Architectural Iron Work 1000085624

258
M_A_KK;ET
ST.,
ARCHITECTMITtfON WORK.
A
PRACTICAL
WORK
WORKERS,
ARCHITECTS,
AND ALL WHOSE THEM
AND
PROFESSION,
ENGINEERS,
OR BUSINESS IRON WORK. CONNECTS
TRADE,
WITH
ARCHITECTURAL
THE
ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT
VOB
AND OF A
MECHANICAL
FOUNDRY AND
AND
FINANCIAL
SHOPS
THE
KAKUFACTCKE
OP
IRON
WORK
SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
WITH
BUILDINGS,
IRON
OF
WORK,
USEFUL
TABLES,
VALUABLE
SUGGESTIONS OF
FOR THE
THE
SUCCESSFUL
CONDUCT
BUSINESS.
BT
WM.
J.
FRYER,
JR.
NEW
YORK: " 1876.
JOHN
WILEY
SONS.
COPYKIOHT,
1876,
B*
JOHN
WILEY
"
SON"
JOHN
STKREOTYPERS 205-213
F.
TROW
AND
"
SON,
PRINTERS,
East
iztk
YORK.
St.,
NEW
DEDICATED
TO
TO
AND
CA.PITAL,
LA^B
R
,
IN
THE
PERSON
OF
IN
THE
PERSONS
OF
(Eugene
Kelly,
(Esq.,
fttn
former
felloto
It)
orkmen,
BANKER,
WHO EXTENDED TO ME THEIR PATHY SYM-
CHRISTIAN
GENTLEMAN,
TRUE THE MOST
IN
TRYING
FRIEND,
WISE
AND
SAGACIOUS
PERIOD
OF
MY
LIFE.
COUNSELOR.
THE
AUTHOR.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Model
Shop
"
"
Buildings
Location Year's of of
3
2
Amount
of
One
Business,
etc
18
Angle
Iron, Weight Expenses
200
Apportioned
Arch Girders
Shops
10
37
Example
"
of of
Cost
43
Table
39-42
;
Arches Areas Ashler
of Floors
of Circles
'.
91
208 90
Fronts Cast
Balls,
Bar
Iron, Weight
of
of
204
139 16 of 194 15
Iron, Quotations
u
Tables To Test
of
Cost
"
the
Quality
Blacksmith Blank Form
Shop
of
Contract
173
172
Proposal Request Testing

Boiler Bolts Box for
Estimate
172 169
Girders
Iron, Weight
and
of of of
199 203 Cost

30
Nuts,
Weight
Columns,
44
Example
Cost
Table Table of of
28
Weights
29
29
of Workmanship
Beams
44
I,
and
Channels
Table of
91
Condensed Moulded
Notes Prices Relative for of
Weights
and
Strength
118 122
4 4
44
Engineers
116
44
118
44
Efficiency
and
of
Ill Ill 112 115
44
Setting
Connecting Side-Ways
etc
44
Unsupported
Used Tables
as
"4
Pillars,
of and Co
"
93-110 efficients
113-114
"
Weights
VI
CONTENTS.
Beams
"
T,
"
Cast Iron
"
...............................................
30
.................................
Example
Rule Table for of
of Cost
37 31 32-36 154 206

.
"
Strength Weights
of
.............................
"
..............................
Building Law, Extracts from Building Materials,Weights

Bundle
.......................................
of .................................... in
....................................
Iron, Number
................
of Feet
.
198 145 9 37
By-Laws Capital
Cast
"
..........................................
...........................................................
Iron
Arch Hollow
Girders
..............................................
Columns,
"
Table Table
of Safe
Load
......................
24-26
23
"
of Weights
..........................
"
Beams
"
.................................................
30
"
Rule Table
to Determine of
Strength of
...............................
....................
31
"
"
Weights
82-36
.
Cost Castings,
"
of
.....................................
.............
14 190
91
Shrinkage
and I Beams
of
........................
....................
Channels
1 '
..............................................
Prices of
..................................................
118 208 207

12
Areas Circles,
"
......................................................
Circumferences
.............................................. ..............................................................
Coal
"
Prices
of ..................................................... caused Cost
140
v
Colors
of Iron
by
of
Heat
.....................................
205
28
Columns, Box,
"
.............................................
"
Example
Table Table of
of Cost
30
...................................... ............
.
"
"
Weights
21)
.........................
"
"
of Workmanship
Cost Cost
................................
29 27
"
Round, Deep Fluted,

"
of
...............................
"
Sharp Fluted,
Tables Table
of
21
..............................
"
"
of Safe Loads of Weights
.............................
24-26
23
"
..................................
Company
A,
Stock
140
..................................................
Conducting
Cornice
and
Power
of Form
Building Materials
of
...........................................
..............................
206
172 43
Blank Contract,
Example Lintel,
Iron Girder Columns
of Cost
.................................
Corrugated
" "
....................................................
201
............
Cost,Example of, Arch

Box
" "
43
...........................
30
......................................
Gratings
Lintel Newel Oat
50
.........................................
"
"
and Post
Cornice
43
.................................
" "
"
47
.......................................
"
Manger
47
.......................................
" " "
" " "
Railing
Roof Shutters
46 49
. . .
............................................
Cresting.
........
.................................
48
.................................
" "
"
Beams
37
..........................................
"
Window
Lintel
..
44
CONTENTS.
Vll
PAGE
Cost, Example
" " ' '
of, Window Wrought
Sill
Iron Plate
44
Girder
45
,
Illustrations
of Box Columns
20 28 14
Cost
u
Castings
Melted Iron
12-13
Cost
of Round
Columns,
Deep Fluted Sharp

Fluted
27 21 128
44
Tile
Floors
on
4 '
Workmanship Wrought
of Bar Cast
Box
Columns
29
10
"
Iron
Cylinders,Solid Department
and
Iron, Weight
of
205
169
Buildings, Blank
Prices
Forms
Engine Expenses War Engineers'Association, Erecting

Estimate and
Boiler
10
184 15 172 18 43
Finishing Shop
Form Year's
"
Estimate, Example
" 44
Blank
of
Request
of One of Cost
Business, etc
Girder Columns.
Arch Box
30
50
Gratings
Lintel and
Newel Post
Cornice
43 47 47 40 49 48 37
"
Oat
Manger Railing
Roof
"
Cresting
Shutters T Beams Lintel Sill Iron Plate
"
"
Window Window
44 44
"
44
Wrought
Steam
Girder
45
Exhaust
Traps
and Boiler
187
10 9 10 154 5 15 91 125 Cost of
Expenses,Engine
44
Office
"
Shop, Apportioned
from the
Extracts
Financial
Building Law
Management Finishing and Erecting Shop

Fire Proof
44
Floors Tile Floors

"
"
128
127 129
"
"
Specification
Test of
, "
44
44
of
Strength
Iron,Weight Floors,Fire Proof

Flat
Bar
196-197 91 173
10
Founding Foundry
Galvanized
Sheet
Iron, Weight
of
200
Vlll
CONTENTS.
PAQK
General
Remarks
1 37
Arch Girders,
"
"
Example
Table of
of
Cost
43 39-42
"
"
'k
Plate,Example
Riveted,
Table
of Cost of Form
45 119-121 169 140
"
Strength
for
"
Testing, Blank
Gold, Prices of Gratings,Example

"
of Cost
50 51-56
199
Table
of
Weights
of
Hoop Iron, Weight

I Beams
"
and
Channels Table of
91
Condensed Moulded
Weights
118 122
"'
Notes Prices
for of
Engineers
of Efficiency
116
"
118
Ill
"
Relative
4'
"
Setting and Connecting Unsupported Side-Ways

Used Tables
as
Ill 112
115
"
PiUars, etc
of and Co-efficients
"
93-110
113-114 20 Prices 186
"
Weights
Founders' Fronts A
"
Illustrations Iron Iron
of Cost War Association,
80
Representative
of Iron Iron for
81 90 12
Ashler
Iron,Mixtures
"
Quotations of Bar
189 138-139
20
Pig
Labor Labor Lintei and
Materials,Prices
Cornice, Example
"
Question
and of Cost Cost
209
43
Lintel,Window
List of
Example of Machinery, Tools, etc

etc. ,
.44 17 17
Machinery, Tools,
List of
Management, Financial Manger, Oat, Example

Mansard Materials Roof and
5 of Cost 47 136
Labor, Prices
for
. .
20 206
Building,Weights of Materials, Melted Iron, Table of Cost Melting Point of Metals

Mixtures Moulded of Iron Iron Beams
12-13 206 .'

12
122 178
of Cost of Cost 47
Moulding
Newel Oat
Post,Example Manger, Example
47
CONTENTS.
IX
Office Expenses
Pattern
9
...........................................
.........
Shop
1?
.....................................................
Pig Iron, Quotations of Plate Girder, Example of

Plates for Round Columns Port-Holes
138-139
Cost 45
.......................................
.........................................
22'
...........................................
189
.........................................................
Post, Newel,
Prices
"
Example of
and
.............
Cost
47
....................................... ......................................
for Labor Bar Coal Gold of Iron
Materials
20
139
........................................
"
140
..................................................... ...................................................
"
140
118
......................................
......................................
"
I Beams Iron
...
and
...........
Channels
' '
Pig
War
138
......
"
183
19
..................................................
Profit
..............................................................
Form Proposal,Blank Railing, Example of Relative Conducting

"
of Cost Power
172
............................................
46
............................................
of Materials
200
..............................
Weights
Girders of
of Metals
204
.........................................
Riveted
1 19-121
...............................................
Rivets, Weight
Rolled Iron
" "
201
.......
...........................................
I Beams
"
and
Channels
u
91
...................................
Condensed
..................
Table
,
of
Weights
118
.........
"
Moulded
Notes for
122
...................
"
"
Engineers
116
.............................
"
"
Relative
of Efficiency
Ill
...........................
**
" "
"
Setting and Connecting Unsupported Side-Ways

Used Tables
as
Ill
..........................
112
.........................
"
etc Pillars,
115
..............................
"
"
of
93-110
..................
...................
"
"
Weights
and
Co-efficients
....................
113-114
. .
Roof
Cresting,Example
Mansard
of Cost
49
......................................
Roofs..
"
............................................................
129
136
......................................................
Round
Columns, Deep Fluted, Sharp Fluted, Cost

" "
Cost
of
...............................
27 21
of
...............................
Tables Tables of
of Safe
of
..........
Loads
...............................
24-26
23
"
Weights
.................................
Round Rule to
Iron,Weight Compute
""
...................................
195
192
..... . . . .
the
Weight of Box
"
Columns
........................
Cast Plates Round T
Iron, Wrought
..............................
Iron, etc
191
191 193 193 31 191 199
"
"
"
Columns
......................
"
"
Beams Beams the
............................
Rule
u
to to
Determine
Find
the
Strength
of T
..........................
Weight
of Casting from
...............................................
Pattern
......................
Sheet
Iron, Weight of
a
Shop,
Model
......................................................
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Shop,
%
Blacksmith
15 15 17 10 190 48 62 70 60
'
Finishing1 Shop
Pattern
"
Shop
'
Expenses
of
Apportioned
Shrinkage
Castings
Shutters,Example of Cost of Iron Work Specification

u
Anchors Arch Girders
"
"
Balconies Beams Book Bridle and Vault Irons Girders Doors
77
71
" 44
71
70 76 76 74
44
" "
Chimney
"
Caps
Shafts
"
Coal
"
Cover Vault Door Fire Proof
"
77 67 6(" for Wooden 73 76 72 72 62 Vault Vault 71 77 73 73 73
"
Columns,
" "
Interior Plates
44
Coping Cornice, Galvanized Crestings

Dimensions Doors Doors
"
44
4fc
44
4w
for Book for Coal Flue Saddles
"
44 44
Door Dowels Drill
"
44
for Carpenter
,
74 75 69
44
Elevator
44
Eyes
Fire
for Shutters
44
Escape
Columns Floors Beams and Girders
u
75
67 127 71 68 73 74 62
44
Fire-Proof
44
44
Floor
44
Floor-Lights
Flue
"
44
Doors
'4
44
Rings
Room Cornice
Front Fuel
44
76 72 79 66 Floor Beams Columns Iron

,
44
Galvanized General
Requirements
and
44 44 44
Girders, Arch
44
71 65 '72 74
44
Vault, and Gratings,Wrought

44
4C
44
Ventilating
CONTENTS.
XI
PAGE
of Guards Specification
14
to Windows
70 79
Hooks Illuminated Interior Ladder Platform
44
64 60 75 70 76 79 Columns 64 64 77
"
Columns
to
41
Scuttle Room
"
Lining
Lintels
of Fuel and
14
Sills for Windows
"
Painting
Plates for Wooden
*'
Platforms, Illuminated
Port-Holes
"
**
Rings
Roof
"
and
Covers
for Flues
73 64 72 72 73 62
"
Rolling Shutters
Cornice
44
44
Cresting
44
Saddles
44
Scrap
Screen Scuttle
44
44
Work
73 75
"4
44
Ladder
to
75 61)
44
Shutter
Eyes
Outside
44
Shutters, Rear
Sills and Lintels
(55)
"
Rolling
for Windows.
64 76 67 77 77
44
Sky-Lights
Stairs
44
Trimmings
Vault
44
44
Doors,
Book Coal and Column
71 77 65 74 70
44
44
Vault
Girder
VentilatingGratings
44
Window
44
Guards Lintels Iron and Sills
44
76 72 195 187 140
44
Wrought
of
Gratings
Square Iron, Weight

Steam Stock
Traps, Exhaust Company

of Riveted T Girders Rule Iron
on
Strength
Table
119-121 for 31 12-13 Box Columns 29 10 24-26 119-121 200 39-42 199 Nuts.
.
Beams,
of Melted
of Cost
Workmanship
u
Wrought
Load
on
Bar
Iron Columns Girders
Table
44
of Safe
Round
Strength
of
of Riveted
Table
Weights
44 14
of
Angle
Arch Boiler Bolts
Iron
Girders Iron and
"
.203
Xll
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Table
of
Weights
" "
of Box
Columns Materials Balls. Iron Sheet Iron
29 206 205 196-197 200 51-56 199
Building
Cast Flat Iron Bar
"
"
Galvanized
Gratings
"
Hoop
Iron Condensed
,
"
I Beams, Relative Rivets Round Round Solid Sheet
118 of Metals 204 201
"
Weights
Columns Iron
*'
"
23
** "
195
205 199 195 32-36 200
Cylinders
Iron Iron
Square
"
Beams Iron Metals
Tee
"
Various Washers for Labor Iron of Cost Determine and
204 204
"
Taritf of Prices T
Materials
20 30 37
Beams,
" "
Cast
Example
Rule Table
to
Strength
of
31 32-36 200 37
"
of
Weights
Tee
Iron, Weight of
Rod Girders Form for
Tension
Testing Girders,Blank
The Tile Labor Floors
169 209 125-129
Question
and
Ceilings
etc. , List of
Tools, Machinery,
To
17 215
Young
of
Men
Traps for Exhaust

Value Various War Iron
Pipes
187 198 204 Association
Metals, Weight of
of Iron Founders'
'
Prices
'
184
186 202 200 39-42 199
Engineers'
and of Measures
Association
Weights
Weights
" "
Angle
Arch Boiler Bolts Box
Iron Girders Iron and Nuts

;
"
203 29 206 205 205 196-197
"
Columns Materials Balls
"
Building
Cast Iron
"
"
Cylinders
Flat Bar Iron Sheet Iron Galvanized
"
"
200
4t
Gratings
51-06
CONTENTS.
Xlll
pxon
Weights
of
Hoop
I Beams
Iron
199 118 of Metals 204 202 23 195 190
"'
Relative Rivets Round Round Sheet
Weights
"
"
Columns Iron Iron Iron
"
"
"
Square
T Tee Various Washers Beams Iron
195
32-30 200
"
"
"
Metals
204 204
Window
u
Lintel, Sill,
Bar Plate
Example
of Table
of Cost of
Cost
44 44
Example
Wrought Wrought
Iron,
Cost of Cost
16 45
Girder,
Example
UNIVERSITY
"ORK.
GENERAL
ESTABLISHMENTS iron work Almost grown been devoted
are buildings
REMARKS.
to exclusively
the manufacture
of
for
of
recent comparatively
now
growth.
without from
the larger ones exception
have existing
small
to
added
the
after building beginnings, building having shops original shop until theybecame great work-
without
proper
plan for
the
economical
were
working and
sions distinct divi-
of handling
in
materials.
Formerlythere
two
the ironwork required for a building; contracting the wrought iron was and the cast iron given to a blacksmith, work to a foundryman. The custom is to givethe entire now work
to one
establishment. of iron manufacture the has increased
This within
branch the
enormously
past fifteen years, and
future will
that the are probabilities a still develop growth. It is a greaterproportional

as
commonplace sayingthat
to use
nation
we as
have
iron.
This
is,indeed,very
Good in
true
justbegun regardsits use for

of
but
building purposes.
and
construction, economy
architectural iron work
material,
made
beauty of form York,

than
have
greater progress
of New the
in this
country, and
in the
elsewhere
in ^Jie city particularly world. A knowledgeof
diffusion. Years of study, and requires subject observation, hard practical toil were of the author's thorough the price edge knowlof this class of
work,as
it must
be
to every
man
who
would The
himself qualify aim in
for this business. this for knowledgeis largely of
to givingpublicity
the
need
and enlightenment
to have
advancement
them in
workingmen. They
before placed
forms and intelligible plain
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
an
outline of how
and
so
the works
in which up
theydailytoil are
aged, man-
to
help educate
and
mechanics operative the
to become
competent
to command
our
control
coming great industrial

be thrown their the
workshopsof
To and business,
land.
works them
new
of proprietors enable
lightwill
on
more
to thoroughly
understand
which principles herein
govern
their
a
every-day doings.The knowledge

manufacturer
to establish
to
tain ascercorrectly
impartedwill
his fair It profits.
enable
what allow work
productscost,and
is
a
priceswhich
the the
will of
generalcomplaintthat
an
cost
almost
invariablyexceeds
too
and estimate,
a
yearly
balance-sheets
pay
a
often indicate
reward of
that
business and
use
has failed to of
ployed. emcapital
reasonable The
cost
for the labor

items
the various
or
given in
the
following
if the
pages
will differ
more
less in every
but establishment;
laid principles for
down make
will induce similar

own
manufacturers
statements
of iron work actual
to buildings
of
costs, in
to detail, applicable
their
there shops, sold without
will be little danger that the balance side.
that
their
will products
be
or profit, on
at the end
of the year will be found

A MODEL
LOCATION.
the wrong
SHOP.
In be
a site for selecting
the
shopsmany
should have
essential
a
are things
on frontage
to
a
considered.
The be
land
water
stream, navigable
convenient
to railroad
depots and
mail
boat steam-
landings,have
and for is be where
and good telegraphic
connections,
where homes
skilled labor is
are numerous.
obtained,and easily
A
workingmen
plotof ground good-sized

present,but
to
commodate ac-
not desirable,
alone
for
the
immediate and
the future The

an
growth
requirementsof value,and
in value.
to
the business.
land its the
must
be of moderate
selected with ahead

to
a
eye
to
increase prospective land
Look have
on profit
purchase.
It is well
the location
/002
3
O
l
43-^
02
.J. J
'doqs
mfras3iOBig
P5O
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
away
from
other
shops in
the
not
the
same
line of
manufacture, so
secure
as
to draw
employes to
; and
neighborhood and
so
their permanency
yet be
hands.
a
far away
as
to
nience inconvegreatly
temporary
such Selecting
300
x
plot of ground,of
its cost to be
size not
less than
250
feet, suppose
$15,000.
BUILDINGS.
The
will buildings with

cost
all be
of
with double-pitch frame brick,

a
roofs, covered
manner.
and slate, may
put up in
at
good and
other
substantial
Their
be taken
$40,000.
as
The
shopsare arranged in
and handling
on
relation to each from
to insure
raw terial marun
the least
inconvenience
the time
the
is landed
out
the dock
"
until the manufactured of advances. form buildings of

a
article is
for
shipment
be the
one seen
succession that the
By
reference
to
the This
plan it will
secures
hollow
square.
greatest amount
valuable
and ventilation, the light least
greatest
to security
the materials,
danger from
destructive
The
and fire,
the best control of the

boiler
are
employes.
the centre
engine and length of

is in
situated at the centre, the power

are cupolas placedat
to radiating
all quarters. the the
The
of the the
same
foundry,and
yard. The
in
the
run
way
for
charging
feet.
A
foundry is
is furnished
60x180
feet portion of it,fifty

The Sheds thrown each
cast to
is length,
railed off for with
work. light four the

cranes.
remainder,for heavy work,

for sand
run
the foundry,and alongside

as
sand
is
in directly with
a
required.
Two
cupolas are
tons,
provided, enablinga having

sufficient
maximum every
capacity ofx twenty
to
be
made
working day in
the year
without
etc. lay by duringrelining,

can
By usingboth
any purpose.
at once
iron
be melted
to
for almost iron
The
erecting shop,
is 60
out
x 180
in which feet. the
lay down
blacksmith
fronts and
30
x
other work and feet,
The
shop is
that
60
opens
into
erecting shop,so
the latter may
be used
for purposes
4r
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
connected stories in up iron small rods
with
the
former.
which second
to
finishing shop
make
is made
two
in height, work. from The the from
and lit shutters, railings,
stdry floors will be suspendedby
roof trusses, so that the first story shall be

columns. The
free entirely made used

two
oppositebuildingis
also
stories in
a
of a height, portion
a
its first floor being the upper
for
carpenter and
flask-making shop,and
The On
a
story,40
on
x 105
for pattern making. feet, of the build ino;.

O
stairs thereto is
the outside is
the first floor of this builda private counting-room,
ing
arranged the
a
offices ;
main
and office,
drawing-room,the
a
latter
connectingwith
the windows
the of
pattern shop by
the
circular
stairway. From
of the
office a generalsurvey private

are
premisesis obtained.
incoming
and
Drive-waysthrough the shops weighingscales

transit from
14
x are so
provided,and plentifully
placedas
for the the
to accommodate
and outgoing materials, the
in weighingof rough castings The

core
foundry to
the
shop. finishing
oven,
a
20
feet,is placed near
the other
with together cupolas, side of the
house small
for, core-making. On house for
is a cupolas
brushingand cleaning castings.It

winters
to
are severe
will be advisable
over
in localities where
to
roof
the
yard or
of for
x
court, taking care

liberal ventilation.
provide as
The
much then
lightas possibleand
be made
use
roof
can
storage of small
flasks and
shown
similar
20 things. A stable,
50
is placedwhere feet, space and the
in the side
etc.
yard.
workmen
This in
yard gives going out

way hall-
for
in
cord- wood, flasks, pass
The
dailyall
through the
entrance
way
of alongside
office. When
and main
being paid off they pass through the

the
office.
Enlarged capacityto wing

The
on
shops
can
or
be
had
by adding
feet
the
foundry, coveringmore
have
a
less of the side
yard. wide,
erecting shop may

around for
on
added, fifteen gallery

time
running
and used
all
sides, suspendedfrom
In due
a
the roof
or
trusses,
vice work.
two
three
story
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON'
WORK.
buildingfor storage of patterns will

built
on a
be
required;
side
this will be will be
portionof
from
the
space
of the
yard, and
disconnected An
the other
buildings.
as
iron-works be
planned
to superior
shown
and
described the
would, for
its purpose, and
any
at existing
present time,
of any.
its capacity, in
to proportion
its cost, be far ahead
FINANCIAL
The
a
MANAGEMENT.
and heavy business,
to
iron business
is
manufacture
amount
as
in of
first-class way
is
a requires large capital.Whatever
money
put into the

"
venture
"
and
it is
venture,
all business
are operations seven
be it remembered for that
that this interest

can
is worth capital be
are
per cent, risk
per annum, without

are
obtained expenses much

or
without connected
and
trouble. and
Then
there
which
inevitable
constant, whether
little is done.
office employes, Taxes, insurance, expenses

to
of the the
a
running engine, pay

same same
foremen,
men
are
etc. ; these
go
on
about
"
whether
on
100
or as
300
on
employed as producers
of work. Above
$100,000
limit
oa
raw
a
$300,000 worth
certain
cost
the given investment, and labor
difference between
the
the
of the
materials
employed,and keep
that
prices
one
obtained
for the finished of
is the profit.Therefore, articles, money is to
of the secrets their utmost To twelve
making
the works
filled to
capacity. principle, suppose

and
at
a
illustrate this inches in
lot of
an
columns,
inch in per
diameter made
same
of three-quarters
"
thickness, are pound. Now,
to be
givenprice
were
say, four cents made
if these and thick,
columns per
to be
was
one-andthe the
a-half inches heavier

cost
the rate afford
pound
the same,
weightswould
cases are
by
to
far the best
because profit,
in both
alike
as
moulding time,and materials,

etc., and
the heavier
cleaning, chipping, turning off ends,

weights represent simplymelted
There is
pig iron poured

these facts
into the mould.

contractor
danger, however,of
a leading
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
and tempting him astray, be therefore, work below the established that
to take
work
a
too
man
low.
limit
must,
; and
when
is steeled to refuse energy work and

to ability
and limit, well
yet has the

contract
keep
shops
filled with
above
that
Jimit, .good
results may If
a
be confidently taken
at
an
looked
for at the end of
the fiscalyear.
amount
or
job be
overcome
no unprofitable figure,
of drive
can
the the
a
error, whether
intentional
a
made unintentional,
at
a
at
start.
But
never
whether
job
and
is
taken
good price or
the A best that
poor be
one,
the slight in material

true
work. in
Always
in will,
do
can
done, both
execution. due
reputationfor good castingsand

time, become
fitting
the
extensivelyknown,
an
and
turn
scales of owners' work work work. whenever he be where is

no
in givingsuch preference
run
establishment of
estimates
close.
The
expense
as
doing good
to do
greater, and
perhaps not
are
great,as
proper
botch
If the workmen
a
held
up to
and standard,
or
mechanic
shows
himself
incompetent
a
careless,
the entire
and discharged
with replaced in
a
better
man,
force will do their work

If any
a
manner. thoroughand expeditious
journeyman
he may
be
addicted if he
to
drink,no
matter
how loud
good
in his
out
mechanic
be, or
is
or disputative
or preferences political
views,it religious
and has buildings will
is well to weed
all such The
and
cost
be free of them. of The

a
ground
been
set
down
as
$55,000. $45,000, and

Thus the
machinery
require an
and above
expenditure of
of $50,000. all,
over working capital,
establishment will
commence
is
supposed to represent $150,000.

the and organization, into account become and what go
on,
Expenses
to
with
are
unceasingly.
the
These
to
be taken
tioned apporwill be
on
different expenses
"
shops. They
so
termed the
shop
much
on
the
foundry,so
the
room
much
to shop,etc.,in proportion finishing cost
they occupy.
got
at.
The
one
of
castingsin
with
a
the
"
foundry
wants
to be
To
unfamiliar
foundry perhapsto
many
familiar with
8 of the
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON"
WORK.
as they came castings
out
of the and
foundry;
cost cost
their cost per
pound
up
of
in finishing
the
shop ;
the
the
per of
pound
of setting
and
at finishing
building ; the
painting ; the
total cost per also the cost
pound
and
the total cost
in dollars for the front ; foot
per lineal foot and like these of them
per square
superficial.
left for guesswork.
With
records The lack
there
accounts
is little room
for the wide

an
difference in
the
on
bids from
contractors,and
results obtained
affords
for explanation of
a
pointing disaping find-
at the end
or
business year's
little
concerns
or
no
made profits
at
actual losses incurred.
Many
take work the actual cost
what
of pricesthroughsheer ignorance losing is. Every article in the business, and each be reduced both. than in detail to its cost Certain the per
contract, should particular
pound,or
cost "cost. not
more
per for
or foot, superficial
classes of work
the
labor finishing
seem
themselves castings would
What
would the
to
be
largepriceper pound
his money. of it
a
give back
show
a
manufacturer
A loss.
contract
job
may
or loss, particular parts
But
future
similar mistakes
are
thus
guarded against.Be
never
governed by
by what
tiny scru-
and results actually obtained, facts,

a
be influenced
to
a
takes competitor
work
at, other
than
or or
impel
closer
into the correctness of
of the cost Sooner well

as
more
economical
ner man-
doing such
to
work.
later those who
defy the
of figures, as teachings
come
the
will of experience, teachings
grief.
goes into this business for the
a
man
dollars noble
and
cents
which profit affords scope the sound
is in
not it,
for
glory.
"
It is
and business, of the
for the best talents of the
the astuteness
lawyer,
judgment
and the
to
merchant, the geniusof

the soldier.
anician, the mech-
of generalship the
Fame, however, is
not
but incidental him who
and business,
a
surelyit will
success
attach to In the
fails to make and
financial
secure
of his work.
eagerness
to anxiety
of contracts,and the liability

to too figure
or mistaking items,the tendency is omitting
low.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORE.
Rather
and
to
an
do without
work
to
than
have
it at be the of
loss.
Let
energy
secure
constant
attention
business
levers which work

at
establishment
its
complement
had
good prices.
than
not
The
at
argument
do
that work for the

An
better be taken
man,
or
at'cost
will all, his
indolent iron
the
man
who be
has outlived
energy.
works
requiresto
kept
at
stantly con-
going, or
pays
it becomes
taxes
"Work self-consuming. office and hire, the
cost
men
the interest and the
and
keeps the
togetherand
generallyfrom
tools from
and rusting, But when
establishment
not can-
running
behind.
at
the manager
find sufficient work is too
remunerative
man,
or
the prices,
man
ment establishand
largefor
for the
that
the This
too
a
small
competent in-
establishment.
is
growing country,
and work
foundries for
for iron hardlykeep pace with the demand can always find work, even buildings.The live man
can
wars.
in dull
times,duringpanics and get remunerative

credit would
a
It is of the first importance
to
prices.
attach itself to
an
good
establishment stated ;
as
paid
for and almost
providedwith
unlimited reliable
as working capital
indeed,an
a
if credit,
man.
the manager
be known
tent compe-
and The
as
sum
invested
:
is
largeone,
and
is
and represented
used
follows
CAPITAL
Ground
cost-
$150,000.
Interest Taxes Insurance Gas
on
$15,000 40,000
45,000
capital
$10,500 1,500
800 700
Buildingscost Machinery Working capital
50,000 $150,000
Repairs
to
buildings
500
Incidentals
1,000 $15,000
OFFICE
EXPENSES.
Wages
"
Manager.
Book-keeper
$5,000
1,500
800
Time-keeper
10
Amount Two
ARCHITECTUEAL
IRON
WORK.
brought
forward
$7,300
600
$15,000
boys
watchman
Draughtsman Night
Incidentals
~
1,200
900
1,000
"
11,000
ENGINE
AND
BOILER
EXPENSES.
Coal, per day Oil,tallow, waste,
$4
etc
00
1 00 2 00
Repairs, etc Wages of engineer

Incidentals..
3 00 1 00
$11
is. per
annum
00
(300 days),
3,300
14,300 Expenses
APPORTIONED AS FOLLOWS :
$29,300
Foundry"
or
7-16
Erecting and
Blacksmith" Pattern"
or $29,300 is $12,818.75 per annum, per day is 7-16 of $12,818.75 per $29,300 shop finishing
of
$42
annum, 42
72
"
per day 1-lfi of 1-16 of
73
$29,300
is
$1,831.25 per
annum,
or
or
per
day
6 10 611
$29,300is
$1,831.25 per
annum,
per
day
FOUNDRY. Shop expenses, as Coal for cupola, H

Common White sand sand stated
tons
above, per
at
day
$42
9 % 0
72 00 00 75
$6
etc fire-clay, Sea-coal;
2 00 2 00
Flour
Repairs
Wood
to
ladles, cupolas,
coal for
core oven
etc
2 50 2 00
and
Flasks, material
in and
wages
making $6
00 4 50 3 50
10 00
Wages
"
1 foreman 1 melter
helpers,$1.75 10 moulders, $3.50 \

2 25 15
"
3.00Vsay
1.50
133
00
-
helpers,
ton
)
$30
00 "Û 70
147 219
00 97
Iron"Per
four Interest,
months
Lighterage Cartage, handling, and

*
1 00 short
weights.
1 00
.
.
32
70x8
tons,
261
60 57
$481
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
11 $481
5 57 00
Amount
brought
forward
-
Cartages, etc
Contingencies
Cost of melting 8 tons, with
ton
3 00
iron included
$489 $61
57 20
Or,
per
A the
gross ton
rest
of iron
yields 2,000 Ibs. (2,240Ibs.) sprues,

:
in
castings ;
the
is
wastage, and
gates, etc.,which
makes
cost,without
Melting, per
Iron,
Cost
per
"
moulding
$28.50, or 32.70,
ton
per
"
Ib
c. c.
1.425
1.635 3.060
Ib
c.
If ten
tons
is melted,then
per
the cost
will be
Melting per ton, $22.80, or Iron 32.70,"

"
pound
"
c. c.
1 .140 1.635 2. 775
Cost
per
pound
without
moulding that the

cost
c.
It will thus be decreases

as
seen
of
meltingproportionately
The To
over
the
amount
of iron
can
increases. made.
heavier
ten
the
tons
castingsthe cheaper they requiresscarcely any

tons, with
The of exception
be
melt
additional
a
expense
melting eight
when
the
little coal.
shop
expenses of iron is
of the
foundry are
But
amount
covered
tain cer-
amount
being melted.
a
the business becomes is
only when profitable manufacturingiron

articles that Most of
can
greater
for
up
being melted.
are
In
work made
there buildings, into stock

or
very
few
be
made
in advance. the the different
the work
is taken
under
are
contract,and
parts made
just before
made
they
owners
required at
of
building.
whom the very
turns
Payments are
work is
by
the
for buildings
The money
for,as
the work
progresses.
quickly, pay
iron usual the of which
for finished work it is made credit. direct

are
being usuallygot
bad
owners,
before
the
pig
the
has to be Few
paid for,if bought on

debts
as are
new
four months'
contracts
are
incurred
where
with
for buildings investments

or
mercantile
purposes
built except as rarely
to
12
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
supplythe
can,
prosperous
demands
of commercial
firms.
ager man-
make therefore, There
close and is
no
safe calculations in arranging stock of articles to be

ried car-
his finances.
heavy
waiting for purchasers.

It will be observed the cost of melted This that in the calculation foregoing made
at
for
iron,the price of pig iron is taken

as
an
$30
the
per
ton.
priceis merely taken

tables and
a
for illustration,
of these object and principles

to any
the views
given are
to offer correct costs
guide
in
making
up tables and
ble applica-
iron works. particular of iron will vary brands of

to location, greatly according
The
mixtures
of certain availability and any
and foundrymen's ideas iron,

are
experience.
The
mixtures following
as
not
given
with
great degree of confidence

found
to
the
best,but simply what
has been
work
well in
practice.
OF IRON.
MIXTURES
For
heavy
work
"
No. No.
1 American 2
u
Iron
"
3 parts. 2
"
Scotch. For medium work No. No.
Iron Iron
"
1 part. 1 1 1 1
"
"
1 American 2
."
"
Scotch
Iron Iron
"
For
small
work
"
No.
1 American Iron
k'
Scotch
2 parts.
COAL.
Amount and kind

"
to
be
one
used
ton
will differ in accordance anthracite coal to six tons
with of
hardness
say
pig iron.
TABLE.
Cost of melted
iron with
foundry expenses
at
added
on
same
Iron
1 ton iron
$25 per
ton.
(2,240Ibs.)
interest.
,
$25
1 short
00
4 months'
0 58 00
Lighterage Cartage, handling, and
weight
1 00
$27
Yields
58
2,000Ibs. good castings ;
the rest is
wastage, etc.
ARCHITECTURAL
IROX
WORK.
13
1.38
1.64
Iron
costs
per
pound
under the head of
"
c.
Melting (as obtained

Cost
Foundry")
per
paund
c.
per
pound
without
moulding
expenses
c.
3.02
COST
The from
OF
MELTED
the cost
IKON.
of melted
followingtable
$20
to
shows
iron,with pig
:
$50 per ton, includingfoundry expenses
14
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.'
COST
OF
CASTINGS.
not
When
Moulding
cost of.moulding does
exceed
1 cent
per
pound.
c.
1.00
.20
Facings, cores, Cleaning and

Labor and
;ind chaplets
chipping handling
bad
.20
.05 10
Cartage Losage on
castings(10 per
cent,
of above
items)
c.
15 1.70
Melted
"
added iron, with shop expenses iron calculated on Foundry "). Pig table, Iron at $30 per ton
u "
(as obtained
a
under
head
of See 3.27
basis of
$30
per ton.
Cost, per pound

Sell
c.
4.97
(20 per
cent,
profit)6c. per pound.
When
cost
of
moulding is f c.
per
pound.
Per Ib.
c.
Moulding
Facings, cores, Cleaning
Labor and and
0.75
20 .20
chaplets chipping
and
handling
bad
.05
10
Cartage Losage
on
castings(10 per
cent
of above
items)
13
c.
1.43 3.27
Melted
iron.
(See table,
"
Iron at
$30
per
ton
")
c.
Costs Sell
4.70
(20 per
cent,
profit)5|c. per pound.
"When Moulding
cost
of
moulding is IJc.per pound.

Per
c.
Ib.
1.25
Facing, cores, Cleaning

Labor and and
and
chaplets
.20
.20 .05 10
chipping
handling
bad
Cartage Losage on
castings (10 per
cent,
of above
items)
18
c.
1.89 3 27
Melted
iron.
(See table,"Iron
at
$80
per
ton
")
c.
Costs Sell (20 per cent,
c.
5.25
6Jc. profit)
per
pound.
16
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Cost,per day,of
1 blacksmith 2
blacksmith
and
two
helpers
"
thus
$3 00
each
men
helpers,$1.75
3
3 50
Shop expenses,
each, $1.18
3 54
Say Charge,
per
$10 day $12

00
00
TABLE.
Cost of
and
wrought
bar
with iron,
cartage and
rate
interest
added,
wastage allowed.
Bar
Showing
iron at
per
pound.
$50
00
$50 per
ton.
1 ton iron
(2,240Ibs.)
months
four Interest,
1 17 2 00
Cartage
$53
For
17
wastage (into scrap,

will
allow etc.),
5 per work.
cent.
A gross ton bar iron
(2,240Ibs.)
c.
yield2,128
Ibs. for finished
The
will, therefore,
2.50
cost, per pound
Cost
of
Bar
Iron, at $45
to
$85, includinginterest and
cartage.
PER TON. PER POUND.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
17
PATTERN
Shop
Wear
expenses
SHOP.
$6 hardware, $3
etc
(as previouslystated) per day

of
11
and
tear
machinery, purchase
of small
5 00
Wages"
44
1 foreman 7 pattern makers 2 pattern makers 00

=
$5 00
21 00 250= 500 31 00
Cartages
Cost
per
2 00
day, say
$44
00
On
10
men
: (producers)
Average
wages
$3
10
Shop
expenses workman.
1 30
Each
$4
40
LIST
REQUIRED
IN
OF
THE
MACHINERY,
VARIOUS SHOPS
TOOLS,
TO BEGIN
ETC.,
WORK WITH.
ENGINE
ROOM.
160 horse-power Attachments Fan Fan for
engine and
boiler
$4,500 1,000
200 100
cupola
shop
for smith's
Shaftingthroughout buildings
3,000
8,800
FOUNDRY.
2 cupolas, maximum 4
cranes
capacity20
tons
each
$3,750
4,000
sieves,etc Ladles, shovels, bellows,riddles,

Sandfloors
2,000
600
Weights, etc.,etc
2,000 12,350
ERECTING
AND
FINISHING
SHOPS.
overhead
crane
column-turning lathe
lathe
:
$2,500 3,500
750 600 650 500
planer punch
shears
Vices
and
small
tools
4,500
7c 0 250 150
6 drillers 2 emery wheels
Grindstones
14,150
2
18
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
BLACKSMITH
SHOP.
forges and
etc tools, anvils,
$3,500 3,500
PATTERN SHOP.
1 wood
planer
saws
$800
500 lathe 200 150 175
2 circular
1 wood-turning 1 wood 1
facing lathe
saw
jig
saw
1 band
175
etc
Benches,
500
2,500
MISCELLANEOUS.
hoistingderricks
trucks and
$500
200
2 hand 4 horses
carts, etc
1,800 2,500 1,700 $45,000
Contingencies
Total
ESTIMATED
AMOUNT AND COST

cent,
on
OF AND
ONE
YEAR'S
BUSINESS
PROFIT.
$10,500
4,500
Interest
on
7 capital,
per
$150,000 buildings,etc
Taxes, insurance,gas, repairs

Office expenses
to
11,000
coal excluded)
Engine
and
boiler (wages and
1,200
700
repairs, etc Cupola lining,
Tools, small,additions
Lumber
to,
etc
3,600 4,000
in flasks, patterns, etc
Foundry
equipments
sea
5,000
coal, etc
2.000
Moulding sand,
Lump
Soft Wood coal for
coal, 550 tons, at $6
3,300 1,500
500
blacksmiths,engine coal,etc
Paints, oils,etc
Stable expenses of heavy work
etc
Truckages
2,000 2,000 1 ,000 2,000

IRON.
Freights,railroad
expenses,
Pig, 2,400 tons, average, $32 Bar and sheet,400 tons, average,
Rolled
$76,800
$90 $135
36,000
beams,
100
tons, average,
13,500
126,300
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
WAGES.
Pattern
say
makers,
and
average
number,
10
men
"
average,
$3.10, $31
00
.................................................
Finishers
helpers, average
..........................................
number,
63
men
"
average, 138 00
$2.20, say
Blacksmiths
and
helpers, average
..........................................
number,
12
men"
average, 29 00
$2.41, say
Moulders and
say
helpers, average
..........................................
number,
50
men"
average, 136
$2.73,
Flask
say
00
carpenters,
average
number,
men
"
average,
$2.50,
5 00 6
......
.....
.................................................
Painters,
average
number, number,
3 4
men men
"
average,
"
$2.25, say
average,
75
Cartmen,
Common
say
average
average, 4
men
"
$1.87", say
7 50
laborers,average
.................................................
number,
$1.50,
6 00 3 00 75 00
Engineer,
man"
average,
man
"
$3,
say
........................
Weightman,
average, of men,
a
$2.75, say
2
...................
Total 300
number in
150 ; wages the total
per
day, paid
say
.....
$365
.....
working days Contingencies

Total
year
makes
sum
for wages
$109,500 10,000
.................................................
cost
.............................................
$300,000
PRICES
For For For
REALIZED.
2,400 tons, at $100 castings, work, 400 tons, at $160
............ ........
pig
bar
iron made and sheet
into finished
$240,000
64,000 17,500
iron,finished
100
rolled
beams,
tons, at
$175
...............................
$321,500 PROFIT.
Profit, $21.500
annum on an
investment
of
$150,000, in
addition
to 7 per
cent,
per
for
use
of capital.
The been
character profitable generally
of
this business
has thus
shown.
have
new
however, for establishment,
the first few
years, will additional In this
to
of its profits in put the largerproportion
machinery,testingapparatus, tools,patterns, etc.

class of manufacture
success
attends
capacityand
industry.
20
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
From
the
preceding
tables
is obtained
the
following
TARIFF
OF
PRICES
FOR
LABOR
AND
MATERIALS.
Cost.
Charge.
Blacksmith
"
(forge)
"
and
1 2
helper
helpers
$711
1000 3 255 440 150 50
$850
1200 5 350 600 200 50 00 00 00 5 6 6 00 00 00 00
Finishers,
"
machinists
extra
helpers
Patternmakers Laborers Drill Small Planer machine lathe and and 1

man.
and 1
1
man
man
3 4 4
Column-turning
machine,
etc
10
00
In
making
:
out
bills
for
jobbing
work,
always charge
for
the
following
Pattern
materials,
etc., files,
Cast
iron, by weight, iron, by weight.
Cartage,
Pattern
Blacksmiths,
Screws,
Bolts and
Wrought Labor,
makers,
Machine
use,
nuts,
Finishers,
Boxing.
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
COST.
It
is
important
be time these
that made
to
the
cost
of
book
every
to
article be
of
common
manufacture
From
up
in
as
kept
in
for
that of
pose. purlabor
time,
must
variations be of the be
a
arise
prices
or
materials,
As
costs
revised. number
manner
illustrations, the
in detail. From
costs
of of
leading
articles
is
given
at
these will
definitely arriving
the
cost
of
any
article
readily
understood.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
21
O
1O O
OOOJOOJOClOOOO JOO*O-"*GCJOOC""CQCQO
CB
TO
CO
OOOOOOOO1 d
o
"H
12
g
JO ej
O
MI
.2
TH
O O O O O LO O eoT-ieoco"ocot"t"*-"ose"
T-I
1C
"C
"M
C5
ri
S"
O".
It
"s*
if
"!I
a
.SB
O
OJ
O
0
lOtOiCJOiOJOOOOJOCS Nt-CiOl")Cl^^t-i^"r}"
rj"
o
for
per
SS
"
q
3
:;:::
""".."""""
:.:t*:| j -'ll
^
"
.^5
""
* '
"
"O"'-"^3
"
if
UH
: .2
'
: o"
06 boS
"M
fl
mil
fl
"
fl
22
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
USUAL
SIZE
OF
PLATES.
Diameter
of Column.
Cap lOxlOx
Plate.
Base
Plate.
4 inch
"
8x 10x10x1
8x
,12x12x1
.12xl2xli
.12xl2xH .14xl4xli .14x14x1^
10
lOxlOxli lOxlOxli
12xl2xl"
12xl2xli 12xl2xl"
,14x14x1$ The
cores
of columns
of
a
should uniform the
be
made
in
one
piece
of
in
length,
the and The
castings made
thickness ends of turned
metal, straight
true
reasonably perfect,and
somewhat thickness
common
off
in
lathe. with
a
practice
the
not
making
it is The of the
columns
greater
any
at
ends,
be
where
observable,
risk metal that
than
at
other
assumed
part, should
is
followed. the value
by is thererants. war-
greater than
saved
It upper and tenth It
is
usual than
to at
make the
round middle
; the
columns
; this
little
smaller in
at
the
end also of has
is
advantageous
should
not
strength
one-
in appearance the diameter.

a
difference
exceed
been
common
opinion
in
that
long-continued
a
tion, vibrain the
though
structure
very
small
amplitude,
it
more
causes
change
;
of
iron,rendering by
those
liable informed.
must
to
break
this notion
has
been For
abandoned
best iron
columns, good strong

made with
at
always
care.
be
used,
too
and much
the
to
castings
expect
defects
least
ordinary
be
cast
It is
that
can
long
be
columns
will detected the
quite straight. Some

Those course,
readily
in
by inspection.
of
having
be
jected, re-
'considerable
defects
casting should,
24
AJRCHITECTUJBAL
IKON
WORK.
TABLES
OF
SAFE CAL
CAST
LOAD IKON
ON
HOLLOW
CYLINDRI-
COLUMNS.
(ONE-FIFTH
THE
BREAKING
WEIGHT.)
The
following
which the ends and
tables
give
round off true
the iron
at
safe
load
in
tons
of
2,000
with axis
set
pounds, safety ;
level with
hollow turned base

care
columns
will
with
sustain their
right angles
; and For the
cap
plates
at
used
columns
not
up
reasonable of these
the
building.
should
to
columns for
a
turned,
load.
one-half In
must
amounts
be
taken
the
safe
estimating
be made for
the any
load
use
be
borne
by
may
one
column,
be
allowance
the
come
building
on
put
to, and
the
greatest
an
weight
for of the
that the
may
any
column.
to
Besides
allowance
floors,and
should Great
to
the be
weight
be
placed thereon,
to
one-fourth
assurance
total
sure.
allowed,
allowance
in
addition,
also
make made
doubly
that the
are
must
be
for
or
columns under from
subject
of armory
on
vibrations
caused
or
by machinery,
to
sion concus-
floors
drill-rooms,
a
subject
or
bodies
falling
in
floor
above,
thrown
a
liable
to
lateral them.
blows The
from
goods
transmission be made
being
of
against
castings
should
uniform
and
thickness ends turned
of
metal, straight
off true
in
a
and
reasonably perfect,
both
lathe.
AKCHITECTUEAL
IKON
WORK.
25
gggg
"32
Sg
sot-Tt-t-
SSSSf:
DIAM INCHES.
IDE
9
00 TT a: o "O
sess
DIAMETER INCHES.
TSIDE
8
I
CO
DIAMETER INCHES.
X 0 C X " W t0 I-
I-
SO
lOr-n-c-rrn
"O
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JNSiOi-VO
1-1
04
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sssss
7 OOOt-OflO
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sssss
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PSSS3
OUTSIDE
T-'O
Ol-OQCrl
DIA
TSIDE
6
INCH
CC
t-
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CS
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GC9t
tO-f
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^H
8
DIAMETE
NCHES.
si
"
I
"*'eo
T-S
'
PH
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CO
DIAMETER
INCHES.
T-4 W
O" G
IO
0"00"5"
5"2JSS?J
4
"eo
O5i""o"t-
OUTSIDE
DIAM INCHES.
E
"o TO ox
OT35iOC*34 v
t-
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T-
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OSDSCOt-
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ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
O
o
3
H
eo
in
"M
"
H
co
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
28
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
I
rS
t-
1
"
"
"D
p"3 88
V
CV"
c*^
"
in lat
s
and in
p
umn
"2
-"l^5ooo*-e-^
Hllflf.-Sll"
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
29
TABLE.
[Arranged from
COST OF WORKMANSHIP ON BOX
the
details.] foregoing
INCLUDING LEAP TALS, CAPI-
COLUMNS,
SAY I
TABLE.
WEIGHTS AS OF ORDINARY CAN
BE BOX
COLUMNS.
PANELLED. AND WITH OPEN
MADE BACKS.
AS
LIGHT
SAFELY
RUN,
included.] [Plates
30
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
EXAMPLE.
What
is the cost 12 feet

Ibs. to
a
of
box
column
14
inches
16 face,
inches
deep,and
Weight,
134
long?
foot
[see above
table] =
1608
Ibs. @
c.
3.27
$52
20
50 08 58 52 10
Workmanship,
Cost Add Sell Is
including the
capital
$72
profit
14
20 per cent,
$87 $7.27
"
per
lineal columns
foot,or
are
c.
5.42 per
pound.
or
NOTE.
If
deep
more.
panelled
heavy mouldings weight
in
panels,the
labor. ting Set-
weight
will be
considerably
are
If shutter
grooves
of columns
required,add for always charged in addition.
additional
and
CAST
IEON
BEAMS.
The
best
form
as
of section
for
cast
iron
beams
or
is girders the
that known that the six times

area
T beams. of the bottom of the
Experiment has
should flange and flange, curved in
established be
a
rule,
than
little more
that
a
top
the the
connected flanges
an
by together
and A
vertical web
shape of
ellipse, breaking
of
to givelateral sufficiently rigid cast
stiffness.
to one-third
iron
beam
will be is laid will

on
bent
of its
weight if
if laid
on
the load
at
gradually ;
same
and
one-sixth
it,
once,
produce the
compared
the
effect if the the
weight
on.
of
the
beam the
is small
with beam
weight
not
laid be
Hence than
breakingweight of
times the
to
should
less
three
greatest load which

vibrations the
it has to carry, and

not
for those than

more
six
exposed
times
should strength
as
be less
the
load
imposed,
than
a
sudden
shocks
tend
far
to
the destroy
cohesion
permanent load.
32
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
33
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ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WOKK.
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WOKK.
35
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IEON
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ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
37
BEAM.
EXAMPLE
OF
COST
OF
CAST
IRON
Suitable tween
to
sustain
three
stories
of
twelve-inch
brick
wall,
Length
be-
supports, eighteen feet.

x
4" Top flange, Centre Bottom
1"".
x
web,
21
If "14
"
inches
at ends.
12 flange,
2i".
Average cost Moulding" 2

1
of pattern, flasks,etc moulders 1 day, $3.00 helper 1 day

,
$2 00 $6
00 1 50
Facing Chaplets,etc Cleaning. Chipping

etc Labor, bringing in flasks, getting out castings,
Sundries
Painting. Cartage Losage

"
1 beam
in 15
c.
Weight, 3,485Ibs. @
Cost Add 20 per cent,
3.27
$135 35
for selling profit price.
CAST
IRON
AECH
GIRDERS,
TENSION
WITH
WROUGHT
IRON
RODS.
Arch front
or
are girders rear
used principally
for the
support of the
are
a
walls of brick of
buildings.They
cheap and
is casting
effective method made and in

seats
one
wide securing box
openings. The
iron tie rod.
piecewith
the
ends,the latter having grooves

The
tie rod is
to receive
wrought
SB
AECHITECTUEAL
IKON
WOEK.
made
the
from
of to three-eighths one-eighth has square ends rod has be
an
inch
shorter than
so on
as
casting ; and
forming
taken
shoulders weld
to
fit into the

and length,
casting.The
great
care
usuallyone
that
its be
should
this weld
perfect.
The the
two
rod
is
expanded by heat,and
allowed
to contract
then in
in placedin position
and casting, ends
the thus tieing cooling, abutments tie rod the

to receive
of the
to castingtogether
form
the
horizontal
thrust
of the full
arch.
If the
is too
long
it will not
cast to
a
receive has
so
the
of proportion
strain until the
iron
severe
far deflected that its lower which strain,

too cast
edge is subjected
to resist.
tensile
iron is feeble
If
a
the tie rod is made

severe
is cambered the casting short, both the cast load. and
up
and
initial strain
put upon
wrought iron,
proper propor
which
enfeebles
both in
to
carryinga
all
The
tion of cast
iron arch the

a
wrought iron
are
tie ; the proper
welding
The
on
and
shrinkageof
bar
important elements.
two
girdersshould
a
have
rise of
about
feet six inches
feet. lengthof twenty-five

be allowed
One
square
ten net
inch of cross-section
tons of load
of rod should
upon In
set
for every
imposed
the span the
of the arch. the
tables following proper
thickness for
of tie rods
the
to
are castings
forth,the
necessary
as a
diameter The
be work
used, and
is calculated
other
details.
weight of
brick
solid wall
exclusive distributed, equally If window

out
of floors or deduct
any
other
weight.
that
openings occur,
of the
only
the the
;
half
the
weight;
actual
take is, which
weight of
will occupy.
wall
only half
space
the windows
Should
or
be placedat weight of wall,by piers or otherwise,

centre
near
of the
double girder,
a
the
weight calculated
to be
borne
in other
words, use
of greater sustaining girder capacity.
cubic
foot of brick work

thick will
weighs 112 pounds ; weigh 150 pounds.
foot of
wall sixteen inches
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
I I
SOo
O
o
O o
' "
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P3.
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IKON
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XXX
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IRON
WORK.
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ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
ARCH
GIRDER
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Suitable
to
sustain
four
stories
of
12
inch
brick
wall.
Length,25
feet.
Average
cost of pattern, 2 moulders, 2
etc flasks, 1
$2 50 $3 00"
1 50"
Moulding."
day
each
$6 00
3 00
helpers,1
day
each
9 00
Cores 1 00 1 00
Facing Chaplets, etc Cleaning Chipping

Labor, bringing in flasks, taking
Sundries
out
40
50 2 00
casting,etc
1 00 1 00
Painting Cartage Losage,

1
1 25 3 00
girder in 10
ate. 3.27 inches ting, diameter, includingforging,fit-
1 84
Weight, 2,700 Ibs.
88
29
Wrought-iron tension rod, 2f 520 Ibs. at 7c etc.,

Cost
36 40
$149 18
Add
20 per cent, profitfor selling price.
LINTEL
AND
CORNICE
COURSE
"
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
such
as
are
used generally
say
above
first story columns.

3.27
Lintel"
Weight,
100 Ibs. to foot, at
c.
$3
27
Moulding,
etc
2 00
$5
27
44?
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Amount
brought forward Weight,

45 Ibs. to
etc at foot,
c.
$5
3.27
27
Cornice"
$1
2
47
Moulding, Fitting up Putting Screws,

up
60
at at
shop building
00 50 30 4
files, etc bolts,
87
40 20
Painting Cartage
.
Sundries.
Cost Add foot
25
per
$10
99
20 per
cent,
for selling price. profit
WINDOW
LINTEL
"
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
of pattern
$0
15
Moulding Facing Cleaning Chipping,

Labor,
Painting Cartage,
Sundries
Losage,
1 lintel in 10
Weight,
90 Ibs. at
c.
3.27
Cost. Add
25 per cent, for selling price. profit
WINDOW
SILL
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Average Moulding Facing
cost of pattern
$0
15 85
06
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
45 $1 06
12 15 05 25 15 10
Amount
brought forward
Cleaning Chipping
Labor
Painting Cartage
Sundries
Losage,
1 sill in 10 Ibs. at
c.
12
Weight, 60
Cost Add
3.27
1 96
$3 96
for selling price. profit
25 per cent,
WROUGHT-IRON
PLATE
GIRDER
"
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Web, 20'x-iV.
Top plate,10"
Bottom
x "". plate,8"xf.
x
Top angles,4"
Bottom
4*
angles,3"" x
Length, 30 feet. Weight, Making"

say
2,600 Ibs. ;
hours
average
3"c $5 20
710
28 00
$91 00
forge and three helpers,$1.30 ten hours forge and three helpers,71c twenty hours finisher and four helpers, $1 .40
four five hours five hours finisher and finisher and three
one
punching, $1.15 helpers,

65c helper,
5 75
3 25
49 30
Use etc punch, shears, Rivets, 120 at 7c of 10
00
8 40 2 00
Painting Cartage
and
handling
4 00
^
Cost
$16470
Add
for selling 25 per cent, profit price.
46
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
RAILING
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Cost
of
one
panel
of
six railing,
feet
in
length,
Forging Finishing
Lead" in
$1 shop
8c
1
00 50 20 20
25
2i Ibs. at
etc
Files, chisels, Painting Labor, Putting

Sundries
cartage,
up
etc
25
1
at
building
50 50
Weight
Wrought
Iron
x
"
Bottom
raH, 1"
",
6 feet.
. .
.
"\
Top
rail, 1"
ix",
f,
6 feet.
( V 35 j
20 Ibs.
Ibs.
Ibs.
at
Brace, Post,
3 feet 3 feet
c.
3.22
103
|,
"
$65
Cast
per
ton
[see table].
rail
iron"Hand
Railing
castings. .60
80
Ibs.
at
c.
3.27
61
Pig
iron
"
$30
and
per other
ton
[see table].
in
Moulding
costs
foundry
60 4 21
Cost Add
of
6 feet
cent,
$10 profit for selling price.
64
25
per
48
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Amount
brought forward
$2 66
12 08 10
etc Cleaning, chipping,files,
Cartage Losage
Cost. Add for selling 33" per cent, profit price.
$2
96
IKON
SHUTTERS
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Made
in two
and hung folds,
to eyes built in the wall.
Size,4
feet wide
by
6 feet
high.
with No. 16 sheet iron.
Frames, 1"" x "",covered

Weight. 4
Lbg.
=
uprights,6' each
4'
4'
" "
24 feet of
60 40
4 crosses,
16 feet of HX!
2hinges,
1
8feetofl|x-"
2
x
20
16 3 5
strikingbar, 5' of Latches, rings,etc

Rivets V 10 per cent
15
159
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
49 $5 13
69
7
Bar
iron
($65
per ton) 159
Ibs. at 6'
c.
3.22
Sheet
iron,No.
10 per
16, 4' 3"

cent.
2",includinglaps
Wastage,
76at5|c..
is pair a day, $7.11, Finisher and one helper,with shop expenses on same, making, say and one finisher : helper will hang six pair a day, say Hanging Cartage (eightpair to a load) and handling, say Painting Blacksmith and
one
18
helper will
forge three
2 37 3 00
.
1 00
50 60
50
Sundries
Cost Cost Add per square
$17 27
72a superficial, foot,
for selling 25 per cent, profit price.
ROOF
CRESTING
EXAMPLE
OF
COST.
Average weight
ate.
per
foot,includingtwo
cost
finials to each
25 feet, 10 Ibs.
3.27 and other in
$0 foundry
'.
,
33 30 05 10 03 08 15
Moulding
Cleaning,chipping,etc Fittingup in shop etc Screws, files, etc Painting,cartage,sundries, Putting up at building
Cost per foot per cent, profitfor
$1 selling price.
04
Add
33^
4:
50
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
GKATINGS.
iron 2' 8"
Example
2 inches
of
centres.
cost
of
wrought
gratings
to
4'
0'
out,
Filling
Front Back On Finisher
"
in frame frame
bars,
1"
"}
2
x
^
""
""
bars,
bars,
feet with
run.
Not
including
platforms
or
doors.
"
twenty-five
and
helper,
"
punching
"
machine,
"
1-^j days
H
at
at
$8 $6
at 71
c
$10
900 7 3 2
40
days
11 hours
Forge, Painting, Handling Cartage, Drilling, Putting
straightening
6
bars and
and
cutting
off
same,
81 00 00 00 00 25
hours,
paint
5Cc
25
feet for at thimbles
2 4 Finisher and
etc.,
down
building:
helper,
2|
days
at
$6.50
16
Cost
of per
workmanship
lineal
on
25
feet
$54
46
Or,
$2.14
foot.
Cost
of
iron,
10
say, per
$65
cent
per
ton
(as
per
table),
is
3.22c.
32c.
per
Ib.
Wastage,
3^c.
per
Ib.
grating
of
1|
-J bars
inch
centres,
4'
0"
out,
weights
71-,% Ib.
to
footat3ic
Cost of
$2
per foot 2
50
14
workmanship
Cost
$4
per Ib.
64
Or,
6|c.
Add up,
or
additional doors.
for
cast
iron
platforms.
Add
additional
for
grating
to
raise
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
51
B
O
t3 O
S
H"
X
"
"9
ui
"
"
XXX rf*
r-l
r+* C"
"M TH
s
cq
52
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
ARCHITECTUBAL
IRON
WORK,
CQ
"
"JS
TH
OB
g
3
"
JJ
o
HM TH
X CO
"
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
56
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
57
tent ex-
The
illustrations foregoing
could
be
carried to the full

to pertains
of
business.
showing the
A
to
cost
of every has
article that been
the any
sufficient number
given to
his
own
enable
man foundry
to adapt these principles

on
particular
which he
class of
rests.
work, based
the business expenses
under
The
of prices the
architectural
do castings
not
ate fluctumaterially of the

iron which
with
enters cent.
price of pig
of the
iron.
The
cost
into many
finished articles is not

is labor.
twenty-five per
ployed em-
The
is
item principal
The
cent,
cost of the labor
to fifty probablythirty per
greater than in 1860

in wages, number but to the of
-'61.
This
care
is due with
not
only to
work
the increase is done.

are
greater
and
more
which
The
parts
the
them of casting difficulty
increasing every
Of
year, and of
skilled labor is
in proportion to required,
the amount
iron
cast,in the work

as
of
cost
fitting up.
of
still greater the
tance, imporof
the affecting up in
is castings,
amount large
locked capital
flasks, patterns, machinery, buildings, etc.,

has Large capital
to be to work
the value of which
shrinks every year. have proprietors manufacturers.

and
as
employed,and
any work other
as
the
harder than almost
class of
In
fact
they
do
double
are
manufacturers
in and variety
contractors.
a
Patterns continual
between
creasing in-
extent, demanding
a
outlay
the
of
true
money. and
There
is
growing
discrimination of
the false in this branch

of
taste
productive industry.A
the
higher order
is toward
more
is
and being developed, and

more
tendency
finished perfectly This

is
an
mented ornaartistically
work.
the is
one
encouragingfact
must
for
the future of
and business, which
though
will
it involves increased
it expenditure,
manufacturers who
recognize.The popular demand

will detail,
enterprising
and
not
manufacturer
artistic
meet
the
give
even excellence,
to the smallest
lack for
patronage.
The
cost of
most, if
not
of all,
the articles givenin illustra-
58 tion may
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WOEK.
appear
are
excessive. but
It must
a
be
remembered, however,
at
a
that there
few of
kind to be made
time,and
the
at
considerable
and
must
intervals
of time
apart. To get
out
patterns
flasks and be
of shifting The
various
all takes time,which articles, and expenses

nected con-
considered.
moulding,time
than
and therewith,
risk of
the casting, is greater when losing
making
number.
up
small in
number
they are
in
a
making
small be
up
large
of
for
a
So
the
delivery by cartage :
number taken
and castings load.
light weight have

need
to frequently
No
one
be told that the cost is much

two
or
more,
a
tionately, proporthan it is
in in
making
or
three
of castings It would be
kind
waste
a
making
two
three hundred.
of time
to recite
on a
why
the cost is
less on proportionately
greater than
lesser number
; it is self-evident to every
foundryman.
the interest
the cost
a
This
information printed
and
in guide is entirely him

to
cover fully one
of the
every
on
producer.
and article,
It is to enable
not
of
to make
on profit
article and
loss of
to
another.
Everything should brought down

to
be
taken
out
of the realm If
errors are
and guess-work be made

at
to hard
facts.
on
all, theyneed
be
made
the
winning side.
not
The
It is
costs had
better be calculated after

a
than excessively
enough.
a
quiteprobablethat
line of costs laid
reason
foundryman
arranges
plete com-
of the various articles he
on manufactures, a
the
system here
out, that the result will be

of
a
curtailment
of his business
with him his
by
being unable
man
to
compete in prices
no
neighbors. Such
to
so men
need
as
have do
a a
regrets. Let
or
confine himself of his work

How many
such
as
articles
to
pay,
raise the
standard market.
command
pricein superior
at to
the end
account
of
year, after themselves where any
doing a
for
not
are large business,
unable
to
taking money?
savings could
and have
They
been
cannot
discover
or
material
made
greater economy
a
practiced,
labor
yet there is nothingto show
for
the
whole
hard year's
a
and
anxiety. The
fault
lay in
fact that
considerable
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
59
of portion
and of the make
their manufactures small items been had
were
made been
at
loss.
The
a
sand thou-
one
not
and considered,
system
had self-deception
in practiced, continuously bringing, small items
and discouragement.The end, disappointment up

a
gross be
sum
which
is
A truly astonishing.
a
smaller and will
business
steer
may of
done, but
it will be
profitable one,
clear
are
bankruptcy.
The
making
up of detailed
tables
of off
a
costs
as
considered generally
as
and put duties, disagreeable
long
They possible.
studies his best
are
necessary to success, and

will not
if
manufacturer
he interest,
only make guess-work.

purpose
manner
them In In
but complete,
no
often revise them. be
department should anything

be done
to
left
to
from taking off quantities
for etc., plans,

in such
a
the
of
it should making proposals,

as
detailed
to
be
referred readily
and
compared with
the executed
work.
In the foreman.
one a foundry,
careful and
man experienced
should
act
as
Practical
is the in turning out good castings ability

a
in such great requisite
man,
and made
not
or
one
full of scientific
theories. than
More
money
will
be
lost in the
foundry
much low
as
in any
other be
department. The
"
making
on
of unnecessary
used
as as
flasks must
as
guarded against
stock
those
hand
possible ; the
market
of
arbors, kept weights, etc.,

allow ; wages the work
seen
the limits of work

above
common
will
to
that
nothing
"
rates
is
paid,and
the
sorted properly
the
to castings
cheap grade
moulders.
of
moulders,the
The
are
better be
to the higher qualities gradeof
meltingmust
looked and the
after to
see
that the mixtures

waste
of iron
made, properly
cupola chargedwithout
be enforced.
a foreman pattern shop,
of material.
Economy
everywheremust
In the and
of
experience, good judgment

must
careful exceedingly
is rendered
and
correct
be selected. the
ing Mouldmade.
difficult or
simple as
are
patternsare
The
patterns for buildingwork
and rarely intricate,
the
60
AKCHITECTUEAL
IKON
WORK.
of shrinkage
iron and the contraction of very
in cooling are castings
governedby
Between
the
simplelaws.
and pattern-makers the foreman of
the of
draughtsmanin making working drawings and

moulders,
should
foreman
perfectaccord
then the
reign.
It is not
to always possible
with equalmasses designthe casting will responsibility devolve
of metal
upon
and throughout,
the
founder, who
or coolingof parts by early must, by accelerating uncovering,
by
of
retarded
of cooling
other
parts,produce a simultaneous
care
rate
cised exer-
coolingthroughoutthe casting.Great
in
must
be
making patterns to
This arises from the
secure
proper
distribution of
thinnest heavier
metal.
fact that in
the cooling the
parts of the parts

are
castingbecomes
The
quite cool, while

part which
has cooled other
yet red hot.

and
first having
contracted
set, while
the
portionis yet soft,the

in the
result is that the

with sudden
or a
pullsapart casting
tension
mould, or
is left
a
strain
or jar,
and
even
which,
upon
to being subjected
to the influences of the weather
in
ing expandough thor-
will produce after breakage. the iron, contracting the finishing department,
In the
foreman of
must
have
practical knowledge of
control the
men
his branch and
to work, and ability
under
him
not
get
out
of them the drive
all the work and snap well in

as
And possible.
he must
only have
his
men
him, but
the
workmanship of
must
be
good,as
done. expeditiously Over the all,

care
and watchfulness
must
of the manager
must
be
omnipresent.
made
to
Waste
be
each prevented,
department
every the
work
and systematically
cut
harmoniouslywith bought at
If the lowest
other, surplusmen
closest bounds.
and off,
the be
kept within pay-rolls
Suppliesmust
in liberal
ruling
be be
and every item rates,
The shop must quantities.
kept
well
suppliedwith
from
work.
good
have
results
are
to
obtained there is
journeymen, they must

ahead.
confidence
that
full quota of work
Otherwise
they will
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
61
nurse
their
task
must
in be do times. the
order
not
to
do
not
themselves
out
of Men the
end
job.
work
The with
work
will in
regular,
their best The
and in
spasmodic. times,
and and the
and dull
busy
reverse
of
this
beginning
"
of
the skill
business and
rests
on
manager
on
his
industry,
patience,
experience.
The'
foundry
has
business
to
is
peculiar
a
in
one
respect.
to
name
The
ager man-
continually pound
in
overcome
tendency
the
lower real
for
to cost
rates
per
taking
orders The and
than business that
facts
is
of
the
of
production
of
warrants.
carried
on
the be
purpose enforced
to
making
money,
aim
needs
constantly
of
and
by
thorough
of
costs.
and
systematic
arrangement
erence ref-
table
The
field
is broad
enough
and
without
calling
forth
an
unhealthy
those and the It
competition.
Frequent
the
same
friendly
and
intercourse
of
between
engaged
in
pursuits,
to
comparisons good.
less
opinions
effects
of all.
experiences,
contribute
the
common
What
prosperity
is and in
of
one
affects
to
more
or
the
prosperity
what
certainly
to
desirable
know allow
work their
positively
fair for
products
Those
need
cost,
establish
prices
of
which iron
profits. buildings
The class
engaged
to
the
manufacture
take
broader
corp
prehension
which the
of
business. of
be this
magnificent
of
iron
proportions
to
assume
manufacture scarcelv
work
is
in
the
future
can
realized.
62
AECHITECTURAI,
IKON
WOKE.
SPECIFICATION
OF
IKON
WORK
AND
MATEEIALS
AND
LABOK
to
required to build and

erected
on
complete a
for Street,
Mr
,
be
lot No
Owner,
in accordance
with
this
and specification
the
accompanying by
and working drawingsmade section, elevation, plans,
Architect. DIMENSIONS.
The size of the
to
"
of heights building, from

the
stories and
other dimensions
the
be
obtained
drawings and
thereon. figures
SCRAP.
"
Take
down
and
clear away
allow
all the old iron from
ent presthe
and buildings,
the value
of
same
in
making
estimate. FRONT.
"
The
front of the
will cornice,
from building,
be made
the foundation
as shown iron,
up
on
to
the roof
of
cast
the
all posts, columns,piers, jambs, including drawings, antaes,
bases, cornices, reveals,arches, facias, capitals,

and sills, tables, panels, other
water
architectural features.
The
posts,columns, etc.,upon
will stability, The average
which
dependenceis placedfor
an
of three-quarters of the work their
inch
in thickness.
remainder
to
an
will be cast
of sufficient than
a
thickness
retain inch
shape, none
And
being less
the whole
their several
quarter of
and bolted,
in thickness.
securely
parts.
The in
a
in properlyput together be
The
ends
to castings
smooth,straight, sharpand clean.

to
of all columns
be
turned
cast
off true and

on
even
lathe.
Columns
to have
ears
at
top and bottom,
64
These with If beams shall be
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
made
to fit
snugly between
of the brick
a or
the
antaes,and
front used
course
be fastened
angle piecesbolted through

the first story is iron the
"
the web that is

a
beam."
stone
only specify: "Over

made,
say, The true twelve lintels and
above
"
then
first story columns
box
lintel
will
on
be placed,
say, twenty inches inches

on over
high
and the
on
face, say
to
twenty-two
turned
inches
bed, and
thick. in lathe
two
to
back,
average of
one-and-a-quarter inches
off in
over on
jointed
and
centre
columns,
ends
even,
bolted bolts up,
three-quarter inch
be
together through brackets cast and nuts to each joint. Cornice

and bracketed to lintels."
with lintels, lintel

course
thoroughly put
bolted
ROLLING
SHUTTERS.
"
The
front
openings of
first
story to be
with
fitted with
iron revolving
shutters of
approved make,
all shafts, cranks,chains, guides, counterweights, gearings, grooves

and all other and necessary left in
fixtures
put complete,
up
in the best manner, The covered screwed The made wooden with
on.
perfect working order.

the
doors sheet In the

to
beneath
on
shutters rolling
to
be
iron
the
face and
edges, properly mouldings.

dwarf
doors
panelsplanton
loft will be of
cast iron
entrance
fitted with
in four
frames folds, sheet
l^xf
ered wrought iron,cov-
with
No. 16
iron,panelledand
furnished
moulded
and
hung
and
a
to the iron
columns, and
two
"
with strong bolts
$15 lock and

PLATFORM.
keys.
and door risers, platforms steps, shall be
ILLUMINATED
The
area,
sills covering front
of
approved make
iron
of
of tile, illuminating consisting
cast
on
platesseventhirty-three
foot of
eighthsinch
double
tile.
convex
thick
with
knobs
top, and
to
lenses set in cement
each
square
The
on
tile set in cast iron
frames,and
the latter supported

on an
strong
cast
iron
beaded bearers,
the
lower
edge. Coveringthe
imitation covered The
to
end
walls will be used ends
iron tile in
are
of the with iron
glass. The
of the walls
to be
down platesextending of frames

to be
below
the walk.
exterior be trimmed proper
surface with
and edges grooved,
nosings. The
platformand steps to
of three-quarters
have
pitch to
the street of about
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
65 receives
a
an
inch to the foot.
That
over
part of the frame which

elevator will be set into
on
the
wrought iron
shown
doors
on
greater
cast
as incline,
the
drawings. Let
the
two
granitea
The
iron
shoe,from
each
which be
firstriser will
3 x
start.
door
sillswill
supportedon
for
f wrought iron
down
bars, the whole
made
complete and put

one
perfectly
and kept so water-tight, the
year from
of completion
building.
elevator
The iron inch
doors to be
be made iron and
hung
and
secured
to the cast
frame,-to
in two covered
with folds, with
frames
12
of 2
x"
wrought
proper have
No.
sheet iron.
Have
to padlock fastenings
secure
the doors when round iron
shut,and
for
guard
bar of
are
inch seven-eighth open.
when protection
to be
doors
on
Eyes to
receive this
guard bar
Note."
risers
are
riveted
at both
front and back of doors.

the nated. illumi-
Sometimes
the
door
sills
are
checquered plates. Sometimes only is

the others plain, of the and
so
plain iron.
Sometimes in order Sometimes
to
Sometimes
the first riser
checquered platesare
reduce
a
introduced
in front
basement
columns,
the cost. iron tile
the amount
of illuminated is
work,
Then
glazed with
cheaper platform set 5" x 5" x f glass,
required.
cheapen Cast specify:

k
'
in with
putty cement,
and
made
water-tight."
VAULT
GIRDER
AND
COLUMN.
"
Furnish
and
set
in
vault,for
support of
a granitesidewalk,
cast iron
girder averaging high

the
made inches thick, one-and-a-quarter

on
fifteen inches
the
the
back
six flange,
on seven
inches
on
front
and flange,
eight inches girderto

and
on
the
bed ; the
column and
underneath
one
be
inches
diameter
x
inch
thick,
to
have bottom
and
plate 12
hold column
12
with ringcast li thick,
to receive
; the
a
top plateto be
cast
on
the
to have column, the plate to
moulded
turn-up pieceon
away
top
the
Note."
prevent the column
from
beingshifted
from
girder.
IS. brick arches and stone
"
flags are
Beams"
used
to be
then instead of granite, in number

as
there requires to be
specified:
Vault
shown
on
66
of plai), middle be made
on
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
cast iron ten inches and four inches

over as on
on
the bed, with Thickness
centre
flangeten
one
inches
high
in
to
ends.
to average
inch. beams
Beams
to hook
same
and the
lay into girder so

bed of the columns to the
that the
bed
of the
will be
the
level
from
the front often
basement used.
girder." Wrought street walls,with
iron beams headers
extending
at the
area
are line,
INTERIOR
COLUMNS.
as
"
Inside columns
:
wood supporting
girders
inches
will be
follows
Basement
and
firststory, twelve thick. Second
inches diameter,one-and-a-quarter
ten
story,
All
inches
inches diameter,one-and-a-quarter be and deep fluted, round have
thick.
the
foregoingto
Attic
full Corinthian four plinths
and capitals inches
bases, with
in third
shell
high.
diameter
Columns
nine inches diameter, story, In fourth
inches one-and-a-quarter inches inches have bed and and

one
one
thick. thick.
eight story,
these all to dart
inch
In fifth story, seven And
diameter
inch Tuscan
thick.
loose plainshafts,
with capitals
egg
and
moulding,and
columns
are
moulded all to
bases. be turned
are
The ends. ends
off
true
and
even
on
Those
to pass
for upper
stories
to be
made
with
dowel
through girders.And
the width inches thick. columns
all to have of
top
plates
to
eighteeninches long by
one-and-a-half
and girders,
be
Under
18
x
the basement
x
placecast
cement.
iron bed
plates
18
1J inches planedon
a
top,and bedded
level underneath
with
small
quantityof
The
interior columns who
will be
delivered up in
at the
building
to the f ramer,
will set them
place.
Note.
"
The
followingappliesto
double
store
AECH
GIRDER.
rear
"
Furnish
two
cast
and iron
put up
arch
for the
support of the
tension rods.
one-
wall
with girders
The
of girderto be sixteen inches wide and top flange thick.
inches and-a-quarter
Centre web
twelve
inches
high
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
67
and each
to
one
inch and
thick. skewbacks
To
have
twenty inch
Rise of
bearingât
centre
end
two
thereat.
at girder
be
feet six inches.
Tension
rod three inches square heads
meter diaat
of best refined
with wrought iron,
ends, adjusted to
shrunk in while
the hot.
girder in
These
the
best be
manner,
and bolted
girdersto they meet

to the
well
in together bolts.
on
the centre, where

to be
with
four one-inch
Also
properlybolted
column fire-proof
which
they rest.
two
Note.
"
Sometimes
rods
are
used
instead
of one.
cent,
Then
more
they
than
are
smaller
size rods, the two rod. Sometimes
making
square
in section
are
about
fifty per
the
single
rods
used
instead
of round.
FIRE-PROOF
COLUMN.
set
"
For up in
the
support of
double
the
arch
girders,
diameter,
provide and
made and in
as
place a
column fire-proof inches

to
follows
Outside
column, sixteen
average with style twelve
inch thick, and three-quarters the inches other first
correspond
Inside umn, col-
story columns.
and
diameter
inches one-and-a-quarter inches umn col-
thick,plain shaft,with
cast
on.
top platetwo-and-a-half
On the
Bottom
on
24x24x1^. plate,
to receive
inside
cast
bracket
outer
wooden column
girder. The
to
space
between
the
and
inner
be filled in with
plaster.
Note.
the Sometimes column fire-proof instead in of the
a
"
is used
in the basement If so,
underneath kind of
a
first
slory column,
to
brick
pier.
and
specifythis
to be
column
be
used
both
basement
first story, and
strongly
bolted
together.
SKY-LIGHT.
"
Curved
over sky-light
first
story extension
moulded
on
to
be
cast
of illuminated iron ribs. To wall
tile have with
supportedon
cast
handsome
iron
moulded
gutter
top of
of
extension
to flanges
fit over
the thickness
63
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
wall.
to have
The
bottom
of
gutter to have
fall to
one
end, and
proper leader
O
outlet to receive leader.
The
pipe to
on
be of cast iron
7
four inches
diameter,
with
~
running down
the drain and
over
the outside of wall, and in cellar. and in The made
connecting
pipe
leaded strainer The down
caulked leader brick

outer
of leader joints tight. Put a
properly
cast
iron
gutter.
end
over
walls
coped
with
cast iron
and
turned
side four inches.
Cover of the
the outer
rear
face of arch
above
and girders
the brick-work
wall
up to the under No. 14 sheet
side of the second

to twoto
story window
inch the
sillswith
at
riveted iron,
to
angle iron
mason
top, the angle iron
be furnished
and
to be built in the brick
wall
by him.
Note.
end.
"
Sometimes
the
gutter pitches both
ways
"
from
the
centre
to each
If Over
is wanted, then specify as pitch sky-light

rear
follows
a
the
extension of
of
first iron
story provide
sash bars
pitched
2
formed sky-light
wrought
inches,
placed eight inches

oval rebate bar
apart, with
on
inch one-and-a-quarter Front frame
riveted frame
underneath.
;
bar, 2^ x-J ; back
bar,3 xi
sky-light glazedwith
sheets
as
inch thick, in rough plate glass three-eighth

as
long
the sash bars.
Note.
the
"
Gutter, leader-pipe,coping, etc., as

in
before
specified. 'Sometimes
glassis put
carpenter's specification.
FLOOR-LIGHTS.
of
"
Make
and per
put down
in first story Main bars to be

x
floor-lights
f
x
as wrought iron,
plan.
;
cross
3, with
"
1 rebates
riveted have
on
on
bars,1
1, to
of
run
through
pattern,
on
main
bars ; to inches
cast
iron
border with
neat
four
wide
top, and
made
sockets
the
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
\VORK.
09 well fitted around Glaze in with
sides to receive ends

to
of
bars,and
to be
the
and floor,
securely screwed
inch well thick,
down. bedded
one rough plateglass,
putty.
size)
floorfrom that
Note.
"
Sometimes iron
beams
one
where
are
is floor-light
to
secure
very
large,nine
inch
(or other
wrought
used inch
lights is generally
rigidity. The glass used for inches wide, and thick, generally twelve
Even size
inches thirty to thirty-six
long.
and
glassshould
"
always be used,
is,ten, twelve, fourteen

etc.
inches
the like wide
not
ten-and-a-half, eleven,
REAR
OUTSIDE
SHUTTERS.
two
or
"
Supply to
in
all the
rear
side outopenings
in shutters, those those
folds to each
over
for window, three panels

two
seven' feet
under with
seven
and height, with
panels for
"
x
feet ; made
16 sheet
frames
of
1", and
with
to
covered rivets full iron

to
No.
iron,riveted
to frames
placedabout
inch
on
four inches the brick-work
apart, the sheet iron

; to have
lap
one
strong wrought
of
and shutter,
;
the full width strap hinges extending riveted

to
be well
and
through the
frames
shutting
to be
bars
of "" x
If, built
in brick-work all
; all the shutters
furnished
turn
completewith
; the
latches, staples, required rings,

basement, first and
square
ond sec-
etc. buckles,
shutters of
stories to and
have
inch three-quarter
to
bolts at top
bottom, in addition
be
the
other
fastenings ; the top

reach
over
bolts to
long enough
; the
must
for convenient
bolts to shoot in the stone
from
the
floor below
bottom
wrought iron
sills; all
stubs,which
be leaded
window
the shutters to be left in easy
working order.
shutters
Note.
"
Double
shutters
are an
frequentlyused;
air space between.
having
double
ering cov-
of sheet
iron,with
SHUTTER iron each
EYES.
"
Furnish
to the
mason
to build
in the wall cast three to

two
for brick-eyes
all the
rear
window feet
seven or
openings;
over,
jamb jamb
for of
openingsof openingsless
seven
and
for
each
than
feet in
height.
70 WINDOW
stones
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
GUARDS.
will
"
Front
windows
at
in hoistway
the
several soffitof
have
guards extending from

of inch three-quarter
sill to bars
windows, made
five inches
centre
cross
round
placed
two
from
centres, with top and bottom
rail and
bars of
2 inch.
Note.
"
For
windows
on
side street
or
for
rear
windows
in basement
or
first
story, then
within four
specify:
at
Have
or
guards
with
of
seven-eighths round
cast
wrought
from work.
iron
bars,
up to
sharp pointed
head,
of
ornamental
iron
heads, extending
The
one
inches
soffit of
window, placed
cross
five inches in brick sill. with
centres,and
bottom window
passed through two

ends of round bars
-"x 2 inch
leaded
open
on
bars
leaded
in the
stone
window secured
Sometimes
guard is arranged to
brass
hinges
and
strong hasp, staple and
padlock.
ANCHORS.
"
Provide
of strong wrought sufficiency every the that description
iron may
chors, an-
ties, clamps,etc.,of
the
be
finish required to completely

to secure cast
chors anbuilding, including
iron
front.
Beam
anchors
placed
one
not
over
seven
feet
apart,made
inches
of
with If iron, the end which
inch round fastened

to
spear bar twelve the beam

to
long;
is
a
be
hook-shaped, laying over
wrought iron spike driven
in side of beam.
Note.
made
"
If
for specifying
double
store, then
inches
there
is required : Girder
straps
of ix2J
to each
iron, twenty-four
long, with
the ends The The of
wrought
iron
spikes,two
and iron
straps
jointof girder.
star
Sometimes
anchors
are
used
on
storehouses girders,
star
heavy
from
warehouse
buildings requiring them.

up to fourteen
is made
of
cast
eight inch
bolt end
inch
diameter. for
shank
of -Jx 1$
wrought
iron with
and
nut, and
punched
spikes.
BRIDLE
the and
IRONS
sometimes Irons, (orStirrup

as
called).Furnish
"
to
carpenter
trimmers and
required:
Bridle
irons
for all headers
of
places firestairways,hoistways,floor-lights,
made flues, flaws and
of i
other
best refined
wrought iron, wrought
free from iron
and defects,
secure
furnish
of spikes,
suitable
to size,
them
to the timbers.
72
All
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
framing beams,
and together
headers the
and
trimmers,
and
will
be
double, bolted
framed
and together, connected
headers 4x4
trimmers and
with
angleirons
inch seven-eighths On be each
bolts and
nuts.
tier the beam
againstfront
and
rear
walls will thickness
of channel the
in height and iron, corresponding beams.
with
floor respective
Note.
14
x
"
Sometimes
a x
"plate"
\ ;
on
-fa ; top plate, 10

cast iron shoes
girder is used bottom plate, say

side to receive
made 8
x
with
centre
" ; angle iron, 3"
web, x 3"
say
x
",
with
bolted
the floor beams.
GALVANIZED
CORNICE.
"
The
main
dormer cornice, balustrade, roof and

to pavilions,
of windows, angle ribs, etc.,
be
of
No. 24
in the The and
with iron, galvanized iron galvanized

to be
zinc ornaments.
The
as
joints
riveted
togetheras
true
well
soldered.
cornice well and
and straight
and
tight, perfectly by strong
sustained securely straps.

a
and
retained
wrought iron
CRESTING.
"
Put with
up end
cast
iron
crest
of approvedpatrailing tern,
to
screwed finials, in white

secure. areas are
down
roofing plank with cresting strongly

with
screws
bedded and The made
lead, and
the
braced GRATINGS.
iron
"
basement
to be enclosed
wrought
X
bar
made gratings,
of
x 2
frame
bars and
If inch
from bles, thimto
in bars, placed one-and-three-quarter inch filling

centres.
Said
to
to gratings
be stiffened with
to
rods and
and the brick
be well secured
the
stone
coping and
piers.
cast doorways have perforated
In front of the
iron walking
plates.
Note.
and
"
Sometimes
"knee"
gratings are
have open
to be
on
required
"
that
is, forming steps

these
risers.
area
Sometimes of them) and

are
lightholes
to
covered
with
gratings ;
with
(or one
usually made
hinges, and
secured
chain, staple
padlock.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
73
to lower
ELEVATOR.
a
"
Put
up
in area, from
sidewalk
storyfloor,
with platform elevator,
iron
frame
hoisting apparatus, platform, strongly

a
chains, cross-heads, guides, heavy wooden braced,all

made
complete and
the
done
in
substantial
ner. man-
SCREEN
WORK.
"
At
foot of stairs in first
story cover
the
entire
sash
from partition, of
a
floor to
selected
with wrought ceiling,
iron lattice work scroll secured
neat
made pattern, of 1"

x
of
1"
x f" -J-"
well riveted, with iron,

to
frames door
properly
brass
the woodwork.
Put
in same,
with
padlockand fastenings.
Cover and around glassin partitions and fourth
hatchway in
stories. window
basement
first, second,third
Lattice
guards
and
under in.
each
store
of the
front,
fastened securely SADDLES.

"
Make
screw
down
cast
iron door
saddles
to all
penter, car-
first story doors, from
patternsto be furnished by the

bolts of doors
"
for perforated
PLATES for
FOR
to shoot
in.
WOODEN
COLUMNS.
Furnish
cast
top and bottom
plates
inches
all the wooden the width be used. have

a
columns, of
of
iron,sixteen
and
on
long by
under girders,
top of which
inches
one
they may
each
to
All to be one-and-a-half oval

on projection a
thick,
to
raised
on
surface
take the
to hold
dowel,and
the
the other surface

or
raised
case
moulding
may be. 10 inches
column,
round
square,
as
the
DOWELS.
"
Furnish
cast iron
5 dowels,oval shaped,
inch thick, and diameter,three-quarter of

an
in
lengthone-quarter girders
inch
less than
the
depth of
the wooden
throughwhich
Note.
"
they pass.
wrought
iron dowel
Sometimes
three
pins
used.
are
used, one-and-one-
quarter inches
Sometimes
diameter.
cross-shapedcast
iron dowels
are
FLUE
DOORS.
"
Furnish
to
mason
to
build
in
wall,for
all the
74
flues in
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
doors cellar, frames.

cast
12"
12", hung
flue
and
latched
to
wrought iron
FLUE RINGS.
half
"
Furnish diameter each
iron
boxes,and
fi ve-and-oneto same,
to
inch
removable
covers ventilating
for all flues on

mason
story. The
the
covers
boxes
to
to be
furnished
on
to
build
in,and
be set
after the
is done. plastering DRILL

FOR
CARPENTER.
to
"
Do
all
and tappingrequired drilling work

to
by carpenter
and Do furnish all
secure screws
his wood and bolts
the
iron
work,
all
for required
be
this purpose.
tion connec-
and fitting that cutting the iron work.

"
may
in required
with
COAL
COVER.
neck
to be
on
Furnish
one
cover
to
coal
with vault,
cast
iron
cover
; the latter let into the
sidewalk. granite
The with
studded wrought iron plate, quarter-inch

to
rivets
top
secured prevent slipping, and
with
proper
galvanized
chain, hook
Note.
"
staple.
iron coal cover,
Often
an
ordinary cast
18*
with diameter,
chain
and
will fastenings,
answer.
VENTILATING
be cut in
GRATING.
"
Furnish
and
cast
fasten into the

iron and
on
to rebate,
sidewalk,a granite
inches
x
heavy gratingfor
below
it have
a a
14x14 ventilation, movable iron slat
square, 14
,
14 register
to catch
hung
and hinges,
sheet
drawer
and
hold
the dirt
falling throughthe
the underside
sidewalk
grating.
the wooden scuttle door with
on
SCUTTLE.
"
Cover
also line the inside of scuttle curb At the level of make ceiling of and the
No.
a
12 sheet iron. door grating

to
put up
lattice and
the scuttle,
frame
fxlj,
of T3" x f, filling
for and arranged properly hinged,
with padsupplied lock.
Note.
and not
"
Oftentimes the lining.
the
liningonly is required. Sometimes
the lattice
door,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
75
will be
LADDER
to
TO
SCUTTLE.
"
A of
wrought
2
to
x
iron
ladder
required
made scuttle, the
f sides, placed eighteeninches

be
apart,and
inch Set
rungs
double
and
of an five-eighths
diameter, twelve
in
inches
together. apart,put strongly

little less than and vertical,
place at
The
an
angle a
fastened securely FIRE
at
top and bottom.

all balconies in width windows
tenement
ESCAPES.
than
two
"
of platforms six inches in two
shall not
be less
feet and
from
in
the face of the

on
wall,and
the front
shall take
or rear
either length,
of all double
; and
to buildings
on
which
they are
that in
one
attached
the
balconies
all
ment tenesingle
houses shall be constructed
the precisely six feet in
same, except take
they shall
of the
not
be less than windows.

or
lengthand
of bar inch
room
The
not
bars bearing
brackets
shall be made
iron,
less than and
one-and-one-half
by
one-half
in thickness,
the braces not
less than
three- quarter round
iron,
be not
well riveted to the less than bottom

two
bearingbars
not
; the
guard rails to
the one-and-one-half may
feet and six inches in

same
and height,
top and
of the
less than
by
of
inch three-eighths
cast
or
wide
; the
in bars filling
to
be made
well wrought iron,
secured bars
the
top and bottom

not
rails ; if of
wrought iron,the
centres.
or
must
be less than than twelve be

to
inches round,and placednot five-eighths inches from

made be
more
more
The
floors of the balconies may

the iron, bars
not
either of wood
iron ; if of
less than than be of
one-and-one-half
by one-half inch, and

inches less
not
one-and-one-half
apart
; and
if of
wood,
to
yellowpine not
door and and
to
than
one-and-one-quarter
each. The of the
or
inches
a thick, trap
arrangedin
the twelve walls,
ing bear-
bars rails
are
braces
top and bottom
guard
in all in
be
let into all six
inches
over
at least thickness,
and inches,well fastened,
walls less than twelve inches
the thick,
same
to go
through
76
the and walls,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
be well secured
on
the inside. side bars of
The ladders
to be made
of
wrought iron,the
1^
f inches,
the
more
rungs than the the with
to be
inches round, and placed not five-eighths
fifteen inches
the
apart.
The
The lower
"
ladder section
to
"
extend the
one
from from
and have of
ground to ground to
hook
roof.
the first balcony
arrangedto
The upper above All
slide up,
to hold it in
place.
section to the level

to be well
circled
ends,and
as
at a proper
a
distance
so roof,
to
form
hand-rail. safety
fastened. FUEL ROOM.

"
Line the fuel

well
room
with
to
No.
16 sheet
iron, erly propwell the
lapped and
inside of the floor and
nailed and
room
the wood
studding. The
as
doors
included,as ceiling
to be
sides of the
"
lined.
to be each
CHIMNEY
CAPS.
The
chimney caps
two
in
one
pieceof
both in
cast iron
arrangedfor fines, one-quarter inch in thickness,

down
over
and the
turned
inches
over
the brick
work,
flues and To
the
extreme
of projection
the
brick
work.
be made
"
slightly crowning toward
the centre.
CHIMNEY
SHAFT.
and
Cast iron bases,mouldings in the brick panels

to be made tops to the chimney shafts,
as
moulded
on
shown
and drawings,
furnished
when
requiredto
iron
be
built in.
COPING.
"
Cover
the in
parapet walls with
cast
onecopings on
quarter inch
shed
water
thickness, properlycrowning
ways, fitted with
top
well
to
both
and lap joints,

over
put
with together
on
screws.
To turn
be
down
two
wall
two
inches
each
side.
To
painted
coats
metallic
paint
when
inside and WINDOW
outside
AND
before SILLS.
"
being put
Furnish
up.
to
LINTELS
the
mason
required cast
lintels and
iron
moulded the
ornamental
on
outside
window
sills of
designsshown
an
the elevations. and

to
To be about
have
five-sixteenths of
on
inch in thickness furnished with
eyes cast
the
and inside,
suitable
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
77
anchors. wrought iron retaining
The
top shelves
to have
turn-up lipsto prevent the

be and coated thoroughly with
water
in getting
two paint,
behind.
coats
To inside
metallic up in
before being put outside,

"
place.
TRIMMINGS.
be of
The
cast
lines of
quoin blocks,ashler bands, etc.,will

and inside
an
moulded iron,
two coats
ornamented and eye

on
as
shown, T55
'
thick, painted
up. Each with
out, before
the
being set
nished fur-
to casting
have
and inside,
suitable
wrought iron
true. to
anchors.
All fitted and
put up
COAL
VAULT door
and straight
DOOR.
"
Put
up
the
coal in
vault
sheet
to
iron eyes
two
feet wide
by
Frame
sheet
six feet
height, hung
x
built in the wall. with The

turn
of
door,2
-Jwrought iron, ered covand
No.
14
made iron, properly
hinged.
to
lower up and
part of the door,two
feet in To
have
made height,
and
properlyhinged.
strong hinges,
bolts
fastenings complete.
In
the
To
be
panelled and
carried iron
moulded. PORT-HOLES. up
"
parapet
or
fire
which walls,
are
about
five feet from feet
the
roof
level, place cast

will port-holes
ten port-holes
apart. These
an
be made meter dia-
in
one
in shape like casting, of
six hour-glass,
inches
a
opening in
of twelve
-the centre, and In the
to radiating
larger
diameter panes
inches.
small
openingsplace
cast
of mica.
"
BALCONIES.
Fancy balconies, composed of

and and selected tied
ornamental
iron
brackets braced
pattern of
all properly railings, iron The
with wrought together

on
bars,will
bars
on
be the
put up where
brackets have
shown made and
the
to nuts
elevations.
will be
go
on
through the
the back.
brick To be
wall,and
washers plate wooden main
arranged
to receive
floors.
on
STAIRS.
"
The
shown as staircase,
will plans,
run
commence
at the level of firstor
principal story and
from
thence
78
to
AECHITECTDEAL
IKON
WORK.
up
on
the
level of the
upper
floor.
To
be of
iron,resting
cast
three
good
inch
and
sufficient close in the and thinnest

so
of stringers
iron,
one-half
are
thick
part.
as
The form
a
stringers
finished
cast
on
to
be
moulded
beaded
to
to
appearance them have

a
underneath, and
receive treads and
have
shoulders The wall
to
risers.
string to
around the
moulded
carried the skirting skirting, risers to thinnest be

not
platforms. The
an
less than
one
-quarterof
and
out.
inch
in
the
part, panelledinside
inch ribbed
Steps and
top,with
be well
one-half platforms fluted and margins,
thick,checquered on
underneath. All to
connected
with
necessary
braces,angles, flanges,
thirteen inch
etc. ties, bolts,
All
stairs to be
seven
inch
rise
by
tread,
includingthe
inches ; thus the
which nosing,
overhangsone-and-one-half
of the
making
the
going
steps
measure
on
7 x 11^ strings
inches.
as
Newel
posts will be
stairs and balusters have
shown, properlysecured
laid down
to
on
at
all
anglesof
Ornamental
outer
where landings
plans.
face of
of
cast
bolted iron,
the
and string, fasten
wrought iron top

hand-rail. well-holes. secured
at the
rail of The
1^ inch
to
to drilled,
run
the wooden
balusters
alongthe
The
stairs and
to stringers
be well
to the brick
and walls,
all necessary The
short beams
to platforms
be
provided.
a
made, neatly joints

manner.
and
all
in put together
manlike work-
Note.
"
The
or strings, carriages, may
be
of
wrought iron,or
be lathed with
,
combination iron lath.

or
of wrought The other stairs the treads
and may
cast
be
iron. of
The such
soffits may
as
sheet
or
wood,
oak, yellow pine, etc.

be
of them.
marble
stone, and
are
the
iron
two
strings properly prepared to receive

intermediate
If the
very
wide,
wall
outer
and
beams. hand-rail
Open-work
to stringsmay be supported on wrought iron string. Landings may omitted. A bracket risers may be used, or risers entirely may
required in addition
along
the
wall
be
used.
Railing balusters
and
hand-rail
may
80 All
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
the work of the
is to
be
so
done
as
now
as
to
meet
the
ments requiretests
buildinglaws
to
in force in the district
where
this
buildingis
of the he All shall be
be
erected.
Proper
and
tractor, con-
examinations and
iron work held
shall be made for responsible
by
any
the and
all the
or
damages.
maximum
columns, lintels, girders, etc.,to

will
have
weights they
the work and
safelysustain
marked
stamped thereon.
All is to be done of the architect.
to the entire satisfaction of
the
owner
The
buildingis
to be
to
commence
on
day of
on or
next, and
the
fit for completed,
occupancy,
before
day of
following.
IKON
FRONTS.
iron possesses and tages advanunequalled
to adaptability
nament or-
For
building purposes,
of and decoration.
cast
durability, strength, economy,

In
resisting any
kind
of
it is strain, cally, Practibe ten
to granite, or marble, sandstone, vastly superior cast
brick.
must
iron
is
for crushingproof, it will crush
column
miles
in
heightbefore decay by
itself
by
its
own
weight.
whatever
Unlike
and
wrought iron
have
and
it is not steel,
to
tion to rapidoxidasubject and
exposure
the
atmosphere;
can
tendencyit may
by
a
in that direction
be prevented easily is
so
proper
of paint. No coating
other material
as
valuable into
after it has served

new
its original purpose,

new uses.
it may
be recast
forms In
and
adaptedto
business
quarters, where
each
blocks
of
stores
are
built
up
where solid, almost

at
buildingnearly covers
rear, with window
the
full
lot,rear
buttingto
only openingsgenerally
one
the front and
back,lightbecomes
of the most be
important
requirements.A
lightedifice
of iron may
substisafely
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
81
REPRESENTATIVE
IRON
FRONT.
OF
THE
02
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WOEK.
tuted
for the
cumbrous
structures
of other
the
and substances, of
ample strengthsecured
Iron in this The
on
without
exclusion
daylight.
fitness. respectpresentspeculiar and

a
manufacturers introducing that proposition be executed
architects in iron acted

ornament not to
the self-evident decoration named their in
of multiplicity
at
an
and be
could
in iron
expense
with comparison useless

some
that of stone, and work. filagree
ered covliterally
fronts with
fluted
or
Every
column
was
made
of
intricate pattern,every
up in the
on
on air,
moulding
story,
enriched.
were
The
same case
carvings high
as
the fifth
no
the
those low down flat and fine.
the first
"
and bolder, ful beauti-
in every
too
Instead of
seekingfor
outlines
and
and proportions,
to
contrast
appropriately embellishing
other of portions the edifice
was
features special
with
purposelyleft plain and

the and governing idea,
an
ornateness unpretending, extreme
made
elaboration
with produced, of small
and .twistings columns and
contortions
of
and crowding in outline, diminutive so-called
and pilasters,
friezes and
cornices,
with overlaying everything in iron took and utilitarian
ornament.
Constructors
pression, com-
advantageof
of the
the
of ability
of
cast iron to resist
tensile power
and wrought iron,
in
an
-like structures, suggesting spirit produced spider economy
nothing save
the
of space
and
material.
Overloading
their structures
surface with
a
poorly executed
taste
was
ornament, gave
These
and vulgarappearance. flashy and

now utility
early stageshave
in hand. For of the the mistakes
been
a
and passed,
go hand
time,the
material
judged more
the the
from
proper
unskilful A
were
an
than
by
its
for capabilities
bear
application.
not
buildingshould
indeed
appearance the
a
as impressof solidity, though it
growth of
earth
can
and itself, blow
of
so
fragile
ples princi"
that the winds
it away.
In architecture,
of recognition
art.
permanency
must
is one
of the true
of the
must
front
an
not
only be strong enough

of
it is
also possess such
evident
reserve
which strength,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
83
the and And
result of
obvious well
as
abundance.
are strength, are
Convenience, permanence
the used
tests
beauty,as
of iron
smaller
work.
ones
constantly large columns

answer.
where
would
broad
play for lightand

beautiful outline
shadow
should
an
be
studied. carefully
but
a
Ornamentation
should not be made

and
end,
mere
adjunct. If
amount
be proportion
can more
no lacking,
of meretricious affords and

a
ornamentation
supply
ing endurit is the
the
Iron deficiency. and material,
a cheapermaterial,
cleaner
sharperthan stone, and

the
best of for
our
all thingsconsidered, for material, American cities.
street architecture
Whatever
moulding
and capitals,
is
good in stone,
iron. If the
is also good in or generaloutline, projection
ancient
examplesof
which have deemed
correct
cornices stood
and
ornaments
erally, gen-
the test of criticism and
been
judged
correct,are
also.
can
best for stone, then outlines of

a
they are
best for iron
But
must
be
followed,and faithfully
If
error
be
in the
hands the
skilful
no
manufacturer.
more
be
committed than
stone
by
it unskilful,
condemns mistakes
the
in wood
rial mate-
will the thousands
of ludicrous The
and
condemn
those materials.
ancients
worked
in stone,
and
artistically produced outlines

The
that
perhaps never
have
can*be
endured
true
rivalled.
so
of architecture, which principles remain
long,will
and
forever, simplybecause
sense,
theyembody
have public
taste
common
both
of which
the the
too
and
no
understand.
On
the
presumption that
build. Here and
a
public possess
often put upon
taste, gross
of credulity The
in design are incongruities
the
those who is is
an
a
great mistake
demands
to be
is made.
publiceye
there
sharp one,
educated
or
pleased.
is at
Whether least
an
natural in such
taste,there
cases
opinionto
be
gratified ; and
not
the
majority
may be
rect. cor-
for,though rules,
come
all do
think
alike,a
vast
number
to
to
one
and conclusion, is the modern
that is
sure generally
Iron of the
material, building dug

and
from
the bowels
smelted earth,
purified by
an
advanced
science,
84
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
and
relates ready to supplantstone, justas history mud in the construction in
stone
planted supEach
of
for dwellings
men.
tells of
growth
a
knowledge,applying a
front lias gone
to
better
material.
Long
in
after
stone
decay and disappeared, sharpness

years of
as
the iron will be retained

every line.
in its original fulness and and painted, after

a
Keep day of
it and
thousand
exposure
as on
to the wind
weather,an
iron front will be
fect per-
the
erection. much less than

to
To
paint iron
the
costs
paintwood
stone
or
other est inter-
on materials, on
account
of its non-absorbing surface.

between
a
The and
an
difference in first cost
iron than
front will
that
"
easily pay
the
for
one
coat
cost
of
painta
to
year.
More
with
allow
difference in
of
accumulate
legal
by
less the expense interest,

the time the stone stand is ruined
on
one
coat
of
paint a
year, and
the iron will not sheet

at
a
only have
but profit,
cleared be in
itself and
the
balance
prime condition
street
a
for continued front An

a new soon
service.
On
any
much-travelled discolored with
marble rain.
becomes
rusty and
dust
and
iron
front
kept properly paintedappears

is
in periodically Other
a
dress,and
always clean
merchants
and
bright.
he in
placetwo things being equal,

front and
an
in respectively
stone
iron
front store,side
and by side,
the
can
attractive clean, bright,
front will do the most A

stone
as
and business,
soon
afford
to pay
the
rent. largest
front
becomes
discolored colors
as
and there
and dirty,
are
shows
almost
many
different soiled caused
different
piecesof stone,
to striking
by
the An
cut
chemical
iron
out
in ingredients
no
the stone
the surface. it were
front reveals of
one
and joints,
looks
even one
as
though
marble
solid block and looks

new. a
of
one
color.
white
Every time
front it
it is
now
painted it
More
coat
than
receives regularly
of white
paint to keep
dark and
cause white,be-
without of their
A
the
paint they looked

written
dingy alongside paintiron
white neighboring
iron fronts. about the color to
great deal has been
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
85
work. and
Iron it oil,
being a
material
to
which any
of a coating requires
color that
lead
may.
is proper
give it
good taste
suggest. The
.hue of
color will often be
regulated by
the color and
or adjoining buildings
other
surroundings. Because
iron work in is to be condemned
marble
is white
or
sandstone
not
of brown, the painting
these colors must is the
be
What prohibited.
grainingof
of stone.
iron in imitation Tints and
of
marble, and sandingin
imitation and
must
colors and
care
gilding producerich exceeding good taste

The
best
but great effects, sparkling be exercised be

or
and
failure will be the result.

the the
ments pigsun,
must
used,or
"
colors, exposedto
best do fade
"
the air and
will fade
rapidly
Wherever
well
as
and
and
leave the front be

care
shabby.
inside
as
iron practicable,
work
should
painted
in this
out, without
delay.
should
riveted
Particular
respect should
be
given to
all
in pieces, as parts put together have their well joints
cornices, trusses,etc.
These
or
paintedbefore
the
cannot
being bolted
the with
on together.Painting
inside, however, applies only to

be
over
on painted
the shell do
parts. Columns
it. Column
struction con-
nor inside,
an
they need
stands
column makes
intervening plate ;
a
the very
of the the
inside of
column
an
almost
air-tight
takes
chamber, place
The
where
air is
always dry.
so no a
No
oxidation
under
these
a
and conditions, is covered it for ages.
paint is
the shell
necessary.
inside of
column
with On
coatingof foundry
work, when
too
sand, which
the
clingsto
has
paint
reached fairly
every
these parts crevice,

on requisite
become
and air-tight,
to
paint only
becomes In
the
and outside, such

as
brighten up
of
the color.
applyingornaments^
the ornaments
screws
leaves be
capitals, etc.,not only should

the
to
themselves
first thoroughly but painted,

the main work in
so
which
fasten the
ornament
should
the iron, that
no
be
dipped in
around
paint as
the from
well.
After
a hole drilling
burs
hole should rain-water
alwaysbe
down
filed away,
streaks of rust tell of
the face of the
buildingwill
86
carelessness
matters
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
in
this
respect. A
the
lack
of
care
in such has been
little the
often
reason
causes
greatestannoyance,
fronts few
a
and be
chief
why
the Some
iron
have
had of
to
painted
more
often
during
ensuing
fronts of
in
years dark years
their erection have
than been
afterward.
color
only
than
paintedfor
years, and
two
intervals
five
during the past twenty

average iron
more
to previous
that did not
once
in
years.
For
the mixed
first
of coating
or oil,
to nothingis superior
oxide
of iron
with
what
is known
as
metallic
paint.
On iron the
manufacturer
well
as
depends the
its
artistic appearance material But

to
of
an
as building,
The durability.
is capable
secure
of
the sharpest kind receiving that certain carved
of lines.
and under-cuttings
crispness necessary
a work, requires
to
the
proper
of effect, particularly
combined
technical
knowledge of
of
architectural
of detail,
artistic
pattern-
work, and
and
a foundrymoulding,and, withal,
business
pride
cution exe-
An reputation. is
architect may
but designa front, very
its
and beyond his control, be
whether its effect,
ornate
or
very
plain, may
not
into by falling spoiled entirely Between ago the fronts of there is

a
the hands and to-day
of
incompetentmechanics.
erected many years The artistic years
those
improvement. perceptible is better
working-up of
of alterations every
the material and
imderstood. and The
After
ness boldcomparison, been in obtained.
in good proportion
part has
caution should be exercised greatest possible

sum
awarding
never
contracts,and the difference of any moderate
should
permit the givingof

or
work
or
to
who parties
are
in experilacking ence who do habitually
in
knowledge
in
a
in
or facilities, or
an
their work It is not the

no some
slovenly manner,
the interest of The any
who
owner
are
slow. notoriously
alwaysto
bidder.
to
givehis
work
to
lowest
grade of
other
men
in the iron
business
in
are
wise differs from whose
in manufacturers, and superior
that there
productionsare
worth intrinsically
88 that has touched

to be
so
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
marble
front will be found of lime

as
by
chemical
test
charged with
carbonate
is
to be
unfit for purposes
for which
rain-water the away. oxygen
required.
The
effect is that the
sharp edges of
wear gradually
architectural In from marble the
details become
blunted,and
of
there is carbonate then
iron,
which
absorbs
and air,
presentsitself in
or
which yellowish spots, which

to
turn gradually
brown in the
black.
ite, Granjected subbles crum-
is the
best
buildingstone
world, when
off in flakes, and strong heat cracks and splits
like When
dry plaster.
iron fronts
were
first
it was introduced, contraction An
strenuously
would cate disloexamination
a ber num-
asserted
the
by
some
that
expansionand
a
and joints
numerous
render
unsafe. building
iron
structures
of any of the
of years,
cast
which, for
have
been
exposed to
to
every
change
of
pheric atmos-
and temperature without,
the heat of
steam-boilers,
This proves
utmost
etc., within, will show

that the
everythingunchanged.
our
temperature of
the
climate
to the
throughout its
in the
range, from
no
greatestheat
Events
greatestcold,exerts upon
also proven combustible
cases
it of
effect appreciable
storehouses
are
have
burning of
iron crack fronts
nor
tilled with
goods that
warp
cast
nor
and absolutely tire-proof,
will neither
fall
down,
it.
unless
the
entire
buildingfalls, pulling
addition blast is the
to required
the front with

to
a
Only
to
let it be
remembered, that,in
use
high
cast
and
intense
a
heat, the
molten
of
reduce
iron
state, and
of ability
iron also
so
fronts to stand
heat will be
understood. readily
; the
They
to
are
safe during thunder-storms perfectly
metal
as
presents
become
great
mass
to
the in
clouds,so over-charged
and itself, In them entire the
huge
conductor
silently conveys
current intensity
all the is
tricity elec-
to the earth.
instantly
a rent cur-
diffused of
throughoutthe
mass,
and
changed
from
cases
into
all danger quantity,thus obviating
disruptive
where the
Iron discharges.
fronts liave stood
erect
in
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
89 and demolished
side brick
walls
were
thrown entirely
down
by
the elements. A front of iron is in the It

can
usuallylaid
down
and
fitted
plete comtogether
manufactorypreviousto
any
erection
to the
at the
building.
of
be
transportedto
distance
place of erection,
at all seasons
and
put
with together It takes up
wonderful less space of

a
and rapidity, than any
the year.
so
other
and material, it becomes
enlargesthe
to tear
interior down
building. When
front be taken
desirable other without with the
the the
to buildingitself,
make
way
to
for
improvements,
to injury
same
iron
may
pieces,
any
of its parts, and

at
be re-erected
elsewhere
as perfection
a
first. Instead
of
destruction,
there need
be
removal
only.
unequalledadvantagesof ornament, of structure,facility of erection, strength, lightness durability,

economy, in other laws of of what There
to the
Iron
Iras in its favor
and ready renovation. incombustibility,

must materials,
ever
In
as iron,
be
observed from
those
a
undeviating analysis
proposed.
and proportion, is suitable

a
rules deduced
refined
in the
highest degreeto
anywhere
be
the end
is not
structure
erected
but adds
its quantum upon the
good or
bad Thus
to impressions
stamped directly
builds is
publicmind.
or
every
one
who
enhancing unwittingly
the deteriorating
taste
of the masses,
to
and
the aggregate
result behooves which the
of
this
is
thing not
and
be
overestimated.
of
a
It
the allows
generaluse
than
careful
treatment
material
greater architectural
money, of any other.
in proportion to effect, The

uses
outlay of
and
and
ments requirements require-
values
are buildings
changing every day, and

to fulfil future
iron
in its architectural such

as
is application
in the
past it has but limitedly supplied. In

dollars saved
on one
our are
new
and
growing country,the
the erection
to do
building
required for
every
of another. with
It is
primarilya
and
duty for
most
builder When
the most
his money,
the
for Art.
the
become public
thoroughly acquainted
00
with
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
the
advantagesiron
possesses for
as
it is material, building all kinds it
that confidently predicted will receive

or a
of superior buildings
to granite, marble,sandstone, preference general
brick. ASHLEE Thin of plates

cast
FKOKTS.
as a
iron used The
facingto
not
brick walls
over
give
very
good
of
an
effect. inch
platesneed
each
be have
teenths three-sixeyes cast

not
and thick,
should The
two
on
the back
to anchor
a
in the walls.
should plates
must
be
bolted
and together, the
proper
allowance
of settling rubber
be
made
in the
for joints
can
shrinkageand
afterwards
the brick wall ; this of or strips joint, the plates joints

so
be done which
of by usingstrips
are
at -each
wood,
removed. and
At
the
should have
cannot
lips turningupwards
in,or
sweat
or
downwards,
that rain
beat
outer
moisture
from
the inside trickle out. be be
The very the
surface uniform
to avoid
a
of the
should plates
as
roughened with
more
small eye, and
so corrugations
to
to pleasing
the
effect produced or glistening shining surface.

This
by
oil
paint on
smooth
rougheningalso
ceals con-
the when
and warpingsso painfully slight irregularities apparent the
lightstrikes
effect
at certain
on angles
the surfaces
of
The glare of paintis thus deadened, and gives plaincastings.

a
chiaroscuro
more
and shade), (light resembling very closely

on
stone, and
These
beautiful than the tool marks

and ridges, be
stone
surfaces. hollows
rounded should
at
rounded correspondingly
to
between,
noticeable avoid
an
fine sufficiently
prevent their being

to to
distances,and ordinary
"
coarse yet sufficiently
being filled with paint

a
say
and eightridges about
hollows
inch ;
an
ridgeand
hollow The
together making
of suitable
one-eighth
either tool
on or
of
inch in width.
or patterns,
corrugations may
means
a
be done
the wood
"
by
moulder's
the slicker," grooved and ridgedto exactly is and operated successfully grooves and
on ridges
extent
and desired,
which desired
in producingthe rapidly the surface of the mould.
reverse
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
91
ROLLED
IKON
BEAMS
STEEL
AND
AND IRON
CHANNELS.
[NEW
The
JERSEY
CO.]
followingtables give
which loads addition
are
the
data relating to principal
rolled beams The carried beams safe

in
are
in practice. required the tables

are
given in
to the
those which
can
be the
weightof
ends the
the beam the load and

are
itself when
supportedat
over
both
and
tributed uniformlydissuch
as
the
length of
strain upon about
beam,
would square
bringa
maximum
the iron of
12,000 Ibs. per
inch, this being
one-quarter the
breakingweight of
is limited
wrought iron.
As, by
in the building, which have admissible would
a cause
deflection of beams the
the amount
of ceilings to plastering
at the
crack,the
of span above below The
tables
cross-line
dividingthem
; the
length
loads those
enter.
at which
this is found
to occur
and lengths
the
to be
line used
being
proper
for
and plastered ceilings, does

not
an
only when
this consideration
limit of deflection thus allowed
is one-thirtieth of
inch
to the
foot of span.
FIRE-PROOF The brick load upon arches the beams of
FLOORS.
with floors, fire-proof
concrete
four-inch
levelled up for
with
between
the
beams, in
used buildings
of people, offices, or assemblages storage of taken

at
be goods,may, ordinarily, light of floor for the
70 Ibs. per square
foot
weight of weight of
the square
a
and arches,concrete, ceiling, foot additional of for

a
flooring ; and
load load
at 80 Ibs. per
variable
a
equal to
of
150
the
crowd
people ; making
in addition floor,
total
Ibs. per
square
foot of
to the
weight of
the beams.
92 For
to
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
street
a load traffic, bridgesfor generalpublic
tion in addi-
the
weightof
the
structure,of 80 Ibs. per square
foot,
may
be taken.
For
the floors of
dwellings
ball-rooms
40 80
Ibs.
"
and Churches,theatres,
Hay-lofts
of grain Storage
80
100
"
"
Warehouses Factories Snow

30
and
merchandise. general 200
250
.
.
"
to 400
"
inches
deep
of wind
16 50
"
Maximum
Brick
pressure
"
walls, per cubic foot

"
112 116
to 144
"
Masonry walls,
USE floor 50
therefore what
"
OF
THE
TABLES.
"
What
beams
to clear,
would be used
be
for required
ft. by 21 loaded
ft. in the
to
for
and offices, and foot,
the extent
of 150 iron ?
to make
Ibs. per square
will be the total
weight of
the 150
Supposing that
4 ft. in span
it is desired
the brick
arches
about
between and under
beams, we
find this distance in foot, the
opposite
21 ft. span
Ibs, per square

comes
the table for
10^" lightbeams.
these table,
on
As could
this
above without distance be
cross-line of the the
beams
be used The
to injury
ing plasterbeams.
account
of deflection. 4.1 there ft., each
between
the centres
of
beams
being
would
would of the
required 13
total
at Allowing 8" bearing
end
beams, the
length
of
each
be 22'
4", the weightof which
is 781.7
Ibs., or,
for the 13 If be
a
beams, 10,162 Ibs.

is
deeper beam
for instance, 12J" light, preferred, may

the table for this be
to substituted, and, referring
beam,
we
find that for the above ft. apart, and the there which
load and
span
theyshould
but 10
spaced 5.4
be therefore, will,
beams
required,
weightof
would
be
9,300 Ibs.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
93
4-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
30
LBS.
PEE
YAED.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
4-INCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
37
LBS.
PER
YARD.
96
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
5-IISrCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
40
LBS.
PER
YARD,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
97
I
6-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
40
IBS.
PER
YAKD.
98
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
6-INCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
50
LBS.
PEE
YAKD.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
99
7-INCH
BEAM-60
LBS.
PER
YARD.
100
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
8-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
65
LBS.
PEE
YAED.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
101
8-INCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
80
LBS.
PER
YARD.
102
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
9-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
70
LBS.
PER
YARD.
104 9-INCH EXTEA
ARCHITECTUEAL
IKON
WOEK.
HEAVY
BEAM"
125
LBS.
PEE
YAED.
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
105
10J-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
105
LBS.
PEE
YAED.
106
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
HEAVY
BEAM"
135
LBS.
PER
YAED.
AKCHITECTUKAL
IKON
WOKK.
107 PER YAED.
12J-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
125
LBS.
108
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
12J-INCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
170
LBS.
PEE
YAKD.
ARCIIITECTUKAL
IKON
WORK.
109
15-INCH
LIGHT
BEAM"
150
LBS.
PEE
YAED.
110
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
15-INCH
HEAVY
BEAM"
200
LBS.
PER
YARD.
112
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
BEAMS The
beams
UNSUPPORTED
are
SIDEWAYS.
on
tables foregoing
are
calculated
the
assumptionthat
the
tween be-
secured with
in against deflection sideways by filling
them Beam's
to
brick
or arches,
in any any
other suitable
manner.
of unsupported sideways, fall under

a
considerable
are length,
able li-
much
lighterload
by yieldinglaterally.
the loads which five feet of span
will
:
The be
followingtable gives a comparison of supportedsafelyin

either
case
for each
The
rule
by
which of any
this table span, and
is calculated
is
as
of will,
course,
apply to
RULE.
of
"
beams
follows
Multiply the
of
co-efficient for and

"
strengthin
"
column the
number
II.
the
table in
"Weights
Co-efficients Correction the

number
by
given
column
IV., headed
the
tion," for Lateral Deflecin column
and
divide
product by
taken
IV.,
plus the by
square
of the span
in feet ; this
divided quotient
the span
in feet will
give the
safe load in
pounds.
AKCHITECTUKAL
IKON
WORK.
113
10
"N
TH
**
.8 '""
OS
O CO
O CO
C5 CO
00
CO O
O CO
1C
CO 00
"^ -^
W O
CO CC
^
"
t" O
O 10
O O
CJ
"*'"*'iO
"6
"
GO
10
^_
05 O?
l"
TfH Oi o
05
C5
CO
CO t"
IO
TH'cj ci
"M'cc
od ^' id
t-
05'
T-(i-iOiTt"THi-iiOl"l"
C5
T-H
rji {"
CO
10
I-H
(N
05 CO
O 10
COCOOi-i CO GO Ci CO
IO O
-* GO
IO CO
CO O5
T^
l"
OS O
"M*05J CO* 0*'-r-i CO
t"
t"
IO
IO
t"
TMTH^WWCOCOCO^^Si
djjs000'
1
IS
O 00
OO OO
III
I"OOOOOlOOO
lOlO"O"OiOOO OOCiOCOCQI"lO
114
ARCHITECTURAL
EBON
WORK.
a
"i
M
o
fc
o
H
^5
W
P^
CO
Q
hH
13
W
I
o
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
115
BEAMS When
a
USED learn the
AS
as
PILLAKS
a
OR
or
STRUTS.
not
as a
is used
pillar
strut, and
to find girder,
safe load
in tons
of 2,000 Ibs. which

other
it will
rately-faced accu-
support.
If
secured
either by having against deflection,

or base,
capitaland
RULE.
in
"
in
some
manner.
Multiply the
IX. of the
area
of cross-section of the beam of
given
column and
table
"Weights
the
and
Co-efficients"
by 3,
column
multiply
divide
that the
product by product
so
number
given
the number
in
Y., and
column
or
found
the
by
given in
the
strut
or
Y., plus the square

is
of
longestlengthof
in
which pillar,
reason
unsupported sideways,taken
feet ; it will above column
if,by
at
of the
pillar being supportedsideways,
if fail, rule
all, by deflection
the
number
edgeways,substitute
in column
in
the
for and
given
Y. that
given in
SIDEWAYS
YL,
for the
longest length unsupported
substitute the If the

not
longestlengthunsupported EDGEWAYS.
HINGED
is pillar
or
NOT
FACED
AT
THE
ENDS,
and
thus
one-
secured of
take againstdeflection, the number in column
in the
rule foregoing
fourth whole
Y.
or
YL,
instead
of
the
number.
EXAMPLE.
"
What
load will
an
8-inch
beam, light
as a
fifteen feet 2 pillar
faced, support long,and having ends accurately

Area
of
Col. IX. cross-section,

in Col. Y.
=
6.37.
Number
ISO.
x
6.37
3
+
180
3440
180
225
at the ends
so
If the strut
no
is
to
hinged
that its
we
bearing opposes
should have
use
resistance
1 SO
deflection
sideways, then
of
the
number load:
-j-
="
45, instead
180, and
we
should
for the
6.37
45
= 0 0 3'2 tons'
.
But
if
hinged so
that it would
deflect
edgeways
we
should
116
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
9AQQ use
the number the load
in column
be
x
YL,
divided
by 4, viz.
=
.
658,
and
would
6.37
3
+
658
=
14.2
658
225
tons,
strut
which
is
greater than the strengthof the

when
not
tion to resist deflecUnless would
sideways,even
hinged
in that direction.
the supported sideways, therefore, have

to be limited to that found
load
for such
case
strut
in the
first supposed,viz.,
8.5 tons.
NOTES
FOE
ENGINEERS.
BASIS
OF
STRENGTH.
The
co-efficients in the headed III.,

"
tables, foregoing except
umn those in cola
Maximum
Load," correspondto
square maximum.
stress
or
force straining the beam for
of
12,000 Ibs. per

the strain is
a
inch
on
the
part of
at which
The clear
of
co-efficient
in
column strength, safe
II.,divided
by
the
span beam
feet,
gives the
The
uniformly distributed
SHEARING
STRESS on
load
stem
the
under
in Ibs.
greatest
column
the
the
be
"
loads, 4,000
limit
given in
III. inch.
as
the
maximum any
stress
allowable,will
not
Ibs. per square of
For
exceeding the
per
which elasticity," of deflection and applied,
is about
21,000 Ibs.
in
a
square
inch, the
amount
will be
on
certain direct
proportionto
will
the load
the removal For

more
of the load the beam
regain its originalcondition.

will increase will retain
"
greater
stresses
tions the deflecthe beams
in
much
and rapid ratio,
permanent
set."
Experiments
of the
on
the effect of
and repeated applications

with when
removals
load, accompanied
to
considerable
a
vibration,appear,
be
however,
show
that
beam
may
an
subjected to
such
repeated applications
of
of the
load
stress
indefinitely great
not
number
times, the
square
mum maxi-
should
exceed
16,000 Ibs. per
inch.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
117
The
basis
adopted
of the
in
the
above
fable
is
therefore
about
one-
quarter
load ;
ultimate
stress
for
single
application
; and
of
the
four-sevenths
of
the
limit
of
elasticity repeated
the
use
ters three-quarof
of
the
safe
stress
for
indefinitely by
applications
of
the
load.
The
loads
determined
the
co-efficients
will
therefore
be
the
SAFE
WORKING
PERMANENT
OR
DEAD
LOADS,
including
vibrations
sufficient
margin
of
safe
strength
to
to
allow
for
the
and
ordinary
are
contingencies
which
the
floor-beams
of
buildings
subjected.
OTHER
BASES
OF
STRENGTH.
If
greater
or
less
basis
of
strength
found
is
preferred,
or
the
cients co-effi-
corresponding
those
to
it
are
by V.,
increasing VI.,
the
in
ing diminish-
given
in
columns
II., IV.,
greater
The
or
the
same
ratio
as
the
basis
assumed
is
less
than
basis
of
12,000
in
Ibs.
taken
for
the
table.
deflections
will
of
course
vary
the
same
ratio
as
the
co-efficients.
118
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
CONDENSED
TABLE STRENGTHS.
OF
WEIGHTS
AND
PRICES
OF
EOLLED
10^ inch 12}
15
inch inch
I
and
not
BEAMS
not
over
AND
30 feet
CHANNELS.
long,
"
Beams,
Beams,
smaller,
over over
cents
per
"
Ib.
25 20
feet feet
long long
for each additional 5
"
}
"
"
Beams,
not
"i
"
"
Greater 5 feet. of
"
lengths, }
Channels, Punching, Punching Wrought
cent
per
Ib. extra
feet,
of Ib. Ib.
"
or
part
of
Price
"
\ }
and
cent cent
per per
Ib.
greater than
Plain
same
that
of
Beams
per per
same
size.
Ib.;
on
Fitting, }
beam,
Ib.
cent
cent
"
Fitting
"
cent
"
"
Fittings,
Beams
or
cts.
per
Cast per
Separators,
Ib.
cts.
per
Ib.
"
"
Painting
Fittings, fa
120
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
"o
^ o* os
r}" co GO oo
oo
yt i-
t1-
?c
os
-"r o oo oo
t^ co'
0
o
Oi
iH
"*
OC
CO
H O
"
using
t-
(N
?O
CO
O5
"f
00
CO
00
'
CO
JHW 5^10
10 O t-
i-i
c-
16 -^ T}" "o
o tC
"^
!C
co !"
J" 1O
-"r' ^H
10 lO
JH
r/)
CO oo "o co c* "N eo o
00
33
CO
CO
EQ
cq
O
*" '
1C 03 co
oi
i-"
"C
oo 10
10 "0
s* JO
s; T}"
^'
^T TP
CD
r-"
co
os
os
eo
Jzj f^
Is
HE
~*T (?t
co
T-Î ^D
co jo
^
5
H
a
w
OO
00
OS
CJ
"X" O
t-O5
O"
OO
"
CO
OQ
o
(N TC CO co
i-l
10 Z";
co
80 V
IiC
CO
O:
(ft
T-i00""O CO' rH
co eo
f-i
s"
CO
'
05
t-
CO
10
t-
00
* rH
C:
OO
L-
TH
os
t-
oo
oo
co
of
^
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ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
I
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-
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o
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Thi
nd
inc
n
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"a 32
122
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
MOULDED The
as
EOLLED form
When
WKOUGHT iron of
a
IKON floor beams

beam
BEAMS. is that known kind

is produced
are
best
for
wrought
I beams.
the fracture
the
of any lower time
by
vertical pressure,
fibres of the
at
section
separatedby extension,while
upper In
the
same
those of the
portionare
cast
destroyedby compression.
to
iron, the resistance

of
compression is about
have
the
6^-to
1 in
to tenacity ; therefore,
strongestsection
have
cast
iron, the
of
bottom
flange must
that
is
6^-times
in
the
quantity flange.
In is
material
contained
the
top
the wrought iron,although than

to
ultimate
resistance to tension
amount
considerably greater
or
compression,the
the limits of
same
of
extension
can
within compression,
in is practice, about
which strength for either force.
be
used of
the
Makers
rolled
beams, for
convenience
sake, etc., have

in
made generally
the top and
bottom
alike flanges
weight and
shape.
The of strength
a
rolled
in
beam
lies
mainly in
the
or
its vertical of web.

to resist
web, the strength being

The horizontal
proportionto
depth
power
flanges give it
lateral stiffness
bucklingor bending side-ways.
In
an
the
Moulded
amount
Beam,
of
the
depth
of web
is
and increased,
additional
material
put in the bottom
flange.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
123
The
entire load the
weight
comes on
of
brick
arches
and
the
superimposed
"
the lower line. is In
of flanges the
case
floor beams
below
neutral
of
the plate girders, the top

"
entire neutral wall.
weight
line
"
usuallyplaced on
above
the
as, for
instance,in sustaininga brick
Fairbairn the the ratio of convenient bottom. When of floor the

upper 1.35
to to
laysdown flange should

1 ; and
the rule for

be
that plategirders,
largerthan
the
lower
in
it not
but only is advisable, build upon wider than
very
have
the top
plateto
the
weight comes
an
on
the lower
amount
as flanges,
in the
must
case
beams,
approximate
of material
be
provided
different the bottom For
more
in
the
lower
flange to
the load. the
make On
up the
for
the the
relatively
load is at
of positions
;
on
beam,
the
at girder,
top.
Beams
are
the
reasons
given,the
the
Moulded
stronger and
rigidthan
plainbeams.
is of
Rigidity prevents vibration,

by
the crack.
amount
the avoidance
of which of
sible great importance,for the admiswhich limit of inch to
deflection would
cause
beams
is limited
the
of ceilings to plastering
in
The
an
deflection thus the foot of span In

cast to
allowed
"
beams
is one-thirtieth of of span.
one
inch in
feet thirty
a iron, knowledge
of the absolute
is
or strength
ance resist-
rupture of
beam is not
necessary.
so
In
wrought iron, a
a
knowledge of
this kind
importantas
knowledge of
124
ARCHITECTUEAL
IEON
WORK.
the of
a
power beam
to to
resist deflection.
recover
By
knowledge of
removal of it without
set
or
the power
a
itself after
be
the
load, is
ascertained the
what
load may the metal
placed upon
is,without
injuryto
permanent
of integrity
; that
deflection. The of Moulded

bottom
Beams
contain
the the
same
width
and
thickness and
top and
as
and flanges,
same
thickness have
amount
depth
an
of web
increased
the
standard
web
plain beams,
and
an
and
in addition
depth of
the usual
increased the
of iron
derneath un-
bottom
flange ;
weights being in
the
tion addiadds.
to
the
standard
weights just what
moulding
They
and
than
a
must
necessarily give better

can,
results in
pointsof strength
farther
rigidity.They
the
be placed therefore, thus prove

be
more
apart
Or
plain beams,
size of
can
and
economical.
smaller
be
used,and
"
equivalentin strengthto
moulded the
cast
larger sizes
10
plain beams
and
so
9-inch
At
beam
for
inch
plain beam, they rest

on
on.
ends
of the beams,
where
so as
the
walls,small
iron
plates are
used
to
get level and solid bearings.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
125 In
Strengthand
mode the
ornament
as
are
combined.
buildingsof
such public character, of construction lower
banks, offices, etc., the

use
preferable
is to
brick
beams.
arches,and leave exposed

The moulded
bottom
flangesof
a
the
iron
flangemakes
The
Per
finished appearance
underneath.
moulding
lineal foot
:
adds
weight to
3f Ibs.
on
the beams
as
follows
2i Ibs.
on
5| IDS.
on
4 in. Beams,
6 in. Beams,
8 in. Beams,
Light and
Heavy.
Light and
Heavy.
Light
and
Heavy.
FIRE-PROOF
CYLINDRICAL CEILINGS.
TILE
FLOORS
AND
To iron
secure
flat
the ceiling, fire-proof

a
space
between
the
beams
is filled in with
concave
series of
; the
hollow
and cylinders,
or pieces,
hollow
double
binders
to
abutment
end
binders, being shaped

The
material is of
fit the
lower
All
flangeof
are
the
beam. ness, thick-
burnt
clay.
parts
of
equal
and
and
avoids being cylindrical,
tensile strain
throws
126 the whole
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
weight
on
the
ve compress!
strengthof
the hollow inch
which cylinders,
form
perfectarches
resist the
"
in
themselves, every
other,and
is
being equal
The with
a
in
"
to strength
pressure
brought thereon.
are
pieces
break
joints Any
with
each
laid up for
thin cement.
variation
of space
provided
by
few This
different widths construction
of binders.
an
givesthe strengthof
arch,while,at
and floor,
the
same
a
and level ceiling time,it providesa flat,
forms
perfect key furring or

laid upon the top
for the
and plastering
hard-finish The
wooden
underneath. floor boards
No
are
lathingis required.
wooden
or strips joist ;
the ends
A
of the latter fit
under
of flange the
the
iron beams. floor
free circulation of preserves
air thus them from
surrounds
and joist
boards,and
dry-rot.
desired
or
When
necessary, the
the wooden with
flooring may
cement,
or
be
pensed dis-
with,and
marble The
or
top covered
laid with
stone
slabs. the maximum with the of and durability, strength, of material the
forms
secure
compactness
and labor.
consistent
greatest economy
is
the Mechanically
construction of such
an
correct,while
material
as
is the
only one
known of
indestructible
extreme
acter char-
to resist the attacks

or
fire, water,
This proven
changes of
"
temperature,
as
all these combined. of

"
material
the
same
bricks
are
made be the
has
been
by
the
experienceof
centuries
to
material only practical fire-proof building
in existence.
Unlike
the thousand
as
and
one
modern
duced introconglomerations and all
under
in the
many
different names, of
equallydeficient
tile used the
is
first elements the
the qualities, fire-resisting burnt
identical with of every
ancient
clay found
among
ruins
country yet discovered.

ADVANTAGES.
saving of
WEIGHT
of
fortyper cent.,which
admits
of
128
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
give
adhesion
in
to
the
plaster.
The
piecesshall
break side
be
one
be about
each
twelve
inches and
length each, and

horizontal
on
shall
jointswith by being
with
other,
up
on
kept
the work
under
shall
laid
proper
cement
flat centres.
mortar
The
laid up of
a
[Portland]
to
in
proportion
of
cement
three kind
of of
sand.
cement
The
top of the
tiles to receive
coat
of
same
mortar, half
iron
to
inch
thick,laid water-tight. The

to
under
side of
mortar
beams them
(plainbeams)
level with after gas deliver and
receive tiles.
coat
of
gauged
make
the
Do
all
cutting for repair
tie-rods ; make any
good
other
pipes are ready
laid ; for
damage
all
done
; and
the work
plastering.
ting setat
a
Furnish
the
scaffolding, materials, etc., for centres, tools,

Water
in
work.
will
be
provided
all the
to
to
the
contractor
central
tubs
point
him
the
on building,
into stories,
as
tanks
or
by
provided.
Make the
on
The
tests
work of
progress
the architect
be
will
direct.
such
strength as
may
may select
are
required,
up
by placing at
to
places
the
architect
weights
to
1,200 Ibs.
the
square
foot,which
the tile
support
without
apparent deflection.
COST
OF
TILE
FLOOES.
18 2
Tiles, $85.00 per
M.
,
is per
foot
sup
c.
Breakage,
Laying
etc
up,
on
each cement
100
feet
square.
1 bbl. Portland 3" sand
$6.00
50
$6.50 Labor,
1 mason,
$3
; 1
helper, $1.50
4.50 1.50 1 .00
Scaffolding Cartages
Handling,
Royalty
etc
50
$14.00
is 14 3
Cost Add
per
superficial foot
37
c.
profit 15 per cent.
ARCHITECTUEAL
IKON
WOKK.
129
TEST
From
new
OF
test
STRENGTH.
CylindricalTile Floors,
the made at the presence
the
Engineer's Report
at
of
the
of strength of the
Capitol building
Hon.
Wm.
Albany,
N. Chief
Y., January
Engineer
foot and
on
21, 1874, under

:
direction
and
in the
of the
"
J. McAlpine,
diameter 4
section of 8 inch
beams
a
tiles,1
feet
was
wide
by
span above
a
of 4 feet, was
the total floor.
built in between
the centre Ibs. took
as
two
tion sec-
wrought-iron
of This the
was
"
placed
12"
on
x
apart
elevated
On
of
of
was
the
tile
plate
remained
12"
over
laid, and
"
this plate hours.

No
weight
3,604
placed.
and test
weight
section
made. The
night
of the
say
14
was
perceptible deflection
as
place ;
the
after
the
removal
weight
apparently in
to
good condition
before
weight
or
of 3,604 Ibs.
in the would
centre
is equivalent
Ibs.
on
about
double
the
weight
tributed, equally disof this
7,200 Ibs., which Ibs.,

be
so as
give 1,800 absolutely
per
foot superficial.
safe
Say only one-half

a
result
a
be
taken, 900
of
to
be
the
side.
Now there
as
variable be
a
load
equal
to
crowd
seven
"
people
times
may
taken
at 120 Ibs. per
foot
floor
surface,
would
safe margin
of
over
the
required strength.
the load to be
For
warehouses tiles show

an
carried
should
be
computed
at 350
Ibs. and
upwards.
The
test
of the
"
ample
that in the
margin.
for all
The
test
as
shows shown
practicable
purposes
the
Cylindrical
for
Hollow
Tile Floors
for
structed (conare
have illustration) the
ample
strength
the
the
purposes
which size and
they
intended,
the
"
and
far
beyond apart.
this centre
carrying strength of
iron
beams
of the
usual
placed
usual A
distances
strength applied
beyond
in the
is useless.
of
It is asserted
that
as
the
its
section
absolute
already
tested
will bear
would
weight
an
8,000 Ibs. and

the results
upwards
strength.
can
This
be
be in
enormous
load.
But
beyond
already attained (Signed)
nothing further
PETEB
desired
strength.
HOGAN,
C.E."
IRON As than
a
EOOFS.
on
many
elaborate
treatises
Hoofs be
are
more published,
generalreference
For
will not
made.
Iron
trusses
for
rafters combine
economy.
and lightness, strength, durability, and simplicity and

2
are
consequent
of
terial, ma-
economic
arrangement
Figs.1
For
most
generallyadopted in practice.
very
a
I beams principals,
make without
and good rafters,

to
in
light
bars
trusses, T
answer flange,
bars, with
every
or
plate ri vetted
may
the upper of T
purpose. forms
Struts afford
be made
or
angle iron,as
shows
as
these
for attachment great facility
to the rafters.
Fig.
Queen
circular
the
modification
to
of
the iron.
ordinary King Figs.4

and
5
and
are
Truss
adapted
details
wrought
the roofs,
being very
similar to those for double
pitchroofs.
9
130
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
Say
57
ft.
FIG.
1.
Say
112
ft.
FlG.
2.
Say
134
ft.
FIG.
3.
Say 63 ft. FIG. 4.
Say
45
ft.
FIG.
5.
AKCHITECTUEAL
IRON
WORK.
131
Ties may
or
be of flat or Care
round
bars,attached
be
by
eyes and
to
pins
screw
ends.
should
taken especially and
properly
upon the the the
area
proportionthe
them. diameter A very
dimensions
of eyes safe
pins to
the strains
to make
good pin
in bar in be
and from
rule in
practiceis
to
of the of the
bar
three-fourths
one
four-fifths
of
width
diameter
and flats,
in
excess
and
one-fourth
a
times
of the
cent,
rounds, giving the eye

of that of the bar. of the
sectional The
of
fifty per
thickness
of flat bars
to
secure
should
at least one-fourth
on
width, in order
the metal
at the
good bearing surface

be
as
the
on
pin,and
which
eyes should The
thick
as
the bars
vary
they are
upset.
of the of the
details of roof the sections

on
trusses
to
suit the character The heel
work, and
rafter
to the
of the
iron
employed.
a
usuallyrests
beam, and
wall,in
the
struts
cast-iron
skewback the
fitted
slopingto
The
angle requiredby
are
pitchof by
the
cast
roof
(seeFig.6).
or
attached
to the
rafters the
caps,
by wrought strap plates(seeFig.7),and

either for
joint
at their feet made
pin
or
screw
connections
(seeFig.
beams
8).
The
peak
is joinedby
to the
the wrought platesand bolts,
having been
cut
requiredangle (seeFig.9).
FIG.
6."
HEEL.
FIG.
7.
"
STRUT
HEAD-
FIG.
"
STRUT
FEET.
132
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
FIG. In due roofs

to
9.
"
PEAKS. the
of wide
span,
provisionfor expansion of
be
on a
iron,
changes
of
one
of temperature, must end of the

truss
made
cast
the by .resting with wall-plate,

the heel
skewback
rollers
to permit interposed
of the
of sliding
not
without
in roofs
the straining of
wall ; but span rod

one or
this
precautionis
Careful feet
necessary have
sixtyfeet
an
less. hundred
experiments
vary
proved
of -jâ
that
iron
a
long will
of 150
about
foot for
as
change
of temperature
degrees Fahren., and

and rods in
a
this is the
greatest range
to which
iron beams this
buildingwould
probably be subjectedin
would
climate,compensation
For
to that amount
be sufficient for all purposes.
sixtyfeet
span
the vibration
waJ
of
each the
wall
would
then
be
only
"^ a ^""t either "j-j-jnf

so
from
a variation perpendicular,
small
and
so
graduallyattained
the side walls
that
there is
no
danger
in
imposing
each
it upon
by firmly fasteningto
is also
them
heel of the rafter.

one
Expansion
with
on
provided againstby allowing the

as rollers,
fasteningdown
other to slide to shown
in
heel fro
wall
bolts, and
and
the
without wall-plate,
Fig. 10.
FIG. In
10.
estimatingthe
as itself,
strains
on
roofs,the weight of the
ture struc-
well
as
the loads to be
supported,must
be taken
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
133
into account. load at

is
assumptionof Tredgold's fortypounds

the tie beam,
and
the total maximum
tical ver-
per square
foot of horizontal surface

a
considered sufficiently high ; but,if usually

or
floor or
is ceiling
suspendedto
be
should
the under
side of the rafters
boarded
it plastered,
is evident
that these
additional
weightsrequiremore
For foot is
in strength
the roof for their support.
ordinaryroofs
of short span,
; and be
thirty pounds
for
per
over
square
quite enough, however

will in safety
long
spans
sixty
with
thirty-five feet, pounds

the factors of The
any
stress
sufficient to that
are
provide for
the material
usuallyadopted.
found
upon
each member
of the truss
having been
by
of the methods
be
at
of calculation
the preferred,
sectional
areas
may
iron
found
by taking the
tensile
of good wrought strength
10,000 pounds per square

of beam of be
or
inch,and
the
compressive
rods
resistance
same
shape iron
The
at from
or
6,000 or 8,000 for the

counter-balance
unit
to
section.
smaller
to
ought
wind
made
on
strong enough
one
resist strains induced
by
half
pressure
side of the
roof
only
"
the
other
being unloaded.
Lateral end
braces,as
of
to
in
Fig. 11, should

well
to
be
secure
provided
the roof
in
each
panel
as
as roofs, straight
during
erection in
case
run
provide an
or
abutment From
that will
the
uphold
the
the whole
of
to
fire each
accident. of the other
panels so
whole.
rods
braced, tie
rods unite walls
and, with rafters,

compact
the end
is
purloins, gable
the
the
are
roof
into
firm
and
The
sometimes
used
to anchor
but into,
method
shown
in the
is that figure
which
preferred. generally
FIG.
11.
134
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Main
rafters may
be
spaced from
the
four to twenty
feet
the apart, this
spacingbeing regulated by by
the material used
for
size of the
and purlin, slate

on
again
covering.
For
iron
centres
purlinsa
of rafters, inches
at
convenient the
spacing is
about
eightfeet
between
to
angle iron purlinsbeing put

the
at seven
fourteen
apart, according to
the ends into the
size of the
the
slate
used, and
notched
are
flangesof
that reach
rafters. rafter
rows
They
to
held
in
place by length of placed
tie rods
from
or
rafter
the entire
the
three building,
four
of these rods
six
to
being
tervals. in-
between On
peak
and
heel, at from
eight feet
the iron
or
purlinsthe
slate is laid
and directly the
held
down
as
by
copper
in
lead
clinched nails,
around
angle bar,
shown
Fig.12.
FIG. "When
may
12.
are
"
PURLINS. used
on
greater intervals
be
in
the spacing rafters,

or
lins pur-
lightbeams
fastened
"
top
againstthe
sides of for
the
with brackets, principals
allowance
always being made
expansion of longitudinal
On
the iron
by changesof temperature. jack rafters, carryingthe

the metallic
or or
these
purlinsare
or
fastened
on laths,
wooden which
;
sheathing boards
is may be
slate
ering cov-
laid,in the usual

fastened from
manner
sheets of
corrugatediron
roof be
and purlinto purlin,
the whole
composed entirely
When much
of iron.
are
the rafters deflection

in
spaced at
such
intervals may be
as
to cause
too
a
the
purlines, they
supported by
136
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
FlG.
15.
Light
lower floors. When
arches
of
tiles
or
hollow
bricks
may
be
as
turned
on
the for
of flanges
smaller
transverse
beams,
described
desired the
ventilators
or
lanterns
are
added
along
the
ridge of
rafters
in
a
the roof,
attachments and
being securelymade
and bolts,
the
to the
by wrought
and
brackets
bracing effected
run
cheap peak
thoroughmanner
by
two
tie rods that the
from rafter
as
the
of the rafter to the
angle between
post and
attached
of the
the covering material ventilator, for the main rafters.

"
being
Iron
scribed de-
Phoenix
Works.
MANSAKD The best Mansard fire-proof
EOOFS.
roof,and
with
a
one
that has been
tensively ex-
used, is constructed
continuous
bed-plate, top
baked
beam, and
framework tiles. The
all uprights, of iron and
bolted then
thus forming a rigid together, hollow
filled in with
clay
front
of
the
building is
The
up
carried
up
to vertically
even
the the On
rakingline
of the Mansard.
preferable way,
a
when
front is of cast this is laid

a
iron,is to build
cast-iron
twelve-inch
brick wall. inches
10 plate,channel-shaped, 2 inches.
wide
the edges turningup by -Jinch thick,

same
The The web
top plate,
rafters
are
shape,6
inches
wide with
and
an
" inch
open
thick.
shape, 3x2+J,
additional
projecting
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
137 this web

in
3 inches iron
at
top and
are
7 inches
"
at bottom.
In heads the
wrought
"
pins
proper The
cast
rivets,with
the
the
casting
at
the used.
two
as distances,
required by
bolted
to
size of slate to each plate,

one
be
rafters
are
the
bottom
with
\ inch bolts and nuts, and

and
nut.
to the
top platewith
not
f inch
than
x
bolt
The
rafters should
on an
be
placed more
Purlins The of 1
4 feet
are
apart and
on
set up
inclined of the
line.
fg-,
placed
on
the the
outside rafters
rafters. for
to
purlins are
The
first laid
and
marked with laid
punching.
the
after being punched purlins, the of positions and the
holes
on,
with correspond
pins, are
down.
and
pins partly
sniped off
hammered
All necessary The

iron
straps,anchors, etc.,must
to
be furnished. baked back
frame
be
filled in with
in
cement.
hollow The hard be
clay-tiles,
of the tiles
4r" inches
wide, laid up
the
room
on
"
"facing
The copper
to be
and plastered
finished.
slate
the
iron
purlin bars
to
hung
with
suitable the
two twisted, wire, carefully to
wires
to each
and slate,
slate made In
case
lay flat.
a
of
requiredalteration
the
from
wooden
mansard
must
to
construction,all fire-proof
taken feet down back and from removed the
;
a
present wood-work
be
ten
board and
partition put
such
up
about
front;
all
scaffolding, etc., as
that may the and
necessary,
be
provided;
; the
cuttingand bracketingdone
necessary
floor, etc.,pieced out, to correspondwith

all
etc.; do present flooring,
patching
and
piecing out
iron and
making good
that
as
may
be the
required;
case
the
tile and off the the
work, plastering
in
of
new
roof ; take
remove carefully
cornice,etc. iron-top present galvanized

slate ;
re-hang the
dormer
old
slate
in
with
copper the
ones
wire ; put up
vanized galones,
windows
in
place of
the
present wooden
now on
to
be
exactlyalike
mere
design as
with
the
building,
the dor covered
to
be
braced
iron and
the top of the frame No.
with
corrugated galvanizediron
20; put gal-
138
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WOEK.
vanized
iron
cheeks
and
to
window done
heads
to the window
frames
on
inside ; all roof
bracing
where
iron
be
in iron ; make the
the
tin work
good
work
injured during
top cornice; do
progress
of the
the
work
replace the
iron
generallyall
be
galvanized
about
and
tin work
to requisite
done
in and do
cover
the
work, and
and
leave all
mason
at completion; water-tight to requisite

canvas
all carpentering
in
to
work
be
done;
the
opening
the
each
night with
of sufficient size therein from

iron
as
protect
the
building and goods

of the work best white
stored
injury during
work
to be
progress
two coats to
; all the
exposed
linseed
painted
the
lead
and the
oil
paint;
outside
color work
correspond with
or
present color of
as
front;
inside
paintedwhite
such
color
directed.
PIG
IEOK New
Highest
and
lowest
quotationsof Pig Iron,at

inclusive
:
York,
per ton, from
1825
to 1875
Years
of bank
suspension.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Price
1844
of No.
1 Anthracite
:
Foundry Pig Iron, per
to
to 1875
inclusive
BAK
IKON. Bar
:
Highest
per
and
lowest
1825
to
of quotations 1875 inclusive
Iron,at
New
York,
ton, from
Years
of bank
suspension.
140
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
COAL. The table gives the following the wholesale
price of
the
Anthracite of navigation,
Lump Coal,at
from
port of New
to 1875
York,
:
at
opening
1852
inclusive
GOLD. The
following table gives the highestand

1862
to 1875
lowest
of prices
Gold, from
inclusive
A In obtain
STOCK
COMPANY. will
be
it manufacturing enterprises the necessary in

or
found
easier
to
from capital
to
number
an
of persons individual
by
in
a
scriptions suberal gen-
stock, than
get it from
special copartnership.
is given following
as
a
The
complete
form
of
organization
York
:
for such
company,
under
the laws
of the State
of New
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
141
SUBSCRIPTION The
shares name,
LIST
OF
THE
IRON
WORKS. of the
parties subscribinghereto,being desirous

of stock the
in
a
taking
above of
company
to
be
organizedby
of
the
under
general manufacturing law

each
State
New
York, passedFebruary 17, 1848, and the Acts amendatory
thereof,do
follows
:
we
hereby mutually
will take Iron Works
agree,
with
the
other, as
I. That said
-
the
set to
number
of shares of stock
names
in the
"
our opposite
respectively.
shares of stock
II. We subscribed per cent,
hereby
for
agree
us
pay
for
the
said
by
viz. : Twenty-five as follows, respectively, the
thereof the
on
day
the
after the
of organization of
said
pany, com-
by
thereof
of filing
Certification
Incorporationas
cent,
provided for by law, and

as
the
remaining seventy-five per by

the Board
the
same
may
in
sums
be
called for
not
of Trustees
cent,
of said company, upon each call.
exceedingtwenty-five per Dated,
187
,
CERTIFICATE
OF
ORGANIZATION.
Charter. The
and in
undersigned have conformity with

an
this
a
day
formed of the
under corporation,
statute
State of New of
York,
entitled
Act
to authorize
the Formation
or
for Corporations
Manufacturing, Mining,
and
we
Mechanical
Chemical
Purposes,
thereof ;
passedFebruary 17th,1848, and

in
the acts
amendatory
the
compliance with
as hereby certify
the
of requisitions
:
aforesaid
Acts,
do
follows
142
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
First."
"
-
The
corporate
name
of
the
said
company
is the
Iron Works."
"
Second.
the and
The
object for
and
which
said company work for
is formed
is
manufacture
to do
a
sale of iron
building purposes,
and and machinery business, generaliron-founding
the
manufacturing of
"
articles incidental of
thereto. of said company

is
Third.
one
The and The
amount
capitalstock
dollars.
hundred
thousand fifty number
Fourth.
"
of shares
one
of which
said
stock
shall
consist is fifteen
hundred, of
hundred
dollars each. the

names
Fifth.
The
number who
are
of trustees
shall be six ; and the

concerns
of the trustees for the
shall manage
of the company all

,
first year
in residing
Sixth.
"
The
town
are
and
county
on
in
which
.
the
of operations
said company
to be term
carried
is of said company is to be
Seventh.
"
The
of existence
fifty years. Dated,

,
187
(Signed)
x
x
L. S.
"
x X X
"
"
"
State of New
York,
of
)
V
SS
County
On this
j
day
of
,
187
,
before
me
came
-,
to
me
known personally
to be
the
individuals
described
in, and
who
executed, the foregoing

the
for the purposes
Certificate of
each
acknowledged, Incorporation ; and they severally

same
for
that they executed himself,
therein set forth.
(Signed)
[L.S.]
Endorsed
:
Notary Public.
Filed,
,
187
144
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Yice-President the
same
the
same
number
as
for
as
Treasurer;
the
same
number
for
as
Secretary;
whom
to
and
number
for
to
one
Manager
; all of
were
thereupon designated
in
declared offices for stead.
be
unanimously
elected
fill the
be
year, and
until others should
elected
their
Here, Mr.
the
assumed
the
and Presidency,
Mr.
Secretaryship.
motion
On
of
,
it duly seconded,
to draft
was
resolved
that the he the
Chair
appoint three
Messrs.
were
Trustees
By-Laws, whereupon
"
appointed
and read and
who
,
presented
which following,
unanimously adopted :
resolved that
[See By-Laws.]
On the the
motion
of
,
duly seconded, it capitalstock

of
on
was
to subscriptions
the
be 25
called per
in, payable to
each
; the
Treasurer,in four
on
instalments
cent,
first
the the
on
th inst. ; the second third

on
the
"
th
day
of
the
next;
fourth
to
the th
th
day
of
next;
and
the
day
of
next.
If any
was
party desired
authorized
annum
pay
their
the in full, subscription

at and
Treasurer
to allow
interest
after the rate
of 7 per cent, per
for all On
sums
paid in
of
advance.
,
motion
as
duly seconded, the

the funds of the
Bank
was
selected On
the
of depository of
,
Company. salary of
the
motion
was
duly seconded,
per annum,
the
Manager
On
were
made of
"
$
"
payable monthly.
the
motion
duly seconded,
followingTrustees
" "
appointed an
On
motion
executive
,
committee, viz. :
it
and
.
of
now
duly seconded,
was
resolved
that
this
Company
proceed vigorously
also
in
perfecting the
with such
in
penditures ex-
arrangements for business; and

for
proceed
buildings,tools,materials, etc., as
Trustees and
may
the the
opinion of
funds
to be
the
be
warranted
in
view
of
received
the
state prospective
of trade.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
145
It this
was
also resolved
be
that 250
copies of
the
the
of proceedings
meeting
togetherwith printed,
; and the
one
By-Laws, Charter,
to furnish
in pamphlet form etc.,
Secretarydirected
copy.
each
subscriber
of stock
to meet
on
with the
Adjourned
day
of
at
p.
m.
(Signed)
Secretary.
BY-LAWS
OF
THE
IRON
WORKS.
Article
MEETINGS OF
I.
STOCKHOLDERS.
1. All
meetings of
in
stockholders
and
,
shall be held the annual
at the office of
the
Company,
the
meeting
in
for the
election of Trustees
at
shall be held and

an
the firstMonday
February,
open
one
12
o'clock
at
noon,
cause
the
pollsshall
be
kept
hour. had
on
If for any the
election
of Trustees may be
shall not held

on
be any
day
above
it designated,
subsequentday, to
2. Notice
be fixed
by
the Board
of Trustees. shall be
of all
meetings of
such
Stockholders
given at
same
least ten in at least thereof
days priorto
-
the meeting,by advertising
newspaper
published in
to
and
,
notices
sent
on
to each
Stockholder
his residence
or
as address,
it appears
3. All
the books
of the company. the

in
elections
may
by
vote
Stockholders person
or
shall
a
be
by ballot;
proxy,
votes
as
Stockholders each
by
to
written many
and he
Stockholder
shall be of
entitled
as
represents shares greatest

number
successors
stock ; and
the
persons for
receiving the
one
of votes
shall be Trustees
been
year, and
until their
4.
shall have
elected. may be called
Specialmeetings of
President of
or
the Stockholders of the
by
the
any
two
Trustees,when
shall be
deemed
to
necessary, Stockholder
which
in the
five
manner
days'notice
given
2.
each
provided by section
10
146
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
Article
THE BOARD OF
II.
TRUSTEES.
1. The
Board
whom
of Trustees shall
shall consist
a
of for
members,
the
majority of
constitute
quorum
action trans-
of business.
2. All
meetings
of the Board
in
of Trustees
.
shall be
held
at
the office of the

3. In
case
Company,
continue
in
of failure to hold
any
the election, full
Trustees
shall
a
hold
new
over
and
office with
authorityuntil
election is held.
4. No
person of at
shall
be
Trustee
in
who
is not
the holder
or
owner
least ten
shares
the
stock capital
of this Company.
5. No
as such,shall Trustee,
receive
any
to
salaryor
sation compenTrustee
or
for his from
services;but this is not

other office in the
preclude any Company,
holding any
any therefor.
said and
forming per-
services for said
Company,
held may
receiving compensation
first
6. Stated
meetings
and
shall be
on
the be
Monday
the
in call
each
month,
specialmeetings
any
two
held
upon
of the
or President,
due Trustees,
notice thereof
being
or
given by by
mail. 7. The Trustees
8. The
the
to Secretary
all the
members,
either in person
order
of business
of the
meetings
of the Board
of
shall be conducted officers of the
accordingto
usage. of
a
Company
be
shall consist
President,
and any
and Vice-President, Secretary,Treasurer,

two
Manager,
person. may
be
or
of these offices may

9. The
combined
soon
in
as
one
Board
'of
a
Trustees,as meeting
and
after
their
shall election,
a
hold
elect
by
ballot
otherwise
Treasurer President, Vice-President, Secretary, shall hold

successors
and year,
Manager,
and
until
who their
enter
their
offices for been
the
ensuing
and
shall have
elected
;
to duly qualified
upon
their
duties respective
they
shall also
appoint an
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
147 Trustees with the
Executive President.
10.
Committee,
to
consist
of
two
The
Board
of Trustees declare
shall fix the such dividends
compensation of
from
as
the
officers ;
they
shall
the net
as, the
remove
earn-
of ings or profits of the funds will
the
Company
; but
a
when, and
often
cause,
state
warrant
for they shall,

no
any
officer of the after Board

11.
Company,
officer shall be of
a
removed
until the
and investigation of Trustees.
concurrence
majority of
They
of
-
shall select the
bank
or
in depositaries,
to deposited,
which
the
all the of
moneys the
-
Company
shall be
credit
Company,
the
subject to
and
the
draft
of
the
Company,
signed by
and
President made
to
Treasurer, or
the Vice-President of the
and Treasurer, whom

shall
at
payable to
be
a
the order
party
or
to parties
it is
paid,when
report
and
practicable.
render
an
12.
They
make their
account
to the
Stockholders situation of
13.
occur
annual
meeting, showing
in
detail the
the property and shall have power
financial affairs of the

to fillany
Company.
which may
They by
vacancies
or death, resignation,
otherwise
(in
the
interval Board
between
the
annual and
meetings
of
in Stockholders), in
the
of Trustees
Executive
Committee, and
the and
offices of
Treasurer Yice-President, Secretary, President,

li.
Manager.
to to
They
the
shall ballots
appoint
from
three
Inspectors of
for
Election
receive
Stockholders
Trustees,prior
their annual
meeting.
Article
EXECUTIVE
III.
COMMITTEE.
The the
have
Executive
Committee examine make and
shall
superintendthe
the
accounts ;
finances
of
Company,
power
to such to
audit
they
shall
temporary
as
loans
of
surplus funds, and

the it
recess
attend
duties
may
be necessary may be
during
of
;
the Board
of
or Trustees,
to designated
by
them
148
AKCHITECTUKAL
IRON
WORK.
they
the
shall
keep
minutes Board
of all their
proceedings,and
report
same
to the
of Trustees. Article
PRESIDENT.
IV.
1. It shall be
the
duty
of
the
President
to
preside at
all
meetings of
to remove
Stockholders
or
and
Trustees
his
those (except
convened
him
and
inquire into
official
to sign all conduct),
documents
to
contracts
authorized
and
by
the Board
of Trustees
;
to
sign
all
checks, notes
duties
certificates of
to
stocks,and
such
perform
all such the
usually incidental
the Act of
office and
required by
these
provisionsof
and Incorporation
By-Laws.
case
2. In
or
of sickness he shall
or
absence
some
of the
Treasurer Secretary,
to
Manager,
appoint
person
perform
the
duties of either until the Board
of Trustees
shall
be convened.
Article
VICE-PRESIDENT
V.
[AND MANAGER].
of the Yice-President
to
1. It shall
be
the
duty
attend
to
the business
to
of the
Company (Sundaysand holidaysexcepted) ;

to
attend
to the
and procuring of work, and estimating

same;
to
the the
chasing pur-
execution proper
of the
the of
employing of
the iron works
labor
; to
and the
mechanical of
conduction for the
materials
business,and
over
shall
generally
the
exercise
supervisionand
the
control
the
affairs of and
of
Company, subjectto
of the Board he Trustees. shall
approval of
In
the President the absence of
tions direc-
of Trustees. all
dent, the Presiand
preside at
meetings
VI.
Stockholders
Article
SECRETARY.
1. It shall be the
at
duty
of the
Secretary to
business
be
in attendance
to
the
office of the
Company
during
hours;
and
give
the necessary
notice of all
meetings of
Stockholders
Board
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
of
he Trustees-;
to be
shall record
the
proceedingsof
; shall
the
same
in
book
of
kept
for
for that purpose the business of such
keep
all proper with

papers
a
books Stock
as
accounts
the
Company,
books
or
Ledger, Transfer
Trustees and and
may
Book, and
other
the
direct ;
and register
the
sign (with
the
President,
stock,
countersignedby
Treasurer)all
such
certificates of
as
generallyshall perform
his office in
a
services and duties

are
usually required
appertainto by
the
corporate body, and

of
of provisions and
the Act
Incorporation ; all
be
the
books,
the
papers
correspondence shall
and
kept
in
the office of
Company,
open
at
considered
in
his
possessionand
charge, but
spection to the in-
all reasonable of Trustees.
times
during business
hours
Article
TREASURER.
VII.
It shall be the receive pay

and
duty
of the Treasurer moneys
to
attend
tions, to all collecto
and
deposit all
the
same
where
and directed,
disposeof
;
under
the direction and

notes
of the Board
of Trustees
sign all checks,drafts

with the President his time
his ;
sign all
cates certifiof
his
of stock the
same,
keep
correct to the
accounts
and
give
and bank
a
attention
account
duties of
name
office.
He
shall
and
keep
in
the
of
account
the
at
Company,
each
shall render
of
statement
of his cash of Trustees.
regularmeeting
exhibit upon
the Board
and
He
papers
shall at
to
all times
his books
accounts
and
any
Trustee
at application
the office
during business
hours.
Article
MANAGER.
VI1L
It shall be construction and know

in
the
a
duty
proper every
of
and
the
Manager
to attend
dailyto
; to
the
see
rightmanner
of all work
is made
that
part thereof
and of
of
the
proper
to
in the right material, manner,
good workmanship ;
150
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
make
receive estimates,
work, employ labor, and

the
superintend
the mechanical
departments of
Article
CERTIFICATES
Company.
IX.
OF
STOCK.
1. The
as
Certificates
of ;
Stock
shall
be
numbered the
and holders'
tered regisname
they are
of
issued
they shall
shall be
exhibit
and
number
shares,and
signed by
the
the President have
and
and Secretary,
countersignedby
and Treasurer,
the seal of the

2. Each
Company
affixed thereto. Stock

shall
Certificate of
or
express
upon
its face that
the and
share
not
shares
thereby represented are

calls
or
full-paid stock,
form. books of the
liable to further
said
assessments.
3. The 4.
Certificates shall be in the usual of Stock the presence

or
Transfers
in
shall of
be
made
on
the
or
Company
authorized
the
President the
surrender
or
or Secretary,
officer
agent, upon
in
of- the Certificate, the the
either
surrendered
by the holder
Certificate from Book
person be
by attorney, and
and
shall
cancelled it
be
was
pasted 011
issued. three
margin
in the book
whence shall
taken
at
when
least
5. The
Transfer
an
closed of
days
the
previousto
dividend
at the
or election,
the payment
and dividends,
on standing
shall be
paid
to
the Stockholders
record
of closing
any in
the books.
claim
one a
6. If
person lieu of the
Certificate
or
of the
Stock
of this
an
Company
lost
state
he destroyed,
shall make of the loss of the

the
affidavit of
fact,and
the circumstances
in
one or more
or
and destruction, newspapers, of

the
a one
he shall advertise
be
daily
space
to
an
designatedby
of the
the
for President,
or
week,
account
loss
destruction, describing
to show
cause
and Certificate,
new
calling upon
shall
not
all persons issued in
why
lost
or
Certificate he
be
lieu
of
that
destroyed; and
and
shall transmit
above
to the
Company
his affidavit its due
the advertisement
mentioned, with proof of
152
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
OPINION. I have the considered the the papers submitted Iron

to
me
am
relatingto
of
is
of organization
Works,
said the
and
opinion
drawn,
the
that the certificate of executed General and filed in
of incorporation
Company
conformity with
requirements of
of
Manufacturing Corporation
of
is
Acts
February 17,
that
1848, and
the
acts
amendatory thereof,and
said
said
to
Company
duly organized under

and
acts, and
entitled
all the powers I have
accorded privileges the

minutes
thereby.
the of organization the for
examined and the
of
Company,
and
preparatory
and
subscriptionagreement
seem
forming the Company,

accordingto
law. This
they
to
be
sufficient in form
Company
are
being
no
thus
duly incorporated,the
as
holders stockacts
under
personalliability except
the
in
viz. : questionprovide, The Stockholders

are
liable severally of his
for all the debts the
of the
Company
all
(each to
and
a
the amount
until stock)
capitalis
paid in
certificate thereof
are
duly made
and
recorded. for
The
Stockholders due
to
liable and severally always jointly and for apprentices
all debts
servants laborers,
services
performed for
There
cannot
are
the
corporation.
addition
on
liabilities in loans to
the make
Trustees; they
false statements
make
nor Stockholders,
in any
public report or notice,nor

of
its
allow
indebtedness declare
not
a
beyond
dividend
the
amount
the
capital stock, nor they

must
reducing
capital; and
statements statutes.
omit
to
file and
publish the
as
annual the
of the
condition
of its
affairs,
hibitions, proin
required by
are These, however,-
plain
embraced
applicableto
the of ordinaryliability
Trustees
mere
only, and
not
Stockholders.
Attorney,
187
.
etc.
*ARCHITECTURAL IRON
WORK.
NOTE.
are
"
Small
and
cheap
editions their
of the
act
for
the
formation
of
published,
a
giving in epitome
to
privileges and
conciseness.
restrictions,and
with
special view
convenience
and
LIMITED
"
LIABILITY for the
COMPANIES. and the
An
Act
to
provide
Organization
Regulation
of
certain
Business
Corporations, passed by
21, 1875," provides for
two
Legislatureof
of rations, corpo-
New
York,
to
June
be known
classes
respectively as
1. 2.
Full
liability companies. liability companies. liabilitycompanies" individually liable they

are
Limited "full
In
all
to
the
stockholders of debts the and
are
severally and
in
the for
creditors
all the
pany com-
which of such
stockholders
bilities lia-
company.
In
"limited in every
companies," liability
case,
the word
name
of
the
"
company limited."
to
must,
All
have
are
as
its last
the
word
the
stockholders of the
severally and
in
amount
individually liable
are
the
an
creditors
amount
company
to
which of
they
stock
stockholders, to by them, by
fixed such and
equal
for all whole
the
held
tively, respec-
debts
amount
and of
contracts
made stock
company, limited
until such It
the
capital
in.
by
company
has
none
been of
paid
the
repeals
general
acts
for
the
formation
of
corporations
A
theretofore
passed.
has the
or
manufacturing
the Act
A
one
company
choice under of
the
of the
two
organizing
Act of June laws will
under
of
February 17, 1848,

and
21, 1875.
enable and
to
reading
to
comparison
their
any
understand which
to
respective peculiarities,
decide
under
organize.
154
AKCHITECTUKAL
IEON
WORK.
EXTRACTS
FROM
THE
BUILDING
LAW,
(Passed April 20, 1871),

OF THE CITY OF NEW
YORK,
RELATING
TO
IRON
WORK.
" 7
ami bearing weight of Bame-
.................................
In
s
case
iron col-
or
wooden
are
girders
imported
in
upon
iron
or
wooden
umns
substituted be
walls, the place of partition

in
buildingmay
if there
feet fifty be iron
width, but
iron
or
not
more
; and
should
substituted
or
wooden
girders
the
supportedupon
bear
wooden
be
columns,in placeof
made of sufficient hundred
or
partition walls, they shall

to
strength fifty
safely the weight

for every square
of
two
and
pounds
rest
foot of the floor of the
floors that of
a
upon
them, exclusive
in their
weight
material
employed
course
and construction, wall

not
shall have
footing
and
foundation
less than under of
sixteen inches and between
in
with thickness,
inverted
arches
the
columns,or
two
courses footing
largewell-shaped
at
stone, laid crosswise,edge

inches be
not
to
edge, and
least
ten to
thick in each
less than
two
course,
the lower
course footing
area
feet greater in under every
than
the size above

set
of the
a forth,
column
; and
column, as
cap of cut
a
at granite,
least twelve
inches way
thick than
to
and
that
of
of
diameter the
twelve
must
inches be
greater each
and
column,
laid solid
level
receive
the column
................................
isolated
8
'
10.
at
Every
isolated
all
pier less than
ten
superficial
built of
or
piers,
ê^
the
stone
base,and
or
pierssupportinga
any iron
wall
beam
rubble
brick,or under
on
arch
or girder, a
arch
which
wall rests, or
not
a
lintel
supporting
less than
at intervals of wall,shall,
less than
stone
inches thirty
not
in
have height,
built into it
bond
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
155
four
inches
thick,of
diameter
each
way
equal
to
the
diameter
of the the
pier, except
curb,
pier
the
that in bond
pierson
may
the street
be
front, above
stone ; cast
four
waiisand
inches less than and
the
in diameter
and
. .
the walls
or
piers
under
piers under
or
all
compound,
iron
a
wooden
stone
g[^*md
Bond cap and stone.
girders, iron
at least four two
a
other columns,
shall have if in
bond
inches in
and thickness,
wall at least if in
feet in
length, running through the wall,and

full in size
pier, the
of
the
thickness the
thereof, every
said of
thirtyinches pier is
cut
height from
or
bottom, whether
a
in the wall
not, and
shall have
in
cap
stone
at granite,
least twelve if pier,

in
inches
a
thickness, by the
if in the
in
a
whole
size of
at
the
and pier,
wall, it
shall be of In
any
least two
at
feet
in
length,by
inches other
thickness thickness.
rests
on
the
any
wall, and
case
least twelve any

iron
or
where
column
or
wall
or
of pier built entirely shall be

set
on a
stone stone
brick, the
said column
not
base
of cut
granite, Base
full size if
on
a
stone.
less than
eight inches
the
in thickness
on a
by
the
of the
bearing of
pier,if
pier,and
wall, the
full thickness
of the wall
.................
.
"
12.
In
no
case
shall the carried and

walls
side,end, or party wall

more
of any advance
building be
of the and
up
rear
than two The
stories in
front
walls.
front,rear,
towaiis,
how
side,end
be
erected
party
of any
to
building hereafter
each other of every
one
shall be anchored
six
a
JU"hored
feet in their
height by
tie
made anchors,
an
and
of quarter inch by three-eighths The

said
inch
wrought
or
iron.
anchors
less than
at
shall
be
built into the side and inches,

the
party
walls not
rear
sixteen
into the front and
walls
rear
least one-half
as
thickness
of the front
rear
and
to
so walls,
to secure
the front
and
walls used
the
side,end,
or
party walls; and
all stone
156
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
for the
facingof
headers be
any
and
building, except
as stretchers,
where
built with
set
alternate
hereinbefore iron anchors
shall forth, each

stone
anchored strongly all such inch.

at
with
in
stone, and
at
anchors The
shall be
let into the
least
one
side,end, or beams,
with
at
party
walls
shall be
not
more
anchored
than
each
tier of
intervals of
eight feet apart,

inch
good, strong,
one
wrought-iron anchors, one-half

built into of the the side walls and
by
inch, well
to
well fastened of
the side
beams
by
two
nails,made
an
wrought iron, at
; and
least one-fourth the beams

are
of
inch
in
diameter
where of the
the supported by girders, the
ends
beams end
same
restingon
girder shall
be
butted
iron
together
to
end, and strapped by wrought

and size, beam
as
straps of the
in
at
the
same
distance
apart,and
the
same
the wall
anchors, and
tened. shall be well fas-
waiis
to be
^3
"\\
S[^Q
or
party and
*
front
is
or
rear
walls,not
on
coped
corniced, and
over building,
where
no
gutter
required
be
any
fifteen feet least twelve with

are
high, shall
inches
or
built up
the
and
extended shall be
at
above
roof, and
coped
stone
where that, iron,provided walls partition

may
some
walls partition be carried up
carried up, the the
above
and roofing
coped
up
a
with
material,or fire-proof
side of the
roof
B
shall be carried If upon

any
.........
to the underor
roof -planking;
ê
French
Mana
to be
fire-proof.
gar(j roof wooden of
gj^
p]aced
building,except
constructed roof
any the
over building,
three
same
stories in shall Mansard

side
sive height,exclube
the
said if
more
roof,the
a
and fire-proof;
French than
one
or
shall be
placed upon
except
the
a
of
on
building,
street
ner, cor-
wooden
same
located building,
shall be constructed
throughout* fire-proof
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
157
to span
"
over
14.
All iron beams
or
used girders
not
more
openings
feet i
required.
,.
six feet in
width, and
a
than
a
twelve
width, upon
which
shall have wall rests, end
bearing
of at
.
least twelve inches

to
over
at each
by the
thickness of the wall foot of span

are
be
and supported,
and
or
for every
said twelve
additional
above
the
if the supports feet,

be increased
iron
an
solid cut
at each
stone, the
end ; but
bearingshall
if
half
inch
or
supported on
or
the
ends
by
walls
over
piers built
of brick
not
more
stone, if the
than
opening is
twelve
feet and
be
feet,the eighteen
at each
bearing shall
the thickness
is
over
increased
four
to
inches
end, by
if the
of the wall
be and
supported;
not
more
and
space five
at
eighteen feet
the
than
twenty-
then feet, end

; and
bearing shall
the thickness
be at least twenty inches of the wall

or
each
by
to
be
ported sup-
for every additional shall be
five feet
part thereof
that the increased thickness front of solid cut

the
space
an
increased,the bearing shall be

four inches at
to
additional wall
each
end And
by
on
the the
or
of the
anv
be
supported.
the supports
at
building where
are
of iron
inches
supports
stone
or
of iron.
stone,
and
they
shall be of
least sixteen thickness
on
face
the width
the
of the wall to
at
be
supported,and
brick walls
or
when shall,
rest piers,
supported
upon
a
the
ends
by
cut
granitebase
block,at least twelve
inches the
may
thick, by the full size of the

is less than
in
bearing;
and
in
case
opening
be
twelve
the graniteblock feet,
six inches and
thickness,
or Thickness iron beams. of
by
the whole
size of the in
bearing;
the
all iron beams
girdersused
thickness
not
any
of shall be, throughout, buildings thickness

or
less than
All
of the wall
to
to be
supported. openings more

a
iron
beams
girders used
width, and upon
span which
Tie-rods,
than
eightfeet
in
wall rests, shall have fastened
tie-rods wrought-iron
at each
of sufficient
or
well strength,
end of the beam
girder,
158
AKCHITECTURAL
IKON
WOKK.
and
skew-backs
and brick
shall have
cast-iron
shoes
a
on
the upper
or
to side,
answer
for tne
skew-back shall
no
of
brick
cut-stone
over
arch, which
and
said arch
always be
case
turned
the same, inches in
the
arch shall in
be less than
twelve
height,
shoes
by
the width made

in
of the wall to be
and supported,
to
the
shall be the with

may
strong enough
all
cases.
resist
or
the pressure -brick
of
arch
two
Cut-stone iron any
hard
arches,
wrought
turned
over
tie-rods of
sufficient less than

stone
strength,
be
opening
thirtyfeet,
or
providedthey
O
'
have
skew-backs
of cut
or
cast
or
wrought iron,with which

be
the bars
tension-rods
iron
shall
properly
secured of The
by heavy wrought
washers,
to
necks, and heads

the skew-backs.
cases
iron linteis.
wrought iron,properly secured

above clause is intended
abutments
to
meet
where
the arch has not All
of sufficient size
to
resist its thrust. the

a
lintels hereafter
or
placed
over
openings in
over
front,rear,
side of
or building,
turned re-
corner
or
opening,when
supportedby
brick
piersor
the have and
iron columns.
iron
stone
columns, shall be of iron,and of

and supported, shall
full breadth
a
of the wall to be
brick arch of sufficient
with thickness,
skew-backs
tie-rods of sufficient lateral
to support strength
the super
incumbent
weight,independent of
the cast-iron
or
hereafter lintel. In all buildings where

a
to be erected
are
same
altered,
support
exterior
any
or
iron
column
or
columns the
used
be
a
to
an
wall
whether part thereof,
or
interior
wall, except
or
wall
frontingon
the street,
as
said column
Douwe columns.
or
columns
a
shall be constructed
an column, that is,
follows: and
There jnner
shall be
double
outer
fire-proof
column, and
sustain and
the inner
column
shall be of sufficient be
strengthto
both
safelythe weight to
inner column
; and
imposed upon
column of at
the outer
made
the outer
a
shall be least
one
of sufficient size to between it and
allow
space
inch
the inner
column, which
160
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WOKK.
Fire-proof
doors and
8 16.
All
more
stores
or
storehouses,or
stories
or
other
buildings
onUwhat' which
buMings
are
than two
the be
above
feet twenty-five that
in
height above
hereafter
curb
level, alreadyerected,or
said
required.
may
built in
city, except dwelling-
houses, school-houses,or blinds,or

window
a
churches, shall have

of
doors,
every
on
shutters
entrance
made
metal, on fire-proof
the
same
and
where any
be be
do
not
open
street.
When
in
such
building the
shutters,
door
or blinds, or
doors cannot
put
on
the outside of such the

an
window
they shall
put
on
and if placed inside, iron frame
on
the inside shall be of the wood-work
hung
upon
dent indepenor
of the
window-frame shutter business

or
door ; closed
to be when closed.
and
upon
every J
such
door, blind, or
of the
use
shall be of each
the
completion having
day by
same
the and
occupant
all
the
control of the that

now are
shutters fire-proof
be
or
blinds
or
may
hereafter
on
put upon
street
the
or front,
sides
so
of any
ing buildthat above
the
be
must fronts,
be
constructed the outside
they can
closed
and
opened
from
the first story.
wooden
17
No
wooden
furring or lath shall be

to convey
furring.
metal pipe or pipes used placed againstany flue, heated

air
or
steam
in any
or
building ; and
lathed with
at
when
any
wall shall hereafter shall be width

a
be furred iron lath
wood, there
inches
in
stripof
least sixteen
placed on
into the
the under said
side of the tier of beams and
ning run-
wall,
extending joint of
the
at
least
one
half
so
as
inch into the

to
horizontal
brick
one
wall,
floor
sup-
prevent fire from

.
.
extending
All
from
Hearths,
how
to
another.
hearths
no
shall be
supported,
ported by
arches
of stone
or
brick,and
hereafter
in
chimney
in
alreadyerected buildings
be cut off below
in whole
or
to be
built shall
or
part and
supported by
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
161
wood, but
iron.,
shall be
or wholly supported by stone,brick,
"19.
..
Every trimmer
J
or
header
more
than
Trimmers
or
headers,
four shall
feet
be
long,used hung
of in
in any
buildingexcept
In
dwelling,
forh"
irons stirrup
.........
of suitable thickness
every
the size
the
timbers hereafter
to
building
already erected, or
shall be
be bear
built, the floors strength of

the
of sufficient
upon them
strengthto
of
weight to
the
be
imposed
exclusive
the ; and
weight of
in all
terials ma-
used the
in their construction
storehouses,
upon each
weight that postedin

; and
each
floor will
sustain safely
foot superficial
and
a
shall be estimated
by
the
owner
thereof,
floor thereof
either
conspicuousplace on
that may
be
each
the
weight
the
placed upon
of be
the
floors of
said
building or
.............
shall buildings
distributed safely
thereon
" 20.
In
all
buildings, every J floor "

'
shall
be
of 8tif-Be*ril"
weight of
tto
ficient
in all its parts to bear strength
safely upon
hundred
every
and and
foot superficial
if used
as a
of its surface
seventy-five pounds;
one place of publicassembly,
twenty pounds
or
; and
if used
as
store,
house, warefactory,
for any from

one
other
manufacturing or
and
every
commercial
purposes,
hundred
; and
to five hundred fifty
pounds
addition floor is
and
upwards
the
floor
shall be
of
ficient suf-
to strength to
bear
the weightsaforesaid,in safely of
weight
; and
the
materials
of which
other bear
the
tical ver-
composed
the
every
column, post, or
to strength
support
the
shall be
of sufficient
safely
weight of
upon
portion of
to.be
each
and
every
floor depending
it for
support, in addition
to the
weight
as required
above
supportedsafely upon
said portions
of said floors.
11
In all calculations for the streno-th
162
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
of
Calculations
for
materials
between
to
be
used
in
any
building,the
the
tion propor-
the
one
safe
strength
weight and
breaking weight
other
one
of materials.
shall be
as
to
three for all

a
and beams, girders, be

as
piecessubjectedto
six and
and shall cross-strain,

and other
to
for for
all all
a
posts,columns,
vertical
supports,
tie-rods, tie-beams,and
tensile strain. And the
other
jected pieces sub-
to
sions dimenrequisite ascertained
of each
piece of
the
or
material rules
is to be
by
computation by kinson,Barlow,
hereafter
at
given by Tredgold,Hodgof other

authors
now or
the treatises the United

the
used Point
in the from
at
on
States
MilitaryAcademy
for
West
strength of materials, using only such

numbers
as
constants
rules
have
been with
deduced that
Iron
experimentson
to
materials
of like kind any

span
to
or
proposed
be
used.
Before
to
iron
an
column,
beams, girders, etc.,

to be
or beam, lintel, over
girder,intended
in
or
opening
a
tested
used.
before
eightfeet
and length,
intended
any
support
wall
being
built of stone
in
brick,
or
floor
or
part thereof,
the
any
buildinghereafter York, shall

or
erected
in altered,
City
of New
be
used
for that
purpose, the
same
the
facturer manu-
founder
or
thereof
pressure
an
shall have
tested the
by
actual and
weight
thereon,under
the
tion direc-
of supervision
of inspector
department
of
authorized buildings,
shall be
by
the
thereof superintendent of the time when and

or
(who
notified previously
test
place where
Bearing weight
the said
will
be made
by
the person
persons
to
having the
whose tested), each of
the
said
or columns, beams, lintels, ers gird-
be marked thereon.
so
duty it shall
said
be
to
have
the
weight
which
or columns, beams, lintels, or
girderswill safelysustain properlystamped

in
or a
marked
conspicuousplacethereon
and thereof,
any
no
by
the said manufacturer be
founder
greater weight shall
put
or
placed
than
upon
same
said
or column, beam, lintel, so
girder
the
shall be
marked
as
being capable of
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
163
sustaining ;
or
and
in
case
any
said said
be
column, beam, girder,
lintel shall be
rejected by
shall not
inspectoras
in, upon,
iron-work
to
unfit to
or
be
any any
used, the
same
used All
about in
or
i"
to^
building
shall
or
part thereof.
thereof
used
iuallty-
buildingor part
be
hereafter material
be erected
altered best
of the best
and
made
in
the
manner.
"
21.
In all
fire-proof buildings hereafter

brick with walls,
to
be
con-
Fire-proof buildings.
or
where etructed,
cast
are or
wrought-ironbeams
columns wrought-iron in the
with
wrought-ironbeams,
must
used
:
rules the following interior,
be
served ob-
1. All
metal
at
columns
shall
shall
be
rest
planed
on
true
andMetai
plates, bedbe
smooth
both
ends, and
cast-iron brick
cast-iron
and
have
If
caps,
are
which used
at
shall
also
planed true.
beams
arches
a
between least
an
the
inch
the arches
a
shall have
each
rise of
and
quarter
to
foot of space between of all the iron

stone
the beams. where
2. Under
rest
on
the ends
beams,
must
they stone
template.
the
walls,a
template
be
be
built wide
into
the
walls ; said
templates to
eight inches
in
twelve-inch
to
walls,and
not
in all walls
of greater thickness inches less than

any case, the less
be in width
less than
not
four
to
width than
of said four
walls, and
in
be,
and
in
inches
thickness
eighteen
inches
long.
3. All arches
over
shall
be
at
least four
be
inches
thick.
Arches.
Arches
four feet span the haunches

of
at
shall
increased of four
in thickness
toward
thickness
commence
by
additions
inches
in
brick
two
; the
first additional
a
thickness
the
a
shall of feet
and
half
feet from
at
centre
the
span,
the
the
centre
second
addition and
six
and
half
from
of the span,
the thickness
shall be
164
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
increased
thence
four
inches
for every
additional
four
feet of span
4. The
towards
the haunches.
arches
said brick
a
shall be laid to
line
on
the
centres, with wet, and

the
close
and joint,
the bricks shall
be
well
well joints
not
more
filled with cement

than
two
mortar, in
to
one
of proportions
Arches
to be
of sand
of
ce-
ment.
by
measure.
The chinked
arches
shall be well
grouted
grouted.
and
pinned or
with slate and
keyed.
all buildof
some
cornices
ana
22.
All
exterior
to be
cornices
and
or
gutters of
be
gutters
prorf,and
hereafter
erected
in
shall built,
case
fire-proof material, and weight

cornice the of
every
the of the
greatest
the of
stone, iron,or
be
other materials
be
on
which
inside
shall
shall constructed, of the wall

on
outer
line
which
the
to
cornice
two
shall
nice cor-
rest,in the proportionof three of wall

in
of
weight, allowance
being
the
made
for the
the
excess
of
leverage produced by
of projection
all
cornice
beyond
shall be
the face of the wall ; and well secured of

any be
to
cornices fire-proof iron in
the
walls
;
with and
anchors,
all
cases
independent
the walls
wood-work carried
up
shall
to the
planking
the
of the
roof,and where
wall shall be the
the cornice
up
to
above projects the
roof,the
carried
and top of the cornices, extend

up with above
some
in party wall shall,
all cases, be
the fire-
planking of
Metaiiic
the
..........
cornice,and
All
coped
proofmaterial
provided with
the
water
buildings shall
leaders
be
kept
proper
the
metallic
to the
as
for
sewer
conducting
or
from
in such
roof
ground,
street
gutter,
manner
shall
protect the walls and

in
no
foundations
water
from
damage
shall
; and
case
shall
the the
or
from
the said leaders be allowed

be
to flow upon
side-walk, but
conducted
sewer.
by
drain
pipe
pipes to
the
street
gutter or
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
165
"
23.
The
plankingand sheathingof
or
the roof of every in

no case
Fire-proof
buildingerected
be wall sides extended
across
built
the
as
shall aforesaid,
front, rear, side,end, or

such and building, the
party
and
ered cov-
and thereof, of and every roofed
every
tops
be
dormer-window
with
thereon, shall
or
slate, tin,zinc,copper,
iron,or
such
other
equally fire-proof roofing as

under buildings, outside of his
the
tendent superinize, authordormer-
of and
window the
certificate, may
of
every
the
frame
any
hereafter of
placed upon
some
buildingas aforesaid,
shall be made
All
material fire-proof
shall buildings
and
have
scuttle-frames of
or
and with
covers,
some
or
scuttioe
and
lfl.dd.crs*
bulkheads
doors,made
covered
proof fire-
and material,
all scuttles shall have
iron stationary scuttles

use or
ladders ladders
leading to
shall be
all
the
same,
as
and
to
all such
kept so
be
ready for
be less in
at all
times, and
two
scuttles
shall
not
size
than
by
three feet
All
more skylights
than
and
skylight*
and
frames.
three
square
the teet, placed in any building, shall be

constructed
sash
frames
thereof
of
rials. matefire-proof
"
28.
In
any
in
building hereafter
erected
or
more
than
Fire-proof
three
stories
height occupied by
not
more
built to
beoc-"airBin
tenement
cupied by
the
three and
than
six
families above for the
bouses-
first story,in which

of
the cellar is to be used

or
purpose
storingcoal, wood,
the cellar
with
other
the articles,
floor above
the
the stairs
if leadingthereto, shall building, be
stairs lead from
the inside of the

where
constructed
is to the be
fire-proof ; and
used
the lower purposes of
of part thereany the
for
business
is
a
kind, ceiling
if there first floor,
cellar
below, and
above
the
store
floor shall be constructed
and fire-proof,
the hall
and partitions from partition
front to rear, from
166
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
the
cellar to the top of the of brick ; and house

an
beams, second-story
case
shall be
rear
built
tenement
in
no
shall the
same
front
and
be erected space
on
lot unless
there the the

rear
shall be
pine-proof
blinds.
open
of at least
lot between
rear
feet twenty-eight
the
same.
whole
width
of the
All
window
window section
Fire-
openings of openings
shall be
all
and buildings
all the
in
......
of all
buildings mentioned
this
blinds provided with fire-proof
now Any dwelling-house
erected than
or
that
may
hereafter
be
'
erected
in said
or
citymore
to be
two
stories in
two
or more
height,
ilies fam-
occupiedby
on
built
occupiedby
any
one
of the floors above erected three

or
the
first story, and hereafter
all
be
now dwelling-houses
that may
erected
or
more
than
stories in
height, occupied
or more
by
built to
be
occupied by
any
three
families
above
or
the first story,and hereafter

be
or
building already erected

more
that may
erected
than
two
a
stories
in
height, occupied as
built to be
occupied as
hotel,
boarding or
or
factory, manumill,offices, lodging house,factory,
workshops,in
which the
are operatives
employed
vided pro-
in
any
of the stories above with

as
first story,shall be
such
alarms, doors,and fire-escapes,

and
lators venti-
shall be directed
approved by
And any
the
owner
the
or
said
owners
sn-
Fireescapes to be
of buildings. perintendent
^J be
.
buildingupon
may
which be
fire-escapes may
same
now
or
hereafter
well any said
erected,shall keep the

and painted,
no
in
at
good repair and

any time upon
person
shall
place
any be
encumbrance
of any
kind
soever whator
now fire-escapes
erected
that
may
hereafter
erected
in
said
city.
"
^*
-Before tne any the
erection, or construction, alteration,

part of
a
repairof
building or
owner,
building is
shall
menced, com-
or architect,
builder
notify
168
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
35.
Any
and
all with
persons the shall
who,
notice fail any
be of
to
after
having
as
been
personally
served
violation
inbefore here-
prescribed,
and visions
comply
of the
therewith,
several
shall of
in
continue this
to
violate who
the
pro-1
act,
to
or
shall
other
accessory
or
thereto,
in
shall,
this
addition
penalty guilty
made of
a
penalties
misdemeanor,
the
act
provided,
a
be
deemed
and,
upon
complaint
being
any
by
tendent superinor
of
court
buildings,
before
police justice
the
to
any
of
criminal
be
jurisdiction
arrested and
upon
a sum
within
City by
of
of said
such
two
New
York,
or
shall said
shall
held
bail
tice jusofdred hunterm to
court,
be
and/
in
conviction
not
Penaities.
fence,
fined
exceeding
and
not to
fifty dollars,
six in
or
may
;
be
imprisoned
or
for
exceed
months
said
fine of the
imprisonment judge,
and
be
imposed by
be
the said
discretion person
so
justice,
held
to
or
court
whom tried.
.
arrested
bail
shall
..-..,
[The foregoing
all that
a
extracts to
from work.
the
Building
law
Law
covers
relates local
so
iron of the
The of
is
itself York
are
is, of
its
course,
one
City
New
; but
provisions,
common
far
as
iron
work
concerned,
would
sound,
well
to
sense
requirements,
which
be
carry
out
without
regard
to
locality.]
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
169
DEPARTMENT
OF
BUILDINGS,
NEW YORK.
IN
THE
CITY
OF
OFFICE
OF
SUPERINTENDENT,
..187
New Sir: When desire have either
York,..
you
to
to
Iron
Beams,
Lintels,or
Girders
tested,agreeably
you
the requirements
of
Section
20, Chapter 625, Laws

the proper
must
0/1871,
requisite
be
will please Jitt out

test may
this blank, in*order
that
pressure in att
cases
for the
out
be readily ascertained.
This
blank
filled
beforethe
test is made.
Respectfully yours,
Superintendent of Buildings.
Please
test
for (name)
(business) (description of
(place of business)
articles to be
tested)
to
be
used
in
building
tons
No
to
be
tested
to
sustain
of
2,000 pounds.
(Owner) (Signature) (Business)

,
FOB
BEAM,
LINTEL,
at
OR
GIRDER.
1st. 2d. 3d.
Is the What What
weight
is the
to be
sustained
in the
rest,
between
or
subject
to vibration
?
. .
Ans .inches.
distance
clear
supports
?
.
.feet.
. .
is the wall
beam,
or
lintel,or girder supported by ? Iron
or
stone
columns,
brick
piers ?
the
4th. 5th.
What
What
are
the bearings
on
wall,
at each
end
inches. feet inches
is the
full length of the beam,
lintel, or
girder?
long.
IF
TO
SUSTAIN
WALL,
BRICK
ARCHES, WORK,
OR
ANY
OTHER
BRICK
OR
STONE
Give the
the full
thickness
of the
wall
walls from
of
each
story
and
height of each
story, also
height
of the
the lintel
170
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
Total Estimate follows

:
Tons
Weight. wall,
as
the
weight of wall
per
foot
in height
of
8 in. brick wall, weight 12 16 20 24

"
per
foot, 77
"
Ibs.
"
"
Brown
Stone.
'
4 inches 8 12
per
"
" " 4"
" " "
" "
"
115 153
192
"
"
"
"
57 114 170 166 ...168
Ibs
"
" li "
" "
Granite
"
foot
230
White
Marble
What
is the
full height of the wall
from
the
bearing of
the
beam,
lintel,or
girder ?
is not
a
feet
double equally distributed, it.
inches.
If this weight
Should
it sustain
chimney,
cases.
or
any
other
weight, add
the
ditional ad-
weight in
Deduct
all
for windows
only half beam,
weight
; that
take is, half
out the
of the actual
weight
space
imposed
the
on
lintel, or girder,
but
which
windows
will occupy.
Deduction
Total
NOTE." tlie
Tons
beam,
imposed
or lintel,
Should
must
a
a not
pier
be
rest
on
or
about to
a
the
middle
of
girder,
the to
an
weight
of
considered
estimate
an
be
equally distributed.
arch
as as
In
computing
in
to
weight
brick
arch,
and
four-inch arch
equal weight
make
crown
weight
a
eight-inch thick
thick the Make
wall,
eight-inch
This to any
equal weight
in
twelve-inch for
arch.
wall, weight
on
straight line. required

for
additional fill up
on a
is to the the
allowance
of of the the
of material
level
with above
additional
allowance
material
placed
crown
arch.
IF
TO
SUSTAIN
FLOORS, inches wide

x
GIVE
Pounds. .feet inches
Size of floors
feet
long
Number What What
of is the is the
floors ?
area
of floor surface
feet
inches.
weight of floor, per

=
superficialfoot ?
pounds
per
foot
Ibs
(See *)
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
171
Should
this
on
weight
iron
of beam,
floors
rest
on
girder
or on
or
girders which
"
rest which
either
it
tains sus-
directly
"
the
lintel,or
in every
case
girder,
be
the
as
wall the
above, weight
the and
weight
other
must than
doubled,
is considered
central
equally distributed.
.pounds from
above, doubled,
Should
the
weight
or on
of the
floors wall to
be
sustained which
on
beams
resting
on
the
iron
beam,
over
lintel,or
its
girder,
it does
above,
be
it
sustains, equally distributed
length,
not
require
doubled.
IF
FLAT
ROOF
SURFACE
.
feet
=
inches feet
long
feet
per
inches foot
=
wide,
inches, at 90 pounds
For
Mansard
Roof, additional
Iron to be
calculation
will
have
to
be
made
for
the
weight
*
imposed.
the
Should
Beam,
made
Lintel,
on
or
Girder,
sustain
Tanks
or
any
other
weight,
the
calculation
this
sheet.
Total
pounds.
For
Tenement
Houses, compute
the
weight
per
foot floor surface.

. .
100 310 350 180
Ibs.
kt
Dry Goods
Flour
House
Store Assemblies
snow
"
Public
""
Roof, including
Hardware
*
90 from 350
to 600
the
"
Store
arch pressure square beams
or or
"
For
cast-iron when the per
girders
of
with test
wrought-iron
is
or
tension
the
rods,
calculate
or
maximum
to
ceed ex-
strain
weight
applied equal
on
middle
tons
of beam
girder, not
five
tons
inch
of tension
rod,
to ten
distributed.
REPORT
OF
INSPECTOR.
NEW
YORK,
and
187
,
To
I
the
Superintendent of Buildings;
the iron
respectfully report that
girders,beams,
described lintels,
in
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
the
were foregoing application, :
practically tested
by
me
-with
the
following
result
Tested
to
Tons
.......... .......
Deflected
,
............
inches.
Permanent I
..............
Set.
above
................
by hereby certify,
the
to
foregoing
bear annexed
..............
test, that the weight

to be
is
sufficient
to
the
imposed having
the
thereon, agreeably
...............
the
requirements
of the
same,
of the
application, and
caused
approved
I have
mark
of the
ment Depart-
to be
placed
thereon.
Inspector of Iron
Work.
BLANK
FOKM
OF
KEQUEST
FOR
OFFICE
OF
,
ESTIMATE.
)
ARCHITECT,
STREET.
["
)
187
,
No
,
To DEAR Work
SIR
:
You
are
hereby
invited
to
submit
proposals
for
the
Iron
required for building

and
Plans until the
Specifications
are
now
ready
12
m.
at
this office.
Bids
will be
received
day
of
,
at
Yours
truly,
BLANK
FORM
OF
PROPOSAL.
OFFICE
OF
1
,
IRON
CONTRACTOR
No
,
AND
MANUFACTURER,
STREET.
,
J
187
To DEAR
the
SIR:
I (or we) hereby

Iron
propose and
to
do for
all the
Iron
Work to
required by
be
Specification of
,
Work
Plans,
sum
the
building
erected
No
Street,for the
of
dollars,
* Respectfully,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
BLANK
ARTICLES of
,
FOEM
made
one
OF
this
CONTEACT.
OF
in
AGREEMENT the
year
thousand
eight
hundred
and.
. .
BETWEEN of the first second The
part, and
of the
part.
said
First.
executors
part
first
of
the
second
part
do
hereby
and
agree
for
to
or
heirs,
and
and
of
administrators, covenant,
the
promise
with
the
said part
the
part
second
executors, part,
hereinafter
well
administrators
executors
or
on
assigns, that
said part
of the
administrators,
or
shall and
will, for the consideration day

of
the
mentioned,
before
the
next, building
to be known
and
sufficientlyerect
built No
,
and
on
finish the the land
IRON of the
the
WORK
of
erected,
as
and
completed
part city of
of the
first
part,
,
lot
the
Street, in
agreeably
,
to
Drawings
and
Specification made
the said
by
hereunto
Architect, and
time
signed by
in
a
parties and
and the of said
the
annexed,
manner, to be
within to
the
aforesaid,
good, workmanlike
the direction
under such the of hand proper
substantial
the
satisfaction,and by
a
under
Architect,
said
testified also
writing
will
or
certificate
and
as
Architect,
and
shall all
and
find
provide
shall be
good,
and
and
sufficient materials, of for of

the the
kinds
whatsoever,
all
proper
sufficient
works
sum
completing
said
and
finishing
in
the
IRON
WORK
and
other
building mentioned
the And and

of
Iron the
Specification for the

said
of
dollars.
do
part
of
the
first
part,
hereby for
agree, to and
heirs, executors
with the said
administrators, covenant, promise

the second of
and
and
part
the
part,
the
first
executors
administrators, that
or
said
part
part,
covenants of unto
executors and
administrators,
shall and
will, in consideration
and pay,
of
said be
the
agreements part,
as
being
strictlyperformed
and
kept by the
or
part paid
or
the the
second said the
specified, well
the
second
truly
cause
to
part
sum
of of
part,
States of
executors, administrators
assigns, Dollars,
lawful
money
of the United
America,
in
manner
following
When the
sum
of
Dollars.
the
sum
of
Dollars.
the
sum
of
Dollars.
Total,
PROVIDED,
and
that
in each
of the
said
cases,
certificate
shall
be
obtained
signed by the said Architect.
17 "
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK;
AND
IT
Is
HEREBY
FURTHER
AGREED PARTIES
:
BY
AND
BETWEEN
THE
SAID
First.
The
Specification and
mentioned
in the to
the
Drawings
are
intended
executed
to
co-operate,
same
as
so
that forth
all work in the and
Specification is to be
true
the of the
set
Drawings,
the
meaning
extra
own
and
intention whatsoever.
and
said
ings Draw-
Specification,without
The
any his
charge
Second. all
and
manner
Contractor,
materials every
at
proper
cost
charges, is
to
provide
models
of of
and
labor, scaffolding,implements,
the
due
moulds,
of the
cartage
description, for
performance
several
erections. Third. Iron Should the

any
Owner,
at
any
time
during the
or
progress
of
the
said the way the
Work,
request
alteration,deviation, additions
be at
omissions, from
same
said contract, he
affect amount
or
shall
the
liberty
the
to
do be
so, and added

a
the to,
or
shall in
no
make
void the
contract, but
as
will may
deducted
from,
of
contract,
the
or
case
be, by
time
fair and
reasonable
tion. valua-
Fourth. said works, the

three expense
Should
refuse shall
Contractor,
to
at
any
a
during the
progress
or
of
the
neglect
the
supply
to
sufficiencyof materials
materials finish the and said
workmen,
after
the
Owner
have
in
power
provide
to
workmen, works, and
days' notice
shall be
writing being given,

from
the amount
deducted any
of the
contract. true be
Fifth.
of the
Should
dispute
or
arise
respecting the
same
construction decided
; but
or
or
ing mean-
Drawings
his
Specification,the
shall true be
shall and
by
the
said
any works
Architect,and
dispute arise omitted, by the
power the
same
decision
the
final
conclusive
extra
should
of
one
respecting
shall and
an
value
of
the
work,
persons
"
the
be
valued
by
the
two
competent
"
employed
shall
Owner,
to
name
the
other
by
Contractor
shall
and
those
on
two all
or
have
umpire, whose
shall
decision
manner,
or
be be
binding
answerable
to the
parties.
accountable
or
Sixth. for
any
or
The
loss
Owner
or
not,
that
in any
damage
in The
shall
may
happen
of
said works,
or
any
part
used fire
parts thereof
respectively, or finishing and

Owner
or
for any
the materials
same
other
things by
be and
and
employed
for
completing the keep

the said
(loss or
damage
excepted).
WITNESS their hands
shall
building insured,
responsible
IN set
all loss
WHEREOF,
damage
the
by fire.
these
said parties to
year
presents
have
hereunto
and
seals, the day and
above
written.
Witnesses:
[L. S.]
[L. S.]
FOUNDING. The
generalremarks following
more
on
moulding, etc.,is casting,

benefit of those who
may
intended have
for particularly
money in
a
the
invested the
foundry, and
yet who
a
know
little or
nothing of
Iron
is
practical workingsof
in
a
such
place.
generallymelted
The Cupola-furnace.
cupola,
176 inches. of The
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
charging
upon
is done
by placinga
above
sufficient this
a
quantity
the
kindling wood
anthracite
to the
the
and floor,
layerof
best
coal in
largelumps, and
several inches the wood
in sufficient the burned
quantityto
fill up
heightof
above has
line of tuyeres,
away.
after it has well settled and

must precaution
iron
This
be
observed,because carefully
come
if the
charge of
the
trance en-
above
the coal should the
down
to
level with
of
become
combustion blast,
would
be
checked, the
the
metal
the process chilled,
stopped, and
the
dumping
of the
charge necessitated.
one
Upon
iron
layerof
coal
thus
posited, decarefully
of
pig
is
placed,varying in quantity from

size
1,000
to the
to
5,000 Ibs.,according to the

which
it is
of
the
cupola
and
with rapidity
this another
proposed to
is
effect the
melting ;
afterwards
into
and
upon
layerof
coal
and deposited,
of succeedinglayers
from
ten
are
iron and
coal. The
in
pig is broken
before
pieces
to
fifteen
inches
length
it is
charged.
the
Fluxes
added of the
where melter,
occasion
requires,according to
marble is in
or
judgment
most
pounded
The
limestone
being
frequentlyemployed.
wood
usuallyignitedwhen
an
the first layerof coal is and

a
and deposited, may be
hour
to
an
hour
half
the
furnace
the
a
tapped.
When which
the
the
charging is
molten
iron
being done, behind

is to be let may
or
opening through lump

of coal is
so
tapped
rammed
This
placed that
the opening
be
full of
preferably refractorymaterial,
or
moulding
formed
sand.
tap-holeis 1J
inches
wide, and
is the
by placing a tapered round be, ramming the

as
bar
in the
place where
it and
hole is to
it
as soon
sand
around tightly The

sand
removing
this
the
hole is filled up.

"
is usually as filling
"
thick
as
the the made

a
cupola lining
breast
say six to nine
inches
and
part
is called
of
the
cupola.
The
is tap-hole in the
closed
by
stopper,
assumes
of
loam, which
is worked
a
hand
until
it
certain the
degree of tenacity ;
end of
a
round
ball of it is then
a
fastened of
on
stick of
wood, provided with

is then
disc the
wet, iron,which, being previously
pressed into
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK;
177 often
tap-hole. This stopper

On has the inside of the
is removed
and
replaced as
as
of tapping. requiredduring the operation
cupola the
which
to
space
has
justabove
the
as
the tuyeres hold the

to
the
shape of
in
cone,
effect to
is best
contents
such
relation
the blast
calculated
make
at
it the most
effectual.
toward Being larger

if made
the bottom
than
the
top, it works
the
hotter than
with
and sides, parallel
also has
advantage of lasting longer,as

to
the melted down
iron
which brick.
is
apt
cut
the
does fire-brick,
or
not
to
run
along the
brick
or more scoria, Slag,
less sticks
the
and gradually lining

to
fills up
torn
out
the
new
and cupola,
finally compelling the

The
be
and
put
in.
melting and
pots and
pouring
being
ladles of
is done let out
usuallyeach through the

sizes and from
afternoon.
runner
The
molten into
iron after
is
caught
be
various
cranes
to capacities,
carried
by hand
The
anew.
or
lifted
are
by
the furnace
to the
on
moulds. every
cast
ladles The
covered
by
are
coatingof clay, put always

cast
or
large pots
may be
made
of
wrought iron,the
The of sand admit
smaller
ones
either
wrought
as
iron.
bottom
of the furnace last
is made the
so sloping,
to
dischargingthe
that in
heaviest
of portions
iron. all
to
It will be understood
iron
wood, melting iron,

works
at
and coal falls
the together,
the
being the
iron
through and
lowest dross
to
bottom, the purest
being
on
the The
and point, from the

is the
the iron
dross, impurities, etc.,being

after
top.
being received
or off,
in
the
rises ladles,
the top and
skimmed
held back
when
the moulder
cast
is
pouringinto
Scotch
moulds.
melts at
a
The
melting point of
lower
iron
varies.
pig
somewhat
temperature than American

It is
a common
cause pig,be-
of its larger of carbon. quantity

among
practice
to together, not
founders
mixture
to
melt
different brands
of iron
give the
desired characteristics
which
they do
sess pos-
separately.The cheaper than quantityto

12
cupola has
the
advantage of melting iron

enables
a
any
other
furnace,and
After
large or
small
be melted.
the iron has all been
tapped out,
178
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
the
bars
under
contents
the
swing
doors
are
knocked
away
and
the
maining re-
of the furnace
stream
dumped, through
a
the debris hose

out
into falling
the
brick
a
a pit,
of water
played
and
upon
it
for
while, and the following day shovelled
assorted.
MOULDING. The
is feet,
floor of the made

in
foundry,for moulding
is the
depth varying
The first matter proper
from
3 to 8
up of
sand.
to receive
attention the
moulding
selection and the

use
treatment
of
sand ; for it is
only by
of
sand
possessingcertain
of
at
a
that properties, well defined sufficient

are
the
formation be
and
retention
smooth
same
and time
cavitycan
produced,having
of the escape
the
to porosity
allow
of air and metal.
gases which It must adhesive have

sess, posstance. subbeen
generatedduring
in
a
the
pouring of
nature
the
a
certain The
degree,the
kinds
of
or plastic
various
of
good moulding
chemical
sand
found
in and 96
to
be
of
an
almost
uniform
composition, ing varybetween 93
grainor
the aggregate form

or
only.
It contains from
parts of silex
a
grainsof sand, and

in each iron, 100
3 to 6
parts of
and clay,
state
a
little oxide of
parts. It has
in its green
balls easily on earthy color, yellowish
being squeezed in impressions

less porous,
or
the
assumes fine, hand, and, if sufficiently
the finest
is
more or
of the skin and it

"
without
adhering to
it.
Sand
metals in
very
two
so refractory,
that the hot
do not the
melt
bake tions operaings cast-
of great importance qualities

In the practice,
successful
of the business.
different classes of
one
require different
is to be
kinds
and
of
sand
; for be
kind
the
sand
porous,
be
open, very
is still to and minutest

must
adhesive
; for
another
to grit,
bedded em-
class it is to
adhesive
to
almost fine,
free of
make
itself conform
in it.
the
parts of the
be
pattern
sand
Enough
moisture
present
the
in the
to
produce a
as
proper
degree of adhesion,but
too
quantitymust
an
be
small
as
for possible,
much
would
produce
amount
of
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
179 would
an
vapor
when
the
molten The
metal
cost
is
poured
that
injureor
of
much
over
destroy the mould.

consequence
and
over
of sand
is not
item
after the first supply is times.
obtained,as
it is used
many
It has often to be found

in every
able considertransported
common
as distances,
it is not
where locality
is used in
sand
exists.
The
moulding
sand
which
New
York
obtained City is principally
in New
Jerseyand
in the
of vicinity
Albany,
N.
Y.
To
work
in successfully
to
green
divide
sand
the
(as it is
it called),
is almost
absolutely necessary
moulder
to to
articles of
to
manufacture. articles is
who have
The
who
has
been
; and cannot
trained those
small
hardly able
been
do
heavy
work
moulders with
used
heavy
articles sand
compete
for
moulders
of
lightcastings.
not
The
suitable
columns,
There
beams, etc.,is
needs for
to
fit for leaves of
etc. cornices, capitals,
be
separate shop,and
work
sand separate hands, particular
lightand heavy
tools used
the
; and
respectively.
are
The from
one
by
a
moulders
of trowels various, consisting down trowel,

to
a
size of
small
mason's
very
small
tools for
and cleaning with surfaces, together polishing
rammers,
pointedand
the moulder
round.
Besides
the
tools here
ated, enumer-
has
short-handled the
sand
;
for filling light shovels, sieves of

various
boxes
and
for
a
working
riddle for
sizes
or
meshes, and
the filling
the
flask ; small
bellows
for
blowing dry,loose
the patterns, etc.
or more
sand from The
moulds, and partingsand from

needs
an
moulder
coal
iron
water
pot
; two
linen
bags for
iron
or
dust,black lead,etc., a pieceof rope

or prickers. piercers
for
and tufts,
brass
Architectural articles
for
is mainly done casting combination

are
in
green
and
sand.
"
Many dry sand

in
requirea
Cores
of
dry sand
for
green
cores.
used especially be
coarse
forming by
such
as
vacancies
which castings, Core from

a
cannot
formed successfully
the
pattern.
sand
sand
should
be
and very
with
porous,
white
the sea-shore.
It is mixed hard
sour flour,
ing formbeer,etc., Fresh sand must
paste, and baked
in the
core
oven.
180 be used with of

and
a
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
in
each
cast; old
be
sand, burned
for
sand, or
sand The
mixed
cannot coal,
employed
is
an
this purpose.
casting
in
hollow
column
example
of mixed
the mould
moulding
is made
green
a
dried sand.
The
outer
part of
a
in
flask
of two A
parts with green

core
sand, from
solid pattern of the column. the mould

is then
dry sand
somewhat
longerthan
mould,
placed
the
in the axis of the hollow
its extremities
resting upon
the
sand
course
beyond.
be in
The inverse
thickness
of the walls of the column the size of

core.
will of
proportionto
is
a
The
management
A caution
a
of
cores
matter
which
some requires cores are never
ingenuity.
to be
not
to be
neglectedis
until
that
put
into
green
sand
mould
the very
latest moment
before
casting.
Long
water.
or
thin cores, whether small wires rods of

or
in green
sand
are
or
dry, are
stiffened with
by arbors,or
Such the
too
iron,which
are
moistened
core
clay
rods
buried
its
in the
and sand.
recovered If
cores
when
are
is casting
cleansed their
own
from
adhering
and
or
long to
bear
to be
weight
the
pressure
of the that the
metal, they are

cores
supportedby
wires
so chaplets,
will be kept at the
rightdistance
anthracite
from
the
mould.
and black-lead, Coal-dust,
dust,are
sand. with
;
or
simple
means
of
is
blackening the
allowed fresh
to
mould
in
by mixing
immediate will
it with
contact
If hot metal
some
be
kinds
sand is
of
sand,
the
sand
partlymelt
if the
coarse,
the hot metal the
will penetrate into the spaces consequence will be

in
a
between
the
and grains,
or a
in casting
rough.
measure
ening, Blackthe
of carbon, will prevent coating the
great
burning of
but if used pores
sand, and
consequent
roughnessof
is
the
casting ;
in too
it largequantities
as
apt
to
fill the
necessary vent pre-
of the
sand, and,
it is almost
will incombustible,
the escape
cause
of gases from
the
hot
metal, and consequently

can never
unsound
much
castings. Sharp
coal is
outlines
mixed
be
expected
or
if too
on.
used, either
with
the sand
dusted
In ornamental
moulding
it is not
of the strength generally
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
181
the metal
which
is the most
but valuable,
it is the
perfectrepresentation
and
of the pattern which

smooth
are castings
is desirable.
Sharp outlines
the main would
object.
in
The
art
of
moulding
itself fill a volume.
It is
trade,and
skilful workmen
are
plentiful.After
iron work
the genall, eral does not

it does
on
appearance
so
of finished architectural
on
pend dethe of the
much
the surfaces the
of the
as castings,
patterns from
the outlines, control
which
castingsare
of
made
"
"
the
boldness
artistictness
the
carvings things beyond moulding

few
of
the
moulder.
are
The
but
of these patterns is
there generallysimple, therefore uniform there thickness

is
no
complicated forms, and

well-finished
out.
reason
why
castingsof
the most
now
should
not
be turned
Indeed
nowhere elegantcastings, surpassed for architectural purposes.

If the
in the
world, are
made
There
is
are
great advantage in wellwill perfectthe castings
finished patterns.
be
patterns
good.
The moulds
are
formed generally
in
frame
similar
or
to
box,
without
across
"
top
on
or
bottom, and
inside.
having traverses
boxes sand
or are
bars
running
the
These
the in two
technicallycalled
is filled around
and they enclose Flasks," A
which
more
the
pattern.
flask is made
the cope, and
are
parts,the top portion

the
being called
of the flask
to connect
the
bottom hooks
drag.
eyes
On
each
side
serve
two two
or
more
to fitting
as
which
the
a
parts
of
the flask
firmlyas
upper
can
to possible,
prevent
also
and box
are
or separation
the
of lifting
the
box.
Pins
are
arranged in brought back

are
the
so sides,
that the
boxes
same
be lifted apart
each
again to exactlythe
handles for
position. On
four
as
snugs'or
and carrying. lifting

it is
Flasks
made
for rough as possible inside,

remains in the box.
by adhesion
chiefly
is
that
the sand
The the
adhesion
and
of the sand sides of
increased
nails by driving
into
traverses
the
box, of such lengththat the pointsprojecton

Flasks may
be
the inside. iron. Iron Flasks
made
of wood
or
of cast
182
in the
most
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
are
course
of time
the
as they are cheapest,
the
strongest
never
arid
durable.
Wooden
their
flasks
barn
and
leak,and
make
is
as
correct
to
castings ;
pins never
the
same
fit well and
the wood
apt
warp.
Iron flasks have the addition

a crane.
generalconstruction by
which
wooden be
ones, with
of strong ears,
The
they
is
may
lifted with
adhesion
of
the
sand
secured
by
with
nails
being
cast
in
the
box, or
its inner
surface
is
covered
or so
made projections before

to
by drivingthe piercer an
box.
must
inch
box
into the sand
castingthe
pattern, and
of the the sand
The
form
be
of
is
generallysuited
to resist the
the
always
strong
and
enough
iron.
influence
heavy weight of
wJll crack
and
sand
If the
box
gives way
held hold
drop out,
the spoiling
mould.
are
Large
flasks
together by clamps
the cope
or
dogs,
and
as
heavy weights
box frame wood. with brush. The
to cost
a
to
down,
in the
many
such pieces, When

are
columns, etc., being moulded

of the
The box
the
floor.
the
is made
a
of
iron
traverses
often of
and
interior of
flask is made
or
wet,
traverses
all,
of
a
solution
of strong loam
clay, put
on
by
means
of flasks is
serious the
item.
Expensive
as
they are
and
make, they are

under
only
worth
price of
Unless made
and
tire-wood
old
iron
the auctioneer's
many
hammer.
carefully guarded
too
too against,
flasks will be
much
iron
tied
up
in
etc. weights,
The
hot
metal is
is
poured
a
into
the mould
through
or git,
gate,which
The the
simply
taperinghole through the

one or more
upper
box.
hole is formed
sand.
in by setting
wooden
a
pins in point and

the
to
The
settingof
these
for
gits is
on
nice
requires
moulder. allow
an
considerable The
easy down
discrimination
to
the
part of
gits are
passage of
loose
be the
very
tapering and
metal and
A
smooth, prevent
must
for
hot
Holes
and
vents
the
washing
sand.
be provided
for the escape
of air and
gases.
powerfulexpansive
184
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
labor between
and
materials and
now
during
:
war
times, and
for
comparison
then
PKICES
ADOPTED BY THE
IKON
FOUNDEKS
OF
NEW
YOKK
AND
BORING NEIGH-
CITIES,
OCTOBER
1, 1864.
MACHINERY
CASTINGS. 7 cts. per Ib. and

" "
Ordinary Green Dry Sand

Loam
Sand
Castings
upwards.
"
Castings
Bars
"
8*
9 6
"
Castings
Grate
"
"
"
"
"
Heavy Light
Pattern
"
"
"
"
6" $4
"
''
"
"
making
per
day.
SHIP
CASTINGS. 7 cts. per Ib. and
Ordinary Green
Sand
Castings
HOUSE
ROUND
upwards.
WORK.
COLUMNS.
Not
exceeding
half-inch
thick, with
ordinary Cap
and
Base
Plates.
3| inches
4
" "
diameter
"
$1.40
1.63 1.96 2.33 2.80 3.50
per
u
foot.
4*
5 6 7
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
COLUMNS.
Heavy
Round
Columns Columns
7 cts. per Ib. and 7 7 7 7

" "
upwards.
"
Corinthian Box Columns Columns Columns
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"'
Corinthian
Capitals
LINTELS AND SILLS.
extra
price.
Box
"r
Lintels
'"
7 cts. per 7
....
Ib. and
""
upwards.
"
"
"
7 7
.
"
"
" "
Door
Sills..
"
"
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
185
GIRDERS Vault
T
AND
BEAMS. 7 cts. per 7 7 7"

u
"
Girders
"
and
Beams
Ib. and
upwards.
" u
"
"
Arch
"
"
Wrought
Iron
Rods included RAILING in above CASTINGS.
15 cts. and
upwards.
Ib. and
Castings for Buildings not
list,7 cts. per
upwards.
Heavy Light
Cored
Railing Castings
" "
7 cts. per
Ib. and
upwards.
"
?i
tl
"
Balusters RANGE AND FURNACE
extra
price. 7" cts.

Ib.
CASTINGS.
per
"
Range
Castings Ship, Stove,

MACHINE and
Furnace,
SEWING HEAVY
Hotel
Range
Castings
7"
cts. per may
7 Ib. and
"
CASTINGS
upwards. by special
ANVIL
at ten
BLOCKS,
per cent,
Buoy
above
are
Weights, and
cost. net
Ballast
be made
agreement
N.B.
"
All the
above
prices
cash.
WAR TAKIFF OF THE
PRICES.
ENGINEEKS'
ASSOCIATION.
New
York, April 5, 1865.

each
. . .
Machinists, in Shop,
Pattern
or
out,
and
on
all
Jobbing
Work.
per
"
day, $4.25
4.50 4.25 4.25 12.00
to
"
Makers, Makers,
man
4"
Millwrights,
Boiler and do.
,
"
"
"
Blacksmiths,
do. Extra
helper
at small at
fire,
from each
"
"
large fire,
$15
per
"
20.00 3.00 2.50 15.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 15.00 12.00 10.00 10.00 8.00 8.00
Helpers,
day,
.Laborers,
Large
Slide
and
Facing Lathes
Second Third Fourth First Second Third First Second Bolt
and
Planer,
"
"
do. do. do.
Class,
do do Class do
do
"
"
"
"
"
"
Slotting Machines,
do. do. do. do.
"
"
"
'"
"
"
Shaping
do.
Machines,
do.
Class,
do other Similar Tools
"
"
"
"
Drilling Machines,
Boiler
Cutters,and
"
"
Iron,
for
Repairs,
per
"
Ib.
.12 .13 .10

to
.
Rivets,
Bar
Loam
Iron,
and
"'
"
Dry
Green
Sand Sand
Castings,
from from
8 6
c. c.
"
10 .08 .06
Machinery
Grate
Brass
Castings,
to
Bars, Castings Pipe,

from 60
c.
"
"
to
.85 .85
Copper
"
186
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
EXHAUST A
TEAPS
FOE
STEAM
PIPES.
at
simple and pipe,to

fall
on
effective apparatus
catch
placed
the
which
top of the
otherwise
exhaust
would
as
and
or
carry off the waterin the street
the roof
below, is the Trap known

and
use
CONROW'S
PATENT,
and
manufactured Fitters. Its
for very
sale
by
most
of the
principalSteam
is is
important on
the top
having Iron buildings

of every
in building
Fronts which
indeed, it
is
requiredon
steam
used, on
stores, factories,
etc. hotels, warehouses, hospita^ publicbuildings,
DESCRIPTION.
The
cap,
exhaust
steam to
on
coming
sides of
up
out
of the
pipe strikes
in check
the
spreads out
the
the
drum, is held
water
on
by
the
top, and flaring
falls in the off
shape of through
at the
the bottom
of the The
drum, and
is carried
steam
no
the
discharge pipe.
drum into
lightvapory
passes out
top of the
the open The
air, making
impressionon
the
surroundingobjects.
It
effectual. operation is absolutely
simply
holds
the
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
187
exhaust
steam
within of
the
drum
long enough
convert to
to
let
the
steam
colder into
temperature
water,
Much
waste
the
the
atmosphere light steam

water
comes
the away.
heavy
and
allow
pass
up
scalding hot
steam,
and takes
to
the
exhaust
at
a
pipe
"
with
the
is slushed
out
"
quarts
and
to
time
on
the roof.
the
This
Trap
all
the
this
water
or
conveys leader
it off
through
and
so
discharge pipe
the
gutter,
the
pipe,
saves
building.
/ It
saves
ADVANTAGES. FRONTS the

stone wet
IRON
from
steam
one
of from
the
principalcauses
over on
of the
rusting
"
prevents
It
saves a
blowing
front. It
water
saves
front the
from
discoloring and
ruin.
the
roof
of
building by preventing destroying

brick the walls
the
scalding
the
from It
saves
falling and
the
paint, and
and the the
rusting
tin.
surrounding
chimneys. heavy
to
It within
away.
stream
performs
the Not
its work
and
perfectlyby condensing
allows of
water
steam
drum,
a
the
light,vapory
A
constant
steam
pass
drop
is
escapes. carried
and
steady
when
of water
is at
caught
in and
off
by
the
Trap
the
engine
work. up
or
It cannot
freeze
get
the
out
of
order. of
It will which
need
no
pairs, re-
lasting as
last. It
at
saves
long
as
material
it is made
will
all annoyance
to
people passing by fallingspray.

on
in
the
street, and
open It
windows,
no
from back
the
permits
passage
pressure
the
engine.
The
steam
has
clear
out.
It is compact, of
use
and
sightly and
durable. has
Its
simplicityis proved by
one
its chief
merits, and
of
its effectiveness
been
its
for
number
years.
188
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
PH
151 rg
sS-d
"
"
^;o
^geS
*2 -S
s
H
CQ
.5*2
.5
^""
.5
d'J
"".
o
PH
m
=
.
3?t ill Iilg i

iui
x
"*
|w"
r
.a
cc
O
H
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
189
IRON
PORT-HOLES
FOR
FIRE
WALLS.
Extract
from
the
New
York
Fire
Law.
PARAPET
and to have
WALL
to be at least five feet three and

a
high
above the
the
roof,twelve inches
for
thick
and
coped,
openings
half
feet
above
roof, suitable
fire defence.
If the and and
opening is made
in. The
too
large, a
If made of wall
fork
of
flame
is liable
to
come
through through angles of

at
fatallyburn
work
the fireman. thickness

the
small, it is inconvenient
cuts
to
see
off the
side and
on
downward
sight, and angles

stream side
as
prevents
can
pipe-man from
the than
playing
the
flames
except
such the far
be
got through
not
oblong hole, which

the centre, and
necessarily carries
more
of
water
much
nearer
often
to the
of the
adjoining burning building. is made in in shape like casting, diameter
This
Port-Hole
an
one
dicethe
on
box
or
six hour-glass,
to radiating
a
inches
of of
opening
twelve
in
centre, and
either fireman
diameter larger
inches
side of proper
the
fire-wall.
The
the
small
opening
the
affords
the
from protection
increased
flames, and
room
largeopening
to work
gives him
and The
free angles of sight,
in,
enables work of
him
to
turn
his
a
stream
of
water
more
in
any
direction.
with battling
fire is done
effectually.
mica, to enable the
the flames
and
In the small
opening is placed a
the fire with the
pane
of
fireman
to
view of
from safety
heat,
pane
in advance
playing on
burning
mass.
This mica
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
fits in
small
groove
in the
and casting,
is held
in
place simply
by
at
little putty. knocks
When
away
the fireman
the
puts through his pipe he

the The full and clear
once
and obstruction,
is at his service.
diameter
of the Port-Hole pane of mica

on
replacement
No
of
new
is
cheaply and quickly done.

iron,so
when
occasion
sharp
angles or
hose may
corners
the
the requires,
be
and easily dragged through,
without
hindrance
to
the free flow of water. Port-Holes should be
placedabout
ten
feet apart in the wall.
IKON. CAST heat ; IRON
expands -r^Vou
of its
length for
one
degree
of
greatest change
to
in the shade sun's
in this
climate,TyTTr
;
"^ ^t8
length ; exposed
from
to -faof -^-ga
the
rays,
y^
shrinks
a
in
cooling
93,000
tion, alteraof
its
length;
is crushed
by
force
of
Ibs. upon
square
inch ; will bear

a
without
an
permanent
extension
15,300 Ibs. upon

of its
square
inch,and
l-falf
length.
IRON
WROUGHT of heat
expands TTsVoT
on a
"^ its
length for
one
degree
tion, altera-
; will bear
square
inch,without
in
permanent
and 17,800 Ibs.,
an
extension
~~
length of y^J ^
of
one
; cohesive
force is diminished
an
increase
QQOO
degree of
heat.
SHRINKAGE
Cast The rule should
be Iron
OF
CASTINGS.
\ of
an
inch
......
longerperlinealfoot
for zinc
..........
Iron, small cylinders

"
=
____
in. per
ft.
Iron,
Brass,
in length. thin
.........
=
...
in 16 ins. in 9 ins.
Pipes
=
............
"
Girders, beams, Large

the contraction
at
etc.
\
in. 15 ins.
"
Brass, thick
Zinc
..............
=
........
in 10 ius.
cylinders,
in
in
foot. foot. foot. foot.
"
*
iL6 per fa
foot.
Lead
=
..............
of diam.
top.
=
.
Copper
.
in
=
Ditto
at
bottom.
per
foot.
Bismuth
"
in
192 Thus:
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
12x12x1=
divide
4)
36
add
2 38
say Ibs.
EXAMPLE,
What will
a
FOR
Box
12"
COLUMNS, ETC.
x
box
column
"
12"
1 inch
thick
weigh
inches
per lineal foot ?

to
Rule,
Ascertain
the number and the
of cubic
the
foot,multiply them
by
.263
product
will
give
the
weight in pounds.
Thus
:
12 12 12 12
48
12"
long
576 .263
cubic
inches in the foot.
151.488
say 151
Ibs.
A inches
short
method:
area
Rule.
"
Multiply
to the
the
number add
a
of 20th.
cubic
in the
by 3, and
product
Thus:
12 12 12 12
48
48 3
cubic
inches
area.
144
add
7
151
Ibs.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
193
EXAMPLE,
What
FOR
ROUND
12 in.
COLUMNS.
dia. and 1 in. thick
will
"
round
"
column
weigh
per foot
Rule.
Ascertain
the number
of cubic inches to the
foot, multiply them
by [The
.263
and
the
.263
product will give

is used
the
weight in pounds.
sake.
decimal
for convenience
is
The
correct
inches decimal, however, for cylindrical
.2065.]
Thus
:
12 in. dia.
x
37.69 in. circumference
1 in. thick
37.69
12 inches
long
452.28 .263 118.9
cubic inches in the ft.
say 119 diameter of
Ibs.
short method
the
Rule.
"
"
Multiply
the
by
3*- to
get
circumference.
area
Multiplythe
a
number
cubic
inches
in the
by 3, and
add
:
20th.
12 in. dia.
Thus
3+
38 3
114 add
5 119 An
Ibs.
method approximate
Multiplythe
CAST
a
diameter BEAMS.
bottom
by
9.
EXAMPLE,
What 12"
x
FOR
IRON beam
will be
the
weight of
18"
x
whose
flange is
x
1J",
the
centre
web
1", and
a
top flange3"
foot and
1"?
.263.
Get
number
of cubic
=
inches in
multiplyby
""
16"
x x
18 16 3
1" 1"
3"
37
12"
long
444 .263
cubic in. to the ft.
13
say
117
Ibs.
194
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
Short
method, thus
12 16
x x
1J
1
18 16
3x1=3
37
Multiply by
111 6
117
Ibs.'
WROUGHT
IRON.
"
COMPUTING
WEIGHTS.
The
number
cast
decimal of cubic
for
wrought
The
iron
manner
is
.281
in
multiplying the
as
inches.
the
same
given
for
iron. short
For
methods
of
of
^th figuring
cast
is to
be
added
to
the
product,instead
Thus: inch thick What
in as -g-1^,
a
iron.
iron
will
plate of wrought
12"
12"
weigh?
Short method.
x
12"
12"
1"
144 .281
12"
12"
I"
144
divide
4)
36 4
f
40
Ibs.
add
T\
40
Ibs.
To If fracture
TEST
THE
QUALITY
OF
BAR
IRON. fibres
sidered con-
giveslong silkyfibres
of
leaden-grayhue,
be
cohering and
a
before breaking,it may together twisting

A
tough softiron.
A A
medium,
even
grain,mixed
with
a good sign. fibres,
short,blackish
fibre indicates
a
fined badly re-
iron.
to
very
fine
grain denotes
with
a
hard
steelyiron, apt grain,with

a
be
hard cold-short,
to work
file.
or
Coarse
brilliant
fracture, crystalized yellow
brown
spots, denotes
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
195
brittle
iron, cold short,working easilywhen

on
heated
welds
easily. Cracks
The
the
edge
of
bars,sign of hot-short iron.

iron contains
foreignsubstances
and qualities,
which adds
modify
its essential
properties. Carbon
of the
to
to its
some hardness,but destroys or
its
produces
Cast Iron
Steel
accordingto
proportionit
weld, and
it
"
contains.
Sulphur
heated
"
renders
it fusible, difficult
brittle when
or
hot short"
Phosphorus
renders
cold short"
WEIGHT
OF
LINEAL BAR
FOOT
OF IN
ROUND
AND
SQUARE
IRON,
POUNDS.
196
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
WEIGHT
OF
LINEAL IN
FOOT
OF
FLAT
BAR
IRON,
POUNDS.
NO.
I.
Table
No.
on II.,
the be
a
following page, gives a

found
more
different
ment, arrangeto
which
may
convenient
for reference
get the weight of
lineal
foot
of flat bar
iron, in pounds.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
197
WEIGHT
OF
LINEAL IN
FOOT POUNDS.
OF
FLAT
BAE
IRON
NO.
II.
Table
No.
I., on
of
the
proceeding
of
a
page, foot of
gives
different
arrangement
weights
lineal
flat bar
iron, in
pounds.
19S
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
TO
CALCULATE
AT
VALUE
A
PER
POUND
TO
TON
13
OF
CENTS
2,240 POUNDS,
PER
-iV OF
CENT
PER
POUND.
NUMBER
OF
FEET
IN
BUNDLE.
NOTE.
"
This
table
is calculated
for
exact
size. should
Rolled be made.
Iron
is usually full
size,for which
allowance
200
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
WEIGHT
OF
ANGLE
IRON.
PER
LINEAL
FOOT.
WEIGHT
OF
TEE
IRON.
PER
LINEAL
FOOT.
GALVANIZED
AND
BLACK
IRON.
WEIGHT
IN
POUNDS
PER BOTH
SQUARE
FLAT AND
FOOT
OF
GALVANIZED
SHEET-IRON,
CORRUGATED.
The
is
numbers
and
thicknesses
a
are
those
of the
iron
before
it
is
galvanized.When
2 to
a
flat sheet
(theordinarysize
of which
from
into
centre
2" feet
in
width, by
with
an
6 to 8 feet in
is converted length)
corrugated one,
to
5 corrugations
inches
wide
from
centre, and
about
inch
deep (thecommon
or
its sizes), 30
to 27
width
is
thereby reduced
about
-j-^th part,
from
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
201
inches ; and covered sheets

are
consequentlythe weight
about
a
per
square the
foot
of
area
is increased laid upon
^th part.
When
corrugated
2^
inches
the overlappingof roof, of four inches
about
and along their sides, the covered

square
area
along their ends, diminishes

;
about
^th part
more
making
than
their
weight per
Or
a
foot of roof about
|-th part greater

per
before.
the
weight of corrugatediron
about
square the
foot in
place on
roof,is
sizes of
-Jgreater
it is made.
than
that
of
flat sheets of above
which
NOTE.
"
The
galvanizing of sheet-iron
its weight per
adds
about
one-third
of
pound
to
square
foot.
CORRUGATED
IRON
ROOFING.
202
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
IRON
RIVETS.
Weight per
100.
Length
of Rivet
required
to make
one
Head
\\ diameters
of Round
Bar.
WEIGHTS
AVOIRDUPOIS 16 drachms 16
ounces
AND
MEASURES.
CUBIC
OR
=
WEIGHT.
=
SOLID 1728 2200 3300
MEASURE. cubic
ounce.
1 cubic 1 1 1
"
foot
"
inches.
=1
pound.
quarter.
cwt. 1 ton. LONG
cylindricalinches. spherical
feet.
"
28 pounds
4
=1
'"
"
=
quarters
(112 Ibs.)
. . .
=1
=
"
yard
27 cubic
20 cwt
(2240 Ibs.).
12 36 72 198 7920 63360
MEASURE.
inches =3=1 =6
=
1 foot
yard
=
2=1 5.5
=
fathom 2.75
=
16.5 660
1 perch 40 =1 =8
or
pole
mile.
=220 =1760
=110 =880
furlong
=1
=5280
=320
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
203
WEIGHT
OF
100
BOLTS
AND
WITH NUTS.
SQQAKE
HEADS
WEIGHTS
FOR
OF
CALCULATING
NUTS
THE
AND
WEIGHT
BOLT-HEADS
OF LONGER
IN
BOLTS.
LBS.
204:
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
STANDARD
NUMBER
SIZES
IN
OF
100
WASHERS.
LBS.
RELATIVE
The
WEIGHTS
The
=
OF
METALS.
Iron
iceight of
of
"
Bar
Iron Iron .95 1.02 1.16 1.09 1.48
weight of Cast
of
"
1,
1.07 1.08 1.16 1.21 1.56
Weight
Cast Steel
Weight
Bar Steel Brass
Iron
"
"
Copper
Brass
"
"
"
"
"
Copper
Lead
"
"
Lead
"
VARIOUS
THE WEIGHT OF A
METALS.
SUPERFICIAL
FOOT.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
205
CAST
IKON
BALLS.
WEIGHT
OF
SOLID
CAST
EACH
METAL
1
FOOT IN
CYLIKDEBS.
LENGTH.
DIFFERENT
COLORS
OF
IRON
CAUSED
BY
HEAT.
C. 210" 221
.
FAHR. ..410"..
.
COLOR. .Pale .Dull

. . . . . .
Yellow. Yellow.
.430 .493
.
256 261
.
.Crimson.
i
.502
.
370 500
.680
'
{Violet,
it passes to
Purple and
dull
Blue
to
; between Sea
261" and
C. to 370" then
0.
Bright Blue,
be
deal covered
Green,
pears. disap-
....932
.
.Commences
loses
more ease.
a
to
good
of
its
light coating of oxide; hardness, becomes a good deal

a
with
impressible
to the
hammer
and
can
be
twiated
with
525
..
977
. .
.Becomes
. .
Nascent Red.
Red.
700 800 900
..1292 ..1472
. .
.Sombre Nascent
.
Cherry.
.1657
. .
.Cherry.
206
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
C. 1000
..
FAHK. ..1832
.,
COLOR.
.Bright Cheny.
.Dull Orange.
1100
..
..2012
.,
1200
..
..2192
.
.Bright Orange.
.White.
1300 1400
..2372
.. .
..2552
.. .
.Brilliant
White
"
welding heat.
1500
.. .
.2732 .2912
. .
)
.
.Dazzling White.
MELTING
1600
J
POINT
OF
METALS.
NAME. Platina
,
FAHR. .4593" 955

.
FAHR.
Antimony
Bismuth Tin Lead Zinc
..
842 507
487
.
(average)
"
475
.
022
.
620 782
\
772
.
Castlron
2786 Iron 2552 .2174

.
1922.
.2012
White.
.2192 }2012. 2733
Gray.
heat.
Wrought
Copper
Welding
(average).
WEIGHTS
OF
MATERIALS.
Per
Jubic Foot.
Water
62.3 137. 112. 100. 77

62
to
Fire-brick Brick- work
Coal,
"
Anthracite Bituminous
90
Coke
Granite
to 104
164"172 of Paris 73.5 169"175 116"144

144
Plaster Limestone
Masonry
Sandstone
Slate Common
178 Gravel j 109 102 98 125 Soil
Mud Mortar
Concrete
Common Glass
j
|
137
165
THE
RELATIVE
CONDUCTING USED IN
POWER BUILDING.
common
OF
RIALS MATE-
Slate
Plaster
100. of Paris and

cement and
Brick,
"
60.14
61.70 61 .08 33.66 27.60 2244
20.26 18.70 20.80 25.55 45.19 .56.38
fire
Plaster Roman Lath
sand
Bathstone Oak Fir Beech Lead..
plaster
Asphalte
Chalk.
...521.34
208
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
AREAS
ADVANCING
OF
BY
CIRCLES
EIGHTHS.
AREAS.
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
THE The
mands
LABOR wages,
QUESTION.
strikes
vexed for
have
as a
of questions reduced
times
not is,
and
to
and lock-outs, constitute

a
de"
number
to be met
as
of hours
and
day's
must
work,
be
at
decided. would
The have
are no
world it.
taken
it
any
individual
as
Trades'
crease in-
Unions
exist in the present

in numbers
in the
past, and
to likely
and
in power.
to
so a
Probablyin
fair and
other country share of the United almost

a
have
the
rightsof
labor
equable
of productionbeen profits States.

unanimous between
fullyrecognizedas
has for years
in the
tariff high protective
received it
was
because public approval,chiefly the American
shield
workingman
have forced labor of
and
him
the
to
necessity which,
compete
with
without
would protection, and
the
overworked
underpaid
Europe.
Manufacturers their
have generally
felt
liberal!}7 disposed towards

men
employees
houses, children,
They
wear
desire that their
should
live in
comfortable their
have good clothes, accumulate and
plenty to eat, educate

live
on
and
somethingto
men
when
they are
terms
old.
Masters
may
be
on
the best of
for years, when of command
suddenly some
and
a
powerful Union
ensues.
gives the
of
word those
strike
The
are are
argument
who share small

a
justify
of the
strikes is that the masters
taking too giving

the
large a
men
gains of
The
business
and
too
share.
pretext is always the
same
; either the masters

a
protest that
must
have declined, and profits

or
that
reduction
of wages
low, folan
the of
men
that profits have augmented, and allege

is reasonable.
that
a
increase
wages
on
there Evidently
is
great
deal to be said The

men
both
and
sides of these
cannot
disputes.
do not
know
anything about
employers have
the
real
facts of business. continued
It may
be that their
at
a
quietly
paying
for labor loss. and
steady rate, through long

who pay
are
periodsof
cities pay
14
continuous
Manufacturers their workmen
located
in
high
rents
high rents, are
210
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
obligedto compete
where where
work
with
others who
manufacture
the
in the
country,
the workmen food

is
own generally
houses
they live in,and

can
cheaper
Home
and
dress
and plainer,
therefore with of
cheaper.
manufacturers pay
have and
no
to
a
compete
lower
to
who foreignmanufacturers,
interest
on
less wages has
rate
capital. The
employer
power
impose
upon
or
the
laborer,for if the latter

he the
more
is dissatisfied with
or
his wages
his treatment
may
go
elsewhere
or
seek
can
other
ment. employthe other

take.
Neither
to pay
or
employer
or
employe
he is
compel
receive
can
less than
willingto give or
the law of
can
Nothing
and wages If demand.
control the If work

is
priceof plenty
the
labor but laborers
supply
their
increase has
no
because by demanding it, is

scarce
employer
option. priceof
has the and it, this mand de-
work
competition will bring

of
down
the
labor, as
it will
everything else.
for any
Each
can
individual obtain for
right to
any
sell his labor

or
pricehe
combination
designed to organization
unlawful. for his
no
interfere with A
man
rightis againstpublic policyand

what determine of
he
may
likes
but his demand services,

one
does not
their value. which
If
wants
no
his
a services, supply
anything,for
utmost
there is
to
an
demand,
is valueless.
It is
of the the
importance
of labor fact
"
intelligent understandingof
the
relations
to
capitalthat
is society
not
workingman
into
two
man
should
appreciatethe
that
divided
great
who the His
the
classes antagonistic
and capitalists
to
laborers.
as
Every
knows
man
trade, or is able
owns
a
work,
is
as trulya capitalist
who
factoryfilled
with
costly machinery.
his
capitalis
his
physical strength and

of
some
acquired skill in
is,and
can
performance
be
so
useful labor. Those

who
are
Labor
always
will
merchandise. much
as
hav" asked
it to sell
to
on
only get
for it
those who
is
buy
are
willing to give.
sides, operates to
which Self-interest,
equallystrong
both the
and protect the seller againstinjustice

; while
tion buyer againstextor-
the
publicinterest
demands
that the
exchange
of
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
211
services should could

at
once
be
free.
If
these
simple elementary
of
truths
be
impressed upon
see
the minds of futility services.
workingmen, they would

to
the
and folly
all efforts The
crease inartificially laws
the value
are as
of
their
natural
of
trade
turies cen-
immutable
ago, and
in their all human
operationsto-dayas
power
cannot set
they were
aside
or
them
pend sus-
their
persons
or
or operation. Intimidation, threats,
violence
to
property, which
relations
have
for their
object a
labor and
disturbance
are capital
of the natural
crimes
between existing
society. against Unions, in

of
a
Trades' For who
many
respects,are
exceedinglybeneficial.
members
trade,working togetherin largenumbers,

are
by
their
dailyintercourse
who
made
acquainted with
much
each of the
other's
circumstances,and
is be
are
cognizant of
on a
misery which
would purposes
attendant necessarily inhuman
precariousemployment,
not
indeed, if they did

in
case
unite
for the
of mutual
support
of
sickness, superannuation,
also for assistance disfavor
gogues dema-
for the burial of members

to members
on a
and
their No
a
wives, and
one
can
out
of work.
look with But

war
Societyorganized
lead in what
for such
purpose. call
"
when
they delightto
the
of labor upon of
to capital,"
elevate inferior workmen that unionists shall not

be
no
at the expense
superior
;
no
skill ; to
say many
so
work allowed
more,
a
with
to
non-unionists
a
that
more
so
apprenticesshall
much
a
shop, and
many
; that
no
work, and
and
so
hours,
and
more,
shall be
and day'sservice,
"
system of
terrorism its
to practised
carry out
and
these ideas
then
Societyoversteps
useful purposes The

in members
use
its lawful
rights.
of
any
particular trade, by earnestly uniting

means
the
of
the various
of
cultivation
within
their
reach, may
that trade.
greatlyincrease
Their
the
and respectability
influence
of of
funds,obtained
by weekly
contributions
members, will give security againstthe destitution which

may
ness sick-
bring upon
the most
robust
and
industrious
against
212
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
the
dependence life-long
from work
entailed
by
such calamities
as
disabling
which or epilepsy, blindness, paralysis, accidents, their victims age, when

to
earn a
incapacitate
old
; and
of against the helplessness the continuous

member
failing powers
livelihood of his
render
labor necessary receive

his
impossible. A
and Society,
in
may
relief
from
the funds
stillmaintain with
self-respect.
The him
a man
He who
has contributed
is
aware
to them
common
others. from
that when
sickness
not
or
old age takes
the
power
becomes
to
labor,he will
a
be
as
altogether deprivedof
well
as
living,
more
contented
as
more
independent
life
being.
all employers in JSrearly this country have
to be filled
commenced
as
are workmen, and their places
againfrom
more
the ranks.
Can
workmen less labor?
who In
live
by
labor
hope
to secure
property
demands be
by
that the
times
past workmen
constitute been
a
have
made and
eight hours
same
should
as
day's work,
paid
wages
they had
York
accustomed
to receive to labor to live ten
for ten hours
hours' work.
a
In New
cityit is harder
a
day
away
than
elsewhere,because
a
workingman
must
is
respectably
hour's ask
"
from
from
tenement
house But
"
live at
wise
nearly an
nor
distance the
his
shop.
one
it
neither the the
justto
of
employers in
cityto
are
reduce
dailyhours
labor to hours.
while eight,
others the
enjoying
were
advantagesof
the general,
ten
Now,
be
a
suppose reduction and
change
made of the
result would the
of one-fifth comforts the of
products in country's
who would money whose suffer would
necessaries from what income this ?
life ; and
most
Not
wealthy men,
the The
whose
secure
but they required,
workingmen,
only source
are
of
sumers con-
is their
as
weekly
as
wages.
working
the
classes
well
and producers, the cost
share in
generalbenefits
they consume. greatlyimproved,
of the The and

the
cheapening of
condition
of the commodities classes

on
of the
working
has
improvement
has taken
is stillgoing
; but
it is
not
an
ment improvebecause
which
place
in
spiteof, and
of,
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
213
the
lack
of
harmony
the with
between
employers employed
or
and
employed.
life
In
ancient
times
man
only energy
under
in
a
in
doing work
of
was
for supplying that of
the necessities
a
luxuries
muscular
man
power,
system of slavery.
In
modern brute
times
lias become
great degree relieved

own
from
power, of The
for by substituting
his
muscular
is
energy
the
power
on.
nature, and
number the
this
substitution and
continuallygoing
of discoveries of
severe
improvements
in the arts diminishes
amount
bodilylabor.
inventions ; and
Education
it should in be
among
a
ics mechan-
these multiplies
in every
settled
policy
community
to encourage
every
possible way body.

any
tellectual the in-
cultivation of all who

American
compose
their
mechanics
with the
most
are
the most
of intelligent social habits. their
in the
world,and
a
temperate
They
have
above stimulus,in this country, of raising
condition, or,
so.
at
least, making it possiblefor their children

"
to do
The
distributive industries
and
mercantile
avocations
"
have the
longbeen,
productive
probably always will be, overcrowded alvyays was,

who
and
are
; in
industries there of and

room
probablyalways will be, plenty honest,temperate thorough,
for
mechanics
conscientious. the sewing-machine,the steam-engine,

increase
^The loom, the

the
reaper,
of
all printing-press,
the
dignityand
importance
mechanical
labor.
to
The
the
of labor-saving ery machinmultiplication desired

toward attainment
contributes The
of
must
universal
dance. abun-
progress active
abundance
be. have
be necessarily
slow, however
even people,
production may
land, who
The
proportion of
the
wants
in this favored
reached
tion condiand
in which desires very have

are
they can
A
say
that all their
reasonable
and satisfied,
vast
that
theyenjoy abundance, is certainly

have
never
small.
had
number
known With
so
what
it is to
a
enough
of
food
can
and be
no
clothing.
such
great
void
yet to
It is to
be filled there
a
thing as
a
over-production.
more
stillhigherdevelopment, and
yet
general em-
214
ARCHITECT
CRAL
IRON
WORK.
ployment
of
labor-savingmachinery,
the future.
that
must
bring
shown
new
more
in general prosperity while
Experience
has
that
machinery
useful labor.
increases
production,it
also opens
of
fields of
sumption, con-
for
Then, too, the cheapening
the cost their
manufactured
products, proportionatelyincreases by bringing them

within need the reach
never
of
greater
the
ber num-
of persons. of
an
Workingmen
fear from
duction introof
labor-saving machinery.
consequent
To
point to
it in
fear
and over-production,
a
enforced
as
idleness
of skilled
pelled im-
labor,indicates
the
as short-sightedness great
that which of
French
silk
weavers
to
destroythe
of
a
loom few
Jacquard,
halfto
an
which, instead of takingaway
the work
hundred
starved,consumptive workmen, has

army of and well-fed, well-clothed, has added uncounted will be
master
given employment comfortably

to
housed
atives, operwealth.
and
millions with
are
the world's
most
The
efforts which
attended and
men,
the those
ing encouragseek
to
results between reduce situated the cost

that of
can
which
living. The
situated and
workingman
is not
usuallyso
Where
he
purchase anything to advantage.

so
manufacturers
are
that
they can
houses
do
so,
they should employes.

pairs. re-
provide small, neat

and
rent
convenient
to
cover
for their
them A few
be
for
justenough
of
interest, taxes, and

as
items
such living necessaries, for the cash sales

at to
coal,flour,
cost.
etc., should
provided
prime
The
objectof
this is to enable
workingman
in order
get the
may
greatest
able
to
value possible live well

is
a mere
for his money,
that he
be and
out
for
the
smallest
the
wages.
The
expense the
men
trouble of all
nothing, and
the work
gratitude of
proportionto ing
power
rendered.
so
the purchasing By increasing

as
of their wages,
the
far and
practicable, good feeling employer, and

the much labor and
arises
between
employed
and
the
desired
alliance,offensive
not
defensive,between
becomes capital,
but extremely probable. only possible,
216
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
one
which
is followed
by painfulconsequences,
of this
as
many
have
found
to their cost.
Having good
common
made
choice
business,and
must
an
possessedof
some
school
there education, First should

an come
follow
years
of
practicallearning.
not
as
of apprenticeship
so large practice,
less than
to
two
years, with familiar with
architect of the
become
plans
of
and
constructions
of the
an
the making buildings generally, way and

manner
detail
drawings, and
such
of
doing things generally in

one
office. years in
Then the
in the
shop :
year
in the
a
pattern shop ;
moulder cast-iron
; and
two two
foundry,learning to
as
a
become
years after that
in fitting finisher, up and blacksmith will be

be
work, and
seven
doing wrought-iron
years of
work.
These years. At
continuousdaily toil
man
"
happy
a
their
"
the expiration, will be fitted to and and

secure
it is to
hoped
withal gentleman,
take off
from quantities
plans,to
make
mates esti-
contracts,and
workmen under
with superintend his

care.
intelligence
the age of
the authority the
"With
manhood,
life will
heavy
to him
duties and when

his
fearful
of active responsibilities
is
come
his
judgment
hardened unforeseen and
matured,
his understanding
ter encoun-
and ripened, of On
a
nerves
for the
rough
interests conflicting his energy,
and
emergencies.
how
perseverance
will depend skill,

011
large
ture literahis and
munity. com-
sphere he
an
will fill. It all ambition

to
depends
himself.
If
inspired
by
honest which
excel,and willingto study the
modern chances
within book-making has placed so easily
reach,his
of
success
in life are
far
more
men
numerous
certain than The

to
those of any business
other class of young
in the
openings will
be
numerous sufficiently
the largest ambition. satisfy It is of great
importance that
If the
his leisure time
be
given to
and
the the
cultivation
of his mind.
the lawyer physician, and
divine avail themselves

in their several
of the assistance of science mechanic
ture litera-
the professions,
has stillstronger
AJRCHITECTUKAL
IRON
WORK.
217 of these
inducements
are professions
fordoing
the
same
thing; for,to
so
none
the results
are
of science
anJ. directly applicable,

so
for
or
none
of them
the recreations himself
of literature
master
appropriate principles
Iron
gratifying. By making
are
of
those
which
most
intimatelyconnected
with
Architectural
a liberal Work, he, while satisfying curiosity, may
possibly be
duct speedilycon-
approaching some
him
to
brilliant and for
discoverywhich
Each exercise the
will
fortune
room
fame. the
of the mechanical of
trades
affords
ample
ingenuityin
the
provement im-
of its processes, and

its products. Abundant
to architecture
consequent improvement of
trade
devoted exist, periodicals journals the iron interest ;
and
to engineering, to building,
from
thousand
sources
ideas
a man
are
to be
got.
every Such
moment
It is not time
to the
desirable business
for
to
devote
of his
by
to
which the
he lives.
intense It The
tion applicadestroys
repose of
is
both injurious
body
ruins
and the
the
mind.
health,racks the brain,arid

the domestic
some
temper.
the quiethour for reading, relaxation of or circle,
other
kind, seem
absolutely necessary
"
for the mind
preservation
in
a
of that greatest of
earthly blessings
sound
healthy
is labor,
body.
far from
mechanical
and a life of business, activity

to
being
unfavorable
the
of highestoperations
the
intellect ; and found addresses
that relaxation
in
from
active labors is most
priately appro-
mental
to
recreations.
Whether, therefore, he improving

him
are
himself his
increasingthe quantityor
the
qualityof enough
Let him
manufactures, the paths before greatestpowers

that
wide
for his
and his most
unwearied and of
activity. neglect no
remember
knowledge
mind. but
is power, Seasons
of improving his opportunity affect

more or
depression may
rob him the of his
less such the is

no
man,
these cannot
gained at capital
fireside. chance There
bench, the drawing

class of
as
men so
table and
evening
absolutely independent of
If and
more
and
mischance,
men,
mechanics. educations
of
our
gent intelli-
young
with
good
good
social
positions,
218
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
would have
learn the various

occasion
mechanical
to
fewer trades, the

an
of them
would
in after years the has
bemoan
wasted
ties opportunilife.
it is well. in
of
If
a
youth,and
young
man
fruitless received
of struggles
a
unsuccessful
collegeeducation
who
to
But
let it be
that understood, the

same
those
utterlylack
an
high
have scholarship,
and
art
open
road
useful honorable, that the
independent career. precede the

in
Indeed, it
One how with
a
is better
practical
cannot
science.
great thing needed, that

to
be learned
them
is school,
deal with
your ideas.
men
; how
to
make
a
work
in accordance
You
may
make
cannot
perfectplan, and impress

prove
a
have your And
complete drawing, but

of
if you
it upon
success.
foreman
so
pattern makers, it will
not
in
every
one
department.
has
no
The
difference
between is very
one can
beautiful
line and
mere
which
"
beauty whatever,
that
a frequently
nothing
what
so
undefinedly small
consists.
a
scarcely say
fileand clean
in
the difference
to
If you
have
or
the skill to add

a
the up
touches finishing
a
set of
a
patterns,
to make
take
part that needs
but
touch
it
perfection, you
will do of much
will not toward

a
only make high
an
admirable of work
work
workman,
in the
extant
but
standard
shop.
were
Some
the finest
men
pieces of wrought
blew
the bellows
some
iron
designedby
and the
same
who
and
swung
the hammer of
cast
may
be said of value
is
of the best
examples
is
iron art work.

to
The
of many
manufactures
due chiefly value
their
beauty.
"
There element
hardly any
in
limit to the market which methods

must
of
beauty
that
manufactures Not
responds to
of
be
the finer sensibilities of

but $ing,
man.
only the
workstood. underin
an
the nature
A
and
of capabilities would
in be
materials
design that
be
admirable
in silver would
all
be probability
hideous
cast-iron.
The
quality of
:
article may
said to
consist of three
for which
elements principal
1st, 2d,
tainly cer-
to adaptation
the purpose
the
objectwas
made should
durability ; 3d, beauty.

possess the firsttwo
For
instance, a column
;
elements
and, all other thingsbeing
ARCHITECTURAL
IKON
WORK.
219
equal,every
column
an
builder for
a
will
sooner
pay
his money
may
not
for be
handsome
pay
than
homely
a
one.
He
willingto
of its
additional
since
dollar for
as
column, simply
for
an
because
beauty ;
but
to
it is
cheap
a
iron
man,
who
has
good taste,
to make
give his
column
certain
as degree of comeliness,
it
atrociously ugly,he
No
this
matter
finds his
amount
in profit mental
readier culture If
a
sale.
man
what
of
bringsto
he business,
cannot
bring too
of book
much.
an
apprentice be
can
lackingin acquireit.
which
on
certain kinds The
knowledge, he
and
must
man practical can
separates useless stuff from

more
that
is
valuable,and he
easily acquire knowledge

school-man
than specialsubjects, of tools and
can
the
acquire practical
of
knowledge
arid the
machinery, the management

economy is
in
labor,
tenance main-
of general principles and
construction, certain
working.
must
Each
of possessed years of
knowledge
of labor, and
that
the
other
them
learn ; and The

one
study,years
the
most
will make
equal.
having
man.
energy
perseverance Executive finances

"
will prove
the better
business ability,
come
tact, and
good management
the
in
these
after
and
an
experienceof
annoyances, life. life is his
discomforts anxieties,
As
"
inevitable sufferings well

as
to business
matter
of
as policy,
of
"
duty,an
is the
upright,moral
best.
"
ever
truthful
and
honest strictly
For
what lose
man
if profited, soul ? "
he shall
gain the
whole
world,and
own
This
men
short
chapter is
are
for the kindly encouragement

about
to follow
of young
who
are
or desire,
this branch
of
business,
or
actuallyengaged
men
therein.
I would
caution especially that may be
young
not
to
care
for the ill-natured remarks

and
said of them.
and
Jealousy, envy
cut to
malice
will pursue
many
always,
years
to
to the sensitive
the
heart.
your
It takes
become will
calloused. pursue, time

and
In
a
to proportion
trade slanderers ability, in the
courageous
heart is necessary
turn
fight.
Bide
your
patiently;the
of Fortune's
wheel
brings
ARCHITECTURAL
IRON
WORK.
many
changes.
and for
Earn
reputation
in
for
reliability
matters.
as
to
word
and
promise,
o\vn
secrecy
confidential
Mind
your
business,
Confide
and
treat
all
men
in
accordance
with
the
golden
of it
;
rule.
in
your
own
strength
without
boasting
Have enthusiasm
respect
that
of
others
without
fearing
future,
will.
it.
in
your
calling,
and
faith
in
the
intelligence
in
your
work,
endurance
an
unconquerable
LOSE
NO
TIME.
New
York,
March,
1876.
JOHN
WILEY
"
SONS'
LIST
OF
15
PUBLICATIONS,
ASTOR,
PLACE.
Books
marked
with
an
are
sold at
net
prices to
the
Trade.
AGRICULTURE. DOWNING. FRUITS

AND
FRUIT-TREES
and
OF
AMERICA;
or
w\e
in the Garden and Management generally, with descriptionsof aL the finest varieties of Fruit, Native and Foreign, cultivated in this Second revision and con oction, By A. J. Downing. country. 1 vol. 8\o, over with large additions. By Chas. Downing. 1100 pages, with several hundred outline engravings. Price, for 1872 with Supplement $5 00
Culture, Propagation, Orchard, of Fruit-trees
"As
work
of reference of every
it has
the
"
Library
no equal in this co'uitry, and Marshall Pomoloîst in America."

"
deserves P.
place in
Wilder.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Trees
OF of America.
FRUITS;
Part
1.
"
or, APPLES.
Fruits With
and
an
Fruit-
Appendix
to 1872. new containing many varieties,and brought down With numerous outline engravings. 8vo, By Chas. Downing.
full cloth
"*
$2
OF
50
ENCYCLOPEDIA
Trees
FRUITS;
Part 2.
"
(TRAPES, PEACHES, "c. With an ties, variePEARS, new Appendix containing many and brought down With to 1872. By Chas. Downing. outline numerous $2 50 engravings. 8vo, full cloth
"*
of America.
or, CIIEUUIES,
Fruits
and
Fruit-
FRUITS cloth
AND
FRUIT-TREES First revised edition.
OF
AMERICA.
By A. J.
Downing.
**
By
Chas. Downing.
12mo,
SELECTED
Trees
FRUITS.
From With
of America.
some
Culture,
Propagation, and ence Orchard, with a Guide to the selection of Fruits, with referof Ripening. trated Illusto the Time By Chas. Downing. outlines with of Apples, upwards of four hundred 1 vol.,12mo Grapes, Plums, Pears, "c. $2 50 Cherries,
GARDENING TO from
1 THE
Downing's Fruits and Fruitnew varieties, including their in the Garden and Management
**
LOUDON'S American
FOR London
LADIES,
edition.
AND
PANION COM-
FLOWER-GARDEN. Edited
Second
third
by
A.
J.
Downing.
DOWNING
" LINDLEY. DOWNING. THE THEORY With COTTAGE
vol.,12mo
OF HORTICULTURE.
$2 00 By 12mo, cloth
J. Lindley. $2 00
additions
by A. J. Downing.
RESIDENCES. A Series of Designs for Rural Grounds. By A. Cottages and Cottage Villas, with Garden J. Downing. Containing a revised List of Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, and the most and best selected Fruit, with recent of the newei account By Heniy some style of Gardens. new Winthrop Sargent and Charles Do\vning. With many Architecture. Harney designs in Rural IV George E Architect. 1 vol. 4to
S6
00
JOHN
WILEY
"
SON'S
LIST
OF
PUBLICATIONS.
DOWNING WIOHTW
"
HINTS CK.
TO
PERSONS
ABOUT
BUILDING
IN
THE
COUNTRY. YOUNG
And TO HINTS By A. J. Downing. calculated to facilitate thenARCHITECTS, practical operations. By George Wightwick, Architect. Wood engravings. 8vo, cloth $2 00 GARDENING
as
a
KEMP.
LANDSCAPE
to Lay Out rten. a Ga; or, How general guide in choosing, formin^ estate (from a quarter of an to a hui or improving an acre in extent),with reference to both design and ex"dred acres fine wood cutiou. With numerous engravings. By Edwarf 1 vol. 12mo, eloth Kemp. $" 50 Intended IN
LIEBIC
CHEMISTRY
ITS
APPLICATION
TO
AGRICUL.
TURE,
LETTERS Von
"c.
By Justus Von
Liebig. 12mo, cloth.. .$1 00
ON MODERN AGRICULTURE. By Baron With addenda Liebig. Edited by John Blyth, M.D. by a practical Agriculturist, embracing valuable suggestions, of American 1 vol. 12mo, Farmers. adapted to the wants cloth $1 00
PRINCIPLES
AGRICULTURAL OF with CHEMISTRY, specialreference to the late researches made in England. By Justus Von Liebig. 1 vol. 12mo 75 cents. OF THE ROSE.
PARSONS.
AND HISTORY CULTURE Parsons. 1 rol. 12mo
By
S.
B.
$1 25
ARCHITECTURE. DOWNING. COTTAGE RESIDENCES ; or, a Series of Designs for Rural Cottages and Cottage Villas and their Gardens and Grounds, By A. J. Downing. adapted to North America. Containing the most recent a revised List of Trees, Shrubs, Plants, and
and best selected
Fruits.
With
some
account
of the
newer
Sargent and Charles styleof Gardens, by Henry Wentworth new With many Downing. designs in Rural Architecture by $6 00 George E. Harney, Architect
" DOWNING WIGKTWICK. HINTS TO
PERSONS
ABOUT
BUILDING
IN
THE
HINTS TO And By A. J. Downing. to facilitate their calculated ARCHITECTS, practical operations. By George Wightwick, Architect. With many wood-cuts. Svo, cloth $2 00
COUNTRY. YOUNG
HATFIELD.
THE
AMERICAN
upon
HOUSE
CARPENTER.
Treatise
Architecture,Cornices,and Mouldings, Framing, Doors, and Stairs ; together with the most Windows, important New, thoroughly revised, principlesof Practical Geometry. with about 150 additional pages, and and improved edition, 1 vol. additional numerous plates. By II. G. Hatfield.
Svo
NOTICES
41
$3
OF THE WORK.
on
50
The
clearest and
work work
a
most
thoroughly practical work

excellent itself one, very
the
suV'ect." and
"This "This
"
is
most
comprehensive,
arranged." lucidly
almost
commends
It is
valuable
to every
scientific
addition to master-mechanic."
by its practical excellence." of the architect,and the library

"
indispensable
R.
II. Journal.
HOLLY
CARPENTERS'
a
ing HAND-BOG JOINERS' AND K} containand useful 1!tiles and Treatise on Framing, Roofs, etc., $0 75 Tables. By H. W. Holly. 1 vol. 18mo, cloth SAW-FILING EXPLAINED. putting in order all kinds of Saws.
ART
"
THE
OF
TREATED
AND
cloth RUSKIN SEVEN LAMPS OF ARCHITECTURE,
SCIENTIFICALLY With Directions foi By H. W. Holly. 18mo, $0 75 1 yoL
cloth, plates
12mo, $1 75
JOHN
WILEY
"
SON'S
LIST
OF
PUBLICATIONS.
"
THE
TREASURY
BIBLE.
the Containing
authorized English version of the Iloly Scripture* interleaved with a Treasury of more than 500,000 Parallel Passages from Canne, Brown, Blayney,Scott, and others. With numerous illustrative notes. 1 vol. , half bound 1 vol. morocco ,
$7 50
10 00
COMMON (Done COMMON PRAYER.

No. No. No. No. 1. 2.
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in London
48mo
Size.
expresslyfor us.)
Gilt and Gilt and Gilt and Gilt and
red
imitation edges,
morocco
$0 62J
87$
calf.
..
=
red edges,rims
red
3.
4.
edges, best red edges,best
morocco morocco
and
...
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and calf. rims.
1 50
BOOK-KEEPING. JONES. BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTANTSHIP. Elementary and Practical. In two parts,with a Key for Teachers By Thomas and Teacher. 1 volume Jones, Accountant 8vo; cloth $2 50 BOOKKEEPING
AND
"
By
"
Thomas
ACCOUNTANTSHIP. Jones. 1 vol. 8vo,half ACCOUNTANTSHIP. Thomas Jones
School
roan
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Set of
BOOKKEEPING Blanks. BOOKKEEPING
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By
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Payments,
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"
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**
PHYSICS. CHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY.
1 vol. 8vo 1 vol. 8vo 1 vol. 8vo

the most
$4 00
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"
"
of which Dr. Miller's Chemistry is a work proud. It is now by far the largest and
author
every accurately written
has
to fed
oc
Treatise
Chemistry
""
in the
English language,"
etc."
Dublin
Med.
Journal.
MAGNETISM 1 voL
AND 8vo
ELECTRICITY.
By Wm.
Allen Millei. $2 50
JOHN
WILEY
SON'S
LIST
OF
PUBLICATIONS.
*MUSPRATT.
CHEMISTRY ANALYTICAL" Manufactures.

"
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PERKINS.
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cloth, $19.00 ; half russia MANUAL ELEMENTARY

CHEMICAL cloth ANALYSIS. CHEMICAL
AND PRACTICAL, relatingto the Arts and Muspratt. 2 vols. 8ro, $25 00 OF QUALITATIVE Perkins. 12mo.
By Maurice
ANALYSIS.
$1 00 By
T.
THORPE.
QUANTITATIVE Thorpe, Prof, of Chemistry, Glasgow.

Cloth
Prof.
"This
.*?.IK. Johnson says of this work like its value. "
:"
"
B.
1 vol.
ISmo, plates.
$1 75
small book o(
I know
of
110
other
anything
very men."
"
excellent
and ordinal work American. Scientific
has
long
been
waited
for
by scientific
DRAWING BOUVIER OTHERS. AND
AND
PAINTING.
COE.
ON OIL PAINTING. Handbook of Young HANDBOOK in Oil Painting; being chiefly Artists and Amateurs a condensed compilationfrom the celebrated Manual of Bouvier, with additional matter selected from the labors of Merriwell, Continental writers De Montalbert, and other distinguished In 7 parts. in the art. Adapted for a Text-Book on well as for self-instruction of both sexes, as Academies Explanatory and Critical Vocabulary. By Appended, a new Artist. 12mo, cloth American $2 00 an DRAWING PROGRESSIVE BOOK. By Benj. H. Coe. One voL, cloth $3 50
DRAWING
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"
FOR
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STUDIES
LITTLE FOLKS 30 drawings. Neat IN
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cover.
Lessons
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Containing Elementary
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Exercises,Drawings from Objects, Animals, and Rustic Figures. Complete in three numbers of 18 studies each, in neat Each covers. $0.20 COTTAGES. An Introduction to Landscape Drawing. Containing 72 Shulie*. Complete in four numbers of 18 studies Each each, in neat covers. $0.20 IN EASY LESSONS LANDSCAPE. Complete in four numbers of 10 Studies each. In neat 8 vo cover. Each, $0 20 AND FIGURES. HEADS, ANIMALS, Adapted to Pencil of 10 Studies each. Drawing. Complete in three numbers Each In neat 8vo covers. $0 20 COPY WITH INSTRUCTIONS BOOK, $0 37$ INDUSTRIAL DRAWING. and Comprising the Description Uses of Drawing Instruments, the Construction of Plane and Sections of Geometrical Solids, Figures,the Projections Architectural and Elements, Mechanism, Topographical of Teaching the Drawing. With remarks on the method and Common Schools. subject. For the use of Academies 1 vol. 8vo. By Prof. D. H. Mahan. Twenty steel plates. Full cloth $3 00
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In
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THE
use
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OF
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SMITH.
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R.
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'"
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JOHN
WILEY
"
SOX'S
LIST
OF
PUBLICATIONS.
ELEMENT WARREN
ATIY
WORKS."
IN
Continued. ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY. With
2. PLANE
numerous
PROBLEMS wood-cuts.
full
12mo,
cloth AND
$1 26
OPERATIONS.
all the taining Con-
3. DRAFTING
materials
use.
INSTRUMENTS information
about
used
by the draftsmen, with

wood-cuts. One
With
platesand
instruments and full directions for their vol. 12mo, cloth,$1 25
4. ELEMENTA.RY
are
PROJECTION DRAWING. Revised and enlarged In five divisions. edition. Thi* and the last volume favorite text-books,especially valuable to all Mechanical
recommended for the use of all Artisans,and are particularly higher public and private schools. New revised and enlarged with numerous wood-cuts and plates. (1872. edition, ) 1 2mo, cloth $1 ,00
5. ELEMENTARY
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Part
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"
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Examples.
Numerous
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These are for Schools of Engineering and designed principally Architecture,and for the members generally of those professions; and the first three are also designed for use in those colleger which of study provide courses adapted to the preliminary general for the scientific professions, well as for trainingof candidates as schools which undertake those technical that training themselves. 1. DESCRIPTIVE OR GENERAL GEOMETRY, OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS. for the subsequent theoretical course and 1 vol. 8vo, 24 folding plates and woodcuts
The
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A FEW your FROM Works used MANY that
Graphics and Practice Architects, Masons, and $2 50

examination
to
TESTIMONIALS. need
a
**It seems
to
me
only
in
and
thorough
be
duced intro"
and
"
permanently
FOX,
of several your
nil the
Scientific
Prof. used
J. G.
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44
1 have
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Engineering Schools. York Institute,Mew City.

believe them
to
and
be
better
of instruction than others with which I am adapted to the purposes any H. F. WALLING, Prof, of Civil and acquainted." Topographical EiiQi necring, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. author the subjects into two "The has happily divided great portions : the foimei and embracing those processes problems proper to be taught to all students in those "u!ted to advanced Institutions of Elementary Instruction ; the latter, The students preparing for technical purposes. Elementary Books ought to Schools in aU High and Academies in flchoola of be used ones ; the Higher President of Vuinr*ty Technology."" WM. W. FOLWBLL, of Minnesota.
"
JOHN
WILEY
"
SON'S
LIST
OF
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258

YORK: " 1876.

TRUE THE MOST

Iron, Weight Expenses

Arches Areas Ashler

Blacksmith Blank Form

Proposal Request Testing

199 203 Cost

Ill Ill 112 115

37 31 32-36 154 206

Building Law, Extracts from Building Materials,Weights

118 208 207

of ..................................................... caused Cost

Round, Deep Fluted,

of Safe Loads of Weights

Cost,Example of, Arch

" " "

" " "

of, Window Wrought

Deep Fluted Sharp

Engine Expenses War Engineers'Association, Erecting

Shutters T Beams Lintel Sill Iron Plate

Management Finishing and Erecting Shop

Floors Tile Floors

Iron,Weight Floors,Fire Proof

45 119-121 169 140

Gold, Prices of Gratings,Example

Hoop Iron, Weight

Setting and Connecting Unsupported Side-Ways

Illustrations Iron Iron

of Cost War Association,

Example of Machinery, Tools, etc

Management, Financial Manger, Oat, Example

Building,Weights of Materials, Melted Iron, Table of Cost Melting Point of Metals

12-13 206 .'

Post,Example Manger, Example

Pig Iron, Quotations of Plate Girder, Example of

for Labor Bar Coal Gold of Iron

Form Proposal,Blank Railing, Example of Relative Conducting

Setting and Connecting Unsupported Side-Ways

Columns, Deep Fluted, Sharp Fluted, Cost

Cast Plates Round T

Beams Beams the

Shutters,Example of Cost of Iron Work Specification

Anchors Arch Girders

Balconies Beams Book Bridle and Vault Irons Girders Doors

Cover Vault Door Fire Proof

77 67 6(" for Wooden 73 76 72 72 62 Vault Vault 71 77 73 73 73

Coping Cornice, Galvanized Crestings

for Book for Coal Flue Saddles

Door Dowels Drill

76 72 79 66 Floor Beams Columns Iron

Vault, and Gratings,Wrought

Hooks Illuminated Interior Ladder Platform

Sills for Windows

Book Coal and Column

Guards Lintels Iron and Sills

76 72 195 187 140

Square Iron, Weight

Traps, Exhaust Company

Iron Columns Girders

Girders Iron and

Columns Materials Balls. Iron Sheet Iron