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THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL AND SPECIAL BUILDINGS Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build.

20, 102120 (2011) Published online 1 June 2010 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/tal.610

Limited ductility design of reinforced concrete columns for tall buildings in low to moderate seismicity regions
Johnny Ching Ming Ho*,
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

SUMMARY Nonlinear moment-curvature analysis using stressstrain relationships of the constitutive materials and take into account the stress path dependence of longitudinal steel was performed to study the structural parameters affecting the exural ductility of high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) columns. From the analysis, a theoretical equation for designing square-shaped limited ductility HSRC columns was proposed that correlates the volumetric ratio of conning reinforcement within critical region to the cross-section core area ratio, yield strengths of longitudinal and conning reinforcement, area ratio of longitudinal reinforcement, concrete strength and compressive axial load level. The validity of the proposed theoretical equation was veried by testing eight square-shaped columns with concrete cylinder strength varied from 50 to 96 MPa and longitudinal steel ratio from 0.9 to 6.1% that contained the proposed content of conning reinforcement within the critical region of columns. Outside the critical region, the conning steel is designed based on ultimate shear demand. The columns were tested under reversed cyclic inelastic displacements and compressive axial load, whose magnitude was held constant throughout the test. From the test results, it was observed that the ultimate curvature ductility factor obtained for these columns were about 10, which are considered to behave in a limited ductility manner. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

1. INTRODUCTION The mechanical properties and behaviour of high-strength concrete (HSC) are different from normalstrength concrete (NSC). Because of its higher strength-to-weight ratio, it is particularly popular in the columns construction of high-rise buildings. Apart from having higher strength, HSC also has larger initial elastic modulus, shear strength and tensile strength (Logan et al., 2009). However, HSC is generally more brittle than NSC. The larger elastic modulus of HSC results in less dilation of concrete core during axial compression and thereby reducing conning performance of lateral reinforcement in columns (Mirmiran and Shahawy, 1997; Lu and Hsu, 2007). The situation is even worse for high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) columns subjected to exure and axial compression. It was also reported experimentally (Li et al., 1991; Bayrak and Sheikh, 1998; Paultre et al., 2001; Ho and Pam, 2003a, 2003b; Havaei et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2009) and theoretically (Wu et al., 2004; Elmenshawi and Brown, 2009; Lam et al., 2009a) that HSRC columns with very high concrete strength were extremely brittle if they were not conned adequately. Furthermore, the conning reinforcement provided to HSRC columns should be more than that provided to normal-strength reinforced concrete (NSRC) columns for preserving the same level of ductility (Lam et al., 2009b). It is evident from the above that the design of HSRC beams and columns is different from those of NSRC. Accordingly, a complete review of the design of HSRC structural members based on performance-based design (Moehle, 2006; Klemencic et al., 2007; Lew, 2007; Englekirk, 2008; Fry et al., 2009; Goel et al., 2009; Yousuf and Bagchi, 2009) is necessary.

* Correspondence to: Johnny Ching Ming Ho, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong E-mail: johnny.ho@hku.hk Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

LIMITED DUCTILITY DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS

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For structures located in seismic risk regions, the design of HSRC structures should consider appropriate methods of dissipating the enormous energy induced by earthquake attack. This can be generally achieved by installing dampers (Chung et al., 2009; Heo et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009; Marano and Greco, 2009), adopting base isolation design (Ribakov, 2009; Takewaki and Fujita, 2009; Yamamoto et al., 2009) or by careful detailing of reinforcement such that plastic hinges could be formed at designated location(s) to dissipate excessive energy through inelastic structural damage but not collapse (Park, 2001). Comparing with the installation of dampers and adopting base isolation method, the method of reinforcement detailing is less costly and is applicable to all types of structures. In this method, the structural engineers should design the locations of plastic hinges to be formed during the earthquake attack. The structural members on which the plastic hinges are formed should possess adequate exural ductility and/or deformability for energy dissipation under large inelastic deformation. For RC structures subjected to exure with or without axial load, it is commonly accepted that the exural ductility and/or deformability can be improved signicantly by increasing the conning pressure provided to the concrete core. The improved conning pressure could be achieved by installing transverse steel with close spacing and/or in larger diameter (Park, 1982; Li et al., 1991; Ho and Pam, 2003a, 2003b, Ho et al., 2009), conning the concrete member using circular or rectangular hollow steel tube (Uy, 1998; Ellobody and Young, 2006; Bambach et al., 2008), using external steel plate (Kim et al., 2008; Sabouri-Ghomi et al., 2008; Su et al., 2009) as well as wrapping the concrete member by bre reinforced polymer (Hong et al., 2008; Lam and Teng, 2009; Wu and Wei, 2009). Amongst these methods, the rst one of installing more conning reinforcement is the simplest and most convenient measure in practical construction of tall building structures. For HSRC frame structures located in high seismic risk regions, the columns are usually designed to be fully ductile (Watson and Park, 1994; Bayrak and Sheikh, 1998; Paultre et al., 2001) such that large amount of conning steel is provided in the critical regions for plastic hinge formation during earthquake (Pam and Ho, 2009; Yan and Au, 2009). However, for regions of low to moderate seismicity, where structures could be subjected to reduced ductility demand (Tsang et al., 2009), the same provision of fully ductile columns may lead to reinforcement congestion and increase in construction cost (Pam and Ho, 2009; Lam et al., 2009b). Therefore, the amount of conning steel may be reduced while maintaining a moderate level of exural ductility. Up to now, for HSRC columns, very few analyses have been performed on the complete moment-curvature curves of limited ductility columns that extend well into the post-peak region and take into account stress-path dependence effect of longitudinal steel (Pam et al., 2001; Ho et al., 2003). Much experimental research has been conducted to investigate the exural ductility performance of fully ductile columns (Park, 1982; Li et al., 1991; Sheikh et al., 1994; Watson and Park, 1994; Bayrak and Sheikh, 1998; Paultre et al., 2001; Bae and Bayrak, 2008). However, tests on the post-elastic exural behaviour of limited ductility HSRC columns are limited. In this paper, an extensive parametric study based on nonlinear moment-curvature analysis has been carried out to investigate the exural ductility performance of limited ductility HSRC columns. In the analysis, previously established stress-strain curves of conned and unconned concrete were adopted (Cusson and Paultre, 1995), whereas the author has also included the stress-path dependence properties of steel reinforced during the softening phase of HSRC columns in the post-elastic stage under large curvature. From the results obtained, a theoretical equation was proposed to correlate the volumetric ratio of connement steel to various structural parameters, such as gross to core section area ratio, yield strengths of longitudinal and connement steel, area ratio of longitudinal steel, concrete compressive strength and compressive axial load level. To verify the validity of the proposed equation, the exural ductility performance of HSRC columns containing conning steel according to the proposed equation was investigated experimentally. Eight columns having concrete cylinder strength from 50 to 96 MPa were tested under different axial load levels and large reversed cyclic inelastic displacement excursions. From the test results, it was observed that the curvature ductility factors achieved by these columns were about 10, which is considered adequate for the design of limited ductility HSRC columns (Standards New Zealand, 2006).

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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2. STRESSSTRAIN RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CONSTITUTIVE MATERIALS 2.1. Stressstrain curve of concrete In this study, the concrete stress-strain curve developed by Cusson and Paultre (1995) was chosen for the nonlinear moment-curvature analysis. The ratio of concrete stress and respective concrete strain increase are expressed respectively as: fcc fco = 1 + 2.1( f e fco )
0.7

(1) (2)

cc = co + 0.21( f e fco )

1.7

where fcc and fco are the maximum compressive strength of conned and unconned concrete respectively. co is the axial concrete strain corresponding to fco, and f is the effective connement pressure calculated by: f e = ke fhcc Ash ( sc ) (3)

where ke is the connement effectiveness coefcient dened by Mander et al. (1988), fhcc is the stress in connement steel at fcc, Ash and s are the cross sectional area and spacing of connement steel respectively and c is the side dimension of concrete core. The entire conned concrete stress (f) and strain () relationship is expressed as follows: Ascending branch r ( cc ) f = fcc r r 1 + ( cc ) Descending branch f = fcc exp k1 ( cc ) 2
k

(4)

(5)

The values of r, k1 and k2 are given by Cusson and Paulture (1995). To evaluate the value of fhcc in Equation (3), an iterative process is required. To start with, the strain in connement steel hcc is evaluated as:

hcc = 0.5 cc [1 ( f e fcc )]

(6)

First, the connement steel is assumed yielded at the concrete peak stress. The respective values of fe, fcc, cc and hcc can be calculated respectively from Equations (3); (1); (2) and (6) respectively. If hcc is larger than steel yield strain, the connement steel has yielded and fhcc = fys. Otherwise, hcc is used to recalculate fe, fcc, cc and a new value of hcc until it converges to within 1%. On the other hand, the stressstrain curve of the cover concrete, which is unconned, adopts the same relationships expressed in Equations (4) and (5), except that fcc and cc are replaced by fco and co respectively. 2.2. Stressstrain curve of reinforcement A linearly elastic-perfectly plastic with strain-hardening portion, which is symmetrical in both compression and tension, is adopted for the stressstrain curve of steel in the nonlinear moment-curvature analysis. The stressstrain curve is given by: Es s fs = fy P fsu + ( f y fsu )[( su s ) ( su sh )] if s < y if y s sh if sh < s su

(7)

where fsu is the ultimate strength, su is the ultimate strain at fsu, and P is given by:
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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Table 1. Mechanical properties of steel reinforcement in column specimens. Stress (MPa) Reinf.
T12 T20 T32 R12

Yield fy
531 522 525 339

Ultimate fsu
648 663 646 461

sh
0.021 0.021 0.020 0.024

su
0.102 0.116 0.095 0.150

Es (GPa)
203 201 203 208

sh P = 0.05Es su fsu f y

(8)

In this analysis, it is suggested to adopt fsu = 1.15fy, sh = 0.02 and su = 0.11 (Ho et al., 2005; Bai and Au, 2009), which are reasonably close to the actually measured values as listed in Table 1.

3. NONLINEAR MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS 3.1. Assumptions and method of analysis Five basic assumptions are made in the analysis: (a) Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending; (b) the tensile strength of the concrete may be neglected; (c) there is no relative slip between concrete and steel reinforcement; (d) the concrete core is conned while the concrete cover is unconned; and (e) The conning pressure provided to the concrete core by connement is assumed to be constant throughout the concrete compression zone. These assumptions are commonly accepted and have been adopted by various researchers (Pam et al., 2001; Ho et al., 2003, 2005, 2009; Bai and Au, 2009; Lam et al., 2009a, 2009b). The moment-curvature behaviour of the column section is analysed by applying prescribed curvatures to the column section incrementally starting from zero. At a prescribed curvature, the stresses developed in the concrete and the steel are determined from the strain prole across the section and their respective stress-strain curves. Then, the neutral axis depth and resisting moment are evaluated from the axial and moment equilibrium conditions, respectively. The above procedure is repeated until the curvature is large enough for the resisting moment to increase to the peak and then decrease to 50% of the peak moment. It was observed in the analysis that initially the neutral axis depth reduces with the curvature (Ho et al., 2003). However, in the post-elastic range after reaching the peak moment, the neutral axis depth increases rapidly and beyond a certain point, which depends on the axial load level in the column, the tension steel strain starts to reduce causing strain reversal. The strain reversal reduces the steel tensile stress and hence the tension steel becomes stress path dependent. The unloading path of the steel is parallel to the initial elastic modulus until it reaches the residual plastic strain p at zero steel stress. 3.2. Nonlinear moment-curvature curves of columns Some of the selected moment-curvature curves analysed for a common column section dimensions shown in Figure 1 are plotted in Figure 2. It is obvious that the peak moment and the post-peak branch are signicantly affected by concrete strength, axial load level and conning steel ratio. In Figure 2(a, b), it is seen that the peak moment increases with increasing the concrete strength up to the axial load level of 0.3, beyond which it decreases. The exural ductility of columns is observed to decrease considerably by increasing the concrete strength and compressive axial load level. On the contrary, an increase in connement reinforcement would always increase the exural ductility.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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J. C. M. HO

400mm

Section properties for parametric study: fc fy fys 400 mm = 50 100 MPa = 460 MPa = 250 or 460 MPa = 1% 6% = 1% 4%

Ag/Ac = 1.2 1.4 P/Ag fc = 0.1 0.7

Figure 1. Column section adopted for parametric study.

4. FLEXURAL DUCTILITY ANALYSIS 4.1. Ultimate curvature ductility factor The exural ductility is represented by the ultimate curvature ductility factor c:

c = u y

(9)

where u and y are the ultimate and yield curvatures respectively (Watson and Park, 2004). The ultimate curvature is the curvature at which the moment capacity has dropped to 80% of the peak moment (Mp). The yield curvature is taken as the curvature extrapolated from 0.75 Mp until it reaches Mp. 4.2. Parametric study An extensive parametric study investigating the ductility of HSRC columns has been conducted using the column section as shown in Figure 1. The concrete cylinder strength (fc) varied from 50100 MPa. The longitudinal steel ratio () varied from 16%, conning steel ratio (s) from 14%, the core area ratio (Ag/Ac) from 1.21.4 and the axial load level P/Agfc from 0.10.7. The longitudinal steel yield strength is 460 MPa while that of transverse steel is either 250 or 460 MPa. 4.3. Results of analysis The following equation is proposed to calculate the volumetric ratio of conning steel for limited ductility HSRC columns:

fy P Ag s = 1.02 0.2 0.16 Ac Ag fc fc

0.9

fc + 0.008 f ys

(10)

The detailing of the connement steel provided according to Equation (10) shall have its ends bent by at least 135 to form a 45 hook with a minimum continuation length of 6d from the tangent point, where d is the diameter of transverse steel (Figure 3). It has been shown from previous experimental study (Ho and Pam, 2003b) that 135 hooks within critical regions remain intact which provided effective lateral restraint to delay the longitudinal steel from inelastic buckling. However, the same study also showed that 90 hooks within column critical region were opened easily under large inelastic column curvature. The validity of the proposed equation for designing limited ductility HSRC columns will be veried by experiment.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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1000

800

Moment (kNm)

fc = 80 MPa fc = 100 MPa fc = 120 MPa

600

400

200

0 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Curvature (rad/m)

(a) P/Ag fc = 0.3, s = 1% and = 3%


1000

800

Moment (kNm)

P/Ag fc = 0.1 P/Ag fc = 0.3 P/Ag fc = 0.6

600

400

200

0 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Curvature (rad/m)

(b) fc = 100 MPa, s = 1% and = 3%


1000

Moment (kNm)

800

600

400

200

s = 1% s = 2% s = 3%
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

0 0.00

Curvature (rad/m)

(c) fc = 100 MPa, P/Ag fc = 0.3 and = 3%

Figure 2. Theoretical moment-curvature curves for some column sections. 5. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME Eight column specimens were fabricated and tested in a 6600 kN self-reaction steel-loading frame under combined compressive axial load and cyclic inelastic displacement excursions. The concrete compressive cylinder strength varied from 50 to 96 MPa, compressive axial load level from 0.1 to
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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6d

45 hooks

Figure 3. Proposed bend details of stirrups with 45hooks.


Table 2. Section properties of column specimens. Longitudinal steel Column
NEW-60-06-61-S NEW-60-06-61-C NEW-100-03-24-S NEW-100-03-24-C NEW-80-01-09-S NEW-80-03-24-C NEW-100-03-61-C NEW-100-06-61-C

Transverse steel within critical region of column d (mm)


T12 (R6) T12 (R8) T12 (R8) T12 (R8) R12 (R6) T12 (R8) T12 (R8) T16 (R8)

Actual fc (MPa)
50.0 56.1 83.3 96.4 77.8 80.6 94.7 85.0

Average P/Ag fc
0.61 0.59 0.32 0.38 0.12 0.31 0.39 0.65

Content
8T32 8T32 8T20 8T20 8T12 8T20 8T32 8T32

(%)
6.1 6.1 2.4 2.4 0.9 2.4 6.1 6.1

s (mm)
70 (100) 110 (210) 70 (100) 90 (150) 85 (100) 105 (150) 100 (100) 120 (100)

s (%)
2.10 (0.38) 2.00 (0.47) 2.10 (0.66) 2.45 (0.66) 1.73 (0.38) 2.10 (0.66) 2.20 (1.00) 3.20 (1.00)

s (%)
1.95 1.95 2.38 2.38 1.71 2.03 2.10 3.20

Values in parenthesis are the conning steel provided outside the critical region. s is based on specied values of material strengths and axial load level.

0.65, longitudinal steel ratio from 0.9 to 6.1%, the conning steel yield strength of 339 or 531 MPa. The reversed cyclic bending moment and displacement were applied by bending the column end via a horizontal rigid beam, which was cast monolithically with the column. Figure 4 shows a specimen during the testing process. Table 1 summarizes the mechanical properties of steel reinforcement. Table 2 summarizes the details of the column test specimens. 5.1. Test specimens Figure 4 shows a typical test specimen consisting of a column, a horizontal rigid beam and a top ange. The cross-section dimensions of column are 325 325 mm, and the height is 1515 mm. It represents a real column in an RC moment-resisting framed building between the contra-exure and the maximum bending moment points, which are located around the mid-height and at the face of the beam-column joint respectively. The area ratio of longitudinal steel varied from 0.9 to 6.1%. The conning steel content within critical region was calculated using Equation (10), while that outside the critical region was designed to resist the ultimate shear force only. It should be noted that the specied values of concrete strength, axial load level, and yield strengths of longitudinal and conning steel (460 MPa for all longitudinal and conning steel except the conning steel of NEW-80-01-09-S, which is 250 MPa) have been adopted to calculate the required ratio of conning steel, which are listed in Table 2 as s. For testing purpose, a predetermined length of critical region was adopted for
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

LIMITED DUCTILITY DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS

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650

bolt hole for hinge attachment flange column hinge

horizontal reaction R

125

760 1515

actuator force 2100 critical region B A rigid beam 2550 B A 500 325 applied axial load R 125 255 1895

bolt hole for actuator attachment 325 325 325

325

325

Section A-A (Units with suffix S)

Section A-A (Units with suffix C) Section B-B

Note: Clear cover to stirrups = 15 mm All dimensions in mm

Figure 4. Perspective view and loading application of the test specimens.

each specimen (Pam and Ho, 2009), i.e. 650 mm for columns subjected to high axial load level (i.e., NEW-60-06-61-S, NEW-60-06-61-C and NEW-100-06-61-C); 500 mm for columns subjected to moderate axial load level (i.e., NEW-100-03-24-S, NEW-100-03-24-C, NEW-80-03-24-C and NEW100-03-61-C); 325 mm for column subjected to low axial load level (i.e., NEW-80-01-09-S). The horizontal rigid beam was designed to behave elastically throughout the test and provide xed support to one of the column ends, where the maximum moment occurred. The ange at the other end of the column was designed sufciently strong to resist the exure and shear in order to facilitate attachment of the hinge of the loading frame.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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5.2. Instrumentation Strain gauges were attached on both longitudinal and transverse steel to measure the bending and shear or conning strains respectively. The locations of strain gauges are shown in Figure 5. Seven pairs of Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDTs) were installed on the extreme tension and compression bres of the column test specimen as shown in Figure 5. Among these LVDTs, the pair located at 25 mm above the beam-column interface was used to obtain the maximum column curvature. One LVDT (150 mm stroke) was installed at the column tip to measure column lateral deections. A builtin load cell was available in each of the MTS servo hydraulic actuators to measure the load applied. An external load cell was installed on the hydraulic actuator that applied axial load to the column. 5.3. Test procedure The rst cycle was load-controlled, in which the column was loaded to subsequently 0.75 Mu and 0.75 Mu, where positive indicates clockwise direction and Mu is the theoretical column exural strength evaluated according to Eurocode 2 (ECS, 2004). The lateral displacements at the column tip

LVDT (stroke = 150mm) LVDTs for measuring column maximum curvature

Critical region

1 = 150, 2 = 100 3 = 250, 4 = 50

350

355

690

355

350

(a) LVDTs on rigid beam and column

(b) Strain gauges on main bar

column 325mm


325mm

Section A-A (c) Strain gauges on confining steel ( location of strain gauges) beam

25mm

(d) LVDTs on extreme face of column fibre

Figure 5. Details of instrumentation.


Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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LIMITED DUCTILITY DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS

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were recorded as 1 and 2 respectively, where the nominal yield displacement y was determined by Equation (11): y = 4 1 + 2 3 2 (11)

The subsequent cycles are displacement-controlled. In the second cycle, the lateral displacement at the column tip were increased to + y and y to reach = +1 and 1 respectively, where is the nominal displacement ductility factor dened as

= y

(12)

In Equation (12), = measured lateral displacement at the column tip. Starting from the third cycle when = 2, the column was subjected to two full cycles. At the completion of every two cycles, was increased by one provided that the strength degradation was not too excessive. The process is repeated until the measured moment capacity was smaller than 80% of the maximum measured exural capacity. 5.4. Test observations During the test, it was found that no exural crack formed in the rst load-controlled elastic cycle for all column specimens except for NEW-80-01-09-S. The rst exural tension cracks occurred on the respective extreme tension bres at the second cycle when = 1. For NEW-80-01-09-S which was subjected to low compressive axial load level and contained small amount of longitudinal steel, the rst exural tension cracks occurred in the rst cycle when = 0.75. Similarly, in all column specimens except for NEW-80-01-09-S, the spalling of concrete cover on both extreme bres was initiated by the compression crushes that took place when the lateral displacement at the column tip was about to reach = 2. However for NEW-80-01-09-S, the concrete cover spalled in the cycle of = 3. As the lateral displacement increased in succeeding inelastic cycles, the concrete cover continued to spall so that nally the longitudinal steel buckled owing to the loss of concrete cover. The rst visible signs of concrete cover spalling and longitudinal steel buckling for the tested column specimens are shown in Figure 6 in their respective experimental moment-displacement hysteresis curves.

6. TEST RESULTS 6.1. Moment-displacement and moment-curvature hysteresis curves The moment-displacement and moment-curvature hysteresis curves of the column specimens are shown respectively in Figures 6 and 7. The theoretical moment capacity calculated based on Eurocode 2 (ECS 2004), Mu, is shown as a solid horizontal line in Figure 6, where the drop between this line and the dotted line refers to the secondary moment due to P- effect. Also shown in Figure 6 is the scale of nominal () and actual ( ) displacement ductility factor. From the hysteresis curves presented in Figure 6, it is observed that: (a) The maximum moment capacity of the column always occurred within inelastic range. Columns subjected to the largest axial load level, i.e. NEW-60-06-61-S, NEW-60-06-61-C and NEW-100-06-61-C, attained their maximum positive and negative moment capacities in the rst cycle of = 3 or 4. All other column specimens, which were subjected to either moderate or small axial load level, reached their exural strength in the cycle of = 2 or 3. The maximum moment capacities occur beyond the elastic cycle is mainly due to the conning effect provided by the conning reinforcement in the post-elastic range (Pam and Ho, 2001); (b) the proposed content of conning reinforcement causes HSRC columns subjected to high axial load level, i.e. NEW-60-06-61-S, NEW-60-06-61-C and NEW-100-06-61-C, to behave moderately ductile, as they managed to reach at least = 5 (drift = 5%); and (c) The
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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-4 -6 -4

-2 -2
moment (kNm)

0 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 2


l

2 4

4 6

-4 -6 -4

-2 -2
moment (kNm)

0 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 2 2

2 4

4 6

P- moment

P- moment

drift (%)

-6 -100 -80

-4 -60 -40

-2

0 20

2 40

4 60 80

6 100

-6 -100 -80

-4 -60 -40

-2

4 40 60

drift (%) 6

-20 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500

(mm)

-20 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500

80

100

(mm)

(a) NEW-60-06-61-S
Legend: l Spalling of left concrete cover Spalling of right concrete cover Buckling of left longitudinal bars Buckling of right longitudinal bars

(b) NEW-60-06-61-C

-4 -4

-2 -2 500 400 300 200 100 0

0 0 2

2 4

-4 -6 -4

-2 -2
moment (kNm)

0 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 2 2

2 4

4 6

moment (kNm)

P- moment

P- moment drift (%) 4 6


40 60 80 100

-6 -100 -80

-4 -60

-2 -40

0 20

-6 -120 -100 -80

-4

-2

4 40 60

drift (%)

-20 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500

-60 -40 -20 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500

80 100 120
(mm)

(mm)

(c) NEW-100-03-24-S

(d) NEW-100-03-24-C

Figure 6. Experimental moment-displacement hysteresis curve. results suggested that the moderate amount of conning reinforcement, calculated using Equation (10), could prevent brittle and sudden failure of HSRC columns having concrete cylinder strength of up to 96 MPa. From Figure 7, it can be observed that the column curvature increased rapidly after the rst two cycles due to: (a) large residual strain accumulated in the columns due to inelastic behaviour; (b) development of exural cracks; (c) extensive spalling of concrete cover; (d) inelastic buckling of longitudinal steel; and (e) formation of critical region. It is also evident that all column specimens could reach c 10 before failure occurred. The limited ductility behaviour of the column specimens is believed to be contributed by the provision of adequate connement reinforcement calculated according to Equation (10) within the column critical region. 6.2. Envelopes of moment-curvature curves Figure 8 compares the envelopes of the measured and the theoretical moment-curvature curves. The theoretical curves were considered only in the positive direction and derived based on the actual material strengths. From the gure, it is evident that the analytical moment-curvature curves almost
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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-4 -6 -4

-2 -2

0 0 300 200 2

2 4 6

-4

-2 -4 -2
moment (kNm)

0 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 20 2 2

2 4

4 6

-6

moment (kNm)

P- moment
1 00 0 0 2 20 40 4 60

P- moment drift (%)

-6 -100 -80

-4 -60 -40

-2 -20 -1 00 -200 -300

drift (%) 6
80 100

-6

-4

-2

4 40 60 80

-120 -100 -80 -60

-40 -20 -100 0 -200 -300 -400 -500

100 120
(mm)

(mm)

(e) NEW-80-01-09-S
Legend: l Spalling of left concrete cover Spalling of right concrete cover Buckling of left longitudinal bars Buckling of right longitudinal bars

(f) NEW-80-03-24-C

-4 -6 -4

-2 -2
moment (kNm)

0 0 600 400 200 2

2 4


P- moment

-6 -8

-4 -6 -4

-2

0 -2 0 600 400 2

2 4

4 6

6 8

moment (kNm)

P- moment

200 0 0 0 20 2 40 4 60 6
drift (%)

-6

-4

-2 0

0 0 20

2 40

4 60 80

6 drift (%) 100 120


(mm)

-6

-4

-2 -40 -20 -200 -400 -600

-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 -200 -400 -600

-120 -100 -80 -60

80 100 120
(mm)

(g) NEW-100-03-61-C

(h) NEW-100-06-61-C

Figure 6. Continued coincide with the experimental curves in the ascending branch. However, the analytical curves generally underestimate the post-peak moment-curvature curves of the column specimens slightly. 6.3. Displacement and curvature ductility factors Displacement and curvature ductility factors are used in this experimental study to evaluate the exural ductility of HSRC columns. Displacement ductility factor refers to the member overall ductility depending on the material strengths, axial load level, length and geometry of the member. On the other hand, curvature ductility factor refers to the section ductility, which depends on the section geometry, material strengths and axial load level. There are two types of displacement ductility factor. The rst one is nominal displacement ductility factor (), which is calculated using experimentally obtained lateral displacement based on the theoretical exural strength (Mu). The second denition is introduced based on the measured exural strength, and is named actual displacement ductility factor () since it is always observed that Mp > Mu. The actual yield displacement and actual displacement ductility factor can then be expressed, respectively, by:
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

114

J. C. M. HO

-10

-5

10

-15

-10

-5
moment (kNm)

10

15

moment (kNm)

500 400 300 200 100 0

500 400 300 200 100

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

-100 0.0 -200 -300 -400 -500

0.1

0.2

0.3

-0.3

-0.2

0 -0.1 -100 0.0 -200 -300 -400 -500

0.1

0.2

0.3

curvature (rad/m)

curvature (rad/m)

(a) NEW-60-06-61-S
-1 0 -5 0 5 10

(b) NEW-60-06-61-C
c
-10 -5 0 5 10

moment (kNm)

500 400 300 200 1 00 0

moment (kNm)

500 400 300 200 100

-0.1 5

-0.1 0

-0.05 -1 00 0.00 -200 -300 -400 -500

0.05

0.1 0

0.1 5

-0.15

-0.10

0 -0.05 -1000.00 -200 -300 -400 -500

0.05

0.10

0.15

curvature (rad/m)

curvature (rad/m)

(c) NEW-100-03-24-S
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

(d) NEW-100-03-24-C
c
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

moment (kNm)

moment (kNm)

300 200 100 0

500 400 300 200 100

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1 -100 -200 -300

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 -1000.00 -200 -300 -400 -500

curvature (rad/m)

0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 curvature (rad/m)

(e) NEW-80-01-09-S

(f) NEW-80-03-24-C

Figure 7. Experimental moment-curvature hysteresis curve.

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

LIMITED DUCTILITY DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS

115

-15

-10

-5
moment (kNm)

10

15

-10

-5

10

400 200

moment (kNm)

600

600 400 200

0 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 -200 -400 -600

0.05

0.10 0.15 0.20

0.25

0 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 -200 -400 -600

0.05

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25


curvature (rad/m)

curvature (rad/m)

(g) NEW-100-03-61-C

(h) NEW-100-06-61-C

Figure 7. Continued

Table 3. Ultimate actual displacement and curvature ductility factors. Column


NEW-60-06-61-S NEW-60-06-61-C NEW-100-03-24-S NEW-100-03-24-C NEW-80-01-09-S NEW-80-03-24-S NEW-100-03-61-C NEW-100-06-61-C

Average P/Agfc
0.61 0.59 0.32 0.38 0.12 0.31 0.39 0.65

s (%)
2.10 2.00 2.10 2.45 1.73 2.10 2.20 3.20

y (mm)*
20.4 20.0 15.3 18.9 18.4 18.4 24.4 19.9

u (mm)
68.6 79.9 51.7 73.7 67.1 77.5 108.2 89.7

d
3.4 4.0 3.4 3.9 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5

y (rad/m)*
0.0149 0.0171 0.0127 0.0125 0.0175 0.0151 0.0153 0.0188

u (rad/m)
0.1230 0.1742 0.1205 0.1121 0.2233 0.1481 0.1726 0.1944

c
8.3 10.2 9.5 9.0 12.8 9.8 11.3 10.4

*Average of positive and negative cycles.

y =

4 1 + 2 3 2

(13) (14)

= y

where 1 and 2 are the measured lateral displacements at 0.75 Mp respectively. To evaluate the exural ductility of the column units, ultimate actual displacement ductility factor (d) and ultimate curvature ductility factor (c) have been adopted in this study. Both ductility factors reveal the extent of respectively the lateral displacement at the column tip and the maximum column curvature that could be reached when the exural strength has degraded by 20% of Mp. The values of c can be calculated from Equation (9), while those of d from:

d = u y

(15)

where u is the ultimate displacement, measured at the column tip when the moment reaches 0.8 Mp in the post-peak range. The values of d and c together with their corresponding yield values are listed in Table 3. It can be observed that the obtained values of c for all column specimens are fairly close to 10, which could be regarded as the measure of limited ductility. Such design would be most suitable for HSRC columns of tall buildings located in low- and moderate-risked seismic areas or in structures that prohibit the development of fully ductile response.
Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

116

J. C. M. HO

600 500
Moment (kNm)

600 500
Moment (kNm)

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Analytical Analytical Experimental

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Analytical Experimental

Curvature (rad/m)

Curvature (rad/m)

(a) NEW-60-06-61-S
600 500
Moment (kNm) Moment (kNm)

(b) NEW-60-06-61-C
600 500 400 300 200 100
Analytical Experimental

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Analytical Experimental

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Curvature (rad/m)

Curvature (rad/m)

(c) NEW-100-03-24-S
600 500
Moment (kNm)
Analytical Experimental

(d) NEW-100-03-24-C
600 500
Moment (kNm)
Analytical Experimental

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Curvature (rad/m)

Curvature (rad/m)

(e) NEW-80-01-09-S
600 500
Moment (kNm) Moment (kNm)

(f) NEW-80-03-24-C
600 500 400 300 200 100
Analytical Experimental

400 300 200 100 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Analytical Experimental

0 0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Curvature (rad/m)

Curvature (rad/m)

(g) NEW-100-03-61-C

(h) NEW-100-06-61-C

Figure 8. Theoretical and experimental moment-curvature curves. 7. CONCLUSIONS Nonlinear moment-curvature curves well extended into the post-elastic region were studied analytically and experimentally to investigate the exural ductility performance of limited ductility HSRC columns. The analyses were based on the stressstrain curves of the concrete and steel that incorpoCopyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

LIMITED DUCTILITY DESIGN OF RC COLUMNS

117

rates the stress-path dependence effects of tension steel in the post-elastic range. By comparing the theoretical moment-curvature curves and the experimental envelopes, it is evident that the theoretical curves almost coincide with the experimental envelopes apart from some underestimation in the postpeak range. Subsequently, a comprehensive parametric study has been carried out using nonlinear moment-curvature analysis to correlate the volumetric ratio of conning reinforcement to various parameters for the design of limited ductility HSRC columns. The exural ductility performance of HSRC columns containing conning reinforcement designed according to the proposed formula was investigated experimentally. Eight HSRC columns with concrete cylinder strengths from 50 to 96 MPa have been cast and tested under various levels of compressive axial load from 0.1 to 0.65 and reversed cyclic inelastic displacement excursions. From the test results, it is evident that ultimate curvature ductility factors obtained for all the column specimens were close to 10, which is considered the standard for limited ductility. The design is thus suitable for HSRC columns of tall buildings in regions having low to moderate seismic risk where the design of fully ductile columns is too generous and/or not necessary.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Generous support from Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research (10208121) of The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank the laboratory staff of the Department of Civil Engineering, HKU, for their technical support provided in the experimental tests.

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NOTATIONS Ac Ag Ash c d Es f fc fcc, fco fhcc fe fs fsu fy fys ke Mp Mu P P R s T u y, y 1, 2 1, 2 cc, co hcc p s sh su y u, y , c d Core concrete area measured to outside of conning reinforcement Gross concrete cross-section area Cross-section area of conning reinforcement Side dimension of concrete core Diameter of conning reinforcement Elastic modulus of steel Stress in concrete Concrete cylinder strength Conned and unconned concrete compressive strengths Stress in connement steel at maximum conned concrete stress Effective lateral conning pressure Stress in steel Ultimate strength of steel Yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement Yield strength of conning reinforcement Connement effectiveness coefcient Measured maximum moment capacity Theoretical exural strength of column Compressive axial load Parameter for strain hardening portion of steel stress-strain curve (Eq. 8) Mild steel round bar with specied yield strength of 250 MPa Centre-to-centre spacing of conning reinforcement High yield deformed bar with specied yield strength of 460 MPa Measured lateral displacement of column tip Measured lateral displacement of column tip at 0.8 Mp post peak Nominal and actual yield displacements respectively Column lateral displacement at +0.75 Mu and 0.75 Mu respectively Column lateral displacement at +0.75 Mp and 0.75 Mp respectively Strain in concrete Concrete strains at conned and unconned concrete peak stresses Strain in conning steel at concrete peak stress Residual plastic strain in steel at zero stress after strain reversal Strain in steel Steel strain at commencement of strain hardening Ultimate steel strain Yield strain of steel Ultimate and yield curvatures Nominal and actual displacement ductility factors Ultimate curvature ductility factor Ultimate actual displacement ductility factors
Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

120

J. C. M. HO

s s

Area ratio of longitudinal steel Actual volumetric ratio of conning steel provided in column specimens Volumetric ratio of conning steel calculated by Eq. (10)

ABBREVIATIONS HSC HSRC LVDT NSC NSRC NZS RC High-strength concrete High-strength reinforced concrete Linear variable displacement transducer Normal-strength concrete Normal-strength reinforced concrete New Zealand Standard Reinforced concrete

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build. 20, 102120 (2011) DOI: 10.1002/tal

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