28 km c gii thiu qua s cu to v nguyn tc lm vic nh sau : Hnh 3.12 gii thiu s cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca my ng ha nh sau: b phn truyn ng 1 lm quay pittng 2, sn phm i qua van ht 3 v b nn qua van y 4, khe h 5 ri theo ng y ra ngoi. H thng tay vn 6 v l xo iu chnh 7 dng iu chnh kch thc khe h 5 gia hm y 8 6 7 1. b phn truyn ng 8 5 9 4 2 1 2. pittong 3. van ht 4. van y 5. khe h 6. tay vn 7. l xo iu chnh 8. hm y 3 3.2. Cc my ct thi nguyn liu: 3.2.1. Mc ch v phm vi ng dng: ( Khi nim) - Ct l 1 trong nhng phng php lm nh nguyn liu c thc hin bng li dao, bn dao, dao thanh rng (hay li ca). Trong CNTP thng gp qu trnh ct thi nguyn liu trong sn xut hp rau qu, hp tht c, CN ch bin cc sn phm lnh ng, CN sn xut thuc l, CN sn xut ng.

Hnh 3.12 : My ng ha .

38

* Hiu qu ca qu trnh ct thi: ph thuc trc ht vo b phn dao ct (ph thuc kiu v dng li dao) v theo c im chuyn ng ca li dao. ng thi cn ch n mc ch ch yu ca qu trnh ct thi, yu cu v kch thc, hnh dng v b mt ca ming ct. Qui trnh ct khng li ph liu. V vy my ct dng trong CNTP phi c nhng yu cu sau: - Cu to dao phi cho php thay i c chiu dy hoc chiu rng ca di sn phm (m khng cn thay dao) - Dao phi tch c cc cc sn phm m khng bt x chng ra, khng lm bin dng r rt sn phm ban u v khng lm nc p trong sn phm chy ra. - Li dao khi mi mn phi ng u theo tt c chiu di ca n v d mi sc. - Dao phi gi c cht lng ca sn phm ban u. * c trng ca qu trnh ct: Qu trnh ct c c trng bng s chuyn ng tng i ca li dao v sn phm. Trong ng thi xy ra 2 chiu: Trc giao v song song vi li dao. Nu gi: vn l tc cp liu (hoc tc tin vo sn phm ca li dao). : vt l tc trt ca n ln sn phm
vt = tg vn

: Gc trt ; ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh ct v ngi ta gi tg l h s trt (c sch gi l h s ct) Qua nghin cu nn h s trt cng ln th b mt ct cng nhn v v nt cng t.

Ct c th l cht hoc thi. Nu vt = 0 qu trnh ct s tr thnh cht. V vy, cht l trng hp c bit ca thi . 3.2.2. C cu ca 1 my ct: C th ch l 1 dao hay gm 1 b dao lp trn 1 hay vi trc song song, sn phm a vo pha dao bng cch cho n dao cng bc hay t n dao. Cu to li dao: C th gm c cc loi nh sau:

39

- Dao a rng - Dao a c li nhn. - Dao hnh cn - Dao hnh li lim. - Dao dng bn - Ca, dao 3 gc, dao xon c.

Hnh 3.13. Hnh dng dao v li ca a) dao a rng b) dao a c li nhn f) dao dng bn i) dao xon c c) dao hnh cn g) ca dng bng

d,e) dao hnh li lim h) dao ba gc 3.2.3. Phn loi my ct:

Theo hnh dng ca mt phng phn chia, ngi ta phn bit my ct : - Theo mt hay vi mt phng thng song song, - Theo b mt cong - Theo hnh dng xc nh ca cc vt liu. - Theo nghin nh hay nghin mn. 3.2.3.1. My ct theo mt hay vi mt phng thng song song:

40

Dng dao a, phng, li lim, dng bng chng c truyn chuyn ng quay, tnh tin hay phc tp. a sn phm vo v ly sn phm ra th dng trng lc, a liu cng bc hay t ko.

Hnh 3.14. S cc b phn lm vic ca my dng ct theo mt phng Trn s hnh 3.14-a l s my a a sn phm cng bc nh 1 bng ti t nm ngang (khi ct tht) hoc nghing (khi ct c). Tc vng ca li dao tng ng vt, tc cp liu l vn. t sn phm trn mt bng lm vic ca bng ti c tin hnh t do hay dng lc t vo tm y lp trn tm bng . Trng hp th nht vt vn vic ct t lm bin dng sn phm kh ln. Trng hp th 2, lm cc vu ta gi sn phm c nh th lc vt >> vn, sn phm t bin dng hn nhiu. C cu ct ny gm c mt, hai hay vi a lp trn mt, hai hay nhiu trc. C th dng my ct nhiu ca c dao a trong trng hp ct vt rn hay cc sn phm dng do, cc nh. Trn s 3.14-b l s b phn lm vic ca my nhiu dao ct sn phm do. N gm trc 1 c b dao a 2 lp rp vi bc xc nh v trc 3 ca thng quay 4, theo b mt ct ca thng c rnh vng m bo ct t sn phm. Thng quay 4 dng cp liu. Tc vng ca n tng ng vi tc cp liu vn, cn tc vng ca trc 1 tc l tc trt ca li dao vt. T l : vt : vn = 3 - 5. Chiu dy ln nht ca cc em ct quyt nh chiu rng ca khe . Nng sut ca c cu tnh bng :

41

Q = .s.l.vn Trong :

m3/s

: H s s dng nng sut ln nht c th t c s : Chiu rng khe, m.

l : Chiu di ca khe sn phm i qua 1 cch t do m vn : n dao, m/s

Trn hnh 3.14-c l c cu lm vic vi cc dao a lp trn mt trc, v sn .phm t n dao qua vng lm vic. T n dao c m bo bng ma st sinh ra gia sn phm v cc dao a. y, momen lc ct phi nh hn momen lc ma st xut hin trn b mt tip xc ca dao vi sn phm. Trn hnh 3.14- e l s cu to ca c cu lm vic c dao a lp trn 2 trc song song v sn phm t n dao qua vng lm vic. T n dao c m bo bng ma st sinh ra gia sn phm v dao lp i xng i vi ng trc ca rnh np sn phm. Tc cho nguyn liu n dao s nh nht thi im n dao trung bnh khi ngp ht na th nht ca a v ln nht khi sn phm cha y hon ton tit din ca rnh ni t a. Trn hnh 3.14-.f l s cc b phn lm vic ca my ct c ca dng bng. y bng chuyn ng vi tc vt ct sn phm a vo bng ti vi vn tc vn. Bnh ai ch ng, t pha di, cn bnh ko cng th pha trn. Trn my c th lp mt hay mt s li ca lm vic ng thi hoc ni tip nhau. ct x phng, keo xng, trng luc v nhng sn phm tng t cng loi c tr lc ct nh, ngi ta dng chi tit ct l nhng dy ko cng 1 (hnh 3.15) buc cht trn khung 2. i khi khung c truyn chuyn ng dao ng thnh thi (ct trt).

Hnh 3.15. S my ct x phng v cc sn phm nh trng, keo xng

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3.2.3.2. My ct sn phm theo b mt cong: Gm c cc loi dao hnh cn, hnh cu, xon c hay loi dao t hp, m bo khi a sn phm vo th to hnh phi phn chia theo ng cong b mt. Trn s hnh 3.16-a l s cu to v lm vic ca c cu dao hnh cn, m bo chia phn sn phm theo b mt hnh tr. y tc vng ca a tng ng vi vt, cn tc cp nguyn liu cho a hay tc n dao vo sn phm tng ng vi vn. ct c cht lng theo t l ca chng nm trong gii hn 30-50 Trn hnh 3.16-b l s cu to ca c cu ct vi dao hnh cu c truyn chuyn ng quay xung quanh trc nm ngang XX vi tc vng vt = R v a sn phm vo hay quay dao xung quanh trc thng ng vi tc trung bnh vn = R1. V dao hnh cu nn h s trt khi ct KC = : 1, trong v 1 l cc tc gc quay tng ng. Trn hnh 3.16- c l s nguyn l v cu to v s lm vic ca dao xon c. Cu to ca dao nh th m bo ly c phoi mng khi tc cp liu khng ln.T l gia tc vng ca dao vt v tc a sn phm vo vn l K= 40-50. Chiu dy phoi ct ra l 0,3-0,6 mm Trn hnh 3.16- d l s dao nhiu mt dng ct c ci ng trc khi cho vo thit b khuch tn. Cu to ca dao nh vy c phoi dng hnh mng bn, trnh s ng tng ca nguyn liu khi cht y trong thit b khuch tn.

Hnh 3.16. S cc c cu ct theo b mt cong

43

3.2.3.3. My phn chia sn phm ra thnh tng ming c hnh dng v kch thc xc nh: Dng ct sn phm ban u ra thnh tng mu nh di dng lt, tm, khoanh, cc nh, thanh, si, ming lp phng. - Trn hnh 3.17- a,b l s nguyn l v cu to v s lm vic ca cc my ct thnh tng cc nh hay thnh tng lt. B phn lm vic gm bung 1 cp nguyn liu vo, c hnh dng nh 1 ci chm, m bo p u sn phm v hng sn phm vo b phn dao ct. B phn dao ct gm a 2 nm ngang (a) hay thng ng (b) c gn dao 3. my (a) c dao hnh rng lc v phng, cn my (b) th dao phng. Sn phm sau khi ct c ly ra qua ca (4) nh trng lng bn thn ca n. Trong my (a) dao lp vung gc vi hng chuyn ng v thc hin cht my (b) th dao t di 1 gc i vi bn knh v hnh thnh qu trnh thi. Trn hnh 3.17 c l s c cu a ct sn phm ra thnh si. y trn mt a dp hnh cc chi tit ct dao hnh tri xoan, cn l th hnh trn m bo ct ra c hnh si

Hnh 3.17. S cc b phn lm vic ca cc my dng ct thnh lt, khoanh, thanh v thnh si Hnh 3.18 th hin s cc my dng ct thnh tm, thnh cc nh v thnh ming lp phng trong : Cc c cu lm vic ct sn phm ra thnh lt (tm): S hnh 3.18.a,b.Trong trng hp th nht a), vic ct tin hnh bng dao tm 1. Dao ny truyn chuyn ng dao ng. Trng hp b, vic ct lt tin hnh bng dao a 1. Sn phm c a vo nh cp trc 2, 3 lp trn gi di ng, cn trc quay 3 th lp trn gi c nh.

44

Cc c cu lm vic dng ct sn phm ra thnh ming lp phng hay hnh hp ( hnh 3.18- c v d ). S 3.18-c gm 2 b dao tm 1 v 2 v dao hnh li lim 3. S 3.18.d gm 2 b dao a 1,2 v mt dao hnh li lim 3. Kch thc ca ming lp phng c xc nh bng khong cch gia 2 b dao th nht v theo vng quay ca dao hnh li lim Nng sut ca cc c cu phn chia sn phm ra thnh cc c hnh dng nht nh. Q = f0 vsp (m3/s) Trong : f0 : Din tch tit din sng ca lp sn phm chuyn ng qua c cu ct. m2 vsp : Tc cp sn phm (m/s)

Hnh 3.18. S cc my dng ct thnh tm, thnh cc nh v thnh ming lp phng 3.2.3.4. C cu nghin nh v nghin mn: c dng khi yu cu nghin sn phm tng i nh v mn( hnh 2.23)

45

Hnh 3.19. S cc my ct dng nghin mn

Trn hnh 3.19-a l s lm vic ca my xay tht hoc c dng nghin trung bnh v nh. B phn lm vic gm c cu cp sn phm l mt vt ti 1 vi bc thay i v v tr 2. C cu ct gm cc li dao quay 3 lp tng cp vi cc li 4, kch thc ca l li gim theo hng chuyn ng ca sn phm. pha ca ra ca c cu c t vng khu 5, khi vn vo ai c 6 th vng khu ny s xit cht dao trn li m bo ct c sn phm. Vt ti 1 quay bn trong v tr to nn 1 lc p y sn phm v pha c cu ct v n sn phm i qua l li v truyn chuyn ng cho dao quay. Trn hnh 3.19-b l s b phn lm vic ca my bm dng nghin nh hng lot sn phm thc phm nh tht, c, rau, m....My lm vic gin on, sn phm cn nghin c a vo chu quay 1, y kn mt phn bi np 2 ng m theo kiu bn l. Trong vng lm vic c lp trc 3, trn trc gn dao 4. Trn hnh 3.19-c l s nguyn l cu to ca my bm quay c thng 1 thay cho chu quay xung quanh trc nm ngang vi tc ln. Qu trnh nghin c thc hin nh mt b dao hnh li lim 2, lp trn trc nm ngang 3. 3.2.4. Mt s my ct thc t: 3.2.4.1. My thi thn l thc vt: My thi rau c rm PCB-3,5

46

Hnh 3. 20. My thi rau c rm PCB-3,5 1. Khung 2. Dy chuyn 3. cn ng m 6. l xo nn 10. tm k thi 7. trng thi

4,5. trc cun cung cp di v trn. 8. bnh 9. mng

Hnh 3.21. cc c cu chuyn v cung cp vt thi a) Cc trc cung cp( mt ct): 1. Tm k thi 2. l xo 3. v

47

4. trc cun trn 5. Trc cun di 6. Xch 7. trc dy chuyn 8. cn ng m b) Dy chuyn (mt bng): 1. trc ch ng 2. xch ca dy chuyn 3. thanh kim loi 4. tm g 5. thanh bn 6. inh c cng 7. Trc ph ng

Hnh 3.22. Trng thi 1. bnh 2. bnh rng nh thay th 6. khp ch thp 7. trc 3.2.4.2. My thi c qu: 3. thn gi 4.dao 5. b phn ly hp

8. bnh rng ln thay th 9. puly

Hnh 3.23. My thi c qu kiu a nm ngang KPM 1. a 2. Dao 3.Cc hp 4.trc truyn thng ng

48

Hnh 3.24. My thi c qu kiu thng ng PKP-2,0 1. a : 2.Dao 3. Thng cp liu 4. Mng thot

49

CHNG 4. CC MY P 4.1. Khi nim: p l qu trnh tc ng lc c hc ln vt liu lm vt liu b bin dng nhm mc ch:. - Phn chia pha lng rn trong vt liu. - nh hnh - Bin dng vt liu. Phm vi s dng: Sn xut ng, sn xut nc qu, sn xut du thc vt, tinh du. Sn xut u ph, pho mt, b . Ch bin bnh m, m si, bnh bch qui. To hnh m si, bnh qui, p ng thnh vin, p cc sn phm kh: Bnh rau, lng kh, vin canh p cc loi bnh men, cc bnh thc n gia sc. p cc vin thuc, cc loi ko. Chun b cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo . Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh p: + Tnh cht vt liu + p lc p + Vn tc my p + Thit b p + Thao tc: u ca vt liu vo p + Vn cung cp nng lng. 4.2. Phn loi my p: C hai nhm my p l nhm my p tch pha lng ra khi pha rnv nhm my p to hnh sn phm 4.2.1. My p tch pha lng ra khi pha rn 4.2.1.1. My p trc vt: My p trc vt l loi my p lm vic lin tc, c th s dng cho nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau. B phn lm vic chnh ca my l trc vt c bc vt nh dn hay ng knh trc ln dn quay trong xi lanh nm ngang. Nguyn liu p khi di chuyn theo trc p chu p sut tng dn. S p xy ra do khe h gia xi lanh v bc vt gim dn.

50

My p kiu trc vt thng dng trong cc nh my tinh du, nh my hp (p nc c chua v..v) 3

3 1

5 4 4 6

5 6

My p c ng knh trc vt ln dn Xi lanh hnh tr

My p c ng knh trc vt nh dn Xi lanh hnh nn

Hnh 4.1. MY P TRC VT Trc vt 1 t trong xi lanh c c l 2 c nh. Trc quay 250 vng/pht. Nguyn liu vo phu 3. Nc p chy qua l trn xi lanh vo mng 4 ra ngoi. B p qua ca 5 ra theo mng 6. Kch thc ca tho b 5 c th iu chnh ty theo t ca b i ra bng cch tnh tin trc vt v pha trc hay lui li v pha sau. Ca nh nc p chy ra nhiu hn nhng cht lng km hn. Lc mi cho my chy nn m to ca sau gim dn. Nng sut ca my p trc vt loi ln c th t c khong 5 tn/ pht. p sut to ra khong 8-10kg/cm2. Nng sut my p trc vt Q = 3600 F0 .v0. . ( kg/ h) F0 : Din tch ct ngang ca lp nguyn liu trong xi lanh ( m2) F0 =
(d 02 d 12 )
4

d0 : ng knh trong ca xi lanh (ch ca vo ) d1 : ng knh c trc vt ( u) v0 : Tc nguyn liu chy dc theo trc vt

m m m/s

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v0 =

ns 60

n : S vng quay ca trc vt (vng/pht) s : Bc vt ( u ) (m) : H s cha y ca nguyn liu = 0,6 0,7 . : Khi lng ring nguyn liu (kg/ m3) Nhc im ca my p trc vt: Ch xt mnh trong qu trnh p, do lm cho nc ngt (hoc du) b vn c. 4.2.1.2. My p thy lc: L loi my thng c dng trong cc nh my ch bin thc phm nh sn xut ru vang. N gm bm A c nhiu pittng tr, thng cha B, b phn phi C v my p D, sn phm p c np vo bung 14.

Hnh 4.2. S thit b p thy lc ( p ru vang) Nguyn tc lm vic:

52

Khi bt u lm vic, a tay gt 18 vo v tr II v cho bm chy. Khi pittng tr 2 chuyn sang bn tri nng van ht 3 v cht lng lm vic t thng cha B dng ln ng 4 v np y xi lanh ca bm. Khi pit tng tr chuyn ng ngc li th van 3 ng, van 1 m. Cht lng lm vic theo ng 10, i vo b phn phi C. Qua van nng 6, cht lng chy vo xi lanh lm vic ca my p. Di p sut ca cht lng lm vic, pittng 15 nng bung 14 c sn phm p v pha u p 13. Trong bung to ra p sut mi mt, nn 1 phn cht lng ca sn phm p c tch ra qua b mt khoan l ca bung p . p sut ca pittng truyn qua sn phm n thanh ging 11 v thanh ngang 12. Tu theo vic tch mt phn cht lng m p sut tng ln trong xilanh lm vic ca my p v trong cc ng ng dn. Trong khi th tch ca sn phm p gim i, nn tc nng ca tr trn cng phi gim. Do phi thay i vic bm cht lng lm vic: Cht lng t xi lanh ca bm theo ng 9 i vo di pittng 7 v p lc n n mt p sut nht nh, pittng nng ln trn p l xo 5 v m van 8. Qua van , cht lng chy v pha van ht 3 ca bm, nh lng cht lng i vo xi lanh lm vic ca my p gim i. Khi p xong th tt bm v chuyn tay gt 18 v v tr I, khi van 6 ng li, van 17 m ra v cht lng lm vic t xi lanh 16 chy vo phn bn phi ca thng B. Tr trn 15 v bung p 14 c h xung di v b c tho ra. thng B c t li 10, lc cht lng lm vic trc, khi vo xi lanh ca bm . 4.2.1.3. My p trc: 1. Cu to my p: Mt b my p gm cc b phn chnh: - Gi my. - Cc trc p: Trc nh, trc trc, trc sau. - B gi trc v b iu chnh v tr lp trc. - B phn nn trc nh. - Tm dn ma (lc y v cc lc khc) 2. Trc p: Gm c li trc bng thp, 1 u gn 1 bnh xe rng cao chn truyn chuyn ng, lng cht trong o trc bng gang c bit. Thp lm li trc c thnh phn Ni = 3-4% ; Cr = 0,5 - 1% ; C = 0,2 0,45%. Hai c trc trn nhn bng, ng knh bng 1/2 ng knh trc p. . hai u ao truc co vanh chn nc ma khoi bn vao

53

c truc. Hnh dang va v tr lp cua vanh o trn truc nh va hai truc trc co khac nhau Gi my c nhiu kiu: kiu nh thng (hnh 2.31), kiu nh nghing v kiu cn nn cong (hnh 2.32)

Hnh 4.3: My p kiu nh thng (kiu Fives Lille- Cail C46).

Hnh 4.4: My p kiu cn cong.

3. B phn nn trc nh ( p lc trc nh) . Trong qu trnh p, p lc trc nh ng vai tr quyt nh. N ph v t bo ma, gii phng nc ma ra khi t bo. to ra p lc ln trc nh, c th s dng cc thit b : - Thit b tng p l xo - Thit b tng p du - Thit b tng p kh nn. Nhc im ca thit b tng p l xo l lc tc dng ln trc nh khng u nn hin nay t dng.

54

Hnh 4.5: Lc nn l xo.

Hnh4.6. Lc nn thy lc

Hnh 4.7. Mt ct mt chp nn 4. Thit b tng p du: Gm : Pittng nn du A v hp du trn trc nh B. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: Du trong xi lanh A c pittng nn ti p sut cao. Du c p sut cao c dn vo hp cha du trn trc nh. Hp du c din tch nn vo c trc ln. Do vy p lc du nn xung trc nh ln. Nu ta gi: - ng knh xi lanh du bn A l d : - ng knh hp du trc nh l D . - Khi lng trng vt bn A l p . fA =
d2 4

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Ta thy p sut du l F =

p 4p = 2 d d 2 4

Theo nguyn l Pascan, p sut ny chnh l p sut trong hp du. Do vy p lc tc dng ln c trc s l :
F.

D 2
4

4 p D 2 D2 Lc tc dng ln trc nh l P = 2 . . = 2. 2 . p 4 d 2 d

So snh lc tc dng ln trc nh vi khi lng gang bn A

P D2 P D2 =2 2. =2 2 p d p d

u: To c p lc ln trc nh. p lc ny khng thay i khi lp ma vo dy mng khc nhau. Nhc: Chim nhiu din tch . Lm vic nng n, mc ln. 5. Thit b, tng p bng kh nn: Nguyn l ging thit b tng p bng du nhng p sut cao, y c to ra bng kh nn. 4.2.1.4. My p dng kh nn: Trong my p ny lc tc dng ln nguyn liu l khng kh nn. My ny c dng nhiu trong dy chuyn sn xut nc qu trong cho cc nguyn liu khng cng nh da, cam, qut (hoc nho), phng php p ny rt tt v qu trnh p khng ph v nhng c cu cng ca nguyn liu v, cung, x, l nhng cht khng c li cho thnh phn ca nc qu. My lm vic gin on, chu k p 2,5 gi (cc thao tc ph u c c kh ho) Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca my p dng kh nn Thng p 1 lm bng kim loi khng r, tm dy 1mm, trn c c l 1,2 x 20mm. Bn ngoi bc cc tm kim loi chu lc. Hai u thng p 2 bng gang, bn trong lt kim loi khng r. Dc thng p c ca nguyn liu vo p, c th ng cht nh 1 cnh ca c vt vn. Bn trong thng p l thng cao su 3

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6 5

1 Hnh 4.8. S nguyn l lm vic ca my p dng kh nn 1. Thng p . 3. Thng cao su. 5. Trc rng 2. u thng p. 4. ng dn khng kh nn. 6. trc.

. Khng kh nn t my nn kh i theo ng 4 vo trc rng 5 qua cc l c trn trc vo trong thng cao su (trn hnh v thng cao su trng thi khng p). Di tc dng ca khng kh nn thng cao su b cng ln to mt p sut cn thit, tc dng ln nguyn liu p nc qu. Lp nguyn liu p nm gia thng p v thng cao su. Nc p qua l trn thng p ra ngoi mng hng chy i. B cn li trong thng p, sau mi ln p m ca trn thng v cho thng quay, b s t ri ra ngoi mng c trc vt y i. Mi my p phi dng ti 3 ng c in quay thng p, trc vt v cho my nn kh. Vn tc thng p 20 vng/pht. Nng sut my 1,5 tn nguyn liu/ gi. My p ny lp trn khung khng cn b xy kch thc 5180 x 2510 x 2290mm. Qu trnh p: Thng khng quay cho nguyn liu vo t t cho ti khi y, ng ca li cho thng quay 5 pht khng cho khng kh vo. Khi nguyn liu c phn b u trn mt thng. Bt u cho khng kh vo thng cao su. Cho t t 5 10 pht cho t n p sut 3 3,5 atm. Li x kh ra cho thng quay o nguyn liu. Li cho khng kh nn vo vi p sut cao hn v gi thi gian lu hn. Lm nh vy 3 ln v p sut khng kh nn ln cui cng trong thng cao su phi t 6 atm.

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4.2.2. My p to hnh: 4.2.2.1. My p trc ln (My p nn) Dng trong sn xut m ng.

Hnh 4.9 : Nguyn l lm vic ca my p nn My p trc ln lm vic lin tc, gm c b phn nn (2 trc ln) v b phn to hnh (khun c ). Hai trc ln quay ngc chiu nhau to nn p sut y bt nho v khun c. Khun c l cc a kim loi c gia cng l c hoa vn 4.2.2.2. My p cn: a. Nhng cc bt nho m chuyn ng nh bng ti vn chuyn 1 v tc dng ln mng c nh 2 (hnh 2.38.a). Khi cc bt nho i dc theo mng c tit din nh dn th n c gi cht to nn c cu ng nht v trn. b. Qu trnh dt mng nhng cc bt nho m u xy ra khi n chuyn ng dc theo k h nh dn to nn bi bng ti vn chuyn 1 v thnh c nh 2 hoc bng ti v tn khc 3, chuyn ng v pha ngc li.Lc ny cc bt nho quay xung quanh trc ca n, chuyn di ra khi khe h v dn dn c to thnh hnh tr ( hnh 2.38b).

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c. Khi dt bt nho m trng s thc hin 1 s khu. u tin nhng cc bt nho i qua gia i trc 1, quay ngc chiu nhau v cn mng thnh bnh. Sau nh trc c rnh 2 c cun li thnh cun xon c. Cun c a ra bi thng quay 3, v c cn gia thng v b mt v my c nh 4 v sau chuyn sang bng ti 5, kt qu n t ko di ra n kch thc cn thit (hnh 2.38c) .

Hnh 4.10 : Nguyn l lm vic ca my p cn.

4.2.2.3. My dp p: Dng trong CN bnh ko. 1 2 3

Hnh 4.11. S my dp p to hnh bnh qui B phn to hnh( khun c 1 ca my p (hnh 2.39) c gia cng thnh hnh hoa vn phong ph. B phn to hnh thc hin chuyn ng qua li, a khi bt nho c cn 2 nm trn bng ti 3 v p xung. p sut dp gn 0,3-0,5 MN/m2( 3-5 kg/cm2)

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4.2.2.4. My p ng bnh : B phn ch yu ca my p c khun c kiu ng l cc a hoc ci bnh quay chm. a c nhng l t cc khun c. Vt liu m t b phn np liu cho vo cc khun ng bnh. y khun l cc bn di ng ln xung. Qu trnh ng bnh c th theo di s hnh 2.40. To v tr I, bn 2 thp nht. Sau khun c 1 cht y sn phm t 3 (v tr II), tip n p nguyn liu bi bn ( giai on ny trn khun c c t tm 4 v tr III) v cui cng bn y thnh phm ng bnh v nng cao hn mt bn khong 0,5mm. Trong 1 vng, bn s ngng li 4 ln vi thi gian 11,5 giy, c 4 khun c, lm vic vi v = 8 vng/ pht, to 32 bnh/ pht. p sut p gn 150 - 200 kg/ cm2 .

Hnh 4.12. S lm vic ca my p c khun c kiu ng 1. Khun c 3. sn phm 2. Bn 4. Tm kim loi

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CHNG 5: CC MY NH LNG
1. MC CH V PHM VI NG DNG Trong cc nh my thc phm, qu trnh nh lng nguyn liu, nh lng vt liu b sung v thnh phm c ngha ln m bo nng sut v hiu sut sn xut cng nh mi ch tiu cht lng ca sn phm. i tng nh lng rt a dng v phong ph nh: dng ri, lng t nht, lng nht, m c, do, nho, qunh. Do , ty theo cu to v tnh cht ca sn phm cn nh lng m c cc phng php v cc thit b nh lng khc nhau. Cc my nh lng thng c lp ngay di boong ke cha, t trc cc my v thit b ch bin hoc cc my trn v.v... 2. PHN LOI 2.1.Theo nguyn tc nh lng: - My nh lng theo th tch: Cu to n gin, d s dng nhng mc chnh xc thp - My nh lng theo trng lng: Kt cu phc tp, gi thnh cao nhng mc chnh xc cao Phng php nh lng th tch c sai s t 2-3% nn ch p dng khi o lng s b. Phng php nh lng theo khi lng c sai s nh lng thp khong 0,1% nn c p dng khi cn o lng chnh xc cc cu t ca hn hp. 2.2. Theo phng thc lm vic. - My nh lng lin tc - My nh lng gin on (tng m) 2.3. Theo tnh cht vt liu. - My nh lng vt liu ri - My nh lng vt liu do - My nh lng vt liu lng. 3. CC MY NH LNG VT LIU RI. nh lng vt liu ri hay l cc sn phm ht, ngi ta dng cc my nh lng th tch v trng lng, nh lng lin tc v tng phn. Phng php nh lng theo th tch c sai s ln hn nhng kt cu my n gin hn, sai s nm trong gii hn cho php nn vn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu dy chuyn sn xut. Nhng my nh lng cp liu lin tc thng gp l loi thng, a, vt ti, bng ti, my lc, pittng, rung lc v dao ng cng nh loi trng lng lm vic t ng v na t ng.

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3.1. Thng nh lng : (My nh lng kiu tang) 3.1.1. c im v phm vi ng dng: - My nh lng th tch lm vic lin tc - nh lng cc sn phm dng ri, dng ht, bt v..v 3.1.2. Phn loi: - Kiu thng hnh tr hay thng c nhiu cnh (hnh 5.1a v 5.1 b): iu chnh dng sn phm nh lc ma st v lc bm dnh vi b mt thng. - Kiu hnh qut: loi hc (hnh 5.1c) v loi cnh ( hnh 5.1d): cc loi thng ny th loi thng tr nhn v c nhng np gn nh dng cho sn phm bt v ht nh. Nhng thng mi cnh dng cho sn phm dng cc nh v cc trung bnh.

Hnh 5.1. Cc thng nh lng a) Thng nh lng hnh tr b) Thng nh lng c cnh c) Thng nh lng c hc d) thng nh lng c cnh 1. Trc thng 2. Thng 3. L tho 4. Ci no co vt liu d trong cc ngn 5. Ngn 6. Thng cha liu 7. Trc no Tc vng ca thng t 0,025 n 1m/s. Nng sut ca thng c th iu chnh bng tm chn thay i chiu dy ca lp sn phm i vo, hoc thay i s vng quay ca tang. Nng sut thng cp liu kiu tang trn (Hnh 6.1a ) c tnh theo cng thc : Q = 3600 F v k , kg/h Trong : F : Din tch tit din ca l, m2. v : Tc trung bnh ca sn phm chy qua l, (m/s ) (Thng ly bng vn tc vng ca tang nh lng v = 0,025 - 1 m/s) k : H s cha y ca ca xung liu, ph thuc khi lng ring ca ht . : Trng lng ring ca sn phm kg/ m3 3.2. a nh lng : 3.2.1. c im v phm vi ng dng: - My nh lng th tch lm vic lin tc - Dng cp v nh lng vt liu dng ht nh v dng bt kh.

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- m bo cp liu chnh xc khi nng sut tng i ln. 3.2.2. S kt cu: a quay mm nh lng (hnh 5.2a) l mt a quay nm ngang 1, sn phm trn a c iu chnh bng ng tip liu di ng 3 ph bn ngoi ng tho ca boong ke. ng c in lm quay trc thng ng 4 qua c cu truyn ng. Hnh 5.2a. S kt cu mm hay a nh lng 3.2.3.Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic Cu to: 1. a cha liu 2. Trc 3. ai thang 4. Hp gim tc 5. 6. 7. 8. Bnh rng thng Hp cp liu ng c nh ng di ng

9. Tm gt 10. ai c 11. Tay quay 12. Cp bnh rng nn 13. Bnh rng vng 14. Bnh rng 15. Cnh o

Hnh 5.2b. My nh lng kiu a Nguyn tc lm vic: a 1 lp cng trn trc 2 nhn chuyn ng quay t mt qua ai thang 3, hp gim tc 4 v cp bnh rng thng 5. Liu t hp cha liu 6 chy qua 2 cnh o 15 gn trn trc 2 ( chng dnh bt) ri xung a 1. iu chnh lng liu trn a 1, dng h thng ng chn liu 7 v 8. ng 7 pha trong lp c nh, mt ngoi ng c tin ren. ng 8 lng ngoi ng 7, u pha trn hn vi ai c 10 - n ren trn ng 7.

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ai c 10 hn vi bnh rng vng 13 n khp vi bnh rng 14. Khi tay quay 11 quay truyn chuyn ng qua cp bnh rng nn 12, cp bnh rng 14 v 13 lm ai c 10 quay n ren vi ng 7 c nh. Do cng lm ng 8 cng ai 13 va quay va tnh tin dc trc (ln hoc xung) lm thay i lng liu trn a 1. Dng gt 9 (cng iu chnh c v tr cao thp) gt liu trn a 1 xung ng tho liu. C 2 kh nng iu chnh nng sut : - Thay i vng quay ca trc 2 mang a 1. - Dch chuyn v tr ng 8 bng tay quay 11. 3.2.4. Nng sut ca a nh lng : Nng sut ca a nh lng c tnh theo cng thc: Q = 60 Trong : : Khi lng ring ca ht hoc bt kg/m3. h : Chiu cao nng ng tip liu 8 so vi a (m) n: S vng quay ca a, vng/pht R : Bn knh ng tip liu 8, m. : Gc nghing t nhin ca khi vt liu khi chuyn ng, 3.3. Vt nh lng 3.3.1. c im v phm vi ng dng: - My nh lng th tch lm vic lin tc - Vt nh lng dng cp v nh lng sn phm dng ht, cc nh v dng bt trong nhng trng hp b qua hin tng nghin nt. - My c th nh lng v tr t nm ngang hay nm nghing mt gc no . 3.3.2. Cu to vt nh lng
h 2 n tg 0
h R + 3tg 0 , kg/h

Hnh 5.3. Vt nh lng

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3.3.3. Nng sut ca vt nh lng: Nng sut ca vt nh lng c xc nh theo cng thc : Q = 47 D2 SK n ( kg/h) Trong : D : ng knh vt xon , m S : Bc vt, m Thng thng : S = (0,8 - 1,0) D K : H s y, K= 0,8 - 1,0 n : S vng quay ca vt xon trong 1 pht. i vi sn phm linh ng n = 40 - 80 v/ ph, t linh ng hn th n = 20 - 40 v/ph. : Khi lng ring ca sn phm (kg/m3) trnh vt liu tch t trong vt nh lng cn phi m bo t l: D (4-5) DC (mm) Trong : DC : Kch thc ln nht ca cc sn phm . 3.4. Bng ti nh lng 3.4.1. c im v phm vi ng dng: - My nh lng lm vic lin tc - Dng cp v nh lng vt liu cc nh cng nh vt liu m dnh kt. Vi vt liu m, dnh, dng thanh gt lm sch b phn chu ti v bng vi bng tm cao su - Bng ti nh lng c th t nm ngang hay nm nghing. 3.4.2. Phn loi: - Bng ti nh lng theo th tch. - Bng ti nh lng theo trng lng 3.4.3. Bng ti nh lng theo th tch

Hnh 5.4. Bng ti nh lng theo th tch 1. Khung 2. tang dn 3. tang cng ( tang ko) 4. Bng 5. ng c in 6. Hp gim tc dn ng 7. im ta ca thng cha liu 8. Phu cha

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9. Tm chn iu chnh 10. C cu ko cng Nhnh bng pha trn bng nhng con ln nh lng. Dc theo bng c t thanh chn to thnh mng nh dn sn phm cp liu. Vt liu t thng cha liu c cp vo bng mt cch u n v c th iu chnh theo chiu cao ca tm chn. Tc ca bng ly t 0,1 - 0,5m/s. 3.4.4. Bng ti nh lng theo khi lng - Bng ti nh lng theo khi lng ta trn gi bn l

Hnh 5.5. Bng ti nh lng theo khi lng Trn hnh 5.5 cho ta s nguyn tc ca bng ti nh lng theo khi lng; c cu ny lp trn khung, ta trn gi bn l. Sn phm cp bng bng ti c cn bng i trng; dch chuyn i trng c th iu chnh c nng sut trong gii hn 1/3. Khi thay i nghing ca khung my nh lng th do thay i trng lng sn phm nn h thng n by t ng thay i v tr iu chnh tm chn v tit din l ra ca thng cha liu. - Bng ti nh lng theo khi lng iu chnh bng in

Hnh 5.6a. Bng ti nh lng theo khi lng iu chnh bng in 1. Bng ti 2. im ta 3. ng c in 4. Cnh tay n 5. Tay n 6. C cu cp liu dao ng in 7. i trng 8. Cng tc in Bng ti nh lng theo trng lng c th t ng ho nh thit b in kh nn thy lc. Trn hnh 5.6a cho bit s thit b in iu chnh qu trnh lm vic ca my nh lng - Bng ti 1 lc trn im ta 2 c dn ng bng ng c in 3.

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Tin hnh cn bng nh c cu cnh tay n trng lng 4 vi tay n 5 v i trng 7. Vt liu c a vo bng c cu cp liu dao ng in 6. tay n 5 c h thng cng tc in 8 qua mt thit b c bit lm thay i ch lm vic ca b rung, nh hng n vic cung cp vt liu, sao cho khi phc c s cn bng ca h trng lng. Trn hnh 5.6b l s mt kiu bng ti nh lng iu chnh bng in khc. S iu chnh c thc hin bng cch thay i c cu cp liu 7. khi thay i trng lng ca bng ti 1, c cu trng lng 2,3 v 4 lm thay i v tr ca h thng ct in 5. Nh iu khin bng in m thay i c t s truyn ca b bin tc 6, lm chuyn ng my cp liu 7

Hnh 5.6b. Bng ti nh lng theo trng lng iu chnh bng in thay i tc cp liu 1. Bng ti 2,3,4. C cu trng lng 5. H thng ct in 6. B bin tc 7. My cp liu 3.5 CC MY NH LNG THEO TRNG LNG 3.5.1. c im: - My nh lng trng lng loi tng phn mt gm cc b phn: . B phn cp liu cp sn phm vo nh lng. . Thng cha cn. . B phn iu khin t ng my nh lng - thng cha phi c hnh dng nh th no n tip nhn c hon ton vt liu dng ri da vo v tho liu ra ht sau khi xc nh trng lng Cc my nh lng theo trng lng c cc loi sau:

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3.5.2. My nh lng bt:

Hnh 5.7. My nh lng bn t ng dng cho bt 1. Phu cha bt cn cn 6. Lng tr 2.Vt ti bt 7,8. Cnh tay n 3.ng c in 9. i trng 4.B gim tc 10. B phn ng ct in 5.Thng nh lng Trn hnh 5.7 l my nh lng trng lng bn t ng dng cho bt, chuyn bt t thng cha 1 bng vt ti 2, vt ti ny c truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c in 3 qua b gim tc 4. Bt i vo trong thng cha nh lng 5, phn cui ca thng cha c gn lng tr 6 ta trn cc tay n ca c cu trng lng 7 v 8, i trng 9 v b phn ng ct in 10 ca ng c vt ti cp liu v nh ch vic cp bt. Tin hnh ng in li cho vt ti cp liu nt n tay 11. iu khin t ng my nh lng theo trng lng tng phn, ngi ta dng b phn c in hay in v kh nn. 3.5.3. My nh lng iu khin bng kh nn hay thy lc: Trn hnh 5.8 cho bit cc b phn iu chnh my cp liu nh lng trng lng lm vic lin tc. My nh lng trng lng l tang c nhiu hc 1, c cn bng trn n by 2 bng i trng 3 (di ng chnh li c cu nh lng) v 4. Khi thay i trng lng, tang 1 truyn ng bng n by lm thay i v tr ca van 5, iu chnh vic cp khng kh nn hay du, lm thay i v tr pt tng ca ng c tr ng 6 v co 7, thay i lng vt liu do a cp liu 8 cung cp. i vi cc my nh lng trng lng th b phn ng in n gin v thun tin hn c l cng tc thy ngn; chng c t trn nhng chi tit tng ng

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ca c cu nh lng trng lng (n by hay thanh lc) m v tr ca n thay i trong qu trnh cn. Nhng trang b nh lng ng bao t ng thng gp c cu to khc nhau ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca sn phm cn (bt ng, ht go, ch, ko, m ng v cc sn phm thc phm khc).

Hnh 5.8. My nh lng iu chnh bng kh nn hay thy lc 3.5.4. My nh lng bng t bo quang in Khi nh lng ng bao c th dng my nh lng cn mt ln v cc my nh lng cn nhiu ln. Khi cn mt ln th thc hin nh lng trng lng mt phn sn phm sau mt ln nhn. Trong cc my nh lng cn nhiu ln c phn trng lng bit th tin hnh cn mt vi ln lin tc; iu cho php tng s ln cn trong mt n v thi gian m khng gim mc chnh xc ca vic nh lng. Di y l s nguyn l s iu khin t ng my nh lng bng t bo quang in (hnh 5.9): Bao b rng a ln trn bn quay v a v pha b phn cp liu dao ng 1,2. Hp bao b i vo mt trong cc a cn ca n cn, trn a cn khc c t sn mu trng lng; lp mt mn chn nh trn u n cn ny, khi t n trng lng cn bng th tm chn che ngun nh sng tc dng ln t bo quang in. trong khi th rle quang in b tiu hao, tc dng n cc b phn tha hnh ca thit b t ng, lm nh ch vic cp sn phm vo trong bao b. ng thi c cu bn quay

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lm vic, y bao b y ra v t ln bao b rng khc. Sau b phn cp liu bng dao ng li t ng lm vic v lm y bao b mi.

Hnh 5.9. My nh lng trng lng nh t bo quang in 1. Phu np liu 6. l chn 2. B rung 7. Mu trng lng 3. n chiu sng 8. bn cn 4. ng dn lung sng 9. Bao b np y 5.T bo quang in 10. Bao b rng 11. Rle quang in 4. CC MY NH LNG DNG CHO SN PHM DNG BT NHO 4.1. Khi nim: nh lng sn phm dng bt nho ngha l phn chia lin tc t khi chung ra thnh cc cc ring, c th tch xc nh v c trng lng tng ng bng nhau. Trong khi phi m bo t trng cc cc cho ng u. V d nh trong sn xut bnh m th sai s nh lng khng c vt qu 2,5% trng lng trung bnh cc on. 4.2. Phn loi: Cc my nh lng th tch i vi bt nho thng gp nhng dng sau: a/ Cc my nh lng ct cc bt nho t dng si c p u n t khun p ra, nhng on y phi c hnh dng xc nh v c ct bng dao chuyn ng vi tn s khng i; b/ My nh lng c thng lng c np y bt nho v tho ra bng phng php cng bc ;

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c/ Cc my nh lng loi dp ct cc bt nho thnh hnh dng v th tch xc nh t bng chun b s b sn phm 4.2.1. My nh lng bt nho bng dao lc: Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: 1. phu cha 2. khun p 3. dao lc Hinh 5.10a. My nh lng bt nho c dao lc Trn hnh 5.10a cho s my nh lng ct tng phn bt nho bng dao lc. Bt nho t phu cha 1 c mt hay vi vt xon cun ly v a i vi tc khng i qua khun p 2 c profin v tit din xc nh; trong qu trnh cp liu th khi sn phm c ln cht v bt buc phi chuyn ng lm cc si c ng u ln v t trng. Dao 3 lc vi tn s u ct cc si bt thnh cc thi c chiu di v th tch bng nhau. 4.2.2. My nh lng bng thng lng: 1. phu tip liu 2. Trc cp liu 3. Bung nhn 4. Tm ct chn 5. 6. 7. 8. pittng thng lng c cu chia Pittng

9. l xo 10. bng ti Hnh 5.10b. My nh lng bng thng lng Trn hnh 5.10b cho my nh lng c thng lng v c pittng thc ra tng phn. T phu 1 sn phm c cc trc cn cp liu 2 a vo trong bung nhn 3. Trong khi tm chn ct 4 v pittng 5 v tr tn cng bn tri. Tm chn 4 v pit tng 5 di chuyn chuyn sang bn phi v bt u ct khi sn phm trong bung 3, ri sau n c y vo thng lng 6 ca c cu chia 7.

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Thng liu cha y bt nho, cn pt tng 8 nn l xo 9 v v tr bn phi. Khi quay c cu chia i 900 pit tng 8 c gii phng khi p lc ca pit tng 5 di tc dng ca l xo 9, tng phn bt c y ra bng ti 10, tng phn bt ny bng th tch thng liu. 4.2.3. My chia c thng lng v c cu chia quay lin tc: c ch trn hnh 5.11. Thng c gn 1 cun bt nho i qua gia n v c cu chia 2, c cu chia c bung liu hnh tr 3, trong c pit tng 4 dch chuyn. Di p lc ca bt nho li theo chiu su ca bung liu cho n ch ta ca con ln 5 trn cam nh hnh 6. Khi bung liu i ngang qua mp nhn 7 th bt nho c ct ra khi khi sn phm chung; khi cc con ln ln trn hnh qut c nh 8 th cc bt nho c pit tng p t bung liu ln bng chuyn 9. Quay cam 6 c th iu chnh c trng lng phn bt nho cn nh lng.

1. Tang tip liu 2. C cu chia 3. Bung cha liu nh lng 4. 5. 6. 7. Pittng Con ln Cam nh hnh Mp nhn

8. Hnh qut c nh 9. Bng chuyn Hnh 5.11.My chia c thng lng v c cu chia quay lin tc 4.2.4. My nh lng m vn thn Trn hnh 5.12 cho bit s lm vic ca thit b nh lng p l mt b phn ca my t ng sn xut m vn thn. N gm a p 1 vi khun p c hnh dng xc nh, bng thp ca bng chuyn 2, bng chuyn 3 v khun p 4 cp bt nho v tht xay. Bt nho v tht xay c a vo khun p bng bm hi chuyn. Bt nho c dng ng v tht xay c cp vo trong n thnh tng phn ring nh c b phn ct bng kh nn.

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ng bt nho c ct bng dy tch khng kh. Khun dp ct ng bt nho ra nhng thi vn thn m c cha phn tht xay. trnh dnh bt nho, ngi ta bi trn khun dp bng du m. Thit b nh lng tng t c dng phn lng m, men, lm bnh bch quy, ko v nhng sn phm khc trong sn xut thc phm.

Hnh 5.12. S my nh lng m vn thn 1. a dp 2,3. bng chuyn 4. Khun p 5. NHNG MY NH LNG SN PHM THC PHM LNG. 5.1. Mc ch v phm vi ng dng. - nh lng sn phm lng bng my c ph bin rng ri trong nhiu ngnh sn xut thc phm. u im khi nh lng bng my : . Ci tin c iu kin v sinh. . m bo c nng sut cao. . nh lng sn phm mt cch chnh xc. - C ba phng php nh lng c bn: Trng lng, th tch v nh lng theo mc trong ph bin nht i vi sn phm lng l hai phng php nh lng th tch v nh lng theo mc. - Cc yu cu i vi nhng my rt sn phm thc phm lng ch yu l do nhng tnh cht vt l khc nhau ca chng quyt nh (to bt, nht, bay hi); V d nh bia, sm pa v cc ung khc c cha kh, gim tn tht kh cacbonnic th phi rt di p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn. Ngi ta to nn trong bao b mt p sut cao bng p sut trong bnh ng cht lng chy ra.

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Nhng sn phm c cha vitamin (nc p hoa qu v rau) nn rt di chn khng, trong trng hp ny gim c hm lng oxy trn mt sn phm trong bao b kn. i vi nhng my rt cc cht lng c bt th cn cc yu cu c bit. 5.2. Phn loi cc my rt: Nhng my phn lng sn phm thc phm lng c th phn loi theo nhng du hiu khc nhau. Trong bng 5.1 nu ra s phn loi ca my rt ph thuc vo phng php rt cht lng, cu to ca my v cc b phn rt. Bng Bng 5.1. PHN LOI CC MY RT
Cc nhm my I Cc ch s Cc phng php vt l, cu to v k thut thc hin rt C cu rt Bn t ng bng tay Mt rnh thng Nhiu rnh thng t ng theo Lin hp bt cc khi chi kn khc tit nhau p sut ct cht lng trn c kh

Loi my

t ng Kiu bn quay

II

Cu to my

III

Phng php np cht lng Thit b ng kn C cu rt

Di p Di p To chn sut chiu sut chiu khng trong cao ct cht cao ct cht bao b np lng khng lng gim i y i Kho nt Van Ngt bng khng kh T 1 n 40 Theo th tch nh bnh lng di ng Theo mc, Theo th ngha l np tch nh y bao b bnh lng n mc c nh bit Nng mn bn di, trn c bao b nh khng kh nn Cho dng in vo cun dy ca van hnh ng xon.

Bm pit tng

IV V

Van trt bng hi

VI

nh lng

VII

Nng mm bn di, Tc dng trn c ln b phn bao b nh ng kn c cu cam c nh

- i vi nhng sn phm c nht nh: khi lng ring t 0,9 n 1,0g/cm3, v nht 0,8 - 8,5 centipoize nht nh: sa, crem, ru, nc, ru mi,

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bia, ru vang xi r, nc p, du thc vt, du c, dm ... th c th dng cc b phn rt trong cht lng cn phn lng chy di tc dng ca trng lng (thit b rt, trng lc). - i vi nhng sn phm c nht cao hn (hng chc ln): nh dch c chua, vng sa, dch rau, mt nh, kem cc ... ngi ta phn lng nhng sn phm y nh p cng bc chng trong nhng dng c c bit ca my nh lng. 5.3. Cc c cu rt ca my nh lng . 5.3.1.C cu rt kiu van a.Cu to:

Hnh 5.13a. C cu rt kiu van nh lng bng cch ngt khng kh 1. Bnh lng 2. Van 3 chiu 3,4. ng

Hnh 5.13b.Tnh tan tnh t chy khi thay i mc cht lng

5. ng rt nguyn liu vo bao b Trn hnh 5.13a, ch c cu rt kiu van n gin nht, n gm c bnh lng 1, van ba chiu 2, ng 3, ng ni 4 np y bnh lng v ng ni 5 rt th tch o lng vo bao b cha. b.Nguyn tc lm vic: Th tch cht lng i vo trong bnh lng 1 ph thuc vo v tr u bn di ca ng 3 h c hai u. Khi nt ca van ba chiu ti v tr ch phn bn phi ca hnh v, cht lng di p sut thy tinh i vo trong bnh lng, y khng kh trong bnh ra qua ng 3. Khi cht lng dng n mp di ca ng th khng kh khng ra c na, cn cht lng trong bnh lng c dng ln cao hn mp di ca ng mt on, ph thuc

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vo mc cht lng trong thng rt. p sut khng kh trn cht lng s ngn cn vic np tip tc vo bnh lng, cn li ra ca cht lng b ng; cht lng trong ng 3 s dng ln v theo quy tc bnh thng nhau n c xc nh bng mc cht lng trong thng rt. Nh th l chm dt mt chu trnh nh lng. Th tch c iu chnh bng cch nng ln hoc h ng 3 xung. tho cht lng vo bao b cha, th quay nt ca van ba chiu ngc kim ng h mt gc 900, nh ch phn bn tri hnh v. Tu theo cch quay van m nhng my dng c cu rt ny thuc loi quay tay, bn t ng v t ng. Cht lng chy ra cng nhanh, th nng sut my cng ln, trong nhng iu kin khc ging nhau. c. Tnh ton nng sut cht lng:Trn hnh 5.13b cho s xc nh nng sut cht lng chy ra : K hiu : E - Din tch tit din ca bnh lng f - Din tch l y bnh H - Chiu cao bnh ng Hx - Mc cht lng trong bnh thi im ang xt - Thi gian chy ht cht lng - H s lu lng d - Th tch cht lng v cng nh chy trong bnh ra trong thi gian d dH - Mc bin i cht lng v cng nh sau thi gian d d - Khong thi gian v cng nh g - Gia tc trng trng. 5.3.2. C CU RT KIU VAN XOY RT NG P CHT LNG C NP KH . trnh tn tht kh khi rt cht lng c np kh ngi ta np y bng c cu rt ng p c bit. Trn hnh 5.14a cho mt ct ca van rt ng p cht lng c np kh ( v d nh bia) - Chu trnh lm vic ca c cu rt ng p : a/ Np y kh vo bao b, p sut ca kh bng p sut d, cht lng s c rt p sut . b/ M l np cht lng. c/ Cht lng chy vo bao b cha khng c chnh lch p sut (di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn) d/ Np vo y bao b n mc cht lng nh trc (thng thng th khng c thit b nh lng).

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e/ ng l np cht lng. - Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: Trong thn van 4 c ba l khoan di nhng gc khc nhau. trong v van 11 cng c 3 rnh 1,2,3 tng ng. Phn bn trn ca v van ni lin vi y 12 ca thng rt cn phn bn di th ni vi khp trc 5, tip di l hnh nn nh tm 9 c vnh cao su 10. Cc ng 6, 8, 13, 14 thng vi thng rt np cht lng vo bao b. Rnh vng 15 ni khoang trong ca bao b cn np y vi ng 13; ng hnh van 8, nh ta thy mt ct A -A, i trong ng 6, kt thc bng l 7. Tay gt 16 quay thn van 4 mt cch lin tc, hp l. Trong nhng my rt t ng th tay quay c prfin phc tp (cam); khi quay bn quay th tay quay c ln trn tm nh lng c nh; nh m thn van c quay theo vi quy tc quy nh theo thi gian v khng gian. Cc v tr tip nhau ca thn van ch trn hnh 5.14b.

Hnh 6.14a. Van rt ng p

Hnh 6.14b. S lm vic ca van rt ng p

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 v tr lm vic th nht, rnh 2 m v chai c np y kh t thng kh c p sut. v tr lm vic th hai th cc rnh 1 v 3 m v chai c np y cht lng qua rnh 1. Khi b cht lng y ra khi chai i vo thng cha kh theo rnh 3. Cht lng np y vo chai n mc h1, ch c l 7 ca ng 8. Bn trn cht lng cn c kh khng c ch ra, cht lng s c nng ln theo ng 3 v theo quy tc bnh thng nhau, n c xc nh bng mc cht lng trong thng p lc. v tr th ba, thn van ngng np cht lng v lm thng th tch bn trong ca bao b cn np y vi th tch thng rt theo hai ng ng 2 v 3. Lc ny cht lng trong ng 3 chy ra lm dng mc cht lng trong chai ln n h2, cn lng kh tng ng li t chai theo ng ng 2 quay ngc v thng. v tr th 4 khu van phn cch hon ton bao b vi thng rt v cht lng trong ng 1 li chy vo chai lm dng mc cht lng trong chai n h3. iu chnh v tr ca l 7 theo chiu cao, c th np y bao b ti mc sai s cho php trong thc t. 5.3.3. C CU RT KIU VAN C BNH LNG C NH a. Cu to:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Hnh 5.15. C cu rt c bnh lng c nh Thng rt 9. thng lng Bnh lng 10,12,13. Khung Van nt 11. L xo Hnh nn nh tm ming chai 14. Vng kp 15. Thanh ngang 7,8. Van

5. Chai 6. L xo nn

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Trn hnh 5.15 ch ra thng rt 1, ni vi y l bnh lng 2 gm hai ngn a v b. Van nt 3 cho php ct ngn b trong nhng trng hp phi gim lng cht lng vo bao b (thng th th tch a v b bng nhau, bi vy khi ct ngn b th vic np gim i mt na). Hnh nn 4 nh tm ming chai bt buc nng cc khung 10, 12, 13 do cc chai 5 b dng ln, khi l xo 11 b nn. b.Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi nng khung 10, 12, 13, l xo nn 6 c th gin di v van 8 p ln 9, tch bnh lng khi thng rt. Khi thanh ngang bn trn 13 i n vng kp 14 th nng vng kp ny ln, thanh 15 c lp van 7 u di cng c nng ln cng vi chng. ng lc cht lng bt u trong bnh lng chy ra. Sau khi h chai xung l xo 11 da h thng v v tr ban u, bnh lng c y cht lng v chu trnh lm vic m t c lp li nh c. Khc vi c cu c bnh lng di ng m t trong thit b y khng yu cu bt kn bng m gia y thng rt v bnh lng. 5.3.4. C CU RT KIU VAN TRT a.Cu to:

Hnh 5.16. C cu van trt ng kn 1.Thng rt 3. hnh tr 2.Thn rng 4. Tay gt Trn hnh 5.16 ch van trt hnh tr dng nh c cu ng kn ca my rt. Thng rt 1 ni vi thn rng 2, bn trong c t van trt hnh tr 3. Van trt c nng ln hay h xung l nh tay gt 4, m bo vic np hoc khng np cht lng t thng 1. b. Nguyn tc lm vic: Trn hnh v ch ra hai v tr ca van trt, c l tng ng vi s m l chy (bn phi) v ng l chy (bn tri) np cht lng t thng rt vo chai. Trong cc my c chi tit che kiu van trt mi, thc hin c nhng chc nng phc tp nht, phn nh kp thi khi c hay khng c bao b di c cu rt. Van

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trt t ng nhn v tr cn thit (m, ng), cn hc trong thn van trt hnh tr cho php cht lng ong bng chi tit nh lng quay tr v thng rt. Lng cht lng chy ra hay thi gian np y bao b khi mc cht lng trong thng rt khng i c th tnh ton theo cng thc. 5.3.5.C CU RT C BNH LNG V VAN TRT a. Cu to: 1. Thng rt 2. Bnh ng 3. Van trt 4,6. L van 5.ng lt rng 7. ng chy trn 8. u ng rt vo bao b Trn hnh 5.17 l c cu rt kiu c bnh lng v van trt c dng trong ngnh sa, ru, ru vang v trong nhng lnh vc cng nghip thc phm khc rt sn phm thc phm lng khng nht.Trong thng rt 1 c bnh ng 2, y bnh vn cht vi van trt 3. Phn bn trn ca van trt 3 th rng, cn phn bn di c. Bn thnh phn rng ca van trt c l 4; pha y thng 1 c lp ng lt rng 5, c l 6, ng chy trn 7 v u cui 8 cm vo bao b Hnh 5.17. C cu van trt ca my BRP-8 L xo 9 v con ln 10 dch chuyn theo c cu cam c profin tng ng m bo s dch chuyn thng ng ca van trt b. Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi nng van trt ln mt i lng H th bnh lng 2 dng cha cht lng c nng ln, mp bn trn ca n nm cao hn mc cht lng nh ch bng ng chm chm. ng thi xy ra s trng kht cc l 4 v 6 ca cp van trt, nh m cht lng trong bnh lng chy vo bao b cha. Sau khi chy ht cht lng th bnh lng c h xung li c np cht lng v lp li chu trnh lm vic m t.

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CHNG 6. CC MY RA BAO B SN PHM LNG 1. Mc ch v phm vi ng dng. - Phn ln cc sn phm thc phm dng lng v c v u c cha trong bao b thy tinh nh : Nc qu, nc khong, nc ngt, sa, ru vang, ru mi, bia v.v.... - Bao b thy tinh ch yu c s dng nhiu ln. V vy cc my ra bao b sn phm lng nhm mc ch: + Ra tt c cc cn bn nh ng, m, axit hu c, cc cht khong v.v.... bm b mt bn trong bao b, y v thnh chai, cc vt l khc nh nha, nt chai, bi v.v... + Ra tt c cc cht bn bm mt ngoi bao b v nhn chai. + Nng cao cht lng sn phm v ko di thi gian bo qun (bi v nhng yu t no ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t bao b sch) 2. Khi nim chung v my ra chai. 2.1. Nguyn l chung ca my ra chai. - Da vo tc dng ca nhng mi trng ra c bit. - Da vo tc dng nhit. 2.2. Tc dng ca mi trng . 2.2.1. Mt s mi trng ra chai thng dng - NaOH nng 1,5 - 3% : L dung dch ra c s dng ph bin nht. - Cc mi trng khc : Bng 6.1 Bng 6.1: Cc mi trng dng ra chai. Kim Xt n da Metasilicat Natri TrinatriPhotphat Xt nung Hm lng chung, % 76,4 29,6 27,3 56,2 Hm lng hot tnh, Na2O, % 75 24,9 7,7 28,1 Hm lng kim hot tnh, Na2O, % 97 84 32 50 pH ca dung dch 1% 13,5 12,5 12 11,4

2.2.2. Tc dng ho l ca mi trng ra : - Ha tan cn: Dung dch tc dng ha hc ln cn bn (v d: X phng ha cht bo trn thnh chai) - Lm n cn kh (V trng thi b ti ra d dng hn) - Lm st trng. 2.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu ra sch ca dung dch - Nhit - Nng

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- Thi gian tc dng. 2.3. Cc b phn chnh ca my ra chai: - B phn nhng nc - B phn ra - B phn trng sch. 2.4 c im ca qu trnh ra bao b thu tinh v kim loi - i vi bao b kim loi. .Bn vi nhit; c th tit trng bng hi nng n 90 - 1000C .Khng bn vi dung dch ra ha hc - i vi bao b thy tinh: . bn nhit nh: Chnh lch nhit t cng on ny sang cng on khc khng c qu 25 -300C trnh v chai . .Bn vng i vi mi trng ho hc: Mi trng kim ln mi trng axit. 3. Cc giai on ch yu ca qu trnh ra chai : 3.1. Giai on thm nc: Mc ch: + Lm lp cn bn n mm ra, lm gim bn c hc. + Lm yu lin kt ca lp bn vi thnh bao b. + Lm ha tan mt s thnh phn ca lp cht bn vi dung dch ra. 3.2. Giai on ra : 3.2.1. Mc ch . + Ly trit lp cn bn cn li trn b mt dung dch. + Tch cn bn ra khi chai. 3.2.2. Phng php ra : + Bng dng c c hc: Bng bn chi quay trong chai. u im: - Cho php tch c cn bn thnh bn trong v y chai. - C th sch c nhng chai qu bn v cn qu kh Khuyt im: - Bn chi mau h hng - Cht bn c th chuyn t chai ny sang chai khc qua bn chi - Khng tch c trit nhng si bn chi cn st li. - Kh thit k lp t trong my + Bng tia cht lng : S dng tia cht lng t ming phun ca ng bm phun vo trong chai. u im:

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- Cht lng c tch khi thnh chai v c tia cht lng ra mang ra ngoi d dng . - Thit k lp t n gin, d dng.

Hnh 6.1. Ra chai bng c kh a) bng bn chi quay kim loi 3.3. Giai on trng sch. Mc ch : b) bng ng bm

+ Ra sch v tch ht tt c cn lng ca dung dch ra. + Lm ngui chai sch. 4. Phn loi my ra chai : 4.1. Theo nng sut: - Nng sut nh - Nng sut trung bnh - Nng sut ln

: 1000 - 3000 chai/ h. : 5000 - 8000 chai/ h. : 10000 - 24000 chai/ h.

4.2. Theo phng php ra: - Bng ng bm - Dng nc bm - Bng chi qut. 4.3. Theo c im cu to ng hc : - Xch c s lng b ngm khc nhau. - Mt b khng c xch

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- Bn quay - Thng quay lm vic lin tc 4.4. Theo phng php vn chuyn chai. - My loi xch - My loi thng quay 5. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b : 5.1. My ra chai loi xch : (Hnh 6.2a) Trong my xch th b phn chuyn chai bng xch l c cu vn chuyn ch yu mang chai t b ny sang b khc v t mt b phn ng bm ny sang mt b phn ng bm khc; n l hai xch v tn mang mt nhm gi chai (gm nhiu hng l). S l trong gi c th khc nhau ph thuc vo cu to v nng sut my. Cc gi ng phi tha mn cc yu cu sau: 1. bn v lm nh n mc c th c, khng b h hng trong trng hp b chn chai hay chn nhng mnh vn gia cc gi v tm nh hng; 2. Tia dung dch ra trong ng bm ra phi c li i t do vo pha trong chai v b mt bn ngoi chai phi c ra nhiu nht. 3. Trong thi gian bm bn trong, i hi phi nh tm chnh xc ming chai i vi ng bm; trong my thng quay, c cu ch yu vn chuyn chai bn trong my l thng quay hnh tr c l chai. 5.1.1. Cu to: 1. Bn cha chai 3,4 . B ngm 2,6 : Bng chuyn . 5. Cc ng bm nc hoc dung dch kim 5.1.2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Chai bn c a vo trn bn cha 1, t chai c t ng cht vo l ca gi lp trn xch v tn ca bng chuyn 2. Sau c ra sch s b bng nc bm ri c nhng vo b 3 thm t bng nc nng hay dung dch kim. Sau chai c a vo b 4 ngm t 65-750C v khi ra n c ra pha bn ngoi bng tia dung dch kim. on bn trn th xch chuyn ngtheo hng ngc li, chai c bm bng dung dch kim, bng nc nng v nc lnh t cc ng 5. Chai sch c a ln bng chuyn ngang 6 5.2. My loi thng quay : (Hnh 6.2b) 5.1.1. Cu to: 1,6. Bn cha chai 2,4,5 : Cc thng quay 3: Cc ng bm dung dch ra. 5.2.2. Nguyn tc lm vic: My thng quay c ba hay bn thng quay nhng trong b cha dung dch ra. Chai bn a vo bn 1 ri vo l bn trong ca thng u tin 2 v c h xung khi quay thng xung pha di vo b ngm s b.

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 trong b ra, nhng chai phn bn trn ca thng c ng bm 3 bm r v sau tho ra trn bn dc lu ng, bn ny chuyn chng vo thng th 2 s 4 v c cht vo cc l ca thng. Chai c ra v bm nhng nhit cao hn v cng nh trn, li chuyn vo cc thng th 3 s 5, y chng c nhng vo nc lnh. Chai sch c a ln bn 6 v chuyn ra bng ti.

Hnh 6.2. Cc my ra chai a) loi xch b) loi thng quay m bo cht lng ra, cc chai bn phi chu tc dng ha hc ca dung dch ra nng v tc dng c hc ca tia cht lng khi phi hp tt nht cng on thm t v bm trong mt khong thi gian xc nh. Ch tiu tng cng ca nhng cng on y l thi gian ra c ch. Trong cc my hin i thi gian ra c ch chung t 5 n 8 pht.

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5.3. My ra chai dng cho nh my sa: (Hnh 6.3) 5.3.1. Cu to: 1,10 : a xch 11. Mng a dung dch kim. 12. Thit b gia nhit 13. a gim chn 15. ng c 2,5,7,9 : ng bm nc v dung dch 3,4,6,8. Mng ti 17,18. C cu d liu 14. Dng c np chai 16. Bn np chai di ng

Hnh 7.3. My ra chai Iudeck nng sut 1200chai/h dng cho nh my sa 5.3.2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Chai bn a ln bn 16 dn ng t ng c 15, nh dng c np chai 14, chai c cht lngias ca bng ti chnh, ca 18 chai mt dy. trnh v chai khi chng trt vo u gi th u chai ta vo a gim chn 13 c vnh cao su. Nguyn cng ra th nht l thm t v s b un nng chai trong thng c nc m nhit 380. Thi gian thm t u tin khong 1 pht. Khi cc gi chuyn ng qua b th nht, chai ta y ln thanh nh hng un cong theo cong ca xch. Khi gi t b th nht ra, nc trong chai chy ra gi un quanh a xch v i vo b th hai; y, chai c thm t trong dung dch kim, tng nhit n 630. l mt trong nhng nguyn cng ra c bn trong my ko di gn 3 pht. Dung dch chy ra ht khi chai i quanh a xch 10; trong khi dung dch nng chy ngc vo b, cn chai th c bm sc ra bn trong v bn ngoi ban u bng dung dch kim, sau l nc. Do lun un nng chai v gi trong b th hai , gi nhit cn phi un nng theo chu k.

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un nng dung dch trong thng bng thit b ng chm un nng bng hi 12. Dung dch kim trong thng hao dn i do bm vo gi v chai; a kim vo trong thng dng mng 11. Cc chai nhnh trn ca bng ti cm u xung pha di, chng c ng bm 7 v 9 bm vo bn trong 8 ln v c mng 6 v 8 ti pha ngi bng dung dch kim nhit 49 - 500. Dung dch chy vo thng th ba t , sau khi lc n li c cp bng bm vo trong ng bm v mng. Sau th chai c bm 4 ln t ng 5 v ti t mng 4 bng nc m tun hon lm ngui s b n 26 - 270 C v ra bng dung dch kim, cui cng th chai c sc trng v kt thc lm ngui bng nc mt ng dn nc qua hai lm bm t ng 2 v mng 3. Chai ra v lm ngui xong th i quanh a xch 1 v c t gi ln c cu d liu 17 ri chuyn ln bng ti ngang. Thi gian chung ca cc cng on ra, ngha l thi gian ra c ch khong 5 pht khi nng sut bnh thng 12.000 chai/ h. c im cn bn ca cc my ny l s dng c mt phn nhit tha ca nc dng t thng th 4. Lng nhit tha ny thu c trong h thng tun hon ca nc m do nc lnh trong ng dn nc chy lin tc vo trong thng . Thng thng lng nhit d ha ln vo trong knh dn v mt mt i nhiu nhit trong , v nhit nc trong bnh th 4 khong 300 v ha ln khong 6000 lt nc trong 1 gi. Trong my ny nc dng t bnh th 4 i vo bnh th nht, cp mt phn nhit vo chai v gi ngui. Nh vy y s dng nhit th cp, nh m gim c lng hi dng ra chai. 5.4. My ra chai dng cho nh my ru mi: (Hnh 6.4) 5.4.1. Cu to 1,2,3,4. B ngm 5. Xch v tn 5.4.2. Nguyn tc lm vic My c v thp, phn chia bn trong bng nhng vch ngn ra lm 4 phn, hnh thnh mt b nm ngang bn di 1 v ba b ng 2, 3, 4. Hai xch v tn 5 i qua b to nn mt bng chuyn xch mang theo nhng gi ng chai, mi gi c th t 12 hay 14 chai dung tch t 0,25 n 0,5 lt. Nng sut my vi loi gi 12 l l 6200 chai, cn vi loi 14 l l 7200 chai trong 1 gi. B di thp dng nhng t bn trong chai. cui b 1 c t b phn vt b nhn hiu; nhnh xch i ln c b phn bm trung gian, ra bn ngoi trc khi a chng vo trong b dung dch kim; nhng nhn hiu bong ra chy theo dng nc t b di vo b phn vt b nhn hiu.

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Tin hnh ra chai trong b 2 v 3 bng dung dch kim, cn trong b 4 l nc. gi nhit cn thit trong b t cc cm ng hi tng nhit trn cc thnh ngang ng ca b cha. Dung dch kim v nc sch a vo trong chai qua vi phun ca thng bm; thng ny t trn hai trc ca a xch pha trn v quay cng vi trc. Dung dch kim a vo trong thng quay bng mt bm c bit, cn nc th do p sut ca mng ng thnh ph. Tin hnh bm ra chai ln cui nh mt khung nng ln c hai dy ng bm a hn vo trong chai. ng thi trn on ny ti nc bn ngoi chai. u im ca my l : 1/ Dng nc lm v sinh v hm nng chai s b nh chun b nh th m ta c th tin hnh ra chai bng dung dch kim nhit cao trong hai b; ngoi ra khng b ri nhiu cht bn, keo dnh nhn hiu v cn lng ca sn phm vo dung dch kim, v vy gi c hot tnh v sch ca dung dch khng cn phi thay lun. 2/ Sc ra chai trung gian k t b nc mui cui cng ti khi bm nc to c s chnh lch nhit ph; bin php phi hp chun b nhit cho chai, cho php nng cao c ch nhit ra chai. Bn d chai c kh ho, np v d chai tin hnh cng mt pha d dng bo qun my v ci tin iu kin lao ng.

Hnh 6.4. My ra chai GAB ci tin, nng sut 7200chai/gi, dng cho nh my ru mi

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5.5. My ra chai dng cho cc nh my bia khng c cn Trn hnh 6.5 cho bit cu to ca my ra chai M-6 dng ra chai cc nh my bia khng c cn. S khc nhau v nguyn tc ca my ny vi cc my khc l ch: Cc gi chai dch chuyn trong my khng phi l trn xch m c y bng c cu c bit trn cc con ln nh hng.

Hnh 6.5 .My ra chai M-6, nng sut 6.600 chai/h, dng cho cc nh my bia khng cn m bo khong cch chnh xc gia cc gi, trn cc gi u c cc tm nh c khong cch. Cc chai c xp th cng ln bn cha nh, t ng chuyn vo bn cha chai, bn ny a chai vo gi ca bng ti chnh. Cc gi lm bng thp tm v c 20 l chai. y gi i bng nhng ca gn trn tay gt - y. Chai c bm ra bm trong bn ngoi bng nc thi trong 8,5 giy; sau nhng chng vo trong b dung dch kim c nhit 50-550; t chai c truyn ln nhnh ng pha trn v chuyn ng theo hng ngc li, c bm v sc ra bng dung dch kim, sau li bng nc m v nc ng ng dn nc. loi b nhn hiu khi dung dch kim, trong ngn, ngi ta t vo cui my 1 li lc. B phn xp v d chai c kho kh nn ngn nga v, m chai, l mt u im ca my. Trn hnh 6.6 cho s my MM-3 trn bng ti np chai c b phn tng nhit s b cho chai. iu cho php nng cao nhit ra ln ti a t 55 n 750, ng thi rt ngn khun kh kch thc my. My ny hin nay c ch to hng lot.

89

Hnh 6.6. My ra chai MM-3 nng sut 3000/h dng cho nh my bia khng cn

90

CHNG 7 : CC THIT B NHIT

1. THIT B UN NNG -CHN - HP - LM HO : 1.1. Khi nim: 1.1.1. Cng dng v phm vi ng dng: 1. Cng dng: Qu trnh un nng, chn, hp, lm ho c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm c th vi mc ch sau: - Mc ch chun b: + un nng xir trc khi c c tng cng qu trnh bc hi . + un nng sn phm trc khi vo hp ghp np. + Chn cc loi qu d bc v. - To iu kin cho cc qu trnh phn ng, qu trnh sinh hc, l hc, thc hin thun li ... - Mc ch khai thc: + Lm tng kh nng thy phn tinh bt cao. + Lm tng kh nng trch ly + Lm tng hiu sut p ... - Mc ch ch bin: + Lm chn sn phm, tng gi tr dinh dng v kh nng hp th. + Lm bay hi nhng thnh phn gy mi, v l, c mc ch ty mi, - Mc ch bo qun. - Mc ch hon thin sn phm. 2. Phm vi ng dng: Kh ph bin. - Trong cng nghip sn xut hp rau qu. - Trong cng nghip sn xut ng. - Trong cng nghip ch bin cy nhit i. - Trong cng nghip lnh ng, sy rau qu. - Trong cng nghip ln men. - Trong cng nghip sn xut du, tinh du ... 1.1.2. Phn loi: Cc thit b un nng, chn, hp v lm ho c th phn loi theo cc cch sau:

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1. Theo phng thc lm vic: - Thit b lm vic gin on. - Thit b lm vic lin tc. 2. Theo phng thc un nng - Thit b un nng gin tip. - Thit b un nng kt hp. 3. Theo p sut lm vic: - Thit b lm vic p sut thng - Thit b lm vic p sut chn khng. 4. Theo cu to thit b: - Thit b truyn nhit hai v. - Thit b dng khung bn, dng ng chm, ng bc ng ... - Thit b kiu thng quay, kiu bng ti, kiu trc xon... 1.2. Thit b un nng: 1.2.1. Thit b un nng hai v lm vic gin on: y l loi thit b lm vic p sut thng.Thng dng un nng nc, cc loi dung dch dng chn (dung dch mui, dung dch axit nitric ..), cc dung dch rt vo hp (dung dch ng, nc pha...), trong sn xut bia... cht ti nhit l hi nc bo ha, truyn nhit gin tip. * Phn loi: - Thit b h c hoc khng c cnh khuy - Thit b kn c hoc khng c cnh khuy * u im ca thit b: - Cu to n gin, vn hnh d dng. - S dng c cho nhiu loi sn phm. * Nhc im: - p sut hi thp, s phn b nhit khng u. - B mt truyn nhit khng ln, nn thi gian un lu . - Lm vic gin on. *Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic:

92

Hnh 7.1: Thit b un nng hai v khng c cnh khuy a) S nguyn tc thit b un nng 2 v b) cu to bnh ngng t

- Cu to: Hnh 7.1a 1. Phng hi 2. Van x kh khng ngng 3. Sn phm 4. b mt trao i nhit 5. Bnh ngng . 1 Cc. 2.Phao 3. Thn bnh ngng 4.Van thot Hnh 7.1b

Thit b c v bn trong tip xc vi thc phm nn c ch to bng thp khng r, hoc thp c lp men chng n mn, cn v ngoi c lm bng thp hay gang, v thng c bc ngoi mt lp cch nhit. - Nguyn tc lm vic: Hi nc theo van vo phng hi (1) truyn nhit cho sn phm qua b mt trao i nhit (4), kh khng ngng c x nh k theo van (2), cn nc ngng c tho qua van x nc ngng hoc qua bnh ngng 5. Bnh ngng t (5) lm vic nh sau: Khi thn (3) (hnh 7.1b) tp trung c mt lng nc ngng no th phao 2 ni lin vi van thot 4 c nng ln theo hng vo cc 1 v cc l thot m ra tho nc ngng. Khi tho c mt phn nc ngng ra ngoi th phao s h xung v y kn l tho nhng khng cho hi thot ra khi ng tho.

93

 tng cng kh nng truyn nhit v un nng u, c th s dng thit b un nng 2 v c cnh khuy nh hnh 7.2, cc dng cnh khuy c cu to khc nhau ph thuc loi sn phm cn un nng trong thit b

Hnh 7.2: Ni nu hai v c cnh khuy . Vi cu to v nguyn tc lm vic tng t, trong nh my bia ngi ta dng ni un hoa houblon un si dung dch ng vi hoa houblon nhm trch ly cht ca hoa (hnh 7.3). Thit b c thn hnh tr, y li hoc lm. Np dng hnh bn cu c gn ng thot hi v ca quan st. Hnh 7.3. Ni un hoa 1.o hi 3. cnh khuy 7. p k hi 2. van tho dch 4. Hp gim tc 8. ng dn dch vo ni 10. Hi ngng

5. ng thot hi 6. Ca quan st 9. ng dn hi

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1.2.2. Thit b un nng hai v lm vic lin tc ( p sut thng) . Thng s dng un nng cc dung dch c nht ln. y l loi thit b lm vic lin tc, c nng sut ln. 1. Cu to : (hnh 7.4) 1. V bn trong 2. V bn ngoi. 3. Np thit b 4. Tr rng 5. Cnh xon 6. Khoang khng 7. Ca nguyn liu vo 8. Ca sn phm ra 9. Van cp hi 10. Van tho nc ngng.

Hnh 7.4. Thit b un nng 2 v lm vic lin tc 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Thit b c cu to dng hnh tr nm, gm hai v (1) v (2) h np (3) c th tho m c. Hi c cp vo qua van (9) vo khong khng (6) v tr rng (4) un nng, nc ngng c tho qua van tho nc ngng (10). Dung dch i vo ca np (7) nh cnh xon (5) chuyn dn vo trong thit b, sau khi un nng sn phm c tho ra theo ca (8) 1.2.3. Thit b un nng kiu ng: Mc ch: un nng cc loi nc qu v cc loi rau qu nghin nh. Thit b lm vic lin tc. a. Thit b un nng kiu ng chm (Hnh 7.5) -u im: C cu gn, chc chn, b mt truyn nhit ln - Cu to : 1. Ca sn phm vo 2. Ca sn phm ra 3. ng hi vo 4. Van x nc ngng 6. ng truyn nhit. 7. Khong khng 8. Lp bc cch nhit 9. Chn

95

5. X kh khng ngng 1 1 3 3

10. Np thit b. 5 5

6 6 2 2

7 7

8 8

4 4 Hnh 7.5. thit b un nng kiu ng chm

9 9

10 10

- Nguyn tc: Sn phm vo ca (1) c i dch dc trong cc ng (6) v sau khi un nng c ra ca (2). Hi c cp vo theo ng ng (3) v phn b vo khong khng (7) truyn nhit cho cc ng (6), nc ngng c x theo van (4), cn kh khng ngng x nh k theo van (5) . Thit b c bc cch nhit (8), v ta trn gi (9) . Np thit b (10) c th tho lp v sinh ng khi cn. Thng chiu di ng L = 2m, ng = 32/34mm, vn tc vsn 3m/s Cch chia ngn trong thit b ng chm: Khi cn tng tc ca cht ti nhit tng hiu qu truyn nhit, ngi ta chia thit b lm nhiu ngn ( Hnh 8.6) b. Thit b un nng kiu ng bc ng: (hnh 7.7) u im: h s truyn nhit ln v c th to ra tc ln c hai cht ti nhit. ch to n gin. Nhc im : Cng knh. Gi thnh cao v tn nhiu kim loi. Kh lm sch khong khng gia hai ng Cu to : 1. Ca sn phm vo 2. Ca sn phm ra 3. ng truyn nhit 4. Ca hi vo 5. Khong khng 6. X nc ngng .
phm

= 0,2

96

4 2

1 1

6
Hnh 7.7. Thit b un nng kiu ng bc ng * Nguyn tc lm vic: y l loi thit b lm vic lin tc, hi v sn phm i ngc chiu. Sn phm c bm vo ca (1) i trong ng truyn nhit (3), sau khi un nng c ra ca (2) Hi c vo theo ng (4) v c phn b vo khong khng (5) bc quanh cc ng truyn nhit (5). Nc ngng c x theo van x nc ngng (6). 1.3. Thit b chn - hp: 1.3.1. Thit b chn - hp trc xon: 1. Cu to: (Hnh 7.8). 1. Ca nguyn liu vo 2. Ca nguyn liu ra 3. Trc xon rng 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Nguyn liu cn chn vo phu nhn (1) nh trc xon (3) chuyn dn n ca tho (2). Trc xon (3) rng v c c l, chuyn ng nh h truyn ng (6). Nc hoc dung dch chn c cp vo theo ng ng (5). Hi cp vo theo ng ng (4) vo trc xon (3) thot qua cc l trn trc v un nng trc tip dung dch chn. Thit b lm vic lin tc, p sut thng. 4. ng ng cp hi 5. ng ng cp nc, dung dch 6. B phn truyn ng.

97

1 4

2 6

Hnh 7.8. Thit b chn hp kiu trc xon 1.3.2. Thit b chn bng ti: - Cu to: 1. Ca nguyn liu vo 2. Bng ti 3. Thng chn 4. ng hi 5. Vi nc ra 6. Ca nguyn liu ra 7. ng nc cp 8. ng nc x.

1 7

6 8
. Hnh 7.9. Thit b chn bng ti - Nguyn tc lm vic: Nguyn liu vo ca np (1) v c vn chuyn trn bng ti (2) trong thng chn (3) c cha nc nng hoc dung dch chn nng. Bng ti (2) c cu to bng dy xch truyn ng trn c gn cc l kim loi ghp c g ngang gi sn phm, hoc li st hay gu cha vt liu.

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Thng chn (1) lm bng kim loi v c np m c khi cn thit. Dung dch hoc nc chn c un nng nh cc ng phun hi (4) t gia hai nhnh bng ti. Vt liu sau khi chn c th c lm ngui hoc ra sch nh h thng vi ra (5). Sn phm sau khi chn c ra mng (6), thng mng c nghing 400. Nc vo thit b theo ng cp (7), khi cn m x nc hoc dung dch khi thit b theo ng (8). 1.3.3. Thit b chn kiu thng quay: Dng chn cc loi nguyn liu c kch thc nh v thi gian chn tng i lu nh : u cve ... 1. Cu to : Hnh 7.10 1. Thng quay 2. L kim loi 3. Bnh xe 4. Trc quay ph 5. Thng chn 6. ng phun hi.

5 3 1 3

3
6

Hnh 7.10. Thit b chn kiu thng quay 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Vt liu c vo thng quay (1) lm bng thp l, trn b mt c c l = 3 4mm, bn trong thng c gn cc l kim loi (2) theo hnh xon c t u n cui thng chuyn vt liu t u n cui thit b, thng quay c t trn cc bnh xe (3) v quay c nh cc trc quay ph (4). Thng quay c t trong thng chn (5) bc ngoi, cha nc hoc dung dch chn v c un nng nh h thng ng phun hi (6) t pha di. 1.3.4. Thit b hp bng ti: 1. Cu to: Hnh 7.11 : S my hp bng ti dng hp ch . 1. B phn gt ch 6. Bung lm lnh

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2. H thng ng hi 3. Bung hp 4. ng thot hi 5. ng thi khng kh lnh

7. Bng chuyn lm ngui 8. Mng cha ch 9. Gi 10. Bng chuyn hp ch

Hnh 7.11. S my hp nguyn liu ch 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Vt liu nh b phn gt (1) phn b u bng chuyn hp ch (10) c t trong bung hp (3). Hi nc c phun vo phng qua h thng ng phun hi (2) v hi m c thot ra ng (4) . Sau khi ra khi phng hp ch c ri xung bng chuyn (7) i vo phng lm ngui (6), ti y khng kh lnh c thi vo qua h thng ng (5) nh qut ly tm, sau vo mng cha (8). Thng vn tc bng chuyn 2m/ pht, thi gian hp khong 2 pht. 1.4. Thit b lm ho: 1.4.1. Khi nim: - Cng on lm ho c s dng trong sn xut ch en, ch xanh, trc khi qua cc cng on tip (v, sy, ln men...) - Thit b lm vic lin tc, s dng khng kh nng lm ho ch nguyn liu. + sn xut ch en, lm ho nhm mc ch gim hm lng m trong nguyn liu t 75 - 80% xung cn 60 65% ch tr nn mm, to iu kin cho

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qu trnh v, ln men tip theo. Cng on ny s dng khng kh nng 42 470C. vi m 20 30%, thi gian lm ho 1 4 gi. + sn xut ch xanh, lm ho nhm mc ch dit men vn c trong nguyn liu nhm nh ch qu trnh oxy ho cc cht nht l tanin, gi cho sn phm c mu xanh v v cht c trng. Cng on ny s dng khng kh nng 170 1900C, thi gian dit men 3 6 pht. 1.4.2. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: 1. Cu to: (Hnh 7.12) Thit b dit men: 1. Mng cha nguyn liu 2. Bng ti nng 3. B phn gt u 4. Bng chuyn dit men 5. Bng chuyn lm ngui. 6. Qut khng kh nng 7. ng thot hi m 8. Mng hng sn phm. 9. Bung dit men 10. Bung lm ngui.

Thit b p dng trong nh my sn xut ch xanh .

L to khng kh nng My dit men

Hnh 7.12. Thit b dit men Axian- Lominatgie 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Nguyn liu c a vo mng cha (4) nh bng ti nng (2) c gn b phn gt u (3) a nguyn liu vo thit b. u tin nguyn liu vo bung dit men (9) cu to chnh gm c bn bng chuyn (4). Ti bung (9) khng kh nng c thi qua cc lp nguyn liu nh qut

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(6) ht khng kh nng t l to khng kh nng. Sau hi m c thot ra theo h thng ng thot (7) v c thu hi v l to khng kh nng. Sau khi dit men, nguyn liu n khu vc lm ngui (10) gm ba bng chuyn (5) v ri vo mng hng sn phm (8). 3. u im: - Dy chuyn sn xut gn, thun li cho vic c kh ho, t ng ho. - Sn phm c cht lng cao, t l ph phm t. - Chi ph nhn cng, nhin liu, in gim 2,5 3 ln. 1.4.3. Thit b lm bo ch: Thit b lm vic dng lin tc, s dng cho sn xut ch en ( hnh 7.13)

. Hnh 7.13. Thit b lm ho ch kiu Maralysvili Thit b l mt hm kim loi kn, bn trong c 5 bng chuyn phng theo phng nm ngang t trong 5 tng. Cc tng u c bc trong li bng ng thau ch ho khi bay, bng chuyn ch lm vic mt trn. Vt liu i t bng chuyn trn cng chuyn dn xung cc bng chuyn tip theo v ra khi thit b. Khng kh nng c dn vo t tng 1 qua ng dn kh nng, c c l t khong gia vng ai truyn ca bng chuyn 1, chui qua cc lp nguyn liu, sau nh tm hng m khng kh nng theo ng ng dn dn xung ng dn khng kh nng ca tng 2, v tip tc khng kh nng ln lt lun qua mt trn ca 5 tng bng chuyn trc khi c dn thi ra khi my. Ngoi ra, thit b cn c cc ca iu chnh m b sung khng kh nng, lnh vo di cc tng bng chuyn khi cn thit.

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Hn hp khng kh nng l khng kh nng c un nng trong caloriphe trn vi khng kh ht t b ngoi vo phng hn hp cho c m v nhit theo yu cu. 2. THIT B C C (bc hi) . 2.1. Khi nim: 2.1.1. nh ngha: " Qu trnh c c l qu trnh ho hi dung dch ly cht rn b ho tan cn li trong dung dch nng cao hn " . - Dung dch l hn hp gia dung mi v cht rn b ha tan trong dung mi. Dung mi thng gp l nc. - Trong qu trnh c c, hi ca dung mi to ra gi l hi th cp. Qu trnh ho hi dung mi c th l qu trnh bay hi trn b mt dung dch (tc to hi ca qu trnh ny chm), hoc l qu trnh si (bc hi) xy ra trong ton b dung dch (tc to hi ca qu trnh ln). Trong cng nghip thng gp qu trnh bc hi. Qu trnh bc hi c th xy ra iu kin p sut thng, p sut d hoc chn khng. 2.1.2. Mc ch v phm vi s dng: 1. Mc ch: C c nhm mc ch chun b, hoc hon thin sn phm, hoc nhm mc ch ch bin hoc mc ch tng thi gian bo qun cho sn phm. 2. Phm vi s dng: - Trong sn xut ng, m chnh . - Trong sn xut hp rau qu: nh c c c chua, pur... - Trong cng nghip ch bin sa. 2.1.3. Phn loi thit b: 1. Theo nguyn l lm vic: - Thit b lm vic gin on. - Thit b lm vic lin tc. Thit b lm vic gin on c dng cho loi c cng sut nh hoc vi dung dch c c nht cao m khng th dng bm ly dung dch ra, hoc trong trng hp khi cn bc hi ton b dung mi. Nhc im l tn tht nhit ln. Thit b lm vic lin tc thng gm nhiu cp (nhiu ni), c s dng vi thit b c cng sut ln . u im tn tht nhit nh.

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2. Theo p sut ca dung dch bn trong thit b: - Thit b lm vic p sut d - Thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn - Thit b lm vic iu kin chn khng. Thng s dng thit b c c lm vic chn khng trong cc trng hp sau: + Nu p sut kh quyn (Pkq) m nhit si ca dung dch ln lm phn hu v thay i cht lng (mu sc, mi v ...) ca sn phm. V d: ng, sa, dch rau qu... + Nu Pkq m nhit si ca dung dch ln dn n i hi nhit ca hi t ln. V d: dung dch KCl ... + Vi thit b nhiu tng, cc cp sau hoc cui cng thng phi iu kin chn khng. 3. Theo phng php cp nhit: - Thit b dng hi nc - Thit b dng nc nng, du nng... - Thit b dng in - Thit b dng khi ca phn ng chy nhin liu (loi c) 4. Theo cu to thit b: - Thit b gin ng ng. - Thit b c gin ng nm ngang, nm nghing - Thit b c bung t treo - Thit b ng chm, dng hai v, dng rut g ... 5. Theo s chuyn ng ca dung dch trong thit b: - Thit b c c dung dch tun hon t nhin - Thit b c c dung dch tun hon cng bc - Thit b c c kiu mng cht lng. 2.1.4. Yu cu v thit b c c: 1. Cu to chung: V cu to thit b c c c nhiu loi, nhng nhn chung cc thit b u c 3 b phn chnh sau: - B phn nhn nhit - Khng gian phn ly.

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- B phn phn ly: Nhm tch cc git dung dch cn li trong hi. 2. Yu cu: Thit b c c cn m bo cc yu cu sau y: - Thch ng c vi tnh cht c bit ca dung dch nh : nht, tnh d b tro, tnh n mn kim loi .... - Kh nng truyn nhit ln, phn b nhit u. - Tch ly hi th cp tt, bo m hi th cp sch c th cho ngng t (khng bm bn b mt ngng), hoc dng cho cp c c tip theo. - Bo m tch cc kh khng ngng con li sau khi ngng t hi t. - D dng lm sch b mt bn trong cc ng. 2.2. Thit b c c t nng bng hi nc: y l loi thit b thng dng, trong ng v ln hnh tr c th t ng, nghing hoc nm ngang, thng dng nht l kiu ng v hnh tr ng, v d lp t v chim t din tch. Tu theo chuyn ng ca dung dch trong thit b, ta phn thnh ba loi sau: - Thit b dung dch tun hon t nhin - Thit b dung dch tun hon cng bc - Thit b mng mng cht lng: dung dch khng tun hon. 2.2.1. Thit b c c dung dch tun hon t nhin: 1. Khi nim: * Lc to ra s chuyn ng tun hon t nhin ca dung dch trong thit b gy nn l do chnh khi lng ring ca dung dch a vo (cha t nng) v ca dung dch c t nng (hn hp hi v lng), t to nn chnh p sut P. P = H ( l - ) = Pms + Pcb + . Trong : P : chnh p sut . H : Chiu cao ct cht lng . l : Khi lng ring ca dung dch a vo. : Khi lng ring ca hn hp hi v dung dch, Pms : Tn tht p sut do ma st. Pcb : Tn tht p sut cc b. : Tc ca dung dch tun hon.
2
2

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* Bi s tun hon K : K = Trong :

G W

G : Khi lng dung dch tun hon , (kg/ s) W : Lng hi th cp to thnh, (kg/ s) Vi : G = 0,785 nd2 , (kg/ s) Trong : n : S ng d : ng knh trong ca ng , (m) : Tc tun hon ; (m/s) : Khi lng ring ca dung dch, (kg/m3) = r - b + n (1 - b) r : Khi lng ring ca cht rn ha tan. l : Khi lng ring ca dung mi. B : Nng dung dch. Thng trong cc thit b th K = 20 30 . * Phn loi : Ty theo v tr gin ng m ta c: - Thit b vi gin ng ng. - Thit b vi gin ng nm ngang . - Thit b vi gin ng nm nghing. 2. Thit b: a. Thit b c c tun hon t nhin gin ng ng: (Hnh 8.13) : Thit b c ng xung a dung dch vo l mt hoc vi ng c ng ln v t gia gin ng truyn nhit. (Hnh 8.14, hnh 8.15) : Thit b c ng xung a dung dch vo t ngoi gin ng. * Cu to: (Hnh 8.13, 8.14,8.15) 1. Gin ng truyn nhit 2. Khng gian phn ly 3. ng xung a dung dch 4. B phn ly 6. ng sn phm ra 7. ng cp hi t 8. ng tho nc ngng 9. ng hi th ra

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5. ng dung dch vo .

10. X kh khng ngng

Hnh 7.13:

Hnh 7.14 Hnh 7.15:

* Nguyn tc hot ng: Dung dch a vo thit b theo ca (5) ri theo ng xung (3) chy xung di, v ng c ng knh ln nn t b t nng hn (Hnh 8.13), hoc nu t ngoi (hnh 8.14, hnh 8.15) th hon ton khng b t nng nn dung dch c khi lng ring ln, sau dung dch i vo cc ng nh ca gin ng truyn nhit (1), nhn nhit to ra hi bo ha m (hn hp lng v hi) nn c khi lng ring nh v chuyn ng ln pha trn. Sau hi thot qua khng gian phn ly (2) v qua b phn ly (4) thot ra theo ng ng (9). Dung dch ln trong hi b cn li v quay v gin ng, dung dch c tun hon nh vy n khi t nng yu cu c tho ra ca di (6). Hi t c cp vo v theo ng ng (7), sau khi truyn nhit, nc ngng t c tho qua ng ng (8), cn kh khng ngng c x nh k theo ng ng (10) . Thit b c ng xung t ngoi th to lc tun hon ln hn. Thc t cho thy loi ny khi hiu nhit gia hi t v dung dch t = 200C v chiu di ng truyn nhit l = 5m th tc tun hon ca dung dch t ti = 2 3 m/s. b. Thit b c c tun hon t nhin vi 2 gin ng ng:

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- Thit b ny thng dng c c dung dch d kt tinh hoc si bt. - u im: C th tho ri v v sinh sa cha mt trong hai gin ng, cn gin ng kia vn hot ng bnh thng. * Cu to: Hnh 7.16

Hnh 7.16:Thit b c c tun hon t nhin vi 2 gin ng ng

I. Thn thit b. II. Gin ng truyn nhit (hai gin) Thit b c cng chung khng gian phn ly v b phn ly 1. ng ni 2. B phn ly 3. B phn tch tinh th 4. ng xung 5. Van hi . c. Thit b c c tun hon t nhin c gin ng ng t thp hn so vi ming ra ca hi : Thit b ny thng dng c c dung dch d kt tinh: * Cu to: (Hnh 7.17) 6. ng tho nc ngng . 7. ng hi th 8. ng dung dch vo 9. ng sn phm ra .

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1. Gin ng truyn nhit 2. Khng gian phn ly 3. ng xung 4. L chn 5. B n nh dng

6. ng hi th ra 7. ng dung dch vo 8. ng sn phm ra . 9. ng cp hi 10. ng tho nc ngng.

Hnh 7.17: Thit b c c tun hon t nhin c gin ng ng t thp hn so vi ming ra ca hi

* Nguyn l hot ng: V gin ng truyn nhit t thp, nn p sut P trong gin ng (1) ln hn p sut ti ming ra s b phn ly (2), nn dung dch c qu nhit (c nhit ln hn nhit si ng s) v cha si. Do ti b mt gin ng khng xy ra kt tinh (lm gim qu trnh truyn nhit) . Qu trnh t si xy ra ti ming ng ra khng gian phn ly v kt tinh cng xy ra. Cc tinh th ri xung v ly ra ti mt sn di v a n b phn tch tinh th ring. thit b lm vic n nh, ming ng ra ca hi t thm b phn n nh dng (5) l cm ng trn.

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d. Thit b c c tun hon t nhin c dn ng nm ngang : * Cu to: (Hnh 7.18):

1 2 4

3 5 5 1

Hnh 7.18

1. Thn thit b 2. Gin ng truyn nhit 3. B phn kt tinh 4. ng dung dch vo 5. n b phn tch tinh th Hnh * Nguyn l hot ng:

6. ng hi th ra 7. ng cp hi t 8. ng tho nc ngng 9. ng tho khng kh ngng 10. ng sn phm ra.

S tun hon dung dch c nh chnh p sut ca dung dch u vo v u ra ca gin ng. - u im: V gin ng hnh ch U c t trong phng c bnh xe nn d dng tch gin ng khi thit b sa cha hoc v sinh. - Nhc im: Do chnh p sut nh nn tc tun hon nh v h s truyn nhit km . e. Thit b c c tun hon t nhin c gin ng nm nghing:

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Thng s dng cho cc dung dch d kt tinh. * Cu to: (Hnh 7.19)

Hi th cp

9 10 5

7 4 6 3 8

Hnh 7.19

1. B phn ly 2. Gin ng truyn nhit 3. B kt tinh 4. Van x 5. Van hi

6. y c l 7. ng cp hi hoc nc ra thit b 8. ng dung dch ra 9. X kh khng ngng 10. ng dung dch vo.

- u im: Chim t khng gian v v sinh thit b d - Nhc im: Lp rp thit b phc tp. 2.2.2. Thit b c c dung dch tun hon cng bc; 1. Khi nim: - Thit b c s dng khi c c cc loi dung dch c nht ln m tun hon t nhin kh thc hin .

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- Thit b lm vic c khi iu kin hiu s nhit c ch nh (hiu nhit gia hi t v dung dch) : 3 50C, v lc ny cng tun hon ch ph thuc vo bm. - to ra lc y dung dch chuyn ng thng s dng bm ly tm hoc hng trc . - Thng chn tc ca dung dch trong ng t 1,5 3,5 m/s, nu chn > 3,5m/s s tiu tn in nng cho bm m cng sut thit b khng tng nhiu. Vi dung dch c kt tinh nn chn > 2,5m/s, lc ny qu trnh si ch xy ra mt phn nh u ra ca gin ng nn kt tinh khng xy ra bn trong ng. - Thit b c h s cp nhit ln hn so vi tun hon t nhin gp 3 4 ln v hu nh khng c hin tng bm cn trn b mt truyn nhit. 2. Thit b: * Cu to:Hnh 7.20 1. Gin ng truyn nhit 2. Khng gian phn ly 3. ng xung 4. B phn ly 5. Bm ly tm 6. ng cp hi 7. ng dung dch vo 8 ng hi th ra 9. ng x nc ngng 10. ng dung dch ra .

Hnh 7.20

* Cu to: Hnh 7.21 1. Gin ng truyn nhit

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2. Khng gian phn ly 3. Bm 4. B phn tch bt. 5. ng tun hon 6. ng cp hi 7. ng tho nc ngng 8. ng dung dch vo 9. ng sn phm ra 10. ng hi th ra. 11. B phn phn ly.

Hnh 7.21

2.2.3. Thit b c c kiu mng cht lng: 1. Khi nim: - Trong thit b, qu trnh bay hi tin hnh trn cc mng dung dch mng, v dung dch i qua gin ng mt ln m khng c s tun hon, thit b lm vic lin tc. - c s dng trong cng nghip ng v sn xut mt tinh bt cng thch hp i vi cc dung dch c bt hoc cc loi dung dch rt nhy vi nhit cao. - u im: Do to c tc ln nn h s truyn nhit cao . - Nhc im: + V chiu di ng truyn nhit ln (6-9m), ng knh nh (50mm) nn kh v sinh ng, v ng d b dn n nhiu. + Nh sn xut cn chiu cao ln. + Khng thch hp i vi dung dch c nht ln v dung dch d kt tinh. 2. Thit b:

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Hnh 7.22

Hnh 7.23

a. Thit b c c kiu mng, dung dch i t di ln: * Cu to: Hnh 7.22 1. Gin ng truyn nhit 2. Khng gian phn ly 3. B phn phn ly 4. ng dung dch ra * Nguyn tc lm vic: Dung dch ch chim khong 1/4 n 1/5 chiu di ca ng (1). Ti y khi dung dch si to nn cc bt hi v cc bt hi ny ko theo cht lng to nn mng mng cht lng quanh trong ng vi tc ln ( 20m/s), qu trnh to hi ch yu t mng cht lng ny. Hn hp hi v lng vo khng gian phn ly (2) v hi th cp c tch ra, dung dch cn li vi nng cao c ly ra theo ca (4) Hiu qu thit b ph thuc vo mc np y dung dch trong ng. Nu nhiu dung dch xy ra si khng mnh lit, dn n tc dng nh v nng sut thit b nh. 5. ng cp hi t 6. ng tho nc ngng 7. ng dung dch vo 8. ng hi th ra

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Nu qu t dung dch, xy ra s si mnh lit v phn trn ca ng l ton b hi nn khng thu c dung dch c. b. Thit b c c kiu mng, dung dch i t trn xung. * Cu to: (Hnh7.23) 1. Gin ng truyn nhit 2. Khng gian phn ly 3. B phn phn ly 4. ng dung dch ra 2.2.4. Phn ly hi th cp: Hi th cp khi to thnh lun theo mt lng nht nh cc ht cht lng dung dch, nhim v ca s phn ly y l phi tch cc ht cht lng dung dch ra khi hi th cp v cho quay v dung dch. 1. Mc ch ca phn ly hi th cp: 1. Lm sch hi th cp: Nhm m bo vn mi trng nu thi hi th cp trc tip ra ngoi, cn nu s dng lm hi t cho cp sau th s khng bm bn b mt ng truyn nhit lm gim kh nng truyn nhit. 2. Thu hi nhm gim tn tht ca dung dch c c. 2.3.2. Phng php phn ly: B phn lm sch hi th cp gi l b phn ly Ngi ta s dng cc phng php vt l sau phn ly. 1. Phng php s dng lc trng trng: Nh lc trng trng m cc ht cht lng to s ri xung. 2. Phng php s dng lc dnh t: Khi cc ht cht lng chm vo b mt vch rn, lc dnh t s lm dnh cc ht cht lng trn b mt v chy xung. 3. Phng php dng lc ly tm: Hng dng hi th cp quay trn, nh lc li tm cc ht cht lng b vng ra ngoi v chm vo vch rn v chy xung. Nhiu trng hp ba phng php trn c s dng kt hp nhng mc khc nhau trong b phn ly. 3. THIT B RN V CHIN: 3.1. Khi nim: Rn v chin l khu quan trng i vi qu trnh ch bin mt s mt hng hp v thc n sn t tht c, m n lin ... 5. ng cp hi t 6. ng tho nc ngng 7. ng dung dch vo 8. ng hi th ra 9. X kh khng ngng

115

Rn l lm chn sn phm tng mt bng du m, thng thc hin bng phng php th cng, nng sut nh Chin l lm chn sn phm nhiu mt ngp trong du m, thng dng trong cng nghip
lp v nu

m nhit

kim loi lp du

S chuyn khi trong qu trnh rn v chin

3.1.1. Mc ch ca qu trnh chin v rn: - Lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm: gim lng m ca sn phm ng thi tng hm lng cht kh v du m cho sn phm. - Lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm: sn phm sau khi rn hoc chin c mu sc v p, sn chc, dn, c mi thm d chu. - Tiu dit cc enzim v vi sinh vt trong sn phm, v rn v chin thc hin nhit cao t 120 - 1700C nn chng b tiu dit hon ton. 3.1.2. Nhng bin i ca nguyn liu trong rn v chin: Nguyn liu a vo rn hoc chin thng gm: rau nh c tm, qu nh chui, tht c, cc sn phm t bt nho: m n lin, cc loi bnh t bt ng, khoai, sn... Do nguyn liu tip xc vi nhit cao nn xy ra nhng bin i sau: + i vi rau qu : Khng kh v hi nc trong cc gian bo ca nguyn liu thot ra lm cho th tch nguyn liu gim. Protit trong rau, qu b bin tnh ngay nhit 60 -650C nn mt kh nng gi m. Di tc dng ca nhit cao gy tn tht cht kh v vitamin. ng thi vi qu trnh thot kh v m ca nguyn liu, du rn thm vo nguyn liu lm tng gi tr sn phm (tng cht bo cho sn phm) V bin i sinh hc: ng trong nguyn liu b caramen ho lm cho sn phm c mu vng nu. Protopectin chuyn thnh pectin ha tan, clorofin chuyn thnh fiofitin lm cho nguyn liu c mu vng, nu nguyn liu rn hoc chin c mu ca carotennoic th mu ny s ha tan vo du rn hoc chin. + i vi tht, c: - Protit b bin tnh t nhit 60 - 650C v n 90 - 950C th n s bin tnh hon ton, mt kh nng gi nc lm cho tht, c co li v sn chc. Mt khc protit

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bin tnh nhit cao thng lm t cc lin kt lu hunh v nhm amin to ra H2S v NH3 - Phn ng caramen ho xy ra mnh, c bit l tht, c c tm bt trc khi rn hoc chin, lm cho sn phm c mi thm v mu sc vng p. Trong tht, c c m lin kt colagen nhit 600C n khng b ng t l ht nc mnh lm cho nguyn liu mm, b, mt cng c hc cn thit. V vy khng rn tht, c ko di nhit 600C m phi tin hnh nhanh nhit cao. + i vi cc sn phm t bt: Cc sn phm ny thnh phn ch yu l tinh bt nn qu trnh u tin l h ho tinh bt, tip theo l qu trnh caramen ho to cho sn phm c mu vng rm. Cc sn phm t bt c kh nng thm du trong qu trnh rn hoc chin nhiu hn so vi rau qu v tht, c. * Nhng bin i ca du trong qu trnh rn v chin: Chin hoc rn thng tin hnh nhit 120 - 1700C nn du chin thng c nhng bin i sau: + Bin i v l hc: Du b thy phn lm cho ch s axit ca du tng. Glixerin l sn phm thy phn ca du b oxy ho to thnh cht c i vi c th con ngi, v vy phi lm thot kh tt cc l rn hoc chin. Trong qu trnh rn v chin du b i, kht do tch t cc peroxit, andehyt , axeton.. Nhng cht ny d bay hi nn t nh hng n cht lng ca sn phm. S bin i ca du nh hng ln n cht lng ca sn phm rn hoc chin, v vy khi du chin vt qu cc ch tiu cho php cn phi thay du trong thit b chin Yu cu ca du chin hoc rn: c mi c trng ca du, khng c mi i, kht, mu sc sng, khng c cn, m v cc cht bay hi 0,3%. axit trc khi chin t 0,2 - 0,4%, trong khi chin m bo trong khong 1 - 3% khi vt trn 4% th phi thay du. 3.1.3. Yu cu i vi thit b chin rn: - Bo m dy chuyn lm vic lin tc. - Bo m yu cu sn xut ti a vi lng du khng i trong thit b l ti thiu. - Bo m chnh lch nhit gia thit b truyn nhit v du cng nh cng tt. - Bo m du lun chuyn u v khng to ra im nhit cc b trong b cha du. - Thit b cn c b phn lm ngui nhanh. 3.1.2. Phn loi thit b chin rn:

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1. Theo phng thc lm vic: - Thit b rn lm vic gin on: Thng l th cng. - Thit b rn lm vic lin tc. 2. Theo phng php cp nhit: - Thit b rn t bng la - Thit b rn t bng hi. - Thit b rn dng in. Trong thit b rn lm vic lin tc t bng hi, c dng ph bin nht. 3.2 Thit b v yu cu k thut ca qu trnh chin: Thit b chin ch yu gm 2 b phn : Chin v lm ngui Cu to ca thit b chin gm: Thng chin trong cha: Bng ti xch ko cc nguyn liu chin, du chin, dn ng t nng du chin thng dng bng hi nc, nc qu nhit, v lp gi nc. Nu ct tit din ngang thit b chin ta thy: 1. Lp du hot ng l lp tip xc trc tip vi nguyn liu chin, thng cao 85 115 mm. 2. Lp du t nng l lp tip xc vi gin ng truyn nhit, dy t 35 - 85mm 3. Lp du th ng l lp tip gip vi lp gi nc dy 25 - 35mm ngn cch gia lp du t nng v lp gi nc. 4. Lp gi nc l lp cui cng y, lm gim lng du chin trong thit b v l ni cha cc cn, cc mnh nguyn liu b chy tch ra trong qu trnh chin, trnh cho du b sm mu. Lp gi nc thng chim 75 - 85% lng du chin, yu cu nhit lp gi nc 700C. Thit b : 3.2.1. Thit b chin rn t bng la: - Thng gp cc c s nh, th cng. - Nhin liu dng l : Than, ci g, du ha hay hi t. Thit b l thng hoc cho bng kim loi thng l gang c, y tip xc trc tip vi ngn la. - Nhc im: + Nng sut thp, lm vic gin on. + Nhit du khng u, kh khng ch nhit nn cht lng sn phm rn khng ng u. + Tiu hao du v nhin li ln. + Kh m bo iu kin v sinh cng nghip

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3.2.2. Thit b chin rn lin tc, dng hi, kiu bng chuyn: 1. Cu to: (Hnh7.24) 1. Thng rn 2. Bng chuyn dy xch 3. Np chp 4. B phn lm ngui 5. Tip nhn nguyn liu 6. Bung ra sn phm 7. B sung du bng phao 8. Van x 9. ng cp hi 10. B phn thi khng kh lnh.

Hnh 7.24. Thit b chin rn t bng hi kiu bng chuyn Thit b chnh c dng hnh ch nht, y hnh chp, chiu di thng L = 2,5 11m, chiu rng R = 0,8 2m, cao H = 0,8 1m. tit kim v gi cht lng du rn, trong thit b thng c lp "gi nc", pha trn l lp du. Cn ch l lp gi nc khng c tip xc vi b phn un nng trnh hin tng si nc. Khong cch lp du nc cch ng truyn nhit 15 - 20 cm, v nhit lp gi nc c gi < 600C, bng cch cho nc lun lu. Vn tc du i lu trong thit b khong 0,8 1m/s 2. Nguyn tc lm vic: Nguyn liu c cp vo ti bn tip nhn (5) c ng trong cc khay, gi v c mc vo h thng dy xch ca bng chuyn (2), c vn chuyn vo thng rn (1), sau c n bung lm ngui (4) nh h thng thi khng kh lnh (10). Ti bung lm ngui nguyn liu c vn chuyn dch dc theo phng ngang hoc thng ng, sau c tho ti bung ra sn phm (6) Hi t c cp theo ng ng (9) vo gin ng truyn nhit t trong lp du, iu chnh v b sung lng du trong qu trnh rn nh b phn b sung du (7) bng phao, c minh ha bng s hnh 7.25

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Mc du du
Du Mc nc Nc

Hnh 7.25. C cu iu chnh mc du - nc 3.2.3. Thit b rn lin tc, dng in, khng c lp gi nc: . Cu to: Hnh 7.26 1. Bng chuyn 2. B phn in tr . 3. Thng rn 4. B phn np nguyn liu 5. Np thng. 6. B truyn ng.

Hnh 7.26. Thit b chin rn lin tc, dng in, khng c lp gi nc

3.2.4. Thit b rn dng in, c lp gi nc: 1. Bng ti np nguyn liu 2. B phn in tr . 3. Thng rn 4. B phn lm mt 5. Np chp 6. Van cp du.

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Hnh 7.27. Thit b chin rn lin tc, dng in, c lp gi nc hnh 7.28. v 7.29 l s m t mt kiu thit b chin lin tc c h thng bng ti chuyn bn thnh phm vo thng chin c thit k theo yu cu ca tng loi sn phm

Hnh 7.28. Thit b chin lin tc

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Hnh 7.29. Cch b tr h thng bng chuyn trong thit b chin lin tc a) cho cc sn phm d chm v mng ( nh c ct dng thanh mng) b) cho cc sn phm c tm bt c) cho cc sn phm nh d ni trn du ( nh snack) cho 2 kiu 4. THIT B THANH TRNG: 4.1. Khi nim: 4.1.1. Cc phng php thanh trng: Da vo phng php cp nhit m phn thnh: 1. Phng php thanh trng bng nhit: dng cht ti nhit l : nc nng hay hi nc bo ho. 2. Phng php thanh trng bng dng in cao tn. 3. Phng php thanh trng bng cc tia nng lng. Trong phng php thanh trng bng nhit l c s dng ph bin trong cng nghip thc phm v n gin v hiu qu cao (hiu qu thanh trng v hiu qu kinh t) 4.1.2. Phn loi thit b: 1. Theo phng thc lm vic; - Thit b thanh trng lm vic gin on: - Thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc

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2. Theo p sut to ra trong thit b. - Thit b thanh trng lm vic p sut thng - Thit b thanh trng lm vic p sut cao. 3. Theo cu to: - Thit b thanh trng kiu ng, kiu nm ngang . - Thit b thanh trng kiu bng ti, kiu trc quay. - Thit b thanh trng kiu bn mng. 4.2. Thit b: 4.2.1. Thit b thanh trng lm vic gin on: 1. Thit b thanh trng cao p, kiu nm ngang: a. Cu to ( Hnh 7.30) 1. Thn ni 2. Np cu lm 3. Xe cha sn phm 4. C cu tay quay 5. Van cp hi. 6. ng phn phi hi 7. X kh 8. Van an ton v p k 9. X nc ngng 10. Bnh xe cht

Hnh 7.30. Thit b thanh trng cao p, kiu nm ngang b. Nguyn tc lm vic: Xe cha sn phm (3) c y vo thit b trn ng ray, np dng cu lm (2). ng m c nh c cu tay quay (4) . c ng kn nh bnh xe cht (10). Hi c cp qua van (5) vo ng phn phi hi (6) t trn v di thit b, sau khi truyn nhit nc ngng c tho qua ng x (9). Ban x kh (7) dng x kh trc khi cp hi vo thanh trng v x hi tha sau khi thanh trng cn bng p sut kh quyn trc khi tho sn phm.

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- u im: + Nng sut ln. + Thao tc iu chnh n gin. - Nhc im: + Thit b cng knh, chim nhiu din tch. + Chi ph hi v nc ln . + Thi gian thao tc lu. 2. Thit b thanh trng cao p, kiu ng. a. Cu to:( hnh 7.31)

Hnh 7.31. Thit b thanh trng cao p kiu ng 1. Thn thit b 2. np 3. i trng 4. Gi ng sn phm 5. Cht kha 6. ng cp hi 7.Van x kh 8. X nc ngng 9. ng ni 10. Nhit k 11. Van an ton

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b. Nguyn tc lm vic: Gi ng sn phm (4) c ti in hoc cu a vo thit b. Np (2) ng m nh i trng (3) v c ng kn nh cc cht (5). Hi c cp vo theo ng ng (6) v ng phun hi t di y thit b c dng hnh ch thp hoc un vng, nc ngng c tho theo ng ng (8), van x kh (7) dng x kh trc khi cp hi thanh trng v x hi tha sau khi thanh trng nhm cn bng p sut kh quyn trc khi tho sn phm.ng ni (9) c ni gia v y ni c gn nhit k (10) v p k nhm m bo nhit k ch ng nhit thanh trng. - u im: + Cu to gn, chim t din tch. + Thao tc thun li, d c gii ho. + Lm vic tng i vn nng. - Nhc im: Nng sut thp 4.2.2. Thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc. 1. Thit b thanh trng thy lc: a. Khi nim: - Thng c s dng thanh trng hp. - y l thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc, hot ng p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn. - Nguyn tc p sut cao trong thit b bng chiu cao ct nc. b. Cu to: c. Nguyn tc lm vic: Bng ti (5) chuyn hp u tin qua nhnh (1), y hp c un nng dn, tip tc n phng hi (2) thanh trng, iu chnh p sut trong phng (2) bng cch iu chnh chiu cao mc nc hai nhnh (1) v (3), ng thi iu chnh thi gian thanh trng bng vn tc bng ti. Sau sn phm n nhnh (3) lm ngui dn v c a n thng lnh (4) lm ngui hn. Nhit thanh trng ca thit b l 115 126 0C. Nng sut thit b t 200 . 360 hp / pht . * Nu ct nc cao 10m th p sut d c to ra tng 1at ( 9,8 . 104N/m2) ngha l p sut tuyt i 19,6.104 N/m2. lc ny nc si 120 0C. Nu p sut d l 19,6.104 N/m2. p tuyt i l 29,4.104 N/m2 ) th nc si 133 0C.

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4 1

1,3. Hai nhnh ct nc 2. phng hi 4. thng nc lnh 5. bng ti

Hnh 7.32 : Thit b thanh trng thy lc Carvallo (Php) 2. Thit b thanh trng bn mng: a. Khi nim: - c s dng thanh trng nc qu, bia, sa... - Thit b lm vic p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn. - qu trnh truyn nhit dng khung bn. b. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: Cc thit b loi ny tuy khc nhau v cu to nhng u c nguyn tc lm vic ging nhau. * Hnh 7.33a l s lm vic ca thit b (s lu thng ca dung dch, cht ti nhit v nc lm ngui) . Nng nhit s b ca dch mi vo bng nhit to ra ca dch thanh trng (t nhit t1 n t2) ti ngn nng nhit s b (I), sau dch c nng nhit t t2 n nhit thanh trng t3 v c duy tr nhit thanh trng trong khong thi gian nht nh ti ngn thanh trng v duy tr (II), tip tc dch c lm ngui s b bng cch truyn nhit cho dch mi vo v h nhit t t3 xung t4 ti ngn lm ngui s b (III) v cui cng dch c lm ngui hn bng cht ti lnh (nc hoc nc mui) h nhit t t4 xung t5 ti ngn lm ngui (IV)

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Nc lnh

Nc qu vo

Nc qu ra Nc nng

Hnh 7.33a. S lm vic ca thit b thanh trng bn mng Thit b thanh trng bn mng: y l loi thit b lm vic lin tc p sut hi nc cao hn p sut kh quyn. Thit b thanh trng ny thng c dng thanh trng cc loi nc qu trc khi cho vo bao b (bao b c thanh trng trc). Cu to ch yu ca n l cc bn mng bng thp khng r, ln sng hoc phng nhng c vch nh hng khi xp v p cc bn mng li, cc l to thnh rnh thng kn, c cc khoang cha sn phm v cc khoang cha cht ti nhit hoc nc lm ngui c xen k nhau. Do c cu to nh vy nn nc qu chy trong khoang kn thnh lp mng v c truyn nhit t 2 mt bn nn thi gian thanh trng nhanh, t lm bin i cht lng sn phm.

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Hnh 7.33b: Thit b thanh trng bn mng Alfa Laval

3. Thit b thanh trng kiu bng ti: a. Khi nim:

- Thng dng thanh trng sn phm cha trong bao b (chai, lon, hp) nht l trong cng ngh bia. - Vn chuyn sn phm l cc bng ti li. - Da vo s chuyn ng ca sn phm m c th phn thnh; + Thit b thanh trng kiu tuyn tnh + Thit b thanh trng kiu dch dc. b. Cu to v nguyn tc lm vic: Hnh 7.34. Thit b thanh trng kiu Tunen phun tuyn tnh 1. Vng nng nhit s b 2. Vng thanh trng 3. Vng lm ngui 4. Vng lm mt 6. Gin ng phun nc 7. bng ti li 8.Chai thnh phm 9. B thu hi nc

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5. Vng lm lnh
1 8 7 2 3 4 5 6 9

Hnh 7.34. Thit b thanh trng kiu Tunen phun tuyn tnh Kiu my tunen ny c gi l tuyn tnh v chai chy trong thit b theo mt ng thng vo u my v ra cui my. V s dng bng ti li, nn nc phun vng no th c thu gom ngay vo b cha tng ng pha di. Cc b cha nc c trang b ng ng dn hi thng xuyn b sung nhit b tht thot. i vi sn xut bia th nc phun cc vng nh sau: - Vng 1 (Nng nhit s b) : 45 0C - Vng 2 (thanh trng) - Vng 3 (lm ngui) - Vng 4 (lm mt) - Vng 5 (lm lnh) : 600C : 450C : 350C : 250C

Thi gian sn phm i trong my khong 90 pht.

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5. THIT B LNH: 5.1. Khi nim: 5.1.1. Chu trnh my lnh nn hi: 1. Chu trnh mt cp amoniac (Hnh 7.35)

Hnh 7.35. Chu trnh mt cp amoniac a) S : MN. My nn; NT. Bnh ngng t; TL. Van tit lu; BH. Bnh bay hi b) Chu trnh biu din trn th T-s; c) Chu trnh biu din trn th lgp-h

- Hnh 7.35a : S thit b n gin ca chu trnh my lnh mt cp c s dng cho mi cht NH3. - Hnh 7.35b : Chu trnh biu din trn th T - S - Hnh 7.35c : Chu trnh biu din trn th Logp - h. a/ Nguyn l hot ng: Hi mi cht sinh ra thit b bay hi c my nn ht v v nn ln p sut cao vo bnh ngng t. bnh ngng hi mi cht thi nhit v ngng t thnh lng. Lng c p sut cao i qua van tit lu vo bnh bay hi. Ti bnh bay hi, lng mi cht si p sut thp v nhit thp thu nhit ca mi trng lnh. Hi c ht v my nn, nh vy vng tun hon ca mi cht c khp kn. b. S thay i trng thi mi cht trong chu trnh: 1 -1 : Qu nhit hi ht. 1 - 2 : Nn on nhit t p sut thp po ln p sut cao Pk, v S1 = S2. 2 - 2' : Lm mt ng p hi mi cht t trng thi qa nhit xung trng thi bo ha. 2' - 3' :: Ngng t mi cht ng p v ng nhit. 3' - 3 : Qu lnh mi cht lng ng p.

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3 - 4 : Qu trnh tit lu ng antapi van tit lu h3 = h4 . 4 - 1' : Qu trnh bay hi ng p v ng nhit po = const, t0 = const . 2. Chu trnh hai cp nn, bnh trung gian c ng xon: (hnh 7.36)

Hnh 7.36. Chu trnh hai cp nn bnh trung gian c ng xon BH- Bnh bay hi; NHA- My nn h p; NCA- My nn cao p NT- Bnh ngng t; TL1,TL2- Van tit lu 1 v 2;BTG- Bnh trung gian 1. Nguyn l hot ng: Hi mi cht lnh hnh thnh bnh bay hi (BH) c my nn h p (NHA) ht vo v nn t trng thi 1 c p sut po v nhit t0 ln trng thi 2 c p sut trung gian Ptg v nhit t2, sau vo bnh trung gian BTG, hi c lm mt xung trng thi bo ho (lm mt hon ton). Hi trng thi 3 c my nn cao p NCA ht v nn ln trng thi 4 c p sut ngng t pk v nhit cao t4, ri c y vo thit b ngng t , ti y hi thi nhit v ngng t thnh lng cao p, mt phn lng i qua van tit lu VTL1 vo bnh trung gian nhm lm mt hi nng trng thi 2 xung trng thi hi bo ha 3, cn phn lng chnh c lm qu lnh trong ng xon ca bnh trung gian v sau qua van tit lu VTL 2 vo bnh bay hi. Ti y lp mi cht bay hi thu nhit ca mi trng. Hi hnh thnh c my nn h p ht v. Nh vy vng tun hon ca mi cht lnh khp kn. Khi =
PK > 9 th dng cp 2, 3 cp . PO

PK : p sut ngng t PO : p sut bay hi

b. Cc qu trnh ca chu trnh: 1' -1 : Qu trnh hi ht.

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1 - 2 : Nn on nhit cp h p t po ln ptg. 2 - 3 : Lm mt hi qu nhit h p xung ng hi bo ho x = 1 3 - 4 : Nn on nhit cp cao p t ptg ln pk 4 - 5 : Lm mt ngng t v qu lnh lng trong bnh ngng 5 - 7 : Tit lu t p sut pk vo bnh trung gian 5 - 6 : Qu lnh lng ng p trong bnh trung gian 6 - 10 : Tit lu t p sut Pk xung po. 10 - 1' : Bay hi thu nhit ca mi trng lnh. 5.1.2 Thit b trao i nhit ca h thng lnh: 1/ Nhim v : Thit b trao i nhit ca my lnh theo chc nng c th chia ra lm hai nhm: thit b chnh v thit b ph Nhim v ch yu ca thit b trao i nhit l truyn nhit t mt cht ny cho mt cht khc thng qua b mt ngn cch hoc bng cch tip xc trc tip . Cc loi bnh ngng v dn bay hi l nhng thit b trao i nhit bt buc phi c trong my lnh, nn chng l nhng thit b chnh 2/ Thit b ngng t a) c im : Thit b ngng t l thit b bin hi mi cht lnh c p sut v nhit cao sau qu trnh nn thnh trng thi lng. Hi i vo thit b l hi qu nhit cho nn trc tin n phi c lm lnh n nhit bo ha, ri n qu trnh ngng t, sau cng l b qu lnh vi trc khi ra khi bnh ngng. b) Yu cu i vi thit b: Nhanh chng tch tc nhn lnh ngng t ra khi b mt truyn nhit. Tch khng kh v cc loi kh khng ngng tt. Tch du ra khi bnh ngng NH3 Lm sch cu bn v pha nc gii nhit hoc khng kh gii nhit nh bn t, canxi, bi, st r... c) Phn loi thit b ngng t: Da vo mi trng gi nhit m phn thnh - Thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc (gii nhit bng nc ). - Thit b ngng t lm mt bng khng kh (gii nhit bng khng kh) - Thit b ngng t kiu kt hp (gii nhit bng nc v khng kh

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Trong cc h thng lnh trung bnh v ln thng s dng thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc hoc kiu kt hp . Nc lm mt c th s dng mt ln hoc tun hon 3/ Thit b bay hi : a. c im : Thit b bay hi l thit b trao i nhit m ti lng tc nhn sau khi qua van tit lu s thc hin qu trnh bay hi thu nhit ca mi trng cn lm lnh. Mi trng c th l khng kh hoc lng b. Phn loi thit b bay hi: - Da vo tnh cht ca mi trung lm lnh: + Thit b bay hi lm lnh cht ti lnh lng ( nc, dung dch nc mui, dung dch ru ..) + Thit b bay hi lm lnh khng kh. Trong loi ny thng chia thnh hai nhm: dn lnh ng khng kh i lu t nhin (dn lnh tnh) v dn lnh khng kh i lu cng bc (dn lnh qut). - Da theo mc chon ch ca mi cht lnh lng trong thit b: + Thit b bay hi kiu ngp mi cht lnh lng bao ph ton b b mt trao i nhit (thng l loi cp lng t di ln) + Thit b bay hi kiu khng ngp: mi cht lnh lng khng bao ph ton b b mt trao i nhit. Mt phn b mt trao i nhit dng qu nhit hi ht v my nn (thng l loi cp lng t trn t di xung ln) 5.2. Thit b ngng t 5.2.1. Thit b ngng t lm mt bng nc: 1/Thit b ngng t kiu ng v nm ngang NH3 y l loi thit b ngng t c s dng ph bin hin nay cho cc h thng lnh nng xut va v ln a) Cu to: (hnh 7.37)

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Hnh 7.37. Bnh ngng ng v nm ngang 1- Van an ton 2- ng cn bng 3- Ca NH3 vo 4- p k 5- Van x kh khng ngng b) Nguyn tc lm vic: Hi mi cht sau khi nn cao p c a vo phn trn ca bnh ngng qua ng ng (3) vo y khng gian cc ng ta nhit cho nc lm mt trong ng v ngng t li. Mi cht lng ngng t li c khng ch chiu cao ct lng khong 15 20% ng knh trong thit b. Lng c ly ra di di bnh ngng (10) i vo bnh cha hoc trm tit lu. Bnh ngng c np 2 u, cc ng nc ra v vo (7 v 8) c hn vo np trong np c cc tm chn to s hnh trnh cn thit cho nc chy. ng trong bnh ngng NH3 l ng thp dng thng hoc dng ch U (khi bnh ch c 1 np), s dng ng thp trn khng c cnh v h s ta nhit pha trong ng v h s ta nhit khi ngng ca NH3 gn bng nhau. Cc ng thp c 25x3mm * u im: - Thit b gn nh, chc chn - H s truyn nhit cao (k = 800 + 1000w/m2 0k) - t tn kim loi, t tn din tch lp t 2/ Thit b ngng t kiu ng v nm ngang freon a) Cu to (hnh7.38) 6 - X khng kh ca nc 7- ng nc ra 8 - ng nc vo 9- X nc 10- Ca lng NH3 ra

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Hnh 7.38. Thit b ngng t kiu ng v nm ngang 1 - V thit b 2 - Mt sng 3- Np 5 - Bu gom lng 6 - Van x 7 - Van an ton

4- ng trao i nhit b) Nguyn tc: Thit b ngng t freon khc so vi bnh ngng ng v NH3 nh sau: - ng truyn nhit c th bng thp hoc bng ng - ng c to cnh v pha tc nhn lnh v h s to nhit khi ngng cu freon nh hn h s ta nhit ca nc kh nhiu . - Do du ha tan ca mi cht nn khng c bu gom du v van x du

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