Art Appreciation Exam #1 Notes

Paleolithic
Paleolithic Old Stone Age 35,000 9,000 BC Prehistoric Time before recorded history Art Begins c. 35,000 BC Artists interested in animal power & honor Cave Paintings Started 15,000 BC Fertility Venus Materials Limestone Polychrome Ivory Flint Art Ways Relief Incised Pigment Puffs of dots Made of sulfur Blew on the wall To cut in Cut away the background Carve something to protrude Type of metamorphic stone Common material Used for carving Fancy word for painted Multicolor Material made from the teeth and tusks of animals such as elephants, bull teeth and walruss Symbol of fertility Venus of Willendorf In Austria Pregnant women; main objective Child bearing build

Items Chewstick Early paintbrush Chewed on back of the teeth Throwing stick A handle carved out of bone/ivory Notch holds an arrow and then let go Like a boomerang Antler Used for carving and sculpting Cities Lascaux In France 15,000 BC Cave paintings with animals Altamira In Spain 15,000 BC Cave paintings with animals

Neolithic
Neolithic Domestic Agrarian Architecture Architecture Monolith Dolmen Cromlech Farming Planting crops with seeds Raise own food Raise chickens Communities developed around water sources New Stone Age c. 9,000 BC Beginnings of civilization; living in protection

Assembly/construction of using materials Creation of materials to make a defined space A single stone Post & lintel 2 verticals, 1 horizontal Using Post & lintel

 Stonehenge City Jericho Material Brick Items

Making the stones into a circle/rectangle shape

In Salisbury, England c. 2,000 BC Post & lintel Cromlech 1st example of early architecture

In Lebanon; mid-east 1st to built with bricks 8,000 BC

Made of clay Used in Jericho 8,000 BC Building architecture with brick

Ancestor Missing of a person Plaster Skull Found to be ancestor worships

Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia Current day Iraq 4,000 BC- 50,000 BC Origins of civilization The land between 2 rivers The 2 Rivers between Mesopotamia Tigris Euphrates Basic Civilization villages around 4,000 BC Sumer Akkad Assyria Babylon Oriental Oriental world To pass through area (Mesopotamia) Animals role

Played a part in Mesopotamia art

Babylon 7th C Ancient city Archaeology The study of human prehistory & history through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains Places Death Pit Ziggurat Lion Gate Gate of Ishtar Items Votive Idol Stele Cylinder Seal A grave stone marker or a carver Presents information Early forms of narratives Made of stone Rolled on clay Has repetitive images Early language by Mesopotamians Invention of cuneiform writing on clay Little charms One would pray to or carry to get the good will of the gods Made of gypsum Big lions on the side of the rocks Entrance to the city Found in Ancient Babylon Made of fired brick Ancient organized Mesopotamian temple Sumerians made this out of mud brick Beginnings of early worship Best preserved Ur Ziggurat= Sumerians 2,500 BC Found Ancient Sumerian jewelry Gave people poison wine when bringing the princess to her burial Wine killed everyone, so the princess could have everyone there in the after life

 Lamassu

Used to identify and secure goods

Part human, eagle, bull Guarded figure Assyrian sculpture Code of Hammurabi A sculpture of document laws Earliest societal rules written in art term eye for an eye First written and spoken languages Cuneiform Written form Early form of writing by Mesopotamians Material Gypsum Soft material like chalk Carved painted humans Votive figures to represent yourself Stand in for yourself and put into temples to communicate with gods

Mud Brick Alabaster Bitumen Bronze Diorite Material hard to cut Hard metamorphic rock Used for carving Ex: Statue of Gudea Combination of iron, copper and tin Used metal to be cast Rare in ancient world Durable, hard material Black sticky stuff Used for makeup around the eyes Soft crystal stone Carved materials to make idols Soil Water soluble Used for building Not a good material to build with; most are vanished

People Gudea Xerxes Art Ways Casting To fill a void Add, cut, mold Wax-loss A way of making metal casting Used for casting bronze sculptors Lion reliefs Show how powerful & brave the king was by hunting lions Carved out of sand stone Remove the background Hunting lions Greatest relief carvers Assyrians Glazed brick Brick that it is colored and fired Turned into ceramic Cities/country Persian Persepolis City in Persia Iranian area A Persian King Reconquered sumeria Gudea of Lagash who built numerous temples Leader, teacher, governor, warrior, etc.

Egypt
Egypt C 4,000 BC- 50 BC Mummy Embalming After life Linen Preserving of the body; a dried preserved body Linen wrappings Drying the body out- 1st rule Spice, herbs& salts used After death their belongings will be there

 Ka Sarcophagus Anubis Tomb Pharaoh Dynasty Symbols

Used to wrap around mummies body The soul A coffin Greek for flesh eater God of the after world God of the dead and of mummification Life belongings were stored here for the after life People who could afford being mummified King Living gods of Egypt Divine power Has descending line of 31 dynasties Represent something else Ex: cats, crocodiles, beetles, relating fertility objects

4 types of different tombs 1. Mastaba 2. Rock Cut 3. Palace type 4. Pyramid Shaft tomb, long shaft dug straight into the ground

King Zoser Stepped pyramid was built for this pharaoh Stepped pyramid built for king Zoser Palette Used for mixing eye makeup Earliest types of sculpture Narmer Early pharaoh king had a palette made for him

Palette of narmer- he would use it for mixing eye makeup

Hieroglyph Writings in picture or symbols Rosetta Stone Tablet used for translation with hieroglyphics 3 languages: hieroglyphics, greek, demotic Limestone Built on pyramids Genre Everyday life Papyrus Reeds going up along the Nile Used for paper Nile River in Egypt Valley of the Kings Where king tut was found