(g) Tension Capacity Tension Capacity of the member Ae = a1+f x a2 = Ae x Py

= 3a1/(3a1+a2)
Assume 20mm bolt connection 8 mm 71mm

a1 a2 f

= 71*8-22*8 = 71*8 = 0.73972603 Ae

= = = = =

324 342 576.986301 Ae x Py 158.671233

mm^2 mm^2 mm^2

Tension capacity of the member

kN

2388.65 2427.06 2473.26 2358.16 2948.91 2388.65 2427.06 2473.26 2358.16 2388.65 2427.06 2473.26 2358.16 2388.65 2427.06 2473.26 2358.16 1934.06 2114.28 2090.82 2069.89 2051.53 2036 2023.09 2013.02 2005.8 2001.45 2000 2001.45 2005.8 2013.02 2023.09 2036 2051.53 2069.89 2090.82 2114.28 1934.06 2948.91 2948.91 1934.06 2114.28 2090.82 2069.89 2051.53 2036 2023.09 2013.02 2005.8 2001.45 2000

Station mm 464 4600 3145 1770 4600 3145 1770 5438.09 4600 3145 1770 1770 3145 4600 5438.09 4752.38 4752.38 4142.86 4142.86 3609.52 3609.52 3152.58 3152.58 2771.43 2771.43 2466.67 2466.67 2238.09 2238.09 2085.71 2085.71 2009.52 2009.52 464 464 5438.09 5438.09 4752.38 4752.38 4142.86 4142.86 3609.52 3609.52 3152.58 3152.58 2771.43 2771.43 2466.67 2466.67

6 13 15 18 23 24 26 30 37 38 39 51 52 53 90 92 94 97 99 101 104 106 109 113 115 118 120 123 126 128 130 133 135 274 425 470 472 474 475 476 477 479 481 483 485 493 497 505 513 Dead+ Dead+ Dead+ Dead+ Dead+ Dead+ Dead+ Dead+

Deflections Case Com-Full live Com-Full live com-Live-half-L2 com-Live-half-L2 com-Live-L1L2-only com-Live-L1L2-only com-live-L2-0.4 com-live-L2-0.4 com-live-L1-only com-live-L1-only com-live-L2-only com-live-L2-only com-live-quater-L2 com-live-quater-L2 com-live-quater-L2B com-live-quater-L2B

2001.45 2005.8 2013.02 2023.09 2036 2051.53 2069.89 2090.82 2114.28 1934.06 2948.91

2238.09 2238.09 2085.71 2085.71 2009.52 2009.52 464

521 533 537 541 549 553 853

Deflections Max X Com-Full live Com-Full live com-Live-half-L2 com-Live-half-L2 com-Live-L1L2-only com-Live-L1L2-only com-live-L2-0.4 com-live-L2-0.4 com-live-L1-only com-live-L1-only com-live-L2-only com-live-L2-only com-live-quater-L2 com-live-quater-L2 com-live-quater-L2B com-live-quater-L2B Y Z Min X Y Z -0.369 -108.48 170583.4

10.06 0.4978 8.0195 -9.604 -0.7934 -129.78 57.1 0.3355 5.8303 -57.19

5.798 0.8369 33.635 -24.25 -0.9218 -121.28 56.64 0.7303 23.088 -57.49 -0.8325 -112.28 10.9 0.6319 13.936 55.01 55.68 3.569 55.03 10.98 55.04 2.324 55.63 4.106 56.08 -9.5 -0.7738 -131.27 0.255 5.8946 -52.28 -0.3541 -110.96 0.782 3.1258 -54.74 -0.5804 -88.347 0.0742 0.4873 0.6706 0.2782 0.2736 0.3685 0.9386 0.8963 4.3109 23.481 13.876 6.3185 18.91 24.885 16.961 4.2512 -0.552 -54.15 -9.68 -52.34 -12.96 -55.49 -12.84 -56.22 -0.1059 -0.5083 -0.8007 -0.3784 -0.591 -0.4884 -0.7982 -0.7539 -5.5964 -86.711 -132.22 -111.31 -48.775 -86.726 -85.034 -86.71

8.66 0.7423 5.3446 -8.605 -0.5384 -108.67

SUSPENSION BRIDGE DESIGN

A. INTRODUCTION This design report contains the analysis and design calculations for the suspension bridge of span 60m.

This project is designing and re-construction of pedestrian bridges-package SP/B/G/01of the Southern Provincial Road Development Authority.
The main span of the suspension bridge is 42m and side span is 9 m each. Width of the lane and deck are 1.8 m and 1.96 m respectively. Depth of the deck is 0.7 m.

There is 1.8 m height hand rail at both side of the bridge. 125mm thick concrete slab is placed on the deck and stiffing girder is made entily by steel members. For cable and hangers ,high tensile strength "cable steel" is used.

Live load of 10 kN per square meter is defined by the client. Wind loads are calculated accoding to the bridge code ,BS5400 Part 2. Design approach is that dead loads of the all system iare taken by the cable only and Live loads are taken by both cable and deck supports togather. Support conditions for dead and live load cases are illustrated in the layout 1 and Layout 2 respectively. For Anchor block and base of pylon , pile foundation should be used if the bed rock is enough deep. Otherwise anchor to bed rock should becarried out. Specially, for main cable and hanger design are carried out according to the formulas and conditions furnished by the reference book. SAP2000 software analysis results is only used for designing of deck and pylons. Oscillation frequences of the deck , the cable and combined system are obtained by the model creatd in SAP2000

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Calculation B. GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

B-1. Geometry of the Superstructure

k d L1 L2 Fig.1 L3

Main Span (L2) Side Span left (L1) Side Span right (L3) Maximum Sag (k)

= = = = = =

42.0 9.0 9.0 4.2 6.2 0.7

m m m m m m

Pylon Height (h)

Deck Depth(d)

B-2. Material Properties

Material

Unit Mass N-s2/m4 7849 2446.4 7849

Unit Weight N/m3 76970 24000 76973 Table.1

E N/m2 2E+11 2.48E+10 2E+11

poisson's Ratio DesignStrength Unitless N/m2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1170 25 275

Cable Steel Concrete Steel

B-3 Load factors

As per Table 1 BS 5400 Part 2 : 1978

B-4 Design Codes ,Manuals and References

BS5400: 1978,British Standard institution Code of practice for bridge design Road Development Authority (RDA) of SriLanka Bridge Design Manual 1997 Niels J.Gimsing, Cable Suppoted Bridge-Concept & Design-Second Edition

B-5 Software used

Modeling, Analysis and Design are carried out using SAP2000 version 9

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Output

C. GENERAL LOAD EVALUATION C-1 Live loads

Defined

Live load(on deck) Total live load(per m) Total live load (per cable per m)

= 10kN/m2 (Defined) = Live load x Deck Width

= 10*1.8 = 18/2 = = 18.000 kN 9.000 kN
9 kN/m

C-2 Dead Loads

*Consider 1 meter of the deck. Type Slab Load calculation Load(kN/m) = 5.400

= 0.125*24*1.8

(125mm thick concrete slab on the deck) Stiffening girder Top & bottom Chord = 0.003*77*1*4 (200*75*10.9 Channel section) = 0.00068*77*1*2 = 0.924

Diagonals

0.106

(70*70*6 Angle Section) Side crosses = 0.0008*77*1*2 = 0.124

(75*75*8 Angle Section) side Verticals = .00136*77*1*2 = 0.210

(60*60*6 Angle Section) Deck Crosses = 0.00056*77/2*1 = 0.021

(50*50*6 Angle Section) Hangers(Dia 30mm) Cable(Dia.50mm) Hand rail(1.8m height) = 0.0007*77*1 = .0019*77*2 = 0.05*1.8*2 = = = = = 0.054 0.293 0.180 7.312 3.656 kN kN 3.66 kN/m

Total dead Load per meter of Deck Total dead load per cable per meter

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C-3 Wind loads Wind loads on Superstructure and Towers

Nominal Transverse wind load (pt)without LL vc
BS5400 Part 2 : 1978

Nominal Transverse wind load (pt)-with LL vc v = 22.2m/s 1.00 1.00 1.49 RDA manual 5.3.2.1.2 5.3.2.1.3 T2-5.3.2.1.4 vc=K1*v*s1*s2 q=0.613*vc2

= 22.2m/s 1.00 1.00 1.49

RDA manual 5.3.2.1.2 5.3.2.1.3 T2-5.3.2.1.4 vc=K1*v*s1*s2 q=0.613*vc2 5.3.3.4

k1 = s1 = s2 =

k1 = s1 = s2 =

vc = 33.08m/s pt q d = 0.671kN/m2 = 0.7m

vc = 33.08m/s pt q d = 0.671kN/m2 = 0.7m

Cd = 1.1-deck Cd = 1.7-hand rail cd = 1.4-Towers A-deck A-other A-Towers pt

Cd =1.45 for all live parts T7 5.3.3.4 *Assume height of a threewheeler as 2m pt = q*A*Cd

Cd = 1.7-other member

= 0.4m2 per meter of deck = 0.13m2per meter of deck = 0.4*6.2 = 2.48m2 each

A-Hnd rail = 1.5m2 per meter of rail

= q*A*Cd

pt(wout LL) = 0.29+0.148+1.71 = 2.148kN/m Pt(Tower) = 2.33kN each towers Nominal Longitudinal wind load(pl)without LL
BS5400 Part 2 : 1978

pt(withlive)
= 1.94kN/m

Nominal Longitudinal wind load (pl)-with LL P(ls)-with PLL

P(ls)-alone q = 0.671kN/m2 = 1.24m2 each Cd = pl pl 1 T9 q=0.613*vc2 A2 = 0.2*6.2

= 0.671kN/m2 = 1.24m2 each

q=0.613*vc2

A2 = 0.2*6.2 Cd = pl PLL q A = 0.671kN/m2 = 1.8m*2m=3.6m2 1.4 T9

= q*A*Cd = 1.165kN each towers

= q*A*Cd

p(ls)= 1.165kN each towers

Cd = 1.45 Pll = 3.5kN Nominal vertical wind load (pv)

BS5400 Part 2 : 1978

Nominal Vertical wind load (Pv) Pv q

Pv

A Cl =

= 0.671kN/m2 = 1.8m2/per meter of deck

0.75

A Cl = 0.75

= 0.671kN/m2 = 1.8m2/per meter of deck

pv = +/-1.207kN per meter

pv = +/-1.207kN per meter

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Calculation

Output

C-4 Load Combinations

BS5400 Part 2 : 1978 Table 1

*Assuming Foot/Clcle track bridge Comb 1 Comb 2 = 1.15*conc load+1.05*steel loads+1.5*live and parapet load = 1.15*conc load+1.05*steel loads+1.25*live and parapet load+1.4*wind loads

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Calculation

Output

D ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HANGER AND MAIN CABLE

D-1.1 Design loads calculation for comb 1 (per meter run of deck) 1.15xconcrete load 1.05xSteel Loads 1.5xlive and parapet loads Design Load for comb1 = = = = 6.21 1.51 27.27 34.99 kN kN kN Design Load, Comb 1 kN 35.0 kN

D-1.2 Design loads calculation for comb 2 (per meter run of deck) 1.15*conc. load 1.05*Steel Loads 1.25*Live load 1.4*wind load Design Load for comb2 = = = = = 6.21 1.51 22.50 1.69 31.91 kN kN kN kN kN Design Load, Comb 2 31.91 kN

(For cable design, only Nominal vertical wind load is considered as critical) Comb 1 is critical for cable design and design load = 34.99 kN/m

Design Udl per cable

17.50 kN/m

D-2 Hanger Design

T
Hanger

Udl

d
Deck D-2.1 Design Approach for Hangers (1) Distance between two hangers,center to center () is 2 m (2) consider as entire Udl is taken by the hangers only. i.e no loads are transferred to the ground through deck supports.

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Calculation

Output

D-2.2 Load Evaluation for Hangers

Reference book page 176

Define P as Here Udl is Then

= Udlx30xd d is 367 0.70 m kN

17.50 kN/m , P =

Reference book page 176 Eq.3.26

Maximum Hanger force T Here (g+p) as Udl as Then T

= (g+p)+P/(30d)

Maxi. Hanger force(kN) 70

17.50 kN/m = 70 kN

D-2.3 Dimensions for Hangers

* Assuming parallel wire strands with 5mm diameter for hangers Cross section area Assuming design strength of parallel wires as = 1770 N/mm2 = Required effective coss sectional area for a hanger 39.5 mm2 of a hanger (mm2) = 40

D-2.4 Required hanger Length

Required lengths are calculated from the SAP2000 model created for analysis. Hanger length required Additional length for wastage Total length required = = = 171 10 181 m m m

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279 KNm

F P

N P 400x8 PF P P 13.277 P340 Bed 0. High Rock Existin a Later bC T =1.

4 1 8

Page

4 1 8 0 0 0 0 ( ( a a p p p r r o o x x . . ) )

Reference 279 KNm

F P

Calculation

Output N P 400x8 PF P P 13.277 P340 Bed 0. High Rock Existin a Later bC T =1.

D-3 Main Cable Design

Hm

Lm=L2

Km

P
Udl Deck

D-3.1 Design Approach for main Cable

(1) Main span (L2) is 42 m and maximum sag is 4.2 m (2) Consider as entire Udl is taken by the Cable only. i.e no loads are transferred to the ground through deck supports.

D-3.2 Load Evaluation for Cable

Reference book page 177 Eq.3.28

Maximum horizontal force Hm

= ((Udl)L2+2Pl)/8k+gcl2/8k

Max. horizontal force

Here udl is 17.5 kN/m, L2 is 42 m and max.sag is 4.2 m

=

1852 kN

Then

Hm

1852

kN

Reference book page 177 Eq.3.29

Maximum Cable Force,Tm=Hm(lm2+16km2)1/2/lm

max. cable tension

=

1995 kN

Then

Tm

1995

kN

D-3.3 Dimensions for Cable

* Assuming parallel wire strands with 5mm diameter for cable

Cross section area

Assuming design strength of parallel wires = 1770 N/mm2 as Required effective coss sectional area for cable = 1127.17 mm2

of cable(mm2)

1127

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4 1 8

4 1 8 0 0 0 0 ( ( a a p p p r r o o x x . . ) )

mm2

Reference

Calculation

Output

D-3.4 Check for Local bending effects

Reference book page 147 Eq2.76

*Assume Radius of the pully at the pylon as 75mm Radius of the pully Wire diameter (Strand wire) = = 75 mm 5 mm 205 Gpa 205*(5/(2*75)) Gpa = = 6.8 6833.333 Gpa Mpa

stiffness of the wire =

Local bending stress=

D-3.5 Relaxation of the Cable

Reference book page 109

IF not used low relaxation steel for cable, Relaxation of the cable should be checked .

Requarement is that permanent stress< 0.45fc

Permanent load (for cable) = 3.656 kN/m

(perment loads are dead loads only)

Reference book page 177 Eq.3.29

Maximum cable tension due to permanent load as Tp

Tp = 413 kN = 367 N/mm2 797 N/mm2

Stress due to permanent loads

0.45fcu value if not used low relaxation steel =

If Permanent stress<0.45fc, hence OK

D-3.6 Required Cable Length

Required lengths are calculated from the SAP2000 model created for analysis. Cable length required for main and side spans Additional length (For inside the anchor block, on pully and wastage) Total length required for both cables = = 136 12 m m

148

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Calculation

Output

E- PYLON ANALYSIS AND DESIGN E-1 Geometrical Calculations According to the Geometry; The equation of the main cable is y=-x(42-x)/105

x
y=f(x)

y
Tangent is the angle between tangent and X axis dy/dx dy/dx at x=0, = (2x-42)/105 = -42/105

= 21.81 deg

E-2 Load calculations E-2.1 Dead and live loads (Comb 1 is critical)
*Forces acting at the pylon top H1 Tm Tm

V1 For horizontal equilibrium H1 = Tm(Cos-Cos) (Assuming the lowerst value for the angle as tan=6.2/9 to obtain maximum H) 209 kN

Maximum horizontal force

For vertical equilibrium V1 = Tm(Sin-Sin)

Maximum Vertical force

1873

kN

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Calculation

Output

E-2.2 Wind loads

(i) Nominal Transverse wind load (pt)
From(2).(iii)

pt = 0.671*A*1.4 (Assuming tower windward area as

2 2.00 m2)

kN per each

(ii) Nominal Longitudinal wind load (pl) pl = 0.671*A*1.4 = 1.88 kN per each

(Assuming tower windward area as 2.00 m2)

E-3 Selected Type 1 - A shape pylon

As one selected type, A shape pylon is considered.

V1
H1 H1 = V =

209 1873

kN kN

6.2m

1.96m Cross-view

1.5m Side View

Assume H sections of 203x203x60 for columns and 65x65x7 angle sections for cross members.

Above calculated horizontal and vertical forces are applied at the pylon top
Pylon is analysised as a truss by SAP2000

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Calculation

Output

Analysis results are tabulated as followes

(i) Maximum Axial Force Values (in kN)-Tension (+)

E1

Member

Axial force(kN)

Member

Axial force(kN)

AB BC CD DE EF FG GM MP BP

-50 -32 -3 -80 -1822 -1743 -1771 -1786 -49

AM CM BG DG
CF BM CG BF

-50 -60 -62 -84 -84 64 57 38

The design is carried out using SAP2000 design facility. Design Code is Steel design BS5950 89 *All Sections are adequate, according to the design of SAP2000

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Calculation

Output

E-4 Selected type 2 - H shape pylon

V1 H1

1.96m

6.2m 4.65m

Deck Side view From Above calculations H1 = V1 = 209 1873 kN kN Cross view

Pylon was analysied by SAP2000 as a cantilever column cross-section is used as 305x305x240 H shape Analysis results are, Maximum compression force = = 1912 kN 455 kNm

Maximum bending moment

Design is carried out using SAP2000 design facility, according to the code, BS5950 89
*Proposed sections are adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

F ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ANCHOR BLOCK F-1 Basic Dimensions

T 3000mm

V 4000mm H

1050mm

Tp = Tension force on pile left Cp = Compression forece on pile right

1581 Tp mm Cp

F-2 Load Calculations And Design-Piling system

Assumptions The bed rock is sufficiently deep to drive piles and capacity of the pile is 1000 kN. For pile design, loads are considered at service limit state Angle of anchor cable to horizontal Maximum Tension force on cable,T at SLS per cable Horizontal force on anchor block, H Vertical force on anchor block, V Assuming concrete anchor block of Weight of anchor block,W = 35 deg aprox. T max . SLS = Tmax/1.5 = 1330 = 1330
kN

= 2179 = 1526 2 x 576 3 x

kN kN 4 m kN

H= V=

2179 1526

kN kN

W=

576

Assuming suspension cable is anchored at middle of the anchor block

Taking moment about A Overturning moment. Mo 2171x (4-1.5xTan35) + 1520x1.5 Restoring moment, MR = = 8716 864 kNm kNm < Mo Mo= MR= 8716 864

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Calculation

Output

Therefore, anchor block to be doweled to the bedrock when the anchor block founded on bedrock or piling system to be used to maintain stability of the anchor block. Assuming Batter of pile is Tension force on piles left Compression force on piles right No of piles on left No of piles on right 15 degress to vertical = 4701 = 3718 = = 5 4 kN kN

F-3 Anchor to Bed Rock

If the bes rock is near the ground surpace ,the cable should be anchored to it.

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Calculation

Output

G DESIGN OF FOUNDATION FOR PYLON G-1 For A-Shape Pylon

Forces from pylon to foundation These forces are found from SAP2000 model for pylon. Design Loads for foundation are calculated at SLS

85kN 38kN 1.5m

1813kN 247kN

Proposed pylon foundation is illustrated below.

1800

5000
1000 1000

SLS loads are calculated by dividing ultimate loads coming from SAP2000 analysis by 1.5

At SLS Vertical forces from pylon Weight of proposed pylon block(1.8x5x3x24)

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= =

2531 648

kN kN

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Calculation

Output

Assuming that the bed rock is sufficiently deep to drive piles and capacity of the pile is 1000 kN. Assuming batter angle as 21.8 deg i.e. all loads are coinsider at the centroid of the block compression force of pile left compression force of pile Right No of pile on left No of Pile on right = = = 2 = 2 1089 1653 kN kN

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Calculation

Output

H ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BRIDGE DECK

H-1 Design Approach

(a) All dead loads are carried by the cable system only (b) Live loads are carried by both cable system and deck

supports together

H-2 Loads on Deck H-2.1 Dead loads

Consider 1 meter on the deck Type slab Load calculation = Load(kN/m) 5.400

= 0.125*24*1.8 (125mm thick concrete slab) Hand rail(1.8m height)

= 0.05*1.8*2

0.180

Applied dead load for deck of model

5.580 kN/m

(Hand rail and slab load only)

This load is applied in the model as joint loads on the joints of top deck chord, within 1m Joint load applied within every 1m along on top chord at joints Note Self weight is taken to calculations by the software itself

kN

H-2.2 Live loads

consider 1 meter along the deck Live loads(on deck) Total live load Total live load (per meter of deck)

= 10kN/m2
= 10*1.8 = 18/2

(Defined) = = 18.000 9.000

Live load is applied as 9 kN joint loads at each joints on the top chord
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Calculation

Output

H-2.3 Wind Loads Wind loads are applied in both case of with live loads and without live loads

H-3 Dead Load Analysis

Support conditions used for dead load analysis of deck are shown in the layout 1 Axial force diagram are shown in the drawing No 2 Critical axial loads of main members are tabulated below Member Max. tension kN 115 135 15 Max. compression kN 143 112 26

Top chord
Bottom chord Side diagnols

H-4 Live Load Analysis

Support conditions used for Live load analysis are shown in the Layout 2 Eight types of Live load cases on deck were considered for SAP2000 Analysis.

L1

L2

L3

Case 1

= The live load which acts throughout the length of the bridge (L1+L2+L3) = The live load which acts only on main span of the bridge (L2)

Case 2

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Reference Case 3* =

Calculation

Output

The live load which acts only on half of the main span of the bridge ( half-L2)

Case 4

= The live load which acts only on main span and one side span of the bridge ( L1+L2) = The live load which acts 0nly on one side span of the bridge (L1) = The live load which acts on Quarter of main span near the tower of the bridge 0.25L2-A) = The live load which acts on Quarter of main span far from towerend of the bridge (0.25L2-B) = The live load which acts on0.4 times main span of the bridge (0.4L2)

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7

Case 8

H-5 Top and Bottom Chord Design H-5.1 Structural Analysis with SAP2000
A model is analysised appling different live load cases as listed above. Maximum design forces with regard to each cases givien by the SAP2000 analysis are tabulated as followes Top chord kN Max. Tension Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 281 282 480 285 65 308 211 207 Max. Compre 189 182 420 187 100 272 329 308 Bottom chord kN Max. Tension 199 206 429 195 94 269 331 318 Max. Compre 229 276 431 279 155 269 207 198
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Load case

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Reference

Calculation

Output

Note (1) Load case 3 has given maximum axial forces on both top and bottom chord and it was considered as critical load case for main chords. (2) Channel section PFC200x75 (200x75x11.4x7.5-24.3 kg/m) section was assigned for both top and bottom chords.

H-5.2 Calculation of Design of Main Chord

(a) Design Loads Design compression load Design Tension load (b) Section properties = 431 kN = 480 kN

11.4

(Channel Section) b d T t = 75 = = = = = = 11 8 mm mm mm 78.4 mm 23.4 mm 2000 mm 177.2 mm

200 7.5

rxx ryy
75

py = 275N/mm2

Both ends are pin jointed.

(c) Section Classification Fig 3 BS 5950 d/t Table 7 BS 5950 b/T = 6.58 < 26 = 177.2/7.5 = 23.6 b/T = 7.5/11.4 = 6.58

= (275/275)^0.5 = 1

Internal element of compression flange

i.e.Section is plastic web with natural axis at mid depth d/t = 23.6 <79

i.e. section is plastic

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Calculation

Output

4.7.4. BS 5950

Compression capacity of the member For pc value, Table 27 ( c) (Rolled channel from table 25) (d) Calculation of

= Pc = Ag*pc

4.7.10.4 BS 5950

Single channel struts (i) (ii) (i) (ii) =0.85*Lxx/rxx =1Lxx/rxx 1 = 1 = 21.68 25.51 or = 1.0Lyy/ryy<0.77Lyy/ryy+30 0r =1.0Lyy/ryy<0.7Lyy/ryy+30 2 2 = = 85.5 85.5 < < 95 90

is the maximum value given by (i) or (ii) is 85.47mm (e) pc value pc = Ag = 151 N/mm2 (from Table 27( C) ,=85.47 and py=275) 3039 mm2

(f) Compression Capacity Pc= Compression capacity of members = pc*Ag = maximum design compression = 459 431 kN kN 459 kN

since 431<459, proposed section is adequate when the compression capacity is considered

Note (1) SAP2000 Design has furnished the compression capacity of this member as 452 kN. (2) It gives an evident about the accuracy of the SAP2000 design results.

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Calculation

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H-6 Design of Side Cross Members

Side cross members

Side View of Deck Angle section 75x75x8 was assigned for side cross members for SAP2000 analysis.

Maximum Axial forces givien by the analysis are tabulated below at each live load cases Load Case Max. tension kN 54 117 168 84 115 154 85 72 Max.compre kN 78 145 191 113 89 178 91 91

case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4 case 5 case 6 case 7 case 8

Note (1) Load case 3 has also given maximum axial forces on side deck cross members.

(2) Section is adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

H 7 Design of Side Vertical Members

Side vertical members Side View Angle section 60x60x6 was assigned for side cross members for SAP2000 analysis.

Maximum Axial forces givien by the analysis are tabulated below at each live load cases. Load Case Max. tension kN 13 73 73 56 40 37 36 31 Max.compre kN 13 6 7 13 8 10 4 0

case 1 case 2 case 3 case 4 case 5 case 6 case 7 case 8

Note Section is adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

H 8 Design of Horizontal Slab Withstand Members

HSW members

Plan View Here these members give critical conditions when wind loads are being applied.

To find critical case both wind load with and without live loads are considered.
Therefore Comb 2 become more critical for these members Angle section 70x70x6 was assigned for side cross members for SAP2000 analysis.

Maximum Axial forces givien by the analysis are tabulated below at each live load cases. Load Case Max. tension kN 13 23 14 9 4 8 13 20 Max.compression kN 65 9 62 23 59 60 60 61

COMB 2-case1 COMB 2-case 2 COMB 2-case3 COMB 2-case4 COMB 2-case5 COMB 2-case6 COMB 2-case7 COMB 2-case8

Note Section is adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

H 9 Design of Cross Deck Members

Cross Deck Members

Plan View of Deck

Cross-Section of Deck

Here these members give critical conditions when wind loads are being applied.

To find critical case, both wind load with and without live loads are considered.
Therefore Comb 2 become more critical for these members Angle section 60x60x6 was assigned for side cross members for SAP2000 analysis.

Maximum Axial forces givien by the analysis are tabulated below at each live load cases. Load Case Max. tension kN 7 6 5 6 2 5 5 6 Max.compression kN 38 40 35 31 34 35 36 35

COMB 2-case1 COMB 2-case 2 COMB 2-case3 COMB 2-case4 COMB 2-case5 COMB 2-case6 COMB 2-case7 COMB 2-case8 Note

Section is adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

H-10 Design of Horizontal Diagonal Members

HD members

Plan View of Deck These members are located in both top and bottom of the deck Here these members obtain critical conditions when wind loads are being applied.

To find critical case, both wind load with and without live loads are considered.
Therefore Comb 2 become more critical for these members Angle section 70x70x6 was assigned for side cross members for SAP2000 analysis.

Maximum tension forces givien by the analysis are tabulated below at each live load cases.

Load Case

Max. tension kN 145 143 147 144 145 142 136 133

COMB 2-case1 COMB 2-case 2 COMB 2-case3 COMB 2-case4 COMB 2-case5 COMB 2-case6 COMB 2-case7 COMB 2-case8

Note Section is adequate according to the SAP2000 design

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Calculation

Output

H-11 Summery of the Design Sections of Deck Members

Member

Section

Weight per Unit Length

Top & Bottom Chords

Channel Section PFC200x75 (200x75x11.4x7.5)

24.3 kg/m

Side Cross members Side Vertical Members Horizontal Slab Withstand Members Cross Deck Members Horizontal Diagonal Members

Equal Angle section75x75x8 Equal Angle section 60x60x6

8.99 kg/m 5.42kg/m

Equal Angle section 70x70x6

6.38 kg/m

Equal Angle section 60x60x6 Equal Angle section 70x70x6

5.42kg/m 6.38 kg/m

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Calculation

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H-12 Checking of Overall Deflection

Deflections are obtained according to the dead loads and each live load cases Maximum deflectons can be obtained at load combination 1 Maximum deflections for combination1 for each cases are tabulated below. Live load case Maximum Vertical Deflection (mm)

COMB 1-case 1 COMB 1-case 2 COMB 1-case 3

108
111 112

COMB 1-case 4 COMB 1-case 5 COMB 1-case 6 COMB 1-case 7 COMB 1-case 8

111 87 87

87 88

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Calculation

Output

I DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE

All oscillation behaviours of the cable, the deck and whole system are analysised using the model created in SAP 2000

I-1 Cable Oscillation I-1.1 Sway Vibration of the Main Cable

This is in the oscillation mode 1 and oscillation mode 2 of the SAP2000 model. (a) The Oscillation Period-First Symmetric mode = 0.59799 ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second) = 1.67

(b) The Oscillation Period-First Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.29990

= 3.33

(c) The Oscillation Period-Second Symmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.20088

= 4.98

(d) The Oscillation Period-Second Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.1517

= 6.59

I-1.2 Sway Vibration of the Side Span Cable

This is from the oscillation mode 3 to oscillation mode 6 of the SAP2000 model. (a) The Oscillation Period-First Symmetric mode = 0.35874 ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second) = 2.79

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Calculation = 0.12494

Output

(b) The Oscillation Period-First Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 8.00

(c) The Oscillation Period-Second Symmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.08224

= 12.16

(d) The Oscillation Period-Second Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.06707

= 14.91

I-2 Deck Oscillation

This is in the oscillation mode 1 and oscillation mode 2 of the SAP2000 model. (a) The Oscillation Period-First Symmetric mode = 0.190941 ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second) = 5.24

(b) The Oscillation Period-First Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.20484

= 4.88

(c) The Oscillation Period-Second Symmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.103768

= 9.64

(d) The Oscillation Period-Second Asymmetric mode ( second) The Oscillation Frequency ( per second)

= 0.066937

= 14.94

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Calculation

Output

Design of Side Cross Members (Manual Calculations)

Design code BS5950 (a) Design Loads Maximum design compression force Maximum design tension force = 191 kN = 168 kN

(b) Section properties Equal angle 8mm b = d T 75mm = 75 mm = 8 mm = = 22.7 mm 22.7 mm

raa rbb
8mm 75mm

rvv = 14.6 mm
fy = 275 N/mm2

1221 mm

Both ends are pin jointed.

(c) Section Classification Fig 3 BS 5950 d/t Table 7 BS 5950 b/T = 9.375 < 9.5 = 75/8 = 9.375 b/T = 75/8 = 9.375

= (275/275)^0.5 = 1

Legs of single angle

i.e.Section is Compact

4.7.4. BS 5950

Compression capacity of the member For pc value, Table 27 ( c) (selected as Rolled angle from table 25)

= Pc = Ag*pc

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Reference (d) Calculation of 4.7.10.2 BS 5950 (i) (ii) (i) (ii) =0.85*Lvv/rvv =1Laa/raa 1 = 1 = 71.06 53.77 Single angle struts

Calculation

Output

but but

>=.7Lvv/rvv+15 >=0.7Laa/raa+30

but < 88.5 but < 67.6

is the maximum value given by (i) or (ii) is 71.1 mm (e) pc value pc = Ag = 179 N/mm2 (from Table 27( C) ,=71.1 and py=275) 1140 mm2

(f) Compression Capacity Compression capacity of members = pc*Ag = maximum design compression = 204 191 kN kN

since 191<204, proposed section is adequate when the compression capacity is considered (g) Tension Capacity Tension Capacity of the member Ae = a1+f x a2 f = 3a1/(3a1+a2) Assume 20mm bolt connection 8 mm 71mm a1 = 71*8-22*8 a2 = 71*8 f = 0.674312 = 392 = 568 mm^2 mm^2 = Ae x Py

Ae = 775.0092 mm^2 = Ae x Py = 213.1275 kN

Tension capacity of the member

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Reference Maximum design load

Calculation = 168 kN

Output

since 168<213, proposed section is adequate when the tension capacity is considered Proposed 75 x 75 x 8 L section is adequate for side cross members

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