2011 In

Refarming of Freq
Term Evolution
B
Denny Kusuma Hendraningrat
[1
[1][2][3]
Faculty of Electrica
Jl. Telecom
[4]
Department F

Abstract Long Term Evolution (LTE) is kn
technology with bandwidth varying from 1.4
uses different modulation techniques at d
However, the availability of frequency allo
exhausted. Now, the opportunity of frequency
emerges along with the government plan
television (478-806 MHz) with 8 MHz ban
television because digital television needs le
analog television. The contribution of this pa
many eNodeBs needed for LTE FDD
implementation for frequency of 700 MHz an
scenarios for slot allocation of LTE providers.

Keywords LTE frequency, refarming of Fr
coverage, capacity
I. INTRODUCTION
Spectrum is a valuable resource. So, in
frequency for LTE, refarming needs to be d
a concept of rearrangement of previously u
new technologies to make it more optimal
also supported by government regulation tha
on digital television at the end of 2014
Indonesia and the use of 700 MHz frequ
refarming will not eliminate any existin
addition, the LTE with 700 MHz frequency
the number of towers that will further sav
network development. In this analysis, we a
LTE FDD and LTE TDD which is implem
The refarming scenarios can be cons
arrangement of frequency allocation for LTE
II. SPECTRUM FREQUENCY FOR
Currently, frequency of 700 MHz is
broadcast television service. But on the ot
countries, a broadcast television service is b
even for developed countries, are not allow
service anymore. They have begun to ente
nternational Conference on Electrical Engi
17-19 July 20
quency 700 MHz Analy
n (LTE) in Indonesia U
Budget Calculation

1]
, Nachwan Mufti A.
[2]
, Uke Kurniawan Usman
[3
al Engineering and Communication, Telkom Institute o
mmunications No.1 Bojongsoang Bandung, Indonesia
[1]
denny@mobilecommlab.or.id
[2]
nma@ittelkom.ac.id
[3]
uku@ittelkom.ac.id
FTUI, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indones
[4]
denny.setiawan71@ui.ac.id
nown as broadband
4 to 20 MHz which
different distances.
cations for LTE is
y allocation for LTE
to change analog
ndwidth into digital
ess bandwidth than
aper is to know how
D or LTE TDD
nd to know the best
.
requency 700 MHz,
n order to allocate
done. Refarming is
used frequency for
. This refarming is
at it will be applied
to major cities in
uency band for the
ng technology. In
y band will reduce
ve the cost of LTE
are able to compare
ented in 700 MHz.
sideration for the
E provider.
R LTE
currently used for
ther hand, in many
becoming absolute,
wed to broadcast the
er the era of digital
television, which transmits in
network. Surely the technology
digital television.
Along with the dev
telecommunication, digital tele
the LTE begin to be implement
to implement LTE in the futur
700 MHz in Indonesia is shown

Fig. 1 Spectrum Freq
Channel 22-62 each has 8 M
channel. The list of frequencies
frequency band is shown in Tab
TAB
UHF TELEVISION FR

UHF channels are grouped in
shown in Table II.

ineering and Informatics
011, Bandung, Indonesia

ysis for Long
Using Link
3]
, Denny Setiawan
[4]

of Technology
sia
nformation using packet data
in our country will soon adopt
velopment of Indonesian
evision era will emerge when
ed. This frequency can be used
e. The current frequency band
n in Fig 1.

quency on 700 MHz
MHz frequency band for each
s for each channel on the UHF
ble I.
LE I
REQUENCY CHANNEL

nto 6 channel group which is
I3 - 2
978-1-4577-0752-0/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

TABLE II
CHANNEL GROUP OF ANALOG TELEVISION

III. DIGITAL TELEVISION CAPACITY AND BANDWIDTH
ANALYSIS OPPORTUNITY FOR LTE
A. Digital Television Bandwidth Calculation
The standard requires Net Data Bit Rate of 2.4 Mbps or
greater to support the data rate that is expected to come from
the MPEG-2 encoder. So we can calculate the necessary
bandwidth value in digital television transmission using the
MPEG-2 encoder. Here are examples of digital television
capacity calculations using QPSK , such as equation 1.
BW= 1. 33 x
NDBR
Me x CRv x CRrs
.................. [1]
For digital television capacity in modulation and coding
rate that varies can be seen in Table III.

TABLE III
CAPACITY OF DIGITAL TELEVISION


From Table III, can be concluded higher modulation
schemes will produce lower bandwidth with a constant bit rate
(2.4 Mbps). Based on ITU-R WRC 07, Indonesia placed in
region 3 that LTE spectrum allocation ranging from 698 MHz
to 806 MHz. So, the allocation frequency required for digital
television channel in Indonesia ranging from channel 22 to
channel 48. Digital television channel can be compressed as
shown Table IV.

TABLE IV
THE RECOMMENDATIONS CHANNEL OF DIGITAL TELEVISION

In refarming process, according to standard ITU-R
WRC07 for LTE frequency band allocation is from 698 MHz
to 806 MHz frequency. So there are three additional channels
to be used for digital television applications or to the other, as
shown in Fig. 2.


Fig. 2 Refarming Digital Television After Digital Switchover
B. Spectrum Allocation Options for LTE
Current usage of frequency is the 700 MHz frequency
band (broadcast television) from 478 MHz to 806 MHz. Based
on ITU-R WRC07 decision, Indonesia which is in region 3
must use 698-806 MHz range for mobile broadband (LTE /
WiMAX). For the harmonization of LTE FDD frequency-
based APT AWF14 for FDD bandwidth allocation from 698
MHz to 806 MHz can only be used 2x45 MHz because 5 MHz
is currently used as guard band at 698-703 MHz, there are
centre gap of 10 MHz at 478-488 MHz and 3 MHz guard band
at 803 - 806 MHz, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 LTE FDD Frequency Allocation
For LTE TDD, the spectrum can be used from 694 MHz
to 806 MHz is 108 MHz which is used for uplink and
downlink simultaneously, as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 LTE FDD Frequency Allocation

IV. THE NUMBER OF E-NODEB ANALYSIS BASED ON LINK
BUDGET CALCULATION
A. LTE Link Budget Based on Coverage
1) Receiver Sensitivity: Receiver sensitivity value can be
calculated by equation 2.
SR= -102+SNR
(RX)
+10log_FS x [
Nuxed
NFFT
x [
NSuhchanne|
1
] .. [2]
so that the receiver sensitivity value for each modulation can
be shown as Fig. 5.


Fig. 5 Receiver Sensitivity

2) Maximum Allowable Pathloss (MAPL): From the
sensitivity of our receiver can calculate the value of pathloss
by equation 3.
MAPL= Pt-Ls+Gt+Gr-SR .................. [3]
But in TDD mode there is power reduction as shown as by
equation 4.
PD= 10 log (
DL
DL+UL
) [4]

TABLE V
LINK BUDGET PARAMETERS
Parameter Value
Power Transmit (Pt) 43 dBm
Gain Transmit (Gt) 18 dBi
Gain Receive (Gr) 0 dBi
Antenna Transmit Height (hb) 30 meters
Antenna Receive Height (hr) 1,5 meters
Loss system (Ls) 3 dB

The value MAPL can be seen in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Comparison of MAPL from equation 3.
To calculate the cell radius can be used Okumura Hatta propagation
model such as equation 5.
PL= 69,55 + 26,16 log f 13,83 log htx a(hrx) + (44,9
6,55 log htx) log d ........... [5]
B. LTE Link Budget Based on Capacity
LTE OFDMA capacity can be determined using equation 6
based on frame structure.
C = M x N
PRB
x N
Subcarrier/PRB
x N
Sym/TTI
x N
Subframe/Sec
.... [6]
By using the assumption of 3 sectors for each site, then the
cell radius can be calculated by equation 7.
Cell radius = _
C x 3
OBQ (Oered B|t Qua||ty)x2.
.......... [7]
C. The Number of eNode B Calculation and Duplexing Mode
Analysis for LTE Implementation in Frequency Band 700
MHz
By comparing the trade-off cell radius based on capacity
and based on coverage, the amount of eNodeB required for
frequency of 700 MHz using a bandwidth of 2x20 MHz
(paired) for LTE FDD and 20 MHz for LTE TDD
implemented on varying wide area (100 km
2
, 250 km
2
and 500
km
2
) and varying user traffic (50 Mbps and 100 Mbps) can be
viewed in the Fig. 7.


Fig. 7 Number of eNode-B 2x20 MHz LTE FDD and 20 MHz LTE TDD
From Fig. 7 can be seen that bigger the OBQ and the total
area, the comparison of the number of eNodeB between LTE
TDD and LTE FDD more significant. So LTE FDD would be
more suitable for LTE in Indonesia if implemented 2x20 MHz
for LTE FDD and 20 MHz for LTE TDD.
By looking at the ratio between the number eNodeB on
LTE FDD and LTE TDD, it can be seen the implementation
of cost savings from the number of eNodeB when compared
with LTE FDD toward LTE TDD as shown in Table VI.

TABLE VI
THE NUMBER OF LTE FDD (2X20 MHZ) TOWARD LTE TDD (20 MHz)
OBQ
(Mbps/km2)
Wide Area (km2)
100 250 500
50 10 eNodeBs 27 eNodeBs 55 eNodeBs
100 22 eNodeBs 55 eNodeBs 110 eNodeBs

Table VI shows that the cost for LTE FDD will be cheaper
when used 2x20 MHz bandwidth for LTE FDD toward 20
MHz bandwidth for LTE TDD.
Fig. 8 shows the number of eNode B which is
implemented in 700 MHz frequency band using bandwidth
2x10 MHz (paired) for LTE FDD and 20 MHz for LTE TDD,
with varying wide area (100 km2, 250 km2 and 500 km2) and
varying user traffic (50 Mbps and 100 Mbps).


Fig. 8 Number of eNodeB 2x10 MHz LTE FDD and 20 MHz LTE TDD
By looking at the ratio between the number eNodeB on
LTE FDD and LTE TDD, it can be seen the implementation
of cost saving from the number of eNodeB when compared
LTE FDD with LTE TDD as shown in Table VII:


TABLE VII
SAVING THE NUMBER OF LTE TDD (20 MHZ) TOWARD LTE FDD
(2X10 MHZ)
OBQ (Mbps/km2)
Wide Area (km2)
100 250 500
50 6 eNodeBs 15 eNodeBs 28 eNodeBs
100 11 eNodeBs 29 eNodeBs 55 eNodeBs
Table VII shows that the cost for LTE TDD will be
cheaper when used 2x10 MHz bandwidth for LTE FDD
toward 20 MHz bandwidth for LTE TDD.
V. LTE REFARMING ANALYSIS
A. Predicted population
First, predict the population is used for the next few years
before make a scenarios such as equation 8:
Un = Uo ( 1 + fp )
n
.......................

[8]

With assume number of population of a region is
1,867,010 people in 2009 and its growth rate is assumed 1.34
every 2 year. The parameters used in this research is shown in
Table VII:
TABLE VIII
CUSTOMERS PARAMETERS ASSUMPTIONS
Parameter number of customers Value
Cellular Penetration (%) 80
Cellular growth every 2 years (%) 20
UMTS Penetration (%) 5
UMTS growth every 2 years (%) 1
The number of UMTS provider customers (%) 60
LTE Penetration (%) 3
The number of provider customers LTE (%) 60
LTE growth every 2 years (%) 1
Distribution of customers are assumed to consist of 30% in
building, 40% pedestrian and 30% vehicular.
B. Traffic Estimation
To estimate total traffic density of LTE services, it can use
Offered Bit Quantity (OBQ). OBQ is the total throughput of
bits/km
2
at a hour. Basically, for each LTE service, OBQ is
calculated during peak hours for a particular area based on
several assumptions, namely penetration of users, effective
calls duration, Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA) and the
bandwidth from the LTE services. BHCA is the number of
times a phone call attempt during the busiest hours of the day.
So, OBQ can be calculated such as equation 9.
OBQ = x p x d x BHCA x BW ........................ [9]
Parameters assumption based on earlier studies, OBQ
stated in table IX.




TABLE IX
OBQ PARAMETERS
Service P d BHCA
BW
(Mbps)
VOIP 0,4 45 0,04 0,064
DATA 0,5 20 0,008 0,384
HMM 0,1 40 0,008 1

VOIP service is a service that used for VOIP only and
DATA is the service to serve data connection, such as SMS,
MMS, EMS, and email services. HMM (High Interactive
Multimedia) is the services that serve the media stream, IPTV,
online gaming, video conferencing, and other multimedia
services.
C. LTE Refarming Scenarios
Scenario in refarming LTE conducted to test performance
of bandwidth usage for LTE providers based on frequency
auction scenario. Some scenarios applied to see the cell radius
based on the coverage and capacity. In this scenario used
some assumptions and limitation of refarming :
a. Only 3 LTE providers in the scenario to be analysed.
b. Each provider can only add 5 MHz and business
development aspect assumed linier for each provider.
c. The allocation of frequencies for LTE FDD is 45 MHz
and use 30 MHz dual duplexer scheme.
d. Every 4 years each provider increase 5 MHz bandwidth
as shown as each scenario and was started in 2015 (the
end of the year 2014 have replaced analog television to
digital television).
e. TDD frequency allocations which used in refarming
scenario is 60 MHz (unpaired) from 698 MHz to 758
MHz.
f. Link budget is used in urban areas with 167.5 km
2
.
g. Using reuse 1 scheme in the scenario.
1) Case I : Refarming Scenarios LTE FDD - In FDD
scenarios , frequency regulation will be used 45 MHz which is
divided every 5 MHz for each slot and used 30 MHz dual
duplexer scheme.
Scenario 1, the two providers is planned to use a combination
of dual carrier 10MHz+5MHz and an provider using 15 MHz
as shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 Scenario 1 Refarming of LTE FDD
Scenario 2, each provider planned to use 15 MHz allocation as
shown in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10 Scenario 2 Refarming of LTE FDD

Scenario 3, provider A is planned to use 20 MHz, provider B
using 15 MHz and provider C using 10 MHz as shown in Fig.
11.

Fig. 11 Scenario 3 Refarming of LTE FDD
From the scenario as shown in Fig. 9, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 ,
the result of the cell radius can be seen in Fig. 12.

Fig. 12 Cell Radius of LTE FDD
From Fig. 12, it can be seen the results of the cell radius
that suitable until 2035 is scenario 2. In Fig. 12, there are dual
carrier mechanisms to maximize cell radius. In 2019, all
providers using dual carrier scheme 5MHz+5MHz in all
scenarios. In 2023, provider C using 10MHz+5MHz in all
scenarios, and in 2027, provider A and C using 10MHz+5
MHz for scenario 2. In conclusion, scenario 2 is the most
suitable scenario applied in Indonesia because the stability of
the cell radius.
So the refarming recommendation of LTE FDD as shown
in Fig 13.

Fig. 13 Refarming Recommendation of LTE FDD
2) Case II : Refarming Scenarios LTE TDD - In TDD
scenarios, frequency regulation will be used 60 MHz which is
divided every 5 MHz for each slot.
Scenario 1, each provider planned to use a combination of
2x10 MHz dual carrier as shown in Fig. 14.

Fig. 14 Scenario 1 Refarming of LTE TDD
Scenario 2, each provider planned to use a combination of
dual carrier 15 MHz +5 MHz as shown in Fig. 15.

Fig. 145 Scenario 2 Refarming of LTE TDD
Scenario 3, each provider planned to use the maximum
bandwidth of 20 MHz as shown in Fig. 16.

Fig. 16 Scenario 3 Refarming of LTE TDD
From the scenario as shown in Fig. 14, Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 ,
the result of the cell radius can be seen in Fig. 17.

Fig. 157 Cell Radius of LTE TDD
From Fig. 17, it can be seen the results of the radius of the
cell that suitable until 2035 is scenario 3. In Fig. 16, there are
dual carrier mechanisms to maximize cell radius. In 2019,
provider C is better using dual carrier scheme 5MHz+5MHz
than single carrier 10 MHz. In conclusion, scenario 3 is the
most suitable scenario applied in Indonesia because the
stability of cell radius if using LTE TDD configuration 3.
So the refarming recommendation of LTE TDD as shown
in Fig 18.

Fig. 18 Refarming Recommendation of LTE TDD
D. Scenario Comparison of LTE FDD and LTE TDD
From the analysis of cell radius between LTE FDD in scenario
3 (Fig. 15) and LTE TDD configuration 5 in scenario 2 (Fig.
10), it can be compared cell radius from 2015 to 2035 as
shown in Fig. 19.

Fig. 19 Comparison Cell Radius LTE FDD Scenario 2 and LTE TDD
Scenario 3
From Fig. 17 shows that the LTE FDD better coverage than
the LTE TDD.



VI. CONCLUSION
Conclusion of this work addressed to know availability of
LTE spectrum allocation in Indonesia after the change from
analog television to digital television. The implementation of
digital television can minimize bandwidth analog television
to 2 (56.75%) to 12 (91.75%) times smaller. For digital
television refarming in Indonesia, can use 27 UHF channel,
starting from 22
th
channel (478 MHz) to 48
th
channel (694
MHz). Channel UHF on digital television can be reduced to
14 channels UHF (112 MHz or 34.146 %) from 41 channels
become 27 channels. The allocation of the maximum available
spectrum for LTE FDD allocation is limited to 2x45 MHz and
for LTE TDD is 108MHz. LTE FDD with 2x20 MHz
bandwidth is better than the LTE TDD 20 MHz which can
save up to 110 eNodeBs (66.67%) for implementation in an
area of 500 km
2
and 100 Mbps of traffic OBQ. LTE TDD with
20 MHz bandwidth is better than 2x10 MHz LTE TDD which
can save up to 55 eNodeBs (20.7%) for implementation in an
area of 500 km
2
and 100 Mbps of traffic OBQ. The best
implementation of LTE FDD when used with a bandwidth of
15 MHz (scenario 2) for each provider, and for the LTE TDD
is 20 MHz (scenario 3) for each provider.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank to DG Post &
Telecommunication Indonesia for the support and reference
during the preparation and the refarming analysis.
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