Tm hiu cc pha trong hp kim, cu trc pha v t chc pha trong hp kim

I. Dung dch rn 1-Khi nim v phn loi: Cng ging nh dung dch lng, trong dung dch rn ta khng phn bit c mt cch c hc cc nguyn t ca cc cu t, cc nguyn t chng phn b xen vo nhau trong mng tinh th. Cu t no c s lng nhiu hn, vn gi c kiu mng ca mnh gi l dung mi. Cc cu t cn li gi l cht ha tan. Dung dch rn l pha ng nht c cu trc ca mng tinh th ca cu t dung mi nhng thnh phn ca n c th thay i trong mt phm vi nht nh m khng lm mt i s ng nht . K hiu ca dung dch rn l A(B). Dung dch rn c chia ra lm hai loi : dung dch rn thay th v dung dch rn xen k. 2-Dung dch rn thay th: l loi dung dch rn m trong nguyn t ca cu t ha tan thay th vo v tr trn nt mng ca cu t dung mi (nguyn t ch). Nh vy kiu mng v s nguyn t trong khi c s ng nh ca cu t dung mi. Tuy nhin s thay th ny t nhiu u gy ra s x lch mng, v khng th c hai loi nguyn t ca hai cu t c kch thc hon ton ging nhau. Do vy s thay th ch xy ra vi cc cu t c kch thc nguyn t khc nhau t (vi kim loi s sai khc ny khng qu 15%). Ty thuc vo mc ha tan ngi ta cn chia ra dung dch rn ha tan v hn v c hn. a - Dung dch rn thay th ha tan v hn: L dung dch rn m trong nng ca cht ha tan c th bin i lin tc, tc l vi nng bt k. Trong loi dung dch rn ny khng th phn bit c cu t no l dung mi, cu t no l cht ha tan, cu t no c lng cha nhiu nht l dung mi, cc cu t cn li l cht ha tan. V d ta c dung dch rn ca cu t A v B th nng A bin i t 0 100%, nng d8o65 B bin i t 100% 0.

+ C cng kiu mng tinh th + ng knh nguyn t khc nhau t, nh hn 8%. Nu sai khc nhau nhiu t 8 15% ch c th ha tan c hn, ln hn 15% khng th ha tan vo nhau. + Nng in t khng vt qu mt gi tr xc nh vi mi loi dung dch rn (s lng in t ha tr tnh cho mt nguyn t), tc l nguyn t phi c cng ha tr) Cc tnh cht vt l v ha hc gn ging nhau (cu to lp v in t, tnh m in, nhit chy) b - Dung dch rn thay th ha tan c hn : L dung dch rn m trong cc cu t ch ha tan vo nhau vi gi tr nht nh, tc l nng ca chng b gin on. Cc cp cu t khng tha mn bn iu kin trn s to thnh dung dch rn c hn. c - Dung dch rn trt t v khng trt t : Nu s phn b nguyn t ca cu t ha tan trong mng dung mi mt cch ngu nhin th gi l dung dch rn khng trt t. Trong mt s iu kin no (nhit , nng ) trong mt s h cc nguyn t thay th c tnh quy lut v gi l dung dch rn trt t. V d trong h Au-Cu khi lm ngui chm nguyn t ng sp xp ti tm cc mt bn, cn nguyn t vng nm cc nh ca khi c s. 3-Dung dch rn xen k: L loi dung dch rn trong nguyn t ha tan nm xen gia cc nguyn t ca kim loi dung mi, chng chui vo l hng trong mng dung mi. Nh vy ta thy rng s nguyn t trong khi c s tng ln. Do kch thc cc l hng trong mng tinh th rt nh nn cc nguyn t ha tan phi c kch thc rt nh . chnh l cc nguyn t C, N, H, B... vi dung mi Fe. ng nhin l dung dch rn xen k ch c loi ha tan c hn. 4-Cc c tnh ca dung dch rn:

a - Mng tinh th ca dung dch rn l kiu mng ca kim loi dung mi, thng c cc kiu mng n gin v st cht. y l yu t c bn quyt nh cc tnh cht c, l ha ... V c bn n vn gi c cc tnh cht ca kim loi dung mi. Tuy nhin v thng s mng lun khc vi dung mi : - Trong dung dch rn xen k : thng s mng dung dch lun ln hn thng s mng dung mi (ng knh nguyn t ha tan lun ln hn l hng). - Trong dung dch rn thay th: nu ng knh nguyn t ha tan ln hn ng knh nguyn t dung mi th thng s mng dung dch ln hn dung mi. Nu ng knh nguyn t ha tan nh hn nguyn t dung mi th thng s mng dung dch nh hn dung mi.

b - Lin kt vn l lin kt kim loi. Do vy dung dch rn vn gi c tnh do ging nh kim loi nguyn cht, tuy c km hn (tr h hp kim cu-Zn, vi 30%Zn hp kim ny cn do hn c km) c - Thnh phn ha hc thay i trong phm vi nht nh m khng lm thay i kiu mng. d - Tnh cht bin i nhiu : do, dai, h s nhit in tr gim, in tr, bn, cng tng ln Do cc c tnh trn nn dung dch rn l c s ca cc hp kim kt cu dng trong c kh. Trong cc hp kim ny pha c bn l dung dch rn, n chim xp x 90%, c trng hp n 100%. II. Pha trung gian: 1-Khi nim v phn loi: Cc hp cht ha hc to thnh theo quy lut ha tr thng c cc c im sau : - C mng tinh th phc tp v khc hn mng nguyn t thnh phn - Lun lun c mt t l chnh xc gia cc nguyn t v c biu din bi cng thc ha hc nht nh. -Tnh cht khc hn cc nguyn t thnh phn, cng cao, tnh dn ln.

- C nhit nng chy xc nh, khi hnh thnh l phn ng ta nhit. Cc pha trung gian trong hp kim c nhng c im khc vi hp cht ha hc theo ha tr, l : - Khng tun theo quy lut ha tr - Khng c thnh phn chnh xc. - C lin kt kim loi. Cc pha trung gian trong hp kim thng gp l : pha xen k, pha in t, pha La ves, pha ... 2-Pha xen k: L pha ti nn gia cc kim loi chuyn tip (Fe, Cr, Mo, W) c ng knh nguyn t ln vi cc phi kim loi (H,N,C ) c ng knh nguyn t b. Kiu mng ca pha xen k c xc nh theo quan h gia ng knh nguyn t kim loi v phi kim loi: - Nu dA /d K < 0,59 (dA - ng knh nguyn t phi kim loi, dK ng knh nguyn t kim loi) th pha xen k c cc kiu mng n gin : tm khi, tm mt, su phng xp cht... Cc nguyn t phi kim loi xen k vo l hng trong mng. Chng c cng thc n gin nh : K4A (Fe4N), K2A (W2C), KA (NbC, NbH, TiC), KA2 (TiH2). Vi K l kim loi, A l phi kim loi. - Nu dA/dK > 0,59 pha xen k s c kiu mng phc tp v cng thc phc to hn K3A (Mn3C), K7A3 (Cr7C3 ), K23A6 (Cr23C6) c im ca pha xen k ni chung l c nhit chy rt cao (thng > 3000C) v c cng ln (2000 50000 HV), c tnh dn ln. Chng c vai tr rt ln trong vic nng cao tnh chng mi mn v chu nhit ca hp kim. 3-Pha in t (Hum-Rozeri): L pha trung gian c cu to phc tp, to nn bi hai kim loi. Thnh phn ca n nh sau : - Nhm mt : gm cc kim loi ha tr mt Cu, Ag, Au v kim loi chuyn tip: Fe, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd. - Nhm hai : cc kim loi ha tr hai, ba, bn: Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Al, Si, Sn. Nng in t N c gi tr xc nh l 3/2, 21/13 v 7/4 (21/14, 21/13, 21/12). Mi gi tr nng in t ng vi mt kiu mng tinh th. V d: + N = 3/2 l pha vi kiu mng lp phng tm khi, hay lp phng phc tp, hay su phng (Cu5Sn, Cu5Si). + N = 21/13 l pha vi kiu mng lp phng phc tp (Cu31Sn8). + N = 7/4 l pha vi kiu mng su phng xp cht (AgCd3). 4. Pha Laves: L pha to nn bi hai nguyn t (A, B), c t l ng knh nguyn t dA/dB = 1,2 (t l ny c th bin i trong phm vi 1,1 1,6), c cng thc AB2, kiu mng su phng xp cht (MgZn2) hay lp phng tm mt (MgCu2). Trong hp kim c th cn gp cc pha : , , , ... Tuy nhin cc loi pha ny t ph bin. Mt c tnh quan trng ca cc pha trung gian l cng v dn. V vy khng bao gi ngi ta dng hp kim ch c mt pha l pha trung gian. T l ca chng trong

cc hp kim thng thng < 10% (c khi n 20 30%), y l cc pha cn trt lm tng bn, cng. 5.Pha : l pha phc tp c thnh phn thay i c to nn bi hai kim loi chuyn tip c ng knh nguyn t gn going nhau. N c kiu mng chnh phng phc tp vi 30 nguyn t trong mt khi c bn. mt trong cc pha thng gp l pha trong h Fe-Cr khi lng Cr cao. Pha c cng cao v tnh dn ln. 6. Cu trc khuyt: Nhiu pha trung gian c thnh phn ha hc thay i l nh to nn cc nt trng, l cc cu trc khuyt hay cn gi l dung dch rn thiu. Cu trc khuyt thng gp pha xen k. Vd:trong pha xen k TiC cc nguyn t Ti chim cc nt ca mng lp phng din tm cn C chim tt c cc nt trng mi ph hp vi cng thc MeA(trong C chim 50% s nguyn t).nhng trong thc t lng C trong TiC c th dao ng trong khong 38% -50% s nguyn t lc trong mang tinh th ca cacbit titan s c 1 s nt trng do khuyt cacbon. Cu trc khuyt c th gp cc pha trung gian khc nh pha Hum-Rozri. 7. Hn hp c hc: Kh nhiu trng hp, hp kim c t chc hai hay nhiu pha : hai dung dch rn, dung dch rn v pha trung gian Cu to nh vy gi l hn hp c hc. Trn t chc t vi ta phn bit c rt r cc pha khc nhau trong hn hp c hc. Hai trng hp in hnh ca hn hp c hc l cng tinh v cng tch.