WATER TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Water plays an important role in our daily life. 70% of the earth is covered by water, out of which 97% is in oceans and hence saline (not usable) 2% is locked as polar ice caps (not available for use) Only 1% is available as surface and ground water (Usable)

Usable Sources

Surface water (River, Lake Etc)

Undergro Surface water water Underground (Well, Spring etc)

Though the ground water is clear, it may contain dissolved salts, hence may not be pure. Surface water usually contains dissolved salts, dissolved gases and suspended impurities. Water is used as a raw material for some industries and agriculture It is an essential commodity for cooking , washing etc (Domestic purpose) Surface and Underground water are normally used for Domestic and industrial purposes. Hence they must be free from impurities and fit for using

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Possible Impurities in surface water

Impurity

Type

Example

Property affected

Colloidal Physical and Suspended

Fine clay, decomposed vegetable & animal matter, insoluble salts of iron, manganese etc.

Colour, odour, taste Turbidity etc.,

Dissolved salts and

All soluble salts which may be in the near vicinity.

Hardness and alkalinity, pH, Taste, Colour etc.,

Chemical

(Sulphates, Chlorides of Calcium and Magnesium bicarbonates of Sodium and potassium ). Dissolved gases Pathogenic CO2, H2S,SO2 Increases Acidity

Biological

Micro organisms

Fungi, bacteria

Non potable, Colour, Odour etc.,

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Way of Entry

Rain recharges both surface and underground bodies. When water flows it collects impurities like dissolved salts, minerals, fine clay and silica.

Some insoluble minerals undergo reaction and forms products which dissolve in water.

For example anhydrous Calcium sulphate is converted to Calcium di hydrate and olivine is converted to serpentine CaSO4 + 2H2O ----------------- CaSO42H2O Anhydrous gypsum

Mg2SiO4 + xH2O -------------- Mg2SiO4xH2O Olivine Serpentine

2Fe2S3 + 2H2O + 15O2 -------------- 4FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 ferric sulphide ferrous sulphate

Action of dissolved CO2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O -------------- Ca(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O -------------- Mg(HCO3)2 Insoluble carbonates are converted to soluble and hardness producing bi carbonates
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Hard ness , Hard and Soft Water The property of water which prevents it from lathering is called Hardness Water which does not produce lather with soap solution, but produces white precipitate is called hard water. Water which produces lather readily with soap solution is called Soft water. 2 C17H35COONa + Hard water (C17H35COO)2Ca / Mg + 2Na+ soap white scum Soap + Soft water Lather

Differences between Hard and Soft water

Hard Water

Soft Water

Contains Ca and Mg salts

Does not contain Ca and Mg salts

Does not produce lather with soap

Produces lather easily with soap

Soap is wasted and cleaning quality is decreased

Cleaning quality is not decreased

Boiling point elevated, more time and fuel for cooking

Less fuel and time required for cooking

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Types of Hardness Hardness may be of two types viz., Temporary Hardness Permanent Hardness Temporary (TH) / Carbonate (CH) / Alkaline (AH) Hardness This is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be removed by mere boiling The bicarbonates are converted into insoluble carbonates and hydroxides, which can be removed by filtering. Ca (HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 prolonged Ca (HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Prolonged Mg (HCO Mg(OH) Mg (HCO Mg(OH) + +2CO 2CO22 3)2 22 3)2 Prolonged
prolonged

Permanent (PH) / Non-carbonate (NCH) / Non-alkaline (NAH) Hardness This is caused by the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. It cannot be removed by boiling. It can be removed only by chemical treatment. The most economic and common method of treatment is heating with soda (sodium carbonate) for example

CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4

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Units of Hardness

i) Parts per million (ppm) or Milligram per litre (mg/ L) ii) Degree French (oFr) iii) Degree Clark (oCl)

ppm : 1 part of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 106 parts of water mg/ L : 1 mg of CaCO3 equivalent hardness in 1 L of water Weight of 1 L of water = 1 Kg. = 1000 g = 1000000 mg = 106 mg Hence 1ppm = 1mg / L

1ppm = 1mg/L = 0.1oFr = 0.07o Cl

Expression of Hardness in terms of CaCO3 Equivalents (Importance of calcium carbonate equivalents) Hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 Equivalents because i) ii) it is most insoluble salt obtained in water treatment Molecular weight is 100 ( Eq. Wt 50)

Formula for calculating hardness in terms of CaCO3 Wt. of Hardness producing substance present in water (in mg /L) x 100 Molecular Wt. of hardness producing substance

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SOLVED PROBLEMS BASED ON HARDNESS 1. If a sample of water contains 40mg of Ca2+ ions per litre, what is its calcium hardness in terms of CaCO3 equivalent? Hardness in = Wt. of hardness producing Ca2+ Mol. Wt. of Ca2+ = 40 / 40 X 100 =100 ppm terms of CaCO3 ------------------------------------------------ X Mol. Wt. of CaCO3

2. A water sample contains 73 mg of Mg(HCO3)2 per litre. Calculate the hardness in terms of CaCO3 equivalent? Hardness in = Wt. of hardness producing Mg (HCO3)2 Mol. Wt. of Mg (HCO3)2 = 73 /146 X 100 = 50 ppm

terms of CaCO3 ------------------------------------------------ X Mol.Wt.of CaCO3

3. A water sample contains 120 mg of MgSO4 per litre. Calculate the hardness in terms of CaCO3 equivalents. Hardness in terms of CaCO3 = Wt. of hardness producing MgSO4 -------------------------------------------- X Mol.Wt.of CaCO3 Mol. Wt. of MgSO4 = 120 / 120 X 100 = 100ppm

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4. Calculate the hardness of a sample of water containing 81 mg of calcium bicarbonate per litre of water.

Hardness in

= Wt. of hardness producing Ca (HCO3)2 X Mol.Wt.of CaCO3 Mol. Wt. of Ca (HCO3)2 = 81 / 162 X 100 = 50 ppm

terms of CaCO3 ------------------------------------------------

5. A water sample contains 50 mg of MgCl2 per litre. Calculate the hardness in terms of CaCO3 equivalent. Hardness in terms of CaCO3 = Wt.of hardness producing MgCl2 -------------------------------------------- X Mol. Wt. of CaCO3 Mol. Wt. of MgCl2 = 50 / 95 X 100 = 52.63 ppm

6. Calculate temporary hardness and total hardness of a sample of water containing Mg(HCO3)2= 7.3ppm ; Ca(HCO3)2 =40.5ppm ; MgCl2 = 21.75ppm ; CaSO4 = 13.6ppm and = 50 ppm.

Solution Name of the hardness producing salt Amount in Ppm Molecular Weight Amount equivalent to CaCO3 in ppm

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Mg(HCO3)2

7.3

146

7.3 x100/ 146 = 5

Ca(HCO3)2

40.5

162

40.5 x 100 / 162 = 25

CaSO4

13.6

136

13.6 x 100 / 136 = 10

MgCl2

21.75

95

21.75 x 100 / 95 = 22.9

NaCl

50

NaCl does not contribute any hardness to water, hence it is ignored.

Temporary Hardness = Mg (HCO3)2 + Ca (HCO3)2 = 5 + 25 = 30 ppm

Permanent Hardness = CaSO4 + MgCl2 = 10 + 22.9 = 32.9 ppm

Total Hardness = Temporary hardness + Permanent Hardness

= 30 + 32.9 = 62.9 ppm

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7. A sample of water contains 50mg of MgCl2 and 120mg of MgSO4 per litre. Express the hardness in terms of CaCO3. Hardness due to MgCl2 = 50 / 95 x 100 = 52.6 ppm Hardness due to MgSO4 = 120 /120 x 100 = 100 ppm Total Hardness = 52.6 + 100 = 152.6 ppm.

Disadvantages of Hard Water / (Limitations of Hard water) Purpose Disadvantage DOMESTIC USE Does not lather well, i. Washing Wastage of soap and water wastage of soap and water Elevation in boiling point. iii. Cooking Hence more fuel and time is required. Scales are produced in the utensils
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Responsible salts

Due to salts of Ca & Mg

ii. Bathing

Due to salts of Ca & Mg

Due to hardness causing salts like Ca & Mg

Hazardous to health as it forms iv. Drinking calcium oxalate crystals in urinary tracks Due to Calcium ions

INDUSTRIAL USE Coloured spots on fabrics i. Textile staining of cloth Interferences with dyeing process unexpected colour results Affects colour, ii. Paper Does not give smoothness or glossy appearance Affects crystallization,
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Due to hardness causing salts like Ca & Mg and iron & Mn salts

Due to salts of Ca & Mg

iii .Sugar

Due to sulphates, nitrates, alkali

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makes sugar hygroscopic. Colour/ Stains on the cloth Requires more soap and water Scale and Sludge v. Steam generation in Boilers formation. Corrosion and Caustic embritlement Priming and Foaming

carbonates

iv. Laundry

Due to Mn & Iron salts

Due to salts of Ca & Mg

Dissolved gases

Oil

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