GEOL 4250 ASSIGNMENT 4: LS METHODS IN OVERDETERMINED INVERSE PROBLEMS

Date: 9th October 2013 Due: 18th October 2013

OBJECTIVE: This assignment will provide experience in formulating overdetermined inverse problems and solving them using the least-squares method. There are also two questions related to the theory of least-squares methods. A. THEORY 1. 5 marks. Show that the equation that arises from minimizing the squared misfit for a linear inverse problem i.e. M N N E Eq. 1 =0=2 m k Giq Gik - 2 Giq d i mq k i i forms the qth line of the matrix equation
T T G Gm - G d = 0

Eq. 2
T T

You will need to define the summation for the qth line of each of the two Mx1 vectors G Gm and G d. 2. 5 marks. Use the standard solution for an overdetermined least-squares inverse problem m=[GTG]-1GTd to show the arithmetic mean is the least-squares estimate of the average value of a set of observed values. B. FORMULATING LEAST-SQUARES SOLUTIONS 3. 6 marks. We wish to fit some observed data with an exponential fit where the exponent has a known decay constant c i.e. our model is di=a+bexp(-cxi). Give the least-squares solution to this problem in matrix form i.e. write the solution m=[GTG]-1GTd showing all of the terms in the matrices and vectors. It is not necessary to fully expand this matrix equation but you should evaluate both GTG and GTd, expressing the elements of these matrix products in summation form. 4. 6 marks. Write the solution for a least-squares fit of a quadratic surface: zi=a+bxi+cyi+dxi2+eyi2+fxiyi to a set of observed data points. The solution should be given in the form of m=[GTG]-1GTd. It is not necessary to fully expand this matrix equation but you should evaluate both GTG and GTd, expressing the elements of these matrix products in summation form.

C. SOLVING SIMPLE LEAST-SQUARES INVERSE PROBLEMS 5. 6 marks. The gamma ray response was measured using a spectrometer at several distances from the edge of Cabinet 8 in the Wallace Building Level 200 corridor in 2002 by Evan Gowan (Table 1). Radiometric measurements contain a degree of uncertainty so a curve will be fitted to the data to define the exact response. The exponential decay distance 1/c is estimated to be 0.95 m. Using the results from question 3, estimate the background dosage level a and the exact dosage at the edge of the cabinet. Compare the result for the edge of the cabinet with the value measured against the glass which was 347 mSv/yr. Suggest reasons for any observed discrepancy. 6. 6 marks. We wish to determine the density of a sphere with known position, depth, and radius from a set of noisy gravity data (Figure 1, Table 2). The sphere is located at 10 m depth below the centre of the profile and has a radius of 4 m. Calculate the least-squares estimate of the density of the sphere.

Table 1. Radiometric Dosage Data (c=0.95 m-1 ) Distance from cabinet Dosage (m) (mSv/yr) 0.7 23.44 1.0 14.19 1.5 9.88 2.0 6.41 2.5 4.52 3.0 3.57 3.5 2.75 4.0 2.29 4.5 2.01 5.0 1.84 5.5 1.66

-22.5 -20.0 -17.5 -15.0 -12.5 -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

-0.4583 -0.2441 0.1952 0.1422 -0.2135 -0.0726 -0.2535 -0.4663 -0.3600 -0.4866 -0.3435 -0.1655 -0.3150 -0.0720 -0.6016 -0.1903 0.1473 -0.2375 0.2382 -0.0991

Gravity Anomaly (GU)

Table 2. Gravity Data g(x) x (GU) (m) -25.0 0.0714

Gravity anomaly over spherical body.

0.4

Body is at x=0, z=10 m depth and has radius= 4 m

0.2

0.0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Distance (m)

7. 6 marks. Calculate the model covariance matrix for the linear inverse problems in questions 5 and 6 and comment on the resolution of the results assuming uniform uncorrelated errors on the data. For question 5 assume that the one standard deviation error on each data point is 0.4 mSv/yr and for question 6 assume that the one standard deviation error is 0.1 GU.