1) Phn tch nhng hn ch ca hnh thc dy hc trc tuyn (e-Learning ni chung), o to t xa (full e-Learning) i vi ba thnh phn chnh trong

h thng dy hc: gio vin, hc vin v tri thc dy hc? 2) Tm hiu v trnh by cc chun trong e-Learning, cc nh hng pht trin tng lai chun e-Learning l g?

BI LM 1) E-Learning l g? e-Learning (cn gi l o to in t, Gio dc in t) l mt thut ng dng m t vic hc tp, o to da trn cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. E-Learning c cc c im ni bt sau: - Da trn cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. C th hn l cng ngh mng, k thut ha, k thut m phng, cng ngh tnh ton - Hiu qu ca e-Learning cao hn so vi cch hc truyn thng do e-Learning c tnh tng tc cao da trn multimedia, to iu kin cho ngi hc trao i thng tin d dng hn, cng nh a ra ni dung hc tp ph hp vi kh nng v s thch ca tng ngi. - E-Learning ang tr thnh xu th tt yu trong nn kinh t tri thc. Hin nay, e-Learning ang thu ht c s quan tm c bit ca cc nc trn th gii vi rt nhiu t chc, cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc e-Learning ra i. cho hc sinh, sinh vin, vin chc v cho nhiu loi i tng tim nng khc nh bc s, y t v gio vin- thc t l cho bt c ai mong mun c hc tp d di hnh thc chnh thng hay khng chnh thng. Di y l 8 l do khin E-Learning l mt cuc cch mng trong hc tp. E-Learning gip bn khng cn phi i nhng qung ng di theo hc mt cua hc dng truyn thng; bn hon ton c th hc tp bt c khi

no bn mun, ban ngy hay ban m, ti bt c u- ti nh, ti cng s, ti th vin ni b. Vi rt nhiu sinh vin, n m ra mt th gii hc tp mi, d dng v linh hot hn, m trc h khng hy vng ti, c th do khng ph hp, hay v lp hc cch ni h sng n na vng tri t. Theo mt ngha khc, E-Learning xa nha cc ranh gii a l, mang gio dc n vi mi ngi ch khng phi l mi ngi n vi gio dc. V d nu bn mun tham d mt bi ging ti i hc Gresham ti London, bn chng cn phi n , n gin ch cn theo di trc tip qua internet hay nu khng c thi gian bn c th theo di li bn ghi hnh khi bn mun. E-Learning khin cho vic hc tp dng th ng nh trc y c gim bt. Hc vin khng cn phi tp trung trong cc lp hc vi kiu hc c v ghi thng thng, gip cho vic hc tp tr nn rt ch ng. iu ct yu l tp trung vo s tng tc, hc i i vi hnh. E-Learning gip vic hc tp tr nn th v hn, hp dn hn v thuyt phc hn. Cc mn hc kh hoc nhm chn c th tr nn d dng hn, th v hn vi Gio dc in t. V d cc v kch ca Shakespeare c th lm cho bn chn ngn th hy xem chng bng phim nh vi truyn hnh cp, ngay trong lp hc. Hc tp l mt hot ng x hi, v E-Learning c th gip chng ta thu c nhng kt qu chc chn v lu di, khng ch thng qua ni dung m ng thi bng c cng ng mng trc tuyn. Ti y, hc vin c khuyn khch giao tip, cng tc v chia x kin thc. Theo cch ny, e-Learning c th h tr hc tp thng qua nhn xt v tho lun. E-Learning cho php hc vin t qun l c tin trnh hc tp ca mnh theo cch ph hp nht. Chng ta c nhiu cch hc khc nhau nh c, xem, khm ph, nghin cu, tng tc, thc hnh, giao tip, tho lun, chia x kin thc. E-Learning ng ngha vi vic hc vin c th truy cp ti rt nhiu ngun ti nguyn phc v cho hc tp: c t liu v con ngi, v theo cch ny mi ngi u c quyn chn la hnh thc hc tp ph hp nht vi kh nng v iu kin ca mnh. E-Learning ng thi gip cho vic hc tp vn c th tin hnh c ng thi trong khi lm vic, khi m cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy hc tp khng ch c th din ra lp hc. Thc t, 70% ca dung lng hc tp din ra trong qu trnh lm vic, khng dng gio dc v o to chnh thng m l trong cng vic hng ngy nh tm kim thng tin, c ti liu,

v trao i vi ng nghip. chnh l cc hnh thc hc tp khng chnh thng c c E-Learning h tr v khuyn khch trong cc t chc. V nu nh mt nhn vin no mun tm li gii p cho mt vn kh khn mt cch nhanh chng, hc khng mun phi t ch ti mt kho hc ko di trong 3 bui trong tng lai, ci h cn l mt cu tr li ngay lp tc. V l , cc gii php n gin v nhanh chng nh H tr t xa hay 10 pht hi p t ra ph hp hn nhiu vi cc nhu cu ca cc t chc. Gio dc chuyn t dng lp hc truyn thng sang my tnh cc nhn v by gi l cc thit b cm tay. S thc l mi ngy chng ta tr nn nng ng hn; khong 50% s cng chc dng ti 50% qu thi gian ca mnh lm vic ngoi tr s. Chng ta di chuyn nhiu hn (trn xe but, tu in v phi c), khi chng ta ti lm vic vi cc c quan v vn phng khc v xut hin nhu cu tn dng nhng khong thi gian cht phc v hc tp. Khi nim hc tp di ng (m-learning) c s dng vi ngha chng ta dng cc thit b cm tay v in thoi di ng hc tp. PDA l cc thit b rt hu dng gip hc vin ti v cc ni dung hc tp v thun tin theo di. V vy nu nh bn mun tm mt v d v cch quan st v nghe cc on m thanh t mt ti liu trnh din PowerPoint trn my tnh b ti. Hay nu bn mun tm hiu v cch cc ni dung hc tp dng truyn thng c th c truyn ti trn cc thit b cm tay nh Palm hay Pocket PC. E-Learning gip cch t chc gii quyt nhng vn chnh yu nht. Rt nhiu doanh nghip thng k c lng thi gian m hc tit kim c khi tip cn th trng, ng thi gim thiu lng thi gian dnh cho o to nhn vin v u t vo cho ph c hi, ng thi p ng nhanh hn v tt hn cc nhu cu khch hng v c nhn vin ca chnh mnh. Vi cc doanh nghip, E-Learning ang ng mt vai tr quan trng gip h lun vng chc v cnh tranh hn trong thng trng. Trn y ch l mt vi l do gii thch ti sao E-Learning li tr nn quan trng nh vy. Tuy vy chc chn phi c nhng kh khn vi E-Learning ch? ng, bn cn phi c nhng trang thit b k thut v cng ngh ph hp, cc hc vin phi c trnh lm vic vi my tnh v mng Internet, thu c nhng li ch t cc c hi gio dc trc tuyn, v trong cc doanh nghip, vn ho giao tip cng c th quyt nh thnh bi ca E-Learning v M-Learning.

http://ictgroup.vn/sanpham23/s_208/gio_duc_ien_tu__ict_elearning__o_tao _truc_tuyen.htm 2) Cc chun trong e-Learning a) Chun ng gi Tng quan Nh chng ta cp trn, chun ng gi m t cc cch ghp cc i tng hc tp ring r to ra mt bi hc, cua hc, hay cc n v ni dung khc, sau vn chuyn v s dng li c trong nhiu h thng qun l khc nhau (LMS/LCMS). Cc chun ny m bo hng trm hoc hng nghn file c gp v ci t ng v tr.

Hnh 1: Chun ng gi Bn trong chun ng gi Chun ng gi e-Learning bao gm:

Cch ghp nhiu n v ni dung khc nhau thnh mt gi ni dung duy nht. Cc n v ni dung c th l cc cua hc, cc file HTML, nh, multimedia, style sheet, v mi th khc xung n mt icon nh nht. Gm thng tin m t t chc ca mt cua hc hoc module sao cho c th nhp vo c h thng qun l v h thng qun l c th hin th mt menu m t cu trc ca cua hc v hc vin s hc da trn menu .

Gm cc k thut h tr chuyn cc cua hc hoc module t h thng qun l ny sang h thng qun l khc m khng phi cu trc li ni dung bn trong. Hin ti c cc chun ng gi no T chc Nhn xt

AICC (Aviation Industry CBT Committee)

m bo cc cua hc kh chuyn khi tun theo chun AICC i hi phi c nhiu file, tu thuc vo mc phc tp. C th l bao gm file m t cua hc, cc n v ni dung khc, cc file m t, file cu trc cua hc, cc file iu kin... Chun ny c th thit k cc cu trc phc tp cho ni dung. Tuy nhin, cc nh pht trin phn nn rng chun ny rt phc tp khi thc thi v n khng h tr s dng li cc module mc thp. Ngc li, c t IMS Content and Packaging n

IMS Global Consortium

gin hn v cht ch hn. c t ny c cng ng e-Learning chp nhn v thc thi rt nhiu. Mt s phn mm nh Microsoft LRN Toolkit h tr thc thi c t ny. SCORM kt hp nhiu c t khc nhau trong c

SCORM(Sharable Content Object Reference Model)

IMS Content and Packaging. Trong SCORM 2004, ADL (hng a ra SCORM) c a thm Simple Sequencing 1.0 ca IMS. Hin ti a s cc sn phm e-Learning u h tr SCORM. SCORM c l l c t c mi ngi nht.

Chun ng gi ni dung trong SCORM Do c t v ng gi ni dung ca SCORM v IMS gn nh ging nhau v SCORM c bit n rng ri hn, chng ti s gii thiu qua v chun ng gi ni dung ca SCORM. Bn no mun tm hiu k hn v SCORM 1.2, SCORM 2004 c th vo website ca ADL download cc c t.

Hnh 2: chun Scorm C SCORM v IMS u dng c t IMS Content and Packaging. B cng c Mirosoft LRN Toolkit h tr c t ny. Ct li ca c t Content Packaging l mt file manifest. File manifest ny phi c t tn l imsmanifest.xml. Nh phn ui file a ra, file ny phi tun theo cc lut XML v cu trc bn trong v nh dng. Trong file ny c bn phn chnh:

Phn Meta-data ghi cc thng tin c th v gi. Phn Organizations l ni m t cu trc ni dung chnh ca gi. N gn nh mt bng mc lc. N tham chiu ti cc cc ti nguyn v cc manifest con khc c m t chi tit hn phn di. Phn tip theo l Resources. N bao gm cc m t ch ti cc file khc c ng cng trong gi hoc cc file khc ngoi (nh l cc a ch Web chng hn). Sub-manifests m t hon ton cc gi c gp vo bn trong gi chnh. Mi sub-manifest cng c cng cu trc bao gm Meta-data, Organizations, Resources, v Sub-manifests. Do manifest c th cha cc sub-manifest v cc sub-manifest c th cha cc sub-manifes khc na.

c t ny cho php gp nhiu cua hc v cc thnh phn cao cp khc t cc bi hc n l, cc ch , v cc i tng hc tp mc thp khc. c t ny cng cung cp cc k thut gp manifest v cc file thnh mt gi vt l. Cc nh dng file c khuyn co ghp cc file ring r l PKZIP (ZIP) file, Jar file (JAR), hoc cabinet (CAB) file. Phng php thc thi mt chun theo mt cng ngh c th c gi l binding v khng phi l phn li ca chun. b) Chun trao i thng tin Tng quan
Cc chun trao i thng tin xc nh mt ngn ng m con ngi hoc s vt c th trao i thng tin vi nhau. Mt v d d thy v chun trao i thng tin l mt t in nh ngha cc t thng dng dng trong mt ngn ng. Trong e-Learning, cc chun trao i thng tin xc nh mt ngn ng m h thng qun l o to c th trao i thng tin c vi cc module. Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt h thng qun l v cc module trao i vi nhau thng tin g v nh th no, cc chun trao i thng tin no ang c, chng hot ng nh th no, v chng ta phi lm g m bo tnh tng thch vi cc chun . b) Chun trao i thng tin cung cp nhng g? By gi chng ta xem h thng qun l v i tng hc tp trao i vi nhau nhng thng tin g?

Hnh 3: chun trao i thong tin

Qua hnh v chng ta thy mt vi ch chnh dng trong trao i thng tin:

H thng qun l cn bit khi no th i tng (hc tp) bt u hot ng i tng cn bit tn hc vin i tng thng bo ngc li cho h thng qun l hc vin hon thnh i tng bao nhiu phn trm H thng qun l cn bit thng tin v im hc vin lu vo c s d liu. H thng qun l cn bit khi no hc vin chm dt hc tp v ng i tng hc tp.

Chun trao i thng tin bao gm 2 phn: giao thc v m hnh d liu. Giao thc xc nh cc lut quy nh cch m h thng qun l v cc i tng hc tp trao i thng tin vi nhau. M hnh d liu xc nh d liu dng cho qu trnh trao i nh im kim tra, tn hc vin, mc hon thnh ca hc vin...

Hin ti c cc chun trao i thng tin no?

C hai t chc chnh a ra cc chun lin kt c thc thi nhiu trong cc h thng qun l hc tp.

1. Aviation Industry CBT Committee (AICC) AICC c hai chun lin quan, gi l AICC Guidelines v Recommendations (AGRs). AGR006 cp ti computer-managed instruction (CMI). N c p dng cho cc o to da trn Web, mainframe, a. AGR010 ch tp trung vo o to da trn Web.

2. SCORM
c t ADL SCORM bao gm Runtime Environment (RTE) quy nh s trao i gia h thng qun l o to v cc SCO (Sharable Content Object - i tng ni dung c th chia s c) tng ng vi mt module. Thc ra th SCORM dng cc c t mi nht ca AICC.