,

371

Lateral and vertical pressures in two different full-scale grain bins during loading Presiones laterales y verticales durante el llenado de diferentes silos para granos
S.A.
Power and 2

, 1 Thompson*

N. Galili 2 and R.A. Williams 1

1 B iological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4435, USA Machinery Division, Agricultural Engineering Department, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Lateral and vertical floor pressures were measured in two different corrugated-walled steel grain bins using load cells mounted on the floor and walls of the bin. Bin one was 12.8 m in diameter and 17.1 m tall and bin two was 11.0 m in diameter and 14.0 m tall. Tests were conducted with corn. In the 12.8 m diameter bin the largest average lateral wall pressure was 28.2 kPa at a grain depth of 15.2 m, while in the 11.0 m diameter bin the largest average lateral pressure was 26.9 kPa at a grain depth of 11.9 m. Design standard EP433 produced only slightly more conservative lateral wall pressure values at larger grain heights than design standard DIN1055. In both the 12.8 m and 11.0 m diameter bins a significant decrease in vertical floor pressures was measured near the wall of the bins (> 0.85 ), while at the other load cell locations the vertical floor pressure r values were very similar in magnitude. In design, both EP433 and DIN1055 underestimated the vertical floor pressures which were measured in these bins. Based on these results some thought should be given to designing metal bins for both initial conditions in which grain slides along virgin materials and have a high coefficient of friction, and for worn conditions in which oils and waxes have been deposited on the bin walls and thus produce a low coefficient of friction.

Keywords:

pressure,

grain bin, loading

Se han determinado las presiones laterales y verticales de dos silos para almaccnar grano con paredes corrugadas mediante celdas de carga montadas en la base y en las paredes de los silos. El primer silo tenia 12.8m de diimetro y 17.7 m de altura, mientras qm el segundo era de 11.0 m de d13nietro y 14.0 m de altura. Se Litiliz6 niaiz para llevar a cabo las pruebas. Las presiones laterales miximas en el silo de 12.8 m de di6metro fueron de 28.2 kPa a una profundidad del grano de 15.2 m, mientras que en el silo de 11.0 m de diametro las presiones laterales maxima fueron de 26.9 kPa a una profundidad del grano de 11.9 m. En terminos de diseno, el calculo mediante la norma EI433 condujo a una presion lateral ligeramente mas alta a mayores alturas del grano que mediante la norma DIN1055. En ambos silos se obser%6 una disminucion significativa de las presiones verticales en la base medidas cerca de la pared de estos (> 0.85r). En las otras celdas de medici6n los valores de presiones verticales en la base fueron muy similares para ambos silos. En t6rminos de diseno, tanto el estindar EP433 como el DIN1055, subestimaron las presiones verticales en las bases medidas para los respectivos silos. Segllll estos resultados, se recomienda que en el diseno de silos metalicos se tome en cuenta las condiciones iniciales cuando se emplean niateriales virgenes con los que se obtienen un alto coeficiente de friccion, y las condiciones gastadas en las que los residuos depositados de ceras y aceites pueden provocar una disminucion del coeficiente de fricci6n.
_

PulU~rcm clrn~u:

presion, silos, carga

To mlroru

corrc~syorrc~muco

slrould LIt smnt.

372

INTRODUCTION
learned from s111111-scdle and modelling effects factor experiments, sizing which occur during model bin studies are not totally understood. Therefore, full-scale bin studies are also needed. To address this deficiencv we measured the lateral and vertical floor pressures during filling in two different full-size, corrugated-waned steel grain bins for various grain heights and bin diameters. The results of these tests were then compared to design loads suggested bv different design cudes and standa rds. While
much
can

be

the

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Procedure
were
..

installed in the middle of the ptywood plate, Hush with its surface, and the flexible bag was then placed in contact with the sensing element of the pressure cell and bonded to the plywood plate around its circumference. The PCD was intended to overcome problems normllly associated with diaphragm-type toad cells by: (i) reducing the load concentration effects close to the sensor; (ii) reducing the deflection at the grain-bag interface; and (iii) maintaining a uniform pressure distribution across the sensing area, independent of the cell-dielphrlgm deflection. The bag membrane connection was designed to transfer frictional shear stresses, such as those normllly found in bins, to the ptywood plate through the bond between the bag membrane and platc boundary. Therefore, it was assumed that only pressures pJerpJeiidicular to the sensing face should be measured during

testing.
Load cells were tocated on the floors and waits of the bins as shown in Table 1. During any given test two different sets of toad cells were locelted ellong two different lines in a bin. Both lateral and vertical floor t pressure readings were taken during filling at 30 min which the intervals, represents approximately time required to empty approximately one half of a railroeld car (capacity of H)1 tonnes) into either bin based on the grain hand ling system. A single test consisted of filling the bin and then untoading it shortty after filling ceased. During any given test, the grain was not attowed to stay in the bin longer than 2 weeks. Bin one (12.8m diameter) took approximately 1.5-2.0d to fill (capacity of 19 train cars) and bin two (11.0 m diameter) approximately 1 d (capacity of 11 train cars). The time required for filling was dictated by worker schedules, rail car schdules and the amount of grain currently in storage. For all tests corn 41~d5 used which had an average uncompacted bulk density of 718 kg/m and an average moisture content of 15% (by weight) (as

conducted to determine the Experiments variation in lateral and vertical floor pressures in two different corrugated-waned grain bins. Bin one was 12.~ lm in diameter and had a side mall height of 17.1 m. Bin two was 11.0 m in diameter and had a side cvall height of 14.0 m. Both bins had horizontal corrugations which were 66.7 171171 apart and 13.3 m111 deep. Vertical internal wall stiffeners were located around the circumference of the bins which had a tlat hopper bottom (0) with elevated tloors. These bins were located at a commercial feed mill used to manufacture feed products for the poultry industry. Lateral and vertical floor pressures were measured using diaphragm-type load cells located at discrete positions on the floors and watts of the bins. The diaphragm-type load cclls were each equipped with a pressure compensation device (PCD) (Gailli and Thompson, 1989) which consisted of a plywood plate and a flexible rubber bag filled with an incompressible liquid. The pressure cell was

Table 1. Tabla 1.

Load cell locations in the two

grain

bins. los dos silos.

Posiciones de las celdas de carga

en

The load cell locations for

determining lateral

pressures

were

measured with respect to the floor of the bin.

were

The load cell locations for determining vertical floor pressures

measured with respect to the centre of the bin.

373

to the authors by personnul at the feed mill). Because this is a commercial feed mill, the same grain was never used for any two tests. Bin one (12.8 m diameter) was equipped so that it could be filled by one auger system, while bin two (11.0 m diameter) was equipped such that it could be filled by two different auger systems at the same time. The inlet spouts to both bins were centrally locateci. However, the grain How out of the spout into bin one was not straightened prior to flowing into the bin, so a slightly off-centre pile (grain peak < 1 m from the centre of the bin) was formed at small grain heights. As the height of the grain in the bin increased, the eccentricitv of the pile decreased until a symmetric,1lly shaped grain mass was formed when the bin was full. Bin two was centricallv filled. Grain heights were measured in the bin by towering a weighted tape down to the grain mass r through a man-hole locited in the roof of the bin near the side-w<.lll. During analysis, equivalent grain heights were used which corrected for the surcharge cone of grain created during filling of the bin. The adjusted grain height was calculated Lw:

reported

in each bin. Because of the of the the ability of the model to data, non-linearity fit the data could not be measured by traditional 1<.2 2 techniques. An approximate R~ value vvas found by subtracting from 1 the ratio of the rcsidual sum of squares to the corrected sum of squares. This approximate R2 vatue is shown in the analysis. In order to usejanssens equation, values for p (the side wall friction coefficient) ~~n~1 ~e~ (the bulk density of the stored material) were required for analysis. An uncompacted hulk density of 71~ kg/ in&dquo; was used for all c<1!culations with a pack factor of 5.5% assumed for both bins (obtained from packing tables shown in ASAE Standard, 1995(1) for corn stored at 16&dquo;a mois-

for various

grain heights

ture content.

Tiicsc conditions were close to those found in both bins during testing. During any given best-fit analysis a constant %~allie of p was used in lanssens equation. Statistical tests were performed using values of ~ varying from 0.4 to 0.6 in increments of 0.05. This range of friction values is normally observed for grains sliding on corrugated mutol bin surfaces

(Moore ct 0/., 1984).

Adjusted grain height

[D/2
tan

[SWHT - LCHT]

<1>j/3

(1)

RESULTS
Lateral wall pressures
,

where D is Hie diameter of the grain bin, LCHT is the distance from the flour of the bin to the toad cell, SWHT is the height of grain on the side watt, and (b is the angle of the fill material (assumed to be 2W). The technique used to calculate the height of grain in the bin is similar to that suggested by ASAE Standard S413 (ASAE, 1995a) to calculate the votumetric capacities of grain IIl bins, and takes into account the surcharge cone of material normaHy found in the filling of bins. The repose angle of the grain was measured through the man-hole at the completion of filling and was approximately 28 degrees. This coincides with the repose angle of whole grain suggested by standard S413. The technique used to calculate the adjusted grain height assumed that the bin was filled symmetrically.
Lateral pressure data fit The NLIN
was

used to fit the (SAS, 1985) technique measured data non-linear lateral pressure during filling to a form of Janssens equation (Janssen, 1 ~~)S). Values of k (the lateral-to-vertical pressure ratio) were determined statistically white holding all other variables in Janssens equation constant. The NUN technique was used to find: (i) the best-fit Janssen model for the overall data for both the 11.0 m and 12.8 m diameter grain bins; and (ii) a best-fit model

The lateral pressures measured during filling of the 11.U m and 12.8 m diameter bins are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively, which are compilations of all the data from the load cells in each bin; grain height refers to the adjusted grain height which occurs above a discrete lumi cell at a given location. Less variation in lateral pressure was observed in the ~11.0 111 diameter bin (Figure 1) than in the 12.8 m diameter bin (Figure 2), which is believed to be related to the technique used to fill each bin. In Figures 1 and 2, those data points on the boundaries (either very high or very low) were normally measured bv a single toad cell during one discrete replication. Schwab ot 01. (1989) reported similar variability when measuring lateral pressures in smooth-walled metal grain bins. They proposed that the random stacking qualities of agricultural grains influences, to a large extent, the specific loading conditions and pressures within this type of structure. While this is believed to be part of the cause for this variation, other factors such as: (i) variability of grain properties; (ii) environmental conditions; (iii) rate of filling; and (i~~) techniques used to fill the bin could also contribute to these differences. Figures 3 and 4 show the lateral pressures for a set of load cells located in the 11.U m and 12.8 m diameter

374

Figure
Figura
m

1. Lateral pressures in bin measured during filling.

1.

11.0

diameter

grain

Figure
in
m a

3. Lateral pressures, measured during filling, 11.0 m diameter grain bin for load cells located 1.0 from the floor of the bin

Presiones laterales del silo de grano de 11,0 de di6metro medidas durante el llenado.

Figura 3. Presiones laterales durante la carga del silo de grano de 11,0 m de di6metro medidas con celdas de carga situadas a 1,0 m de la base.

2. Lateral pressures in bin measured during filling.

Figure Figura

12.8

diameter

grain
Lateral pressures measured during filling in diameter grain bin for load cells located 5.1 m from the floor of the bin.
a

2.

Presiones laterales

en un

silo de grano de

Figure 4.
12,8
m

12,8 m de di6metro medidas durante el Ilenado

3 illustrates the lateral pressures in the 11.0 m bin measured by the load cells located 1.0 m above the floor of the bin, and Figure 4 shows the lateral pressures in the 12.8 m bin measured by the load cells located 5.1 m above the floor of the bin. Like Figures 1 and 2, less variation occurred in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin than in the 12.8 m diameter grain bin. As expected, the lateral pressures increased exponentially as predicted by Janssens

grain bins. Figure

Figura 4. Presiones laterales medidas durante la carga del silo de 12,8 m de di6metro medidas con celdas de carga situadas a 5,1 m de la base.
while greatest effect of k is on the slope of the Janssen equation. In the 11.0 m diameter grain bin much higher values were found using the previously described form of Janssens equation, and two different values of p were determined which could have been used to obtain almost identical results. Table 3 catalogues the results of the NLIN procedure using Janssens equation for each bin at different grain heights. Values of ju were tested over a range of 0.4-0.6. In the 12.8 m diameter grain bin, k varied from 0.43 to 0.61 for all grain heights and all values of .t. In this bin, a A value of 0.6 was associated with the best-fit condition for all grain heights. In the 11.0 m diameter grain bin, k varied between

equation (Janssen, 1895).

Best-fit equatioll for

the lateral pressllre drrtn

Table 2 lists the best-fit values of p and k determined for the 11.0 m and 12.8 m diameter grain bins for the overall data set. Ross et rtl. (1987) proposed that J.. and k are interrelated in that the greatest effect of ~. involves displacing Janssens equation up and down

375

Table 2.

Best-fit values of A and k for the lateral pressures measured

Valores del

during filling.

Tabla 2.

mejor ajuste de tt y k

para las

presiones laterales medidas durante la carga de los silos.

Table 3. Tabla 3.

Best-fit values Valores del

of u

and k at different
y k
a

grain heights (lateral

wall

pressures).

mejor ajuste de J.1

diferentes alturas de grano

(presiones

laterales

en

la

pared).

Grain

height refers

to the

adjusted grain height

above

load cell at any load cell location.

0.48 and 0.58 for all grain heights and all values of u. In this bin, no one value of A could be used to obtain the best fit at each grain height. However, in many cases only slight improvement in the R2 value was observed between two or three different A values.

Conrpcmisou of mc~c~strr~co~ Ul1l/1es to design standards Table 4 lists the design values for p (the side
friction

wall

coefficient), k (the lateral to vertical pressure coefficient), and 7t (the bulk density of the stored material) as suggested by DIN1055 and EP433 for these storage conditions.
.

For the 11.0 m diameter grain bin (Figure 5), both DIN1055 and EP433 estimated pressures that exceeded the mean measured lateral pressure for all conditions except one. For the 11.0 m diameter grain bin, the lateral pressures estimated bv DIN1055 were considerably more conservative at lower grain heights, while EP433 was much more conservative at larger grain heights. For the 12.8 m diameter grain bin (Figure 6), DIN1055 exceeded the mean lateral pressures for all grain heights, while EP433 exceeded the mean lateral pressure for grain heights greater than 3.0 m. Both DIN1055 and EP433 exceeded the

upper boundaries (mean plus one standard deviation) for grain heights of 13.7 and 15.2 m.
Vertical floor pressures

Table 4. Design values of A, k and w as specified EP433 and DIN 1055 for Janssenss equation..

by
,

Tabla 4. Valores de diseno de p, k y w especificados por los est6ndares EP433 y DIN1055 para la ecuaci6n de Janssen.

7 displays the vertical floor pressures for the load cells located 2.74m from the centre of the 11.0 m bin. The relevant data comprise five different tests, but like the lateral pressures, those data points on the boundaries (either very high or very low) were normally measured by a single load cell during one discrete test. The percent variation in vertical floor pressure at any given grain height was much less than that of the lateral wall pressures measured during

Figure

376

7. Vertical floor pressures measured in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin for load cells located 2.74 m from the centre of the bin.

Figure

Figure

5. Comparison of the mean lateral pressures measured in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin to those predicted by EP433 (-) and DIN1055 (- - -) standards.

Figura 7. Presiones verticales medidas en la base del silo de 11,0 m de di6metro con celdas situadas a 2,74 del centro.

5. Comparac16n de las presiones laterales medias del silo de grano de 11,0 m de di6metro, con las predichas por los est6ndares EP433 (-) y

Figura

DIN1055(- - -).

Figure 8.

Vertical floor pressures measured in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin for load cells located 1.83 m (0) and 3.66 m (j} ) from the centre of the bin.

Figura 8. Presiones verticales medidas en la base del silo de 11,0 m de di6metro con celdas colocadas a 1,83 m (0) y 3,66 m (j}) del centro.
6. Comparison of the mean lateral pressures measured in the 12.8 m diameter grain bin to those predicted by EP433 (-) and DIN1055 (- - -) standards.

Figure

6. Comparaci6n de las presiones laterales medias del silo de grano de 12,8 m de di6metro, con las predichas por los est6ndares EP433 (-) y DIN 1055 (- - -).

Figura

these same tests. Schwab et rrl. (1989) observed similar results in a bin 4.1 m in diameter: the variation in vertical floor pressures was much less than that of the lateral wall pressures during filling of the test bin. Figure 8 shows the data for two different sets of load cells for the 11.0 m diameter grain bin, including the vertical floor pressures measured by the load cells located 1.83 m and 3.66 m from the centre of the bin. In the derivation of Janssens equation (1895), constant t

9. Vertical floor pressures measured in the diameter grain bin for load cells located 3.66 m (8 and 4.72 m (*) from the centre.

Figure
12.8
m

9. Presiones verticales medidas en la base del silo de 12,8 m de di6metro con celdas situadas a 3,66 m (0) y 4,72 m (*) del centro.

Figura

377

pressures were assumed to occur over a vertical planc in the bins. At these two locations very similar vertical
floor pressures were measured. In the 11.0 111 diameter bin similar vertical pressures were measured at toad cell locations 1.83, 2.74 and 3.66 m from the centre of the bin. Figure 9 illustrates the vertical floor pressures measured by the load cells located 3.66 and 4.72 m from the centre of the 12.8 m diameter bin. At these locations very little overlapping of the data occurs; in this case the measurements from the load cells located close to the wall were much less than those from the load cells near the centre of the bin whose vertical tloor pressures were measured ant three discrete locations. The vertical floor pressures measured by the load cells located at 2.13 and 4?7 m from the centre of the bin were found to be very similar, while those measured by the toad cells located 5.48 111 from the centre of the bin were significantly smaller. This decrease in pressure at this location is believed to be caused by the interaction of the floor with the wall. In both the 11.0 (Figure 10) and 12.8 m (Figure 11) diameter grain bins the vertical floor pressures measured by the outermost load cells vvere slightly smaller than the vertical tloor pressures measured at the other load cell locations. Vertical floor pressures measured by the innermost load cells were not significantly different from each other, while the load cells nearest the wall in both bins were significantly smaller. At grain height-to-diameter ratios less th,in 1.6, Schwab ~ al. (1989) determined similar vertical pressure distributions in which the vertical floor pressures nearest the centre of the bin were slightly larger than those near the will uf the bin. In the study by Schwab et nl. (1989), a second pressure peak at approximately 83% of the bin radius was determined which became more prevalent at grain height-to-diameter ratios greater than 1.6. In both bins used in this work the grain height-to-diameter ratio was 1.5 or less. Schwab et rtl. (1989) reported a significant decrease in vertical floor pressures at 95% of the bin radius, while a significant decrease was observed to occur in both bins at 85% of the bin radius. This difference in location could have been caused by factors such as: (i) difference in bin size; (ii) difference in measuring technique; (iii) test materials; and (ia) depth of material at which the vertical floor pressures were measured.

grain

Figure 10. Mean vertical grain heights and load cell diameter grain bin. Figura

floor pressures at discrete locations within the 11.0 m

10. Presiones verticales medias medidas a determinadas alturas y posiciones de las celdas dentro del diametro del silo de 11,0 m.

Figure 11. Mean vertical grain heights and load cell diameter grain bin.

floor pressures at discrete locations within the 12.8 m

Figura 11. Presiones verticales medias a alturas y posiciones de celdas discretas dentro del di6metro del
silo de 12,8 m.

(as expected) larger in the 12.8 m diameter grain bin than in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin. For these three positions the vertical floor pressures in the 12.8 m bin were 1.05 to 1.75 times those in the 11.0 m diameter bin, with an average pressure ratio of 1.23. Ignoring the 3.1 m grain height, the ratio of vertical tloor pressures in the two bins was reduced to 1.19. Using Janssens equation and the material properties suggested by EP433 (ASAE, 1995b) as shown in Table 4, the pressures in the 12.8 m diameter grain bin were estimated to be 1.01 to 1.06 times those in the 11.0 m diameter grain bin over these same grain heights.
were

C(1111y(7!ls0ll Of tire Z~(IflC(1J_f~(~l~J yJ(ss111(s

ill tire two ~~Ills

Vertical tloor pressures were measured in both bins at 0.33, 0.67 and 0.85 of the bin radius. For all locations and grain heights the vertical floor pressures

Bc~~t-fit equation for the ucrtical f700r hrc~~~urr~o data

Values of pk (the product of the coefficient of wall friction and the lateral-to-vertical pressure ratio)

378

Table 5. Best-fit values of floor pressures).

pk during filling (vertical

Tabla 5. Valores del mejor ajuste de pk durante la carga de los silos (presiones verticales en la base).

determined statistically while holding the other variables in Janssens equation constant (Table 5). For both bins no single value of J1.k could be used as a best fit for both bins or all load cell locations. In order to use Janssens equation, a value for zv (the bulk density of the stored materials) was required. An uncompacted bulk density of 718 kg/mwas used for all calculations with a pack factor of 5.5%, which is similar to the analysis used with the lateral pressure data in both the 11.0 and 12.8 m diameter bins. The walls of the bins were observed to be slick and well coated with oil and wax deposits from the stored grain. Therefore, the coefficient of friction between the grain and the bin walls was thought to be very small. Thompson et al. (1988) determined that during experiments in which wheat was repeatedly passed over a galvanized steel surface, a 39% decrease in wall friction occurred during a wearing in process. This decrease was attributed to the deposition of oils and waxes from the seed coat of the grain onto the galvanized steel surface. In EP433 the product J.Lk is 0.185. If a 39% decrease in the coefficient of friction is assumed to be caused by the repeated process of grain sliding on the galvanized steel walls of these bins, a new value of J1.k of 0.113 would be obtained. In these two bins the overall best-fit values of J1.k were 0.113 for the 12.2 m diameter bin and 0.135 for the 11.0 m diameter bin. This supports the hypothesis that different values of J.L may need to be assumed during the design life of a grain bin. For new bins in which grain slides along virgin materials, a higher coefficient of friction may need to be assumed which causes higher lateral wall pressures and vertical wall loads, while on worn materials a lower coefficient of friction may need to be assumed which causes higher vertical floor pressures.
were

measured values within the bin at a discrete grain height, and (b) which does not take into account the pressures measured by the load cell nearest the wall. In the 11.0 m diameter grain bin (Figure 12), the average floor pressures were (a) 1.04-1.08 and (b) 1.13-1.17 times the predicted values using EP433. In the 12.8 m diameter grain bin (Figure 13) the average floor pressures were (a) 1.08-1.18 and (b) 1.18-1.29 times the predicted values using EP433. Using DIN1055, the average floor pressures were 1.19-1.55 times the predicted pressures in both bins. Suggested material properties for corn used by DIN1055 and EP433 in Janssens equation are shown in Table 4.

Figure 12. Mean vertical floor pressures compared to the vertical floor pressures predicted by EP433 (0) and DIN1055 (*) for the 11.0 m diameter grain bin.
12 Presiones verticales medias medidas en la base del silo de 11,0 m de di6metro, predichas por los est6ndares EP433 (S) y DIN1055 (*).

Figura

Figure 13. Mean vertical floor pressures compared to the vertical floor pressures predicted by EP433 (8) and DIN1055 (*) for the 12.8 m diameter grain bin.
Presiones verticales medias medidas en la base del silo de 12,8 m de di6metro, predichas por los est6ndares EP433 (8) y DIN1055 (*).

Comparison of measured val lies

to

design

Sfl7ltC~171l~S

Figura 13.

Values of the mean vertical floor pressures measured in each bin appear as: (a) which is the average of all

379

REFERENCES
ASAE

4C

(1995a). Procedure for establishing volumetric capacities of

cylindrical grain bins. ASAE Standard S413. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. ASAE (1995b). Loads exerted by free flowing grains on bins. ASAE Standard EP433. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. DIN (1987). Design Loads for Structures, Loads in Silo Compartments. DIN1055, Part 6, Berlin: Deutsche
Normen.
A. (1989). Force and membrane pressure cells for stress analysis in granular media. In: 2nd European Symposium on the Stress and Strain Behaviour of Particulate Solids - Silo Stresses. CHISA, Praha, Czechoslovakia, August 26-31. Janssen H. A. (1895). Versuche &uuml;ber Getreidedruck in Silozellen. Zeitschrift, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 39: 1045-1049.

Galili, N. and Thompson, S.

Moore D.W., White G.W. and Ross I. J. (1984). Friction of wheat on corrugated metal surfaces. Transactions of the ASAE 27: 1842-1847. Ross I.J., Bridges T.C. and Schwab C.V. (1987). Vertical wall loads on conical grain bins. Transactions of the ASAE 30: 753-760. SAS (1985). SAS Users Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute. Schwab C.V., Ross I.J., White G.M and Colliver D.G. (1989). Investigation of the grain pressure phenomenon in a full-scale bin. Part I: Grain loads and flow characteristics. ASAE Paper No. 89- 4007A. St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Thompson S.A., Bucklin R.A., Batich C.D. and Ross. I.J. (1988). Variation in the apparent coefficient of friction of wheat on galvanized steel. Transactions of the ASAE 31: 1518-1524.