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Arie van der Winden
Table of Contents
Preamble 7
Chapter 1: Introduction 8
Chapter 2: Biodiesel 9
What is Biodiesel? 9
Advantages of Biodiesel 10
Disadvantages Biodiesel 11
Specifications 13
Quality 14
Heating 22
Filtration 23
Testing for Water 24
Chapter 5: Chemicals 27
Methanol 28
Sodium Methoxide 30
Environment 31
Health 32
Safety 33
Chapter 7: Storage 40
Biodiesel Containers 40
Chapter 8: Equipment-41
Introduction 42
What is Methanol? 55
I have been researching Biodiesel for several years and had so much information available that
it became difficult to keep it organised. I decided to put some of this information in a book,
which will be easy to access. My aim is to keep this up to date and make it available on the
Internet as an eBook.
• Chapter 1 : Introduction
• Chapter 2 : Biodiesel
• Chapter 3 : Waste Vegetable Oil Collection
• Chapter 4 : Waste Vegetable Oil Preparation
• Chapter 5 : Chemicals
• Chapter 6 : Environment, Health & Safety
• Chapter 7 : Storage
• Chapter 8 : Processing Equipment
• Chapter 9 : How I make Biodiesel
• Appendix 1 : Frequently Asked Questions
• Appendix 2 : Glossary of Terms
Chapter 1: Introduction
You can make your own. The question is, should you? Yes, why not? You will help the
environment and safe money.
I hope to share my experience to make the operation safer, should you decide to go ahead and
make your own.
• In no way should you be making your own Biodiesel unless you receive proper training and
instruction from a professional on how to handle the chemicals and any other components
used in the making of Biodiesel.
• Before you purchase anything, make sure you have a reliable supply of feedstock and
chemicals.
• Can you assure that the quality of the Biodiesel meets specifications? Many Biodiesel
producers have in-house labs or take other measures to ensure that the quality of the
Biodiesel they produce meets ASTM standards for optimal performance of diesel engines
and vehicles.
• How much Biodiesel will you actually use? If you use a small amount of Biodiesel, it may be
more cost-effective to simply purchase your Biodiesel from a reputable producer or retail
distributor.
• How will you store the Biodiesel? Storage is another quality-related issue as Biodiesel
should not be stored for more than six months as it will degrade.
• Check with your local Council about their fuel storage regulations.
• At what percentage will you use the Biodiesel? Most engine and vehicle manufacturers
warrant their vehicles for use of up to 5% of Biodiesel in Petrodiesel (B5). The use of high-
level blends (B20+) and pure Biodiesel (B100), should probably be avoided. It’s up to you
as you will loose your warranty of any fuel related problems.
Chapter 2: Biodiesel
What is Biodiesel?
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) are receiving increasing attention as a non-toxic,
biodegradable, and renewable alternative diesel fuel.
These esters have become known as Biodiesel.
Many studies have shown that the properties of Biodiesel are very close to Petrodiesel.
Therefore, Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines with few or no modifications.
Biodiesel has a higher Cetane Number than Petrodiesel, no aromatics, and contains 10 to 11%
oxygen by weight.
These characteristics of Biodiesel reduce the emissions of Carbon Monoxide (CO),
Hydrocarbon (HC), and particulate matter (PM) in the exhaust gas compared with Petrodiesel.
One of the key advantages of Biodiesel is that it is renewable fuel. Fossil fuels (like petrol &
diesel) are non-renewable. Renewable fuels like Biodiesel are sustainable source of fuel
because, as long as they are produced in a ecologically sustainable way, they will not run out.
Biodiesel has also been shown to greatly reduce net CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. This is
because CO2, which is released when the fuel is burnt, is captured by growing plants, the oil of
which, is processed into another batch of Biodiesel.
Using Biodiesel also has the potential to greatly reducing our reliance on expensive imported oil,
leading to the creation of local jobs and the improvement of our balance of payments situation.
Biodiesel performs very much like Petrodiesel as it has similar power, torque and fuel economy.
The big advantage in using Biodiesel is that harmful exhaust emissions are substantially
reduced compared to Petrodiesel. Emissions such as unburned hydrocarbons, Carbon
Monoxide, Sulphur, aromatics and particulates are reduced when using Biodiesel.
Biodiesel provides better engine lubrication than Low Sulphur Petrodiesel. Biodiesel is also
safer to handle due to its excellent biodegradability characteristics, low toxicity and high
flashpoint.
The great thing about Biodiesel is that it can be made from waste vegetable oil. This means that
not only do vehicles running on Biodiesel produce less harmful air pollution, they are also
benefiting the environment by reusing oil that would normally go into landfill or be used for
feedstock.
Disadvantages Biodiesel
Biodiesel experiences difficulties in cold weather, my first batch, made of Cotton Seed WVO,
had a Cloud Point of + 5C. This could cause some problems in the winter as temperatures drop
to -5 C were we live.
Drivability
I have used a mix of 30 % Biodiesel up to now and have noticed no difference in performance.
It’s a great feeling you have driven past the Service Station on your own home made fuel.
Specifications
Biodiesel specifications have been implemented in several countries around the world. Two
sets of standards may be used, they are:
• ASTM D 6751
This is a test used in the USA and several other countries.
ASTM stands for: American Society of Testing and Materials.
• EN 14214
This is a test used in the Europe. This test is a standard of the European Committee for
Standardisation (CEN).
Quality
Modern Diesel engines require quality fuel. Making your own Biodiesel is taking a risk as you
may end up with three potentially fuel pump, injector and engine damaging substances, they
are:
• Free Glycerine
• Poorly Converted WVO.
• Sodium Hydroxide
• Sodium Methoxide
Free Glycerine
Free Glycerine and mono-, di- and triglycerides (poor ester conversion) will form gum-like
deposits around injector tips and valve heads.
For Glycerine analysis get a test kit for determining Ethylene Glycol in motor oil. This test is
simple and it generates a purple colour if substantial free glycerol is present.
Poorly Converted WVO
WVO, which has not been converted, will substantially increase cold starting problems and filter
plugging.
The Biodiesel will have a high Pour Point and may solidify in your fuel tank.
I test each batch by refrigerating 100 ml of the Biodiesel overnight.
Our fridge operates at + 5 C and if I see any cloudiness I will not use it.
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Methoxide is highly toxic and corrosive can damage your health and your vehicle’s:
• Fuel Pump
• Filters
• Injectors
As mentioned above, proper washing will remove Sodium Methoxide.
Chapter 3: WVO Collection
Animal fat or vegetable oil can be used to make Biodiesel; some are more preferred then
others. Because of their high levels of Free Fatty Acids, Animal Fats should be lowest on your
list. Virgin vegetable oil will be the best to use. Unfortunately, virgin oil is the most expensive to
obtain. In the middle is the Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO).
WVO in this book refers to oil collected from Fish & Chips shops and restaurants.
• Canola Oil
• Soybean Oil
• Sunflower Oil
• Corn Oil
• Peanut Oil
• Cotton Seed Oil
Of these oils, the soybean, sunflower and canola are best, followed by the corn and peanut oil.
On the bottom of the list are coconut, palm and hydrogenated oils due to their tendency to be
solid at room temperatures. These may be used, but, might require preheating to liquefy.
The first step in setting up to make your own Biodiesel is to secure a regular supply of WVO.
It took me some time to establish a regular supply within a reasonable travelling distance from
home. Unfortunately all of my supplies are solid at room temperature.
Once you have a regular supply, make sure you follow up and take the WVO away as soon as it
is available. I provide my suppliers with clean empty 20 litre steel containers.
Negotiating for WVO:
If a restaurant owner or manager is offered a way to reduce their operation cost, most are willing
to help you. They are looking for a person that they can depend on and will collect the WVO as
agreed. Be sure to be courteous and clean when collecting from your source. Always clean up
after yourself.
Do buy their take away from time to time or dine at the restaurant.
What to be aware of:
Often, restaurants will just give you their WVO, but they don't put much effort into proper
storage. The most important thing to be aware of is WATER contamination. If your source of
WVO has been contaminated with water, you will need to get the water out before processing.
Water in the WVO will cause the batch to have foam on the top of the Biodiesel. If the water
contamination is heavy, the batch can form chunks of soap. Try to avoid these sources all
together. If your unsure, always pre-test before you process with it.
Chapter 4: WVO Preparation
The next step is preparing the WVO for use in the Biodiesel processor. The WVO will contain
crumbs and other solids. It may also contain water.
• Heating
• Filtration
• Testing for Water
• Dewatering
Heating
My supply of WVO is solid at room temperature and needs to be heated before I can use it.
I heat the WVO, to about 60°C, with a gas burner under a 20 litre steel drum. It takes about half
an hour to completely melt the WVO in the pail.
Safety
Do this step slowly! Water, settled in the bottom of the drum, can suddenly boil and blow the oil
out of the drum. Have the burner on the lowest setting until the oil is all fluid.
WVO often contains foreign matter such as crumbs and it always wise to filter the WVO before
processing. The more you can remove before processing, the better. Many people choose to
make their own screen filter while others choose to purchase pre-fabricated filters.
I use a kitchen strainer with cheese cloth.
There are two main types of filters you can buy, they are:
• Bag Filters
• Cartridge Filters
Bag Filters
Bag filters are simply screened bags the WVO is poured through to filter the oil.
To filter the solids, from the WVO, I use a steel kitchen strainer followed by fine cloth, similar to
cheese cloth. This takes out most of the solids.
Cartridge Filters
Cartridge filters work by pumping the oil through a spin on filter or in-line element filter.
Coffee Filters
Coffee filters are paper filters. I use them as a final filter. They are cheap at A$ 1.85 for 40
filters. I use one filter for each 10 litres of finished Biodiesel.
Testing for Water
Chemicals described in the book are the ingredients used in titration and the WVO conversion
process.
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Methoxide
Sodium Methoxide
Chapter 6: Environment, Health and Safety
• Environment
• Health
• Safety
• Housekeeping
Environment
Your health is the most important thing in life. When we are young health is not a topic we dwell
on frequently but as you get older and health problems occur, it becomes foremost in our minds.
This book often mentions the dangers of the chemicals used in making Biodiesel and I suggest
you take heed.
Safety
I worked for 46 years in the Petroleum & Chemical Industry as an Operator, Production
Superintendent and Production Planner and I am very concerned about the safety and health of
people making Biodiesel at home.
Safety is a vital part of all work carried out in the Biodiesel Processing Shed. Protection of
people and equipment must at all times be the number one priority. To assist in this I use the
following safety equipment:
I purchased a Triton Powered Respirator last year to give me protection when working in dusty
conditions. This unit is useful for splash protection and when handling Sodium Hydroxide
powder.
The cartridges supplied are not suitable for handling Methanol or Sodium Methoxide.
I use Plastic Gloves when handling WVO and the chemicals used in Biodiesel processing.
When I work in the shed I use steel capped rubber safety boots. The steel caps are needed
when handling heavy drums of oil and chemicals.
Safety Shower
I have installed a Safety Shower just outside the shed in case I get splashed with chemicals.
It is a simple shower head with a quick action valve operated by a a chain and handle.
See picture. below:
I purchased an Eye Wash Bottle from a safety equipment supplier and keep it nearby in the
Biodiesel Processing Shed.
There is a serious risk of fire and explosion because Methanol is highly flammable and there are
many potential sources of ignition in most homes such as:
• Normal electrical equipment, for example kitchen appliances, plugs and switches.
• Open flames, for example gas burners.
• Making a mistake with the recipe, for example getting the quantities wrong or adding the
chemicals in the wrong order.
• Poor mixing; or making too much at once.
Any of these could result in the mixture splashing or boiling over, causing serious burns.
I also have a Fire Water Pump and a 30 m Hose Reel set up about 10 m from the shed. The
Fire Pump draws water from a 20,000 litre Fish Pond. I test the pump before I start processing
each batch of WVO.
Housekeeping
Housekeeping is an important part of the overall operation. Oil spills are slippery and could
result in falls and injury.
Chemical spills are a health and fire danger.
• Safely dispose of all paper filters and rags in the rubbish bin.
• Wash your plastic gloves.
• Clean your breathing apparatus and store it in a clean bag or case.
• Hot water wash all your titration and testing equipment.
• Place your slop bucket in a locked, well ventilated area.
• Put your clothes in the washing.
Note:
Please make sure the person who cleans your clothes is not exposed to any dangerous
chemicals. Cleaning personnel is often forgotten in safety discussions.
Chapter 7: Storage
Biodiesel Containers
Look for the triangular shape with the "2" inside, usually on the bottom.
This is HDPE (High Density Poly Ethylene), which is what you are looking for.
Any container designed to hold fuel will safely hold Biodiesel.
Chapter 8:
Equipment
This chapter describes the equipment I use and will show pictures of my setup.
To make Biodiesel, as per the process in this book, you need the following equipment:
• Plastic Gloves.
• Chemical Goggles.
• Respirator with filters suitable for Methanol vapour.
• Scales that weigh 0 to 50 gram with 0.1 gram accuracy.
• pH meter.
• Aquarium air pump, hose and a “T” piece.
• Air stones (2), wooden type, not blue ones.
• Glass measuring cylinder ( 20 ml ).
• Glass measuring cylinder ( 1000 ml ).
• 2 Litre Clear Glass Container (Flagon).
• 20 litre Pails for WVO collection.
• Gas Burner to WVO.
• Biodiesel Processing Vessel.
With steel containers you can use LPG heaters to heat the WVO, then switch to an immersion
heater before adding the Methanol.
Chapter 9:
How I make Biodiesel
Introduction
To make Biodiesel efficiently, from WVO, we have to avoid one major problem:
• Soap Formation
Soap is formed, during base-catalysed Transesterification, when Sodium ions combine with
Free Fatty Acids, present in WVO. Soap reduces the yield because it bonds the Methyl Esters to
water. The bonded Methyl Esters get washed out at the washing stage but make water
separation more difficult and increase water consumption. This process takes care of the free
Fatty Acids.
I use Sodium Hydroxide, because it is easy to obtain. I buy it from supermarkets, in 500 gram
containers, for A$ 3.95.
Making Sodium Methoxide
Safety
Take FULL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS when working with Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
and Sodium Methoxide!
Use a tough, thick, container made of HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) usually marked
"HDPE" on the bottom, with the international code "2", with a tight stopper and a screw on cap.
2. Add the amount of Sodium Hydroxide obtained from the titration result.
3. Tightly fit the cap and swirl the mixture vigourously for a minute.
Safety
Sodium Methoxide and Methanol are DANGEROUS CHEMICALS. Take full safety precautions,
wear Breathing Apparatus, safety goggles, plastic gloves and clothing, have running water
nearby.
Do not breathe the fumes.
Heating & Straining the WVO
• Melt all WVO, then strain through a metal kitchen strainer and a fine cloth.
• Pour 10 litres of WVO into your Biodiesel Processor.
• Heat the WVO in your Biodiesel Processor to 55°C.
Titration
• Add 10 ml of Iso Propyl Alcohol into your titration container. I use a spice container.
• Add enough drops of Turmeric Mixture until the solution turns yellow.
• Add 1 ml of the WVO to the titration container.
• Add enough of the 1 % Sodium Hydroxide Solution until the liquid in the titration container
turns pink.
• If the solution changes back to yellow add some more until the pink colour stays for 5
minutes.
Making Sodium Methoxide
When the Titration is successfully completed, make enough Sodium Methoxide for the quantity
of WVO you are going to process.
I suggest you start with 10 litres of WVO initially until you are confident enough to make larger
batches.
Safety:
Remember, put the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) into the Methanol. The mixture will become
warm and may produce some vapour.
Adding the Sodium Methoxide to the WVO
• Add the 2 litres of Sodium Methoxide to the 10 litres of WVO in the Biodiesel Processor.
• Keeping the solution at 55 °C, turn on the agitator and mix for 50 - 60 minutes.
• After 24 hrs. drain the Glycerine from the Biodiesel Processor, noticing the dark colour (near
black). When the colour begins to lighten (honey colour), switch receptacles as this is your
raw Biodiesel. This must now be washed.
Safety:
Take care, the Glycerine is quite hot and caustic!. Dispose of the Glycerine into a slop container
and store in a safe, well ventilated area.
Washing the Biodiesel
Some people do not wash their Biodiesel but I do not want any soap or Sodium Methoxide in my
vehicle fuel tank.
To wash the Biodiesel I use a 20 litre HDPE drum with a drain valve and a screw on cap.
Batch 1
Batch 1 was made from Cotton Seed WVO. This WVO is a liquid at room temperature.
Quantities used:
WVO: 10 Litres
Methanol: 2 Litres
Sodium Hydroxide: 65 Grams
I lost some during the washes because I didn’t let it settle long enough.
WVO: 10 Litres
Methanol: 2 Litres
Sodium Hydroxide: 65 Grams
Old vehicles (older than mid-90s) might require upgrades of fuel lines as Biodiesel may swell
certain types of rubber.
Almost all new vehicles should have no problem with Biodiesel, but check with the vehicle
manufacturer.
What is Methanol?
Methanol, also known as wood alcohol or methyl alcohol, is made primarily from natural gas or
coal, and can also be produced from renewable resources such as landfill gas and digester gas.
Methanol is actually present within the human body in small quantities from eating fruits and
vegetables, and drinking diet soda containing artificial sweeteners.
According to the FDA, as much as 500 milligrams per day of Methanol is safe in an adult’s diet.
In the body, Methanol is metabolised in the liver, converted first to formaldehyde, and then to
formate.
As a building block for many biological molecules, formate is essential for survival.
Methanol is a chemical used to make hundreds of products that touch our daily lives, from
plastics and paints, to construction materials and clothing.
Is Methanol hazardous or dangerous?
First, make sure that you receive proper training and guidance on handling Methanol.
Be aware of the hazardous properties of Methanol, and exercise caution to avoid contact with it.
Avoid breathing of Methanol vapour.
Proper ventilation is required to ensure safe working conditions.
The type of ventilation will depend upon such factors as dead air spaces, temperature,
convection currents and wind direction and must be considered when determining equipment
location, type and capacity.
If mechanical ventilation is used, spark-proof fans should be implemented.
At a minimum, wear side-shielded safety spectacles and plastic gloves.
What do I do if I breathe in Methanol or spill some on myself?
In case of Methanol contact with skin, remove contaminated clothing, wash with soap and water
for 15 minutes, and seek medical attention if irritation occurs.
If Methanol comes in direct contact with eyes, immediately flush eyes with copious amounts of
tepid water for at least 15 minutes.
The patient should be taken to a health care facility, and referral to an ophthalmologist
considered.
In case of inhalation of Methanol vapour, remove the individual to fresh air.
Asphyxiation from vapour may require artificial respiration.
Ingestion of Methanol is life threatening.
Onset of symptoms may be delayed for 18 to 24 hours after ingestion.
Due to the risks of aspiration into the lungs, do NOT induce vomiting.
The decision to induce vomiting should be left to a medical professional attending the victim.
Transport immediately to a health care facility where standard Methanol ingestion treatment can
be administered.
Immediate medical attention is critical!
What do I do if I spill Methanol?
If a Methanol spill occurs, stop or reduce discharge of material if this can be done without risk.
Call your local fire department for immediate assistance.
Isolate the spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 metres in all directions.
Eliminate all sources of ignition, and stay upwind.
Do not touch or walk through the spilled material.
Prevent Methanol from entering into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapour suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapours.
For small spills (up to 200 litres) absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and
transfer to containers for later disposal.
For large spills, dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal, and follow local emergency
protocol for handling.
Spills into large natural bodies of water, such as rivers and oceans, cannot be contained.
For releases into soil, surface water or groundwater, Methanol has a half-life of just one to
seven days, and given its high rate of biodegradation, Methanol spills are not likely to persist.
Methanol is used extensively in the nation’s wastewater treatment facilities to reverse the
damaging effects of nitrate build-up in sensitive aquifers and waterways by accelerating
biodegradation.
As a flammable and toxic chemical, caution must be exercised to avoid contact with Methanol.
What do I do in case of a Methanol fire?
Accumulations of Methanol vapours in confined spaces may explode if ignited, and containers
filled with Methanol may rupture violently if exposed to fire or excessive heat for a prolonged
duration.
Methanol flames are almost invisible in bright sunlight conditions, but they may be detected by
the heat generated or the burning of other materials.
Large amounts of water will remove heat and can be effective in diluting Methanol to the point
where most fires can be readily extinguished.
To prevent fires keep open flames, sparks and oxidants away from Methanol.
Dry chemical powder, carbon dioxide and alcohol-resistant foam extinguish Methanol fires by
oxygen deprivation.
Fire-fighters should use full-face, self-contained breathing apparatus, and wear impervious
clothing, gloves and boots.
For larger fires involving a tank, rail car or tank truck, isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions, also
consider evacuation for 1/2 mile in all directions.
Keep any Methanol containers cool by spraying with water.
How should I store Methanol?
Methanol should always be kept within closed systems or approved containers and never left
open to the atmosphere.
Containers should be labelled in accordance with local regulations and site requirements.
You should have comprehensive product handling procedures and systems in place at all
storage and transfer points.
Materials and methods of construction must be compatible with Methanol service.
Methanol is non-corrosive to most metals at ambient temperatures; exceptions include lead,
magnesium and platinum.
Mild steel is usually selected as the construction material.
Tanks built with copper alloys, zinc (including galvanised steel), aluminium or plastics are not
suitable for Methanol-water solutions.
While plastics can be used for short-term storage, they are generally not recommended for long-
term storage due to deterioration effects and the subsequent risk of contamination.
Furthermore, coatings of copper (or copper alloys), zinc (including galvanised steel) or
aluminium are attacked slowly.
How should I dispose of Methanol?
Large quantities of waste Methanol can either be disposed of at a licensed waste solvent
company or reclaimed by filtration and distillation.
Waste Methanol, or water contaminated with Methanol, must never be discharged directly into
sewers or surface waters.
Do not pour Methanol down the drain, on the ground or into any body of water.
Methanol is a hazardous material and must be disposed of properly.
Check with local environmental officials for instructions on how to safely dispose of Methanol in
your community.
How can I buy Methanol?
The Methanol Institute serves as the trade association for the global Methanol industry, and
members supply most of the world’s Methanol.
Biodiesel facility operators and engineering firms interested in obtaining Methanol for Biodiesel
production should visit their web site at:
http://www.methanol.org
Simply complete and submit this on-line form, letting them know what your Methanol needs are,
and they will forward this form to major Methanol suppliers and encourage them to contact you.
Where can I find more information?
http://www.methanol.org
and click on the report “A Biodiesel Primer: Market & Public Policy Developments, Quality,
Standards and Handling.”
You can also visit the web site of the National Biodiesel Board at:
http://www.biodiesel.org.
Appendix 2: Glossary of Terms
The following is a glossary of the most common terms used in this book:
Acid
A classification of substances that liberate hydrogen ions in water, and are normally sour and
corrosive, with a pH lower than 7. A compound or atom that donates protons.
AFFF
Alcohol
A large classification of organic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to
carbon atoms.
Aliphatic
Alkali
A classification of substances that liberate hydroxide ions in water, to form caustic and corrosive
solutions which turn litmus paper blue, with a pH higher than 7, for example Sodium Hydroxide.
A compound that reacts with or neutralises hydrogen ions.
Aniline Point
A laboratory test, indirectly measuring the aromatics content of oil by its reaction with aniline.
The Aniline Point is the temperature at which the aniline-oil mixture changes colour. Lower
aniline points indicate higher aromatic levels.
Anhydrous
Without water, dry. Liquids and solids (powders) are sold as "anhydrous" when they have been
processed to remove water from the end product. Transesterification of Biodiesel must be an
anhydrous process or funny things happen. Water in the vegetable oil causes either no reaction
or cloudy Biodiesel, and water in Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) or Methanol renders it less useful
or even useless, depending on how much water is present. Either let your vegetable oil settle for
2-3 days before using and drain the water off the bottom, or heat the oil and boil off the water.
Store Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Methanol in (separate) air-tight containers.
Aromatics
A class of hydrocarbons of which Benzene is the parent. They are called ”Aromatics” because
many of their derivatives have sweet or aromatic odours. These hydrocarbons are of relatively
high specific gravity and possess good solvent properties.
Aromatics, especially those with two or more benzene rings, have poor oxidation stability and a
low VI.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials - an international voluntary standards organisation
that develops and produces technical standards for materials, products, systems and services.
Base
A classification of substances which when combined with an acid will form a salt plus water,
usually producing hydroxide ions when dissolved.
Bubble Wash
A method of final washing of Biodiesel through air agitation. Biodiesel floats above a quantity of
water. Bubbles from an aquarium air pump and air stone are injected into the water causing the
bubbles to rise. At the Water / Biodiesel interface, the air bubbles carry water up through the
Biodiesel by surface tension. Simple diffusion causes water-soluble impurities in the Biodiesel to
be extracted into the water. As the bubble reaches the surface and breaks, the water is freed
and percolates back down through the Biodiesel again.
Carbon chain
The atomic structure of hydrocarbons in which a series of carbon atoms, saturated by hydrogen
atoms, form a chain. Volatile oils have shorter chains. Fats have longer chain lengths, and
waxes have extremely long chains.
Carboxyl
Carboxylic - the univalent acid radical (-COOH), present in most organic acids, this making them
biodegradable.
Catalyst
A substance which without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change, facilitates or
enables a reaction between other substances.
Cetane Number
Measure of fuel ignition characteristics. Like the octane number used for gasoline, the higher
the value, the better the fuel performance. A higher cetane number correlates with improved
combustion, improved cold starting, reduced noise, white smoke, HC, CO and particulate
emissions particularly during early warm-up phase. The EPA uses this parameter as a measure
of aromatic content in fuel. Typical Cetane numbers around the world are as follows: Europe: 43
- 57, average 50 U.S. lower, minimum 40, average 43.
Cloud Point
The Cloud Point is the temperature at which, under test conditions similar to those of the Pour
Point test, the sample first exhibits a haziness or cloud due to the separation of minute wax
crystals.
Colloid
A stable system of small particles dispersed in something else. A multi-phase system in which
one dimension of a dispersed phase is of colloidal size. Colloids are the liquid and solid forms
of aerosols, foams, emulsions, and suspensions within the colloidal size class. Milk and smoke
are both colloids. Colloidal size is typically 001 micron to 1 micron in any dimension.
Dispersions where the particle size is in this range are referred to as colloidal aerosols, colloidal
emulsions, colloidal foams, or colloidal suspensions.
Emulsion
A usually unstable dispersion of two liquids which do not normally mix (they are immiscible).
Emulsions can be formed either by mechanical agitation, or by chemical processes. Unstable
emulsions will separate over time or temperature, stable emulsions will not separate.
Ester
Ethanol
C2H6O or CH3-CH2-OH - An organic alcohol also called ethyl alcohol, formed when
fermenting sugars or glycerine. Ethanol is also a great solvent.
Lower Explosivity Limit
The lower explosive limit (LEL) of a flammable liquid is defined as the minimum concentration of
the vapour in air for which a flame can propagate. The Methanol LEL is 6% by volume.
FAME
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, a commonly used chemical term for Biodiesel.
Fat
A classification of natural Esters of glycerol, and fatty acids existing as solids at room
temperature.
Fatty Acid
A carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated
or unsaturated.
Flash Point
The lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air.
Fatty acid hydrocarbon chains detached from other molecules, like glycerol.
Hydrocarbon
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, often occurring as long atomic chains in which each
carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms forming a long chain. They store a great deal of
energy.
Hydrogenation
A chemical reaction in which unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms are reduced by
attachment of a hydrogen atom to each carbon. When the process is carried to completion it
converts unsaturated fatty acids to saturated ones. Changing the degree of saturation of the fat
changes important physical properties such as melting point, which is why the liquids become
semisolid. Since partially hydrogenated Vegetable Oils are much less expensive than most
other fats with similar characteristics, and because they have other desirable characteristics
leading to longer shelf life, they are the predominant fat used in most commercial baked goods.
Hygroscopic
The tendency of something to absorb water (usually from humidity in the air). Biodiesel absorbs
water to about 1200 parts per million (PPM). Methanol and KOH are also hygroscopic. Keep
containers closed.
Indicator
Iodine Number
Standard natural oil assay to measure the degree of unsaturation (or the number of double
bonds present) in Vegetable Oils and fats.
Life-cycle analysis
A total valuation of a process, in which all the inputs and outcomes of a reaction are fully
considered.
Lipid
A classification of organic compounds, including fatty acids, oils, waxes and steroids, that are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They consist of a polar head with one to three
non polar tails. A triglyceride is a type of lipid, the glycerine being the head and the ester
chains being the tails.
Methanol
CH3OH - A volatile colourless alcohol, derived originally as wood alcohol, used as a racing fuel
and as a solvent. Also called methyl alcohol. Lethal if consumed. Used to make Methoxide in
Biodiesel production. Methanol absorbs water from the air, so keep the container closed tightly,
and purchase Methanol which is known to be dry (anhydrous) or is 99.9% pure.
Oxidation
Burning in oxygen, normally highly exothermic (heat releasing), but also any increase in
oxidisation state, (i.e. loss of electrons). Results in the formation of an oxide, rusting or
corroding. Various materials, such as copper and brass, may oxidise in the presence of
vegetable oil or Biodiesel.
pH
A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution on a scale with 7 representing neutrality. Lower
numbers indicate increasing acidity, and higher numbers increasing alkalinity. Each unit of
change represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity. pH is mathematically found by taking
the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen-ion concentration or hydrogen-ion activity. The
units are gram equivalents per litre of the solution.
Pour Point
The low temperature flow characteristics of lubricating oil are measured by a Pour Point test.
The Pour Point refers to the lowest temperature at which the oil will flow under specified
conditions. The test is carried out by putting a small quantity of oil into a tube of standard size,
which is then placed in a refrigerated bath. A thermometer is placed in the oil and the tube is
tilted at regular intervals. The lowest temperature at which the oil continues to flow is called the
“Pour Point”.
A vegetable oil produced from rape seed. Used mainly in Europe to make Biodiesel.
Saponification
The reaction of an ester with a metallic base and water. The making of soap. This happens
sometimes when you use too much Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) in a Biodiesel reaction... No
worries - you can re-react the resulting top layer of unreacted liquid, and if you wish you can
turn the semi-solid bottom layer into soap by adding more Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) (make
sure you know how much to add...).
Saturated
A fat or fatty acid in which there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty
acid chain. Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature.
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Strongly alkaline and extremely corrosive. Mixing with fluids
usually causes heat, and can create enough heat to ignite flammables (such as Methanol), so
add slowly. For Biodiesel, this is one of the main reactants. Make sure you are purchasing
"anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide." Anhydrous means it's dry, and water turns Biodiesel into soap.
Store this product in an airtight container to prevent KOH from absorbing water and CO2 from
the air. Store separately.
Sodium Methoxide
An organic salt, in pure form a white powder. In Biodiesel production, "Sodium Methoxide" is a
product of mixing Methanol and Sodium Hydroxide , yielding a solution of Sodium Methoxide.
Sodium Methoxide is a liquid that kills nerve cells before you can feel the pain. Rinse with water
and seek medical attention immediately. Also highly explosive. Making Sodium Methoxide is
the most dangerous step when making Biodiesel. Carefully consider the safety of the design of
your equipment and workspace before producing, and wear protective clothing and a respirator
when handling. Use immediately as Sodium Methoxide loses reactive properties with time.
Suspension
Tallow
One of the harder organic fats derived from animal carcasses, made by rendering the internal
body fat found within the abdominal cavity under the backbone and surrounding the kidneys.
This material was greatly used in manufacture of soap and candle wax.
Transesterification
The process of making Biodiesel by the separation of the three hydrocarbon chains from a lipid
triglyceride to form glycerol, and Biodiesel. It is the process of exchanging the alkyl group of an
ester by another alcohol. These reactions are often catalysed by the addition of an acid or
base. Acids can catalyse the reaction by donating an electron to the alkyl group, thus making it
more reactive, while bases can catalyse the reaction by removing an electron from the alcohol,
thus making it more reactive.
Triglyceride
Natural fats and oils, composed of glycerine and three fatty acid chains.
ULSD
Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel. A type of diesel fuel promoted in recent years in an attempt to
reduce atmospheric pollution but at the expense of engine wear.
Unsaturated
A fat or fatty acid containing double or occasionally triple bonds. Many Vegetable Oils contain
Fatty Acids with one of more double bonds in them. Fat molecules are monounsaturated if
each contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if each contain more than one.
Viscosity
Viscosity Index
Viscosity Index (VI) is a measure of the change in viscosity of an oil with temperature. Higher VI
indicates a smaller decrease in viscosity as the temperature is increased. VI is calculated from
the kinematic viscosity of oil at 40 and 100°C. WVO
Waste Vegetable Oil. The oil we collect from restaurants and Fish & Chips shops.
Test batches
Whenever you're trying a new method, it's always a good idea to make small test batches of a
litre or less first to familiarise yourself with the process before moving on to bigger batches.
Most people use kitchen blenders for this -- but don't use it for food again afterwards!