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TS Vi Anh Tun
Khoa ha hc Trng i hc KHTN - HQG H Ni
Tch s tan
Qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh thun nghch, do cng tun theo nh lut tc dng
khi lng. Xt cn bng ha tan (Mn+ l ion kim loi, Xm- l gc axit hoc OH-):
MmXn
mMn+ + nXm-
T = [M]m[X]n
(*)
T c gi l tch s tan (solubility product).
Tch s tan c s dng :
So snh tan ca cc cht t tan "ng dng".
Xem mt dung dch bo ho hay cha:
Q = CMm C Xn < T: dung dch cha bo ho => khng xut hin kt ta.
So snh tan ca AgCl v AgBr trong nc ct. Bit T AgCl = 10-10, TAgBr = 10-
.
1
Hng dn gii
*Ch : Mc d TAgCl= 10-10 > TMg(OH)2= 1,2.10-11, nhng trong nc ct, tan ca
Mg(OH)2 li ln hn tan ca AgCl.
Cu 1.2.
(a) Trn 1 ml dung dch K 2CrO4 0,12M vi 2 ml dung dch Ba(OH) 2 0,009M.
Ba2+ + CrO42-
Cb
0,034 + x
T = x (0,034 + x) = 1,2.10-10
x = 3,53. 10-9 M.
[CrO42-] = 0,034 M;
[Ba2+] = 3,53.10-9 M)
CH3NH3+ + OH-
(a) 25C, phn trm ion ho ca dung dch CH 3NH2 0,160M l 4,7%. Hy tnh [OH-],
[CH3NH3+], [CH3NH2], [H3O+] v pH ca dung dch.
(b) Hy tnh Kb ca metylamin.
(c) Nu thm 0,05 mol La(NO 3)3 vo 1,00 L dung dch cha 0,20 mol CH 3NH2 v 0,20
mol CH3NH3Cl. C kt ta La(OH)3 xut hin khng? Cho tch s tan ca La(OH) 3 l 1.1019
Hng dn gii
(a) [CH3NH2]= 0,152 M; [CH3NH3+]=[OH-]= 7,5.10-3; pH= 11,9
(b) 3,7.10-4
(c) Q = 2,56.10-12 > T, c kt ta)
Cu 1.4.
MgF2(r)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 F-(aq)
(b) Hy tnh nng cn bng ca Mg2+ trong 1,000 L dung dch MgF2 bo ho 18C
cha 0,100 mol KF.
(c) Hy d on kt ta MgF2 c to thnh khng khi trn 100,0 mL dung dch Mg(NO 3)2
3.10-3 M vi 200,0 mL dung dch NaF 2,00.10-3 M 18C.
(d) 27C nng ca Mg2+ trong dung dch bo ho MgF2 l 1,17.10-3 M. Hy cho bit
qu trnh ho tan MgF2 l to nhit hay thu nhit? Gii thch.
Hng dn gii
(a) 7,09.10-9
(b) 7,09.10-7M
(c) Q < T, khng c kt ta
(d) To nhit)
Cu 1.5. Dung dch bo ha H2S c nng 0,100 M.
Hng s axit ca H2S: K1 = 1,0 10-7 v K2 = 1,3 10-13.
(a) Tnh nng ion sunfua trong dung dch H2S 0,100 M khi iu chnh pH = 2,0.
(b) Mt dung dch A cha cc cation Mn2+, Co2+, v Ag+ vi nng ban u ca mi ion
u bng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v iu chnh pH = 2,0 th ion no to
kt ta?
Cho: TMnS = 2,5 10-10 ; TCoS = 4,0 10-21 ; TAg2S = 6,3 10-50.
(c) Hy cho bit c bao nhiu gam kt ta ch(II) sunfua c tch ra t 1,00 lit dung dch
bo ha ch(II) sunfat? bit nng sunfua c iu chnh n 1,00 .10 -17 M? Cho cc
gi tr tch s tan: TPbSO4 = 1,6 10-8 v TPbS = 2,5 10-27.
Hng dn gii
[S 2 ] =
a)
K a1K a 2
C H 2 S = 1,3.1017
+
[ H ] + [ H ]K a1 + K a1K a 2
+ 2
[Mn2+] [S2-] = 10-2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 .10-10
b) C:
khng c kt ta
[Co2+] [ S2-] = 10-2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 .10-21
; c kt ta
[Ag+]2[S2-] = (10-2)2 1,3 .10-17 = 1,3 .1021 > TAg2S = 6,3 .10-50
; c kt ta
CoS
Ag2S
3
c) C:
[Pb2+][SO42-] = 1,6.10-8.
1.2
m Mn+ + n XmmS
nS
1
C:
T m +n
S = m n
m n
*Nhn xt: Cng thc trn ch ng nu Mn+ v Xm- khng tham phn ng no khc.
Cu 1.6.
g. khng i, 5,3.10-5 M)
2. Kt ta phn on
Nu trong dung dch c cha hai hay nhiu ion c kh nng to kt ta vi cng mt
ion khc, nhng cc kt ta hnh thnh c tan khc nhau nhiu th khi thm cht to kt
ta vo dung dch, cc kt ta s ln lt c to thnh. Hin tng to thnh ln lt
cc kt ta trong dung dch c gi l kt ta phn on.
*iu kin kt ta hon ton:
[X] < 10-6M, hoc
%X cn li trong dung dch < 0,1%
Cu 2.1.
Thm AgNO3 rn vo dung dch NaCl 0,10 M v Na 2CrO4 0,0010 M. Cho tch
(a) Hy tnh nng ca Ba2+ cn li trong dung dch khi 99,9% Ba 2+ b kt ta v cho
bit phng php ny c dng c tch hon ton hai mui ra khi nhau hay khng?
S to phc c th lm tng ng k tan. Bit tch s tan ca AgCl l 1,7 10-10,
hng s bn tng cng ca phc Ag(NH3)2+ l 1,5 107.
(b) Hy chng minh (bng php tnh c th) tan ca AgCl trong dung dch amoniac 1,0
M cao hn so vi tan trong nc ct.
Hng dn gii
[ Ba 2 + ] =
a.
100 99,9
0,01 = 1,0.10 5 M
100
[ Sr 2 + ] =
TBaSO4
[ Ba 2 + ]
TSrSO4
[ SO42 ]
1.1010
= 105 M
5
1,0.10
3.107
= 3.10 2 M > 0,01 M
5
1,0.10
Sr2+ cha kt ta. Vy c th s dng phng php ny tch hon ton hai mui ra
khi nhau.
b. tan ca AgCl trong nc ct:
S1 =[ Ag +] = TAgCl =1,30.10 5 M
Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl
1,0
1,0 - 2x
x2
= 2,55.10 3
2
(1,0 2 x)
K=
S2 = x = 4,59.10-2 M;
x = 4,59.10-2 M
S2
= 4,6.103 lan )
S1
3. Cc yu t nh hng n tan
Trong thc t, ion kim loi ca kt ta c th to phc vi OH - v anion ca kt ta
c th phn ng vi H+ trong dung dch. Ngoi ra, nhng cu t khc c trong dung dch
cng c th tham gia phn ng vi cc ion ca kt ta hoc t nht cng lm bin i h s
hot ca chng. Nhng yu t u nh hng n tan ca kt ta.
6
3.1 nh hng ca pH
Cu 3.1.
(a) Hy cho bit dung dch ca cc mui sau c tnh axit, baz hay trung tnh?
b.
3 Ag+ + PO43-
Ag3PO4
3S
T = (3S )3 S
S =4
T
1,3.10 20
=4
= 4,68.10 6 M
27
27
OCN- + H+
Ag+ + OCN
HOCN
T = [Ag+][OCN-]
Ka =
[ H + ][OCN ]
[ HOCN ]
(1)
(2)
Lp phng trnh
[Ag+] = [OCN-] + [HOCN]
[H+] + [HOCN] = 10-3
(3)
(4)
Gii h:
(10 3 [ HOCN ])[OCN ]
[ HOCN ]
(2, 4)
3,3.10 4 =
[ HOCN ] =
10 3.[OCN ]
3,3.10 4 + [OCN ]
(5)
(3, 5)
[ Ag + ] = [OCN ] +
10 3 [OCN ]
3,3.10 4 + [OCN ]
(6)
t [OCN-]= x
10 3 x
) x = 2,3.10 7
4
3,3.10 + x
(1,6)
(x +
x= 2,98.10-4 = [OCN-]
(5)
[HOCN]= 4,75.10-4
(4)
[H+]= 5,25.10-4
(1) =>
[Ag+]= 7,72.10-4 = S.
*Nhn xt: v nng ca ion cc ion v phn t gn bng nhau nn khng th gii gn
ng c)
Cu 3.3.
nng mol ca H2S trong dung dch bo ha. Gi thit rng qu trnh ha tan H 2S khng
lm thay i th tch ca dung dch.
(b) Dung dch FeCl2 0,010 M c bo ha H2S bng cch xc lin tc dng kh H 2S vo
dung dch. Cho TFeS = 8,0 .10-19. H2S c Ka1 = 9,5 .10-8 v Ka2 = 1,3 .10-14. Hng s ion ca
nc Kw = 1 .10-14. Hy cho bit thu c nhiu kt ta FeS hn th cn phi tng hay
gim pH ca dung dch?
(c) Hy tnh pH cn thit lp nng Fe2+ gim t 0,010 M xung cn 1,0 .10-8 M.
(d) Ngi ta thm axit axetic vo dung dch phn (b) nng u ca axit axetic t
0,10 M. Hy tnh nng u ca natri axetat cn thit lp nng Fe 2+ trong dung
dch thu c l 1,0.10-8 M. Khi tnh ch s to thnh H + do phn ng: Fe2+ + H2S
FeS (r) + 2H+. Bit axit axetic c Ka = 1,8 .10-5. Gi s vic thm axit axetic v natri
axetat khng lm thay i th tch ca dung dch.
(e) Hy tnh pH ca dung dch m trc khi xc kh H2S.
Hng dn gii
(a.
[H 2 S ] = CH 2S
0,44
22,4
=
= 0,196 M
0,1
b. Tng pH.
8
c. C:
[S 2 ] =
TFeS
8,0.10 19
=
= 8,0.10 11
[ Fe 2 + ] 1,0.10 8
Mt khc:
[S 2 ] =
[ H 2 S ]K a1 K a 2
[ H + ]2
[H +] =
[ H 2 S ]K a1K a 2
=
[S 2 ]
pH = 5,75;
d.
0,02
CH3COO- + H+
b
cb
CH3COOH
0,02
a-0,02
0,1
0,1 + 0,02
[CH 3COO ]
[CH 3COOH ]
C:
pH = pK a + log
a = 1,25 M
e.
pH = pK a + log
Cu 3.4.
(QG 2007) Mt dung dch c ba cht HCl, BaCl 2, FeCl3 cng nng
a 0,02
0,12
[CH 3COO ]
1,25
= 4,74 + log
= 5,84 )
[CH 3COOH ]
0,1
M; th tch ca dung dch khng thay i khi cho CO 2 v NaOH vo; cc hng s: pKa
ca H2CO3 l 6,35 v 10,33; pKs ca Fe(OH)3 l 37,5 v ca BaCO3 l 8,30; pKa ca Fe3+
l 2,17. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
Hng dn gii
H2O
CO32- + H2O
H+ + OH0,015 0,015
CO2 + 2 OH0,03
0,06
Fe3+ + 3 OH-
0,03
Fe(OH)3
9
0,015
0,045
Ba2+ + CO320,015
BaCO3
0,015
0,015-x
x2
=10 3, 67
0,015 x
K b1 =
x = 1,69.10-3 M
Cu 3.5.
Du hiu cho thy mt ngi c nguy c mc bnh gout l nng axit uric
(HUr) v urat (Ur-) trong mu ca ngi qu cao. Bnh vim khp xut hin do s kt
ta ca natri urat trong cc khp ni. Cho cc cn bng:
HUr (aq) + H2O
Ur- (aq) + Na+ (aq)
pK = 5,4 37C
NaUr (r)
a. 6,4 10-5;
b. 4,910-4 M;
c. Nhit gim th tch s tan gim.
pH = pK a + log
d. C
[Ur ]
[ HUr ]
[Ur ]
= pH pK a = 7,4 5,4 = 2
[ HUr ]
log
[Ur ]
= 10 2 = 100
[ HUr ]
V trong mu khng c kt ta NaUr nn [Ur-] < 4,910-4 (kt qu tnh c phn (b)).
[ HUr ] <
[Ur ] 4,9.10 4
=
= 4,9.10 6 < S HUr = 5.10 4 M
100
100
e. C:
pH = pK a + log
[Ur ]
1,5.10 3
= 5,4 + log
= 5,88
[ HUr ]
5.10 4
(a) Hy tch th tch nc ti thiu cn dng ha tan hon ton 1 gam CuBr.
Ion Cu+ to phc vi amoniac theo cc phn ng sau:
Cu+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)]+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)]+
lg1 = 6,18
[Cu(NH3)2]+
lg2 = 4,69
(b) Hy tnh th tch dung dch amoniac 0,1 M ti thiu cn dng ha tan hon ton 1
gam CuBr.
(c) Biu thc tnh tch s tan iu kin ca CuBr nh sau:
T' = ([Cu + ] + [Cu(NH 3 )]+ + [Cu(NH 3 ) 2 ]+ ) [Br - ]
Cu+ + Br-
a.
CuBr
C:
Mt khc:
S=
=>
V = 34,9 lit;
1
= 2,00.10 4
143,35V
b.
CuBr
Cu+ + Br-
pT = 7,4
Cu+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)]+
lg1 = 6,18
[Cu(NH3)]+ + NH3
[Cu(NH3)2]+
lg2 = 4,69
C:
Gi s:
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
[Br-] = [Cu(NH3)2+]
[NH3] + 2[Cu(NH3)2+] = 0,1
1, 2
C:
[Cu(NH3 ) +2 ]
[ Br - ]
[ Br - ]
=
=
=
[Cu + ][NH3 ] [Cu + ](0,1 - 2[Br - ]) 10- 7,4
(0,1 - 2[Br - ])
[ Br ]
[Cu(NH 3 ) +2 ]
0,05
=
= 3,39.10 7
+
6
10 ,87
1, 2 [Cu ]
1,99.10 10
1
= [ Br ] = 0,05
143,35V2
V2 = 0,140 lit
Zn (r) + 4 OH-
E = -1,285 V
12
Zn2+ + 2e
Zn (r)
E = - 0,762 V
o
EZn 2+ / Zn = EZn
+
2+
/ Zn
=E
o
Zn2 + / Zn
2
4
/ Zn
theo
o
EZn
2+
/ Zn .
0,0592
0,0592 [ Zn(OH ) 24 ]
o
lg[ Zn 2 + ] = EZn
+
lg
2+
/ Zn
2
2
[OH ]4
0,0592
0,0592 [ Zn(OH ) 24 ]
lg +
lg
2
2
[OH ]4
2+
( OH ) 2 / Zn
/ Zn
4
0,0592
lg
2
= 4,67.1017;
Cch 2:
Zn(r) + 4 OH-
[Zn(OH)4]2- + 2 e
E1 = +1.285 V
G1 = -zFE1 = -247.97 kJ/mol
Zn2+ + 2e-
Zn(r)
E2 = -0.762 V
G2 = -zFE2 = 147.04 kJ/mol
Zn2+ + 4 OHK =e
RT
=e
100920
8 , 314298
[Zn(OH)4]2-
G = G1 + G2 = -100.92 kJ/mol
= 4,90.1017
T
= 1,25.10 8 M
[OH ]2
d.
[ Zn 2+ ] =
e.
T
(1 + [OH ]4 ) = 2,56.108 M
2
[OH ]
.
13
T = 8,010-16
Ka = 1,010-15
a.
[OH-] = 2,83.10-7
pH = 7,45;
[Pb(OH)3-][H3O+] = 1.10-15
b.
[H3O+]= 1.10-13
pH = 13;
c.
S = [Pb2+] + [Pb(OH)3-];
d.
S = 3,78.10-6M;
M rng: chng minh rng Smin ti gi tr pH = 9,40;
S =[Pb 2 + ] + [Pb(OH)3- ] =
8.10-16 1015
1015
+
= 8.1012 [ H + ]2 +
- 2
+
[OH ]
[H ]
[H +]
1015
=0
[ H + ]2
S ' = 16.1012 [ H + ]
e.
S = 8.1012 [ H + ]2 +
10 15
= 10 3
[H +]
14
8.1012 [ H + ]3 10 3[ H + ] 10 15 = 0
7,95 pH 12,00)
Ag(NH3)2+
1,2 = 1,7.107
Hng dn gii
Cc cn bng xy ra:
AgI
Ag+ + 2 NH3
NH3 + H2O
Ag+ + IAg(NH3)2+
NH4+ + OH-
(1)
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
=
= 1,7.10 7
+
2
[ Ag ][ NH 3 ]
(2)
[ NH 4 ][OH ]
Kb =
= 1,75.10 5
[ NH 3 ]
(3)
(4)
(5)
[NH4+] = [OH-]
(6)
Gi s
[NH3] = 0,1 M
(3)
(4)
[I-] = [Ag(NH3)2+]
(1)
[ Ag + ] =
8,3.10 17
8,3.1017
=
+
[I ]
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
(7)
(8)
15
(2)
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
= 1,7.107
17
8,3.10
0,12
+
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]
[Ag(NH3)2+] = 3,76.10-6 M
[ Ag + ] =
8,3.1017
8,3.1017
=
= 2,21.1011
+
6
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] 3,76.10
KTGT: tha mn
Cu 3.10.
trong dung dch bo ho AgCl v AgBr vi NH 3 0,020M. Gi thit rng phc Ag(NH 3)+
to thnh khng ng k.
Cho TAgCl = 10-10; TAgBr = 5.10-13; 1,2 = 108 v Kb= 1,8.10-5.
Hng dn gii
AgCl
Ag+ + Cl
TAgCl = 10-10
AgBr
Ag+ + Br
TAgBr = 5.10-13
Ag+ + 2 NH3
Ag(NH3)2+
1,2 = 108
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-
Kb = 1,8.10-5
C:
(1)
(2)
(1)
[AgL2] = [Cl-]
(3)
(2)
(4)
T
AgCl
AgCl
2
2
[AgL2] = 1,2[Ag+][NH3]2 = 1, 2 [Cl ] [ NH 3 ] = 1, 2 [ AgL ] [ NH 3 ]
(4)
[NH3]= 1,67.10-2M
[AgL2] = 1,67.10-3M;
[ Ag + ] =
TAgCl
[Cl ]
[Cl] = 1,67.10-3M;
= 6.10 8 M
16
[ Br ] =
TAgBr
[ Ag + ]
= 8,33.10 6 M
[OH-] = [NH4+] =
Hng dn gii
a. i.
Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2 OHS
C:
2S
17
4,50.1021
=1,04.10 7 M
4
S =3
ii. C:
b. i.
ii.
5,00.103
97,59
=
= 2,05.103 M
0,025
CCu 2+
Cu(OH)2
Cu2+ + 2 OH-
Cu2+ + 4 NH3
C:
Cu(NH3)42+
T = 4,50.10-21
1,4 = 1011,75
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ]
[Cu 2 + ][ NH 3 ]4
(1)
(2)
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ] [Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ]
= 11, 75
= 1,778[Cu ( NH 3 ) 24 + ] (3)
1, 4 [ NH 3 ]4
10
(10 3 ) 4
(2)
[Cu 2 + ] =
(1, 3)
[Cu2+] = 1,31.10-3
[Cu(NH3)42+] = 7,38.10-4
NH4+ + OH-
Kb =10-4,76
iii.
NH3 + H2O
C:
Kb =
[ NH 4+ ][OH ] [ NH 4+ ]2
=
[ NH 3 ]
[ NH 3 ]
iv. C:
v.
4,08.10-3 M)
4. Xc nh tch s tan
4.1. Da vo tan
Cu 4.1. Thm t t dung dch bari nitrat 0,0010 M vo 200 ml dung dch NaF 0,040 M.
Khi 35 ml dung dch bari nitrat c thm vo th thy kt ta BaF 2 bt u xut hin.
Hy tnh tch s tan ca BaF2.
p s: (1,72.10-7)
18
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) +2 ]
[ Ag ] =
= 3,02.1010
2
1, 2 [ NH 3 ]
T = [Ag+][Br-]= 5,32.10-13)
Cu 4.4.
e. 7,1.10-7)
4.2. Da vo gi tr th kh chun
o
Cho EHg
Cu 4.5.
2+
2
o
= 0,789V ; EHg
= 0,268V . Hy tnh tch s tan v tan ca
2 Cl 2 / Hg
/ Hg
Hg2Cl2.
Hng dn gii
Hg22+ + 2 e
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
o
Thit lp cng thc tnh EHg
o
EHg 2+ / Hg = EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
2 Cl 2
2 Hg
Hg2Cl2
/ Hg
T = [Hg22+][Cl-]2
o
theo EHg
2+
2
/ Hg
0,0592
0,0592
T
o
lg[ Hg 22 + ] = EHg
+
lg
2+
2 / Hg
2
2
[Cl ]2
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T 0,0592 lg[Cl ]
2
/ Hg
o
= EHgCl
/ Hg
T = 2,51.10-18
S(2S)2 = T
Cu 4.6.
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
S =3
0,0592
lg T
2
T
= 8,56.10 7 M
4
E1= 0,439 V
E2= 0,089 V
(3) Ag/AgI (bo ha), PbI2 (bo ha ) // KCl (bo ha), HgCl2/Hg
E3= 0,230 V
o
E Ag
= 0,799V
+
/ Ag
p s: a) 1,37.10-16;
b) [Ag+] = 4,58.10-14; [I] = 2,99.10-3;
[Pb2+]= 0,5 ([I] [Ag+]) = 1,5.10-3;
Cu 4.7.
T = 1,34.10-8
E0, V (298K)
-0,14
+0,15
20
Hg22+ + 2e 2 Hg
Hg2Cl2 + 2e 2 Hg
+0,79
+0,27
+ 2 Cl
(a) Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau 298 K:
2 Sn2+ (aq)
G = 237,1 kJ.mol1
Hng dn gii
a.
K = 10
2 ( 0 ,15 +0 ,14 )
0 , 0592
= 6,27.10 9
b. Xc nh tch s tan:
Cch 1:
-1
Hg22+ + 2e 2 Hg
G01 = -nFE01 = -2 964850,79 = -152,4.103 J
Hg2Cl2
G30
100,3.103
=
= 40,48
RT
8,314 298
ln T =
T = 2,62.10-18
Cch 2:
Hg22+ + 2 e
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
o
Thit lp cng thc tnh EHg
2 Cl 2
o
EHg 2+ / Hg = EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
2 Hg
Hg2Cl2
/ Hg
2+
2
/ Hg
0,0592
0,0592
T
o
lg[ Hg 22 + ] = EHg
+
lg
2+
2 / Hg
2
2
[Cl ]2
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
o
theo EHg
T = [Hg22+][Cl-]2
0,0592
lg T 0,0592 lg[Cl ]
2
21
/ Hg
o
= EHgCl
/ Hg
o
= EHg
+
2+
/ Hg
2
0,0592
lg T
2
T = 2,71.10-18
Tnh tan:
C
Hg2Cl2
Hg22+ + 2 ClS
S(2S)2 = T
S =3
c. C:
G0 = -nFE0pin
T 3 2,62.10 18
=
= 8,68.107 M
4
4
0
E pin
=
Cu 4.8.
2S
G 0
nF
237,1.103
=1,23V
2 96485
b. 1,52V
c. 9649C
d. 7,3.10-10M
(a) Hy tnh nng cn bng ca SO42- v pH ca dung dch trong pin trn.
(b) Hy vit phn ng xy ra khi pin phng in.
Sut in ng ca pin trn 298,15 K l 0,188 V. Gi thit rng trong phn (c) v
(d) nng cn bng ca SO42- l 510-3 M v ca H3O+ l 1510-3 M (cc gi tr ny c th
khc gi tr tnh c phn (a)).
(c) Hy tnh tch s tan ca PbSO4.
(d) Hy cho bit sut in ng ca pin trn tng hay gim bao nhiu V khi p sut ca
hidro gim mt na?
Vng kim loi khng tan trong dung dch axit nitric nhng tan c trong nc
cng toan (l hn hp gm axit clohidric c v axit nitric c c t l th tch tng ng
l 3 : 1). Vng phn ng vi nc cng toan to thnh ion phc [AuCl4]-.
(e) S dng cc gi tr th kh chun cho di y, hy tnh hng s bn tng cng ca
phc [AuCl4]-.
E(Pb2+/Pb) = - 0,126 V
Hng dn gii
a.
H2SO4 H+ + HSO40,01
HSO4-
0,01
H+ + SO42-
cb
0,01 - x
0,01 + x
K a2 =
x = 4,53.10-3 M
[SO42-]= x = 4,53.10-3 M
(0,01 + x) x
=10 1, 92
0,01 x
23
b.
pH = 1,84;
Catot (+)
PbSO4 + 2e Pb + SO42-
Anot (-)
H2 2 H+ + 2e
PbSO4 + H2 Pb + 2 H+ + SO42-
0
Ecatot = E Pb
+
2+
/ Pb
c. C:
Eanot = EH0 + / H +
2
0,0592
lg[ Pb 2 + ]
2
0,0592 [ H + ]2
0,0592 (15.103 ) 2
lg
=0+
lg
= 0,108V
2
pH 2
2
1
0
E pin = Ecatot Eanot = EPb
+
2+
/ Pb
0,0592
lg[ Pb 2 + ] + 0,108 = 0,188
2
[Pb2+]= 1,81.10-6 M
0,0592 [ H + ]2
0,0592 (15.103 ) 2
lg
=0+
lg
= 0,099V
2
pH 2
2
0,5
Ecatot khng i, Eanot tng (-0,099 + 0,108) = 0,009V, vy Epin gim 0,009 V;
e.
+1 Au3+ + 3e Au
G01 = -nFE01 = -3 964851,50 = -434,2.103 J
-1
Au3+ + 4Cl-
AuCl4-
ln 1, 4 =
1,4 = 2,31.1025)
24