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51

THE

PRACTICAL
OF

BOOK

ARCHITECTURE
BY

C.

MATLACK

PRICE

WITH

US

IIWBTBATIONS

PHILADELPHIA

AND

LONDON

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LIPPINCOTT

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1016,

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COMPANY

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COMPANY

AT

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WASHINGTON

SQUARE
U. S. A.

PRESS

PHILADELPHIA.

AN

ILLUSTRATED
OF

TERMINOLOGY ARCHITECTURE

NOTE

Regardless
may

of

the

extent

to

which

any

special
must

subject always
an

be

treated
terms

for of
which

general
more or

reading,
less technical

there

be

certain

nature,
on

standing underof

of

is

essential

even

the

part

the

general
It is

reader. the
to

intention,
certain is

therefore,
of the

of
most

the

following
common

seven

pages

illustrate It

tural architec-

terms.

obvious
to

that,

in all

limited

compass,

it

would

be

impossible
would do
it

illustrate

special
the

architectural
of this

terms,
book This
to to

nor

be

necessary

for

purpose

so.

brief

"

Illustrated reader

Terminology,"
with the
names

then,
of

is certain with

designed
monly com-

acquaint
seen

the

architectural

features,
as a

familiarity everyone's
be

which

should
In

be

regarded
cases

part

of
will

education.
to

some

the

reader for

enabled

learn

the
will
"

architectural

name

an

often-noticed

feature between
the reader the learn
two

learn,
is

for

example,
"

that

the In

wall-space
other
cases

arches will

called

spandril.'' identify
nature
some

be

enabled but
not

to

architectural
which the is known
"

feature will

name

the

of

for

ample, ex-

by
what is
a

consulting

''Illustrated

Terminology,"

"pediment."

The

Cokinthiam

Obdek-

(Modern

\ersion.:

spsplpl
Gkeek Key
or

Fret

Motif. iT
"

Greek

Key

or

Fret

Motif.

The

Greek

Ant^emiok Motif.

vf

'f

r#Mf

Egg
Moulding Bead

and

Dart
and

Moulding.

'!:lV^i;'!ilf,,
,:,

Leaf

and

Dart

Moulding.

(Also
Leaf

called and

Tongue.)

Grkek

Wave

Motif.

Greek

Wave

Motif

^s^.

.%"v%

Interlaced

Guillocme.

%:*^\"^

Twisted

Guilloche.

Louis

XVI

Guilloche.

COMMON

ARCHITECTURAL

MOTIFS

OF

CLASSIC

ORIGIN.

(With

Carlouche.)

SrAMMIL And

DlCOMTIOM

Or
With

MutQOZ
CAtToucui

Fiau*i",

Pau^diah

Ehtkanci.

othque

Cot

Fanlioht

Ova

Door.

Greek

Fret.)

{With

Eg

(Succinive
trtat
ire

ages of
on

hive

dcvelapfd

virkty
based

capiuls.
the

thoujh
Claiiic

atl

ociginal

33638:^
SEP

20

1928

FOREWORD

THIS Ability
of

book
to

has

two

distinctly practical objects.


principal styles
of these culture

distingaish the various


to

architecture, and
be
a

know

something
and

styles,

should

part of the education


man

of every

well-informed The aim

and

woman.

of Part
a

I, A

Practical

Guide
a

to

Styles, is styles,
that

to

give,
far and
may

as

part of
of

liberal

education,
and the
use

thorough

working
so

knowledge
as

architecture for
so

architectural of the

is necessary

general
a

reader,
it

to

give it in

succinct

and

practical

way

easily be assimilated.
Part

II, A
who

Practical

Guide

to

Building, adds
a more

to

the

above

knowledge
are

information about
to have

of

practical kind
for them houses
at

for those
or

erected

other

buildings, either
or

in the
or

city
who

or

the

country,

either in
any

large
way

small

expense,

may

be connected the erection of

with
a more

Advisory

Boards

for

buildings of
The contractors
to the

public character.
on

chapter
treats

arrangements
of
a

with

architect

and

subject

never

before and
a

presented
at the

lay reader
of Contents

in

direct show

manner,

glance

Table

will

how

helpful this portion


architecture the author
"

of the work In distinct

will prove.
a

presenting

practical book
devolves be be have
upon

on

a a

responsibility
which it may which
can

responsibility
extent to

discharged possible always


to

only

to

the

which illusions and

dispel certain
to

popular

clung
into and

the

ject, sub-

to divide proper
1

separate
to

architecture

its several

phases,

and

set

forth

salient

essential

FOREWORD

points

in

manner

at

once

clear,

accurate

and

illuminating.
In
as

this
as

task the

the

author

feels

that

the
in

opportunity
the

is

great

responsibility,
be

and

that

following
the

pages

it may of

possible
as

permanently
a

to

remove

subject

architecture
as a

whole

from and and of


us.

its

present
it in its

classification
true

subject subject

technical of

place

position
with the

as

general
of all

intimate

tact con-

every-day
is
a

life

Architecture
not

comprehensive
a

subject, but
one.

should it has nicality tech-

fairly be appeared
is due

considered
to to

complex
in few

That and

often

be the

involved
fact

complexity
critics its
or

that

expositors
for

have

divided

the

subject

into

logical parts

separate

consideration. involves main

Architecture and

history,
divisions volume
nor

design,
suggest

construction

practice, which
The

divisions. logical subto


one

present

is not
a

designed
on

be

history
the main

of

architecture,
aspects
a

is it

treatise in

any

of

of

the

subject
effort
to

general.
the that
a

It

sents, repre-

rather,
in of
a

careful

co-relate

essentials the

clear

and

concise
may

manner,

in order
as

subject
of
any
as a

architecture

become,
and
may

it

should,
to

part

liberal

education,

cease

be

regarded

^^technicaP' In the

subject. preparation
to

of each

this

work

the

author of other and the

has

deavoured en-

give

to

consideration

subject

its proper
in

emphasis
order of to

with

regard
a

to

each

ation, considerserviceable in
who

develop
whole.

complete subject
of

exposition

the

The
to

architecture To those

general

is of broad

ipterest
and their

everyone.

contemplate
called of
upon

building,
to

who

will

consequently
in

be

exercise

judgment

the

question
interest.

architectural

design, the

subject is of direct

FOREWORD

The
must

logical study begin


of with
some

of

architecture,

for with and

either the

class,

acquaintance
of historic

ment developthen

architecture,

types
forms
cease

forms,
are

with
to

architectural
create

design, in which
types.
a

employed study
there with of will

these
as

Here

will

the

architecture have of been

historic
a

development,

and

acquired

practical
the

familiarity

types'
teristic charac-

building,
of With

styles, and
these

architectural

forms

styles. practical
then

this

familiarity
may be

as

preliminary
considerar selection materials

equipment,
tion of and of the

benefit

had

from

due
"

practical
of local of

side

of

the

subject
natures

the of dual

site, study
the of

conditions,
architect. the

functions the work. author

the

This author's

tion presentafor the

subject

forms

plan

present
The the kind

wishes

to

acknowledge
the

with

gratitude
and in the

co-operation
who have

of

following
extended

architects

others
matter

generously
:

courtesy

of the of

illustrations architectural merit the

To

profession by
the

is

due

the

present
of forced this
to

degree
country,
deal than other

attained American
more

architecture has and of been


more

for

architect difficult architects

with have times.

conditions confronted

complex
lands and

the

other

It would
to

be

difficult ideals

to

overstate

the

further which

impetus
would be and

architectural

and

practice popular
and
any

given

by

more

general,
of

appreciation
effort
to

understanding
this and

the
so

subject,
that call writer

develop

understanding public
alike of

it will for the

benefit
most

architecture serious and

must any

sincere In

effort addition

in the

field of

of

architecture. to all

to

an

expression

indebtedness

CONTENTS
PARTI

A
GBAFTBB

PRACTICAL

GUIDE

TG

STYLES
PAGB

I.

ABCHZTBCItrBB The Nature of Architecture The Value and


not
a

15

and

its Place

as

Part

of

Liberal

Education.

Benefit Technical

of Architectural

ciation. AppreSome of
damentals Fun-

Architecture of Architecture Historic II. Thb EyoLunoN The Growth of tine UL The and

Subject.

Architecture.

Understanding
upon

Modem Past

Dependent Styles.
of

Acquaintance

with

Architecture Great of Architectural of

28

of the

Styles.
of Rome.

The

tecture Archi-

Egypt,

Assyna,

Greece,

Bysan-

Romanesque
of

Architecture.

Eyolution Gothic

Architecture and

(Continued)
Renaissance of those Architecture. Two and Great A

47

Architecture of the

Study
in IV. The A Its

Differing

Expressions Belgium,

Styles

Italy, France,
Ideal of the

Spain,

England

Germany.
73

Classic

Study

Immortal in of

Qualities
Several

of

Classic

Architecture. Reviyals. The of

Manifestations Place

''Classic" Architecture of the

Important
Public and V.

Classic School

in

the

Design
ings its Teach-

Buildings.
its Wide

The

Beavx-ArU,

Influence.
and

Btiantine,
The

Romanesque

Gothic in

Dbriyationb America. of The Place Gothic and lar Secuof

106

''Romanesque

Revival" in the

Romanesque Derivations,
in VL English The
on

Styles

Architecture

To-day.

Ecclesiastical,

Collegiate,

Military

America.

Derivations, Importance,
American The

Earlt Causes and

and

Modern of English Influences

132

Meaning
The of

Architecture.

Anglo-American Collegiate

Countryture. Architec-

House.

Adaptability

English

VIL

Latin

Dbrivationb

in

American

Architecture from

157 France and Place in

Architectural

Types
Italian Renaissance Modem

Adapted
Villa

Italy,
The

Spain.

The

in America.

Important
Influences Little

of Italian

Architecture.

French
Hotels.

CSiAteaux,

City

Houses from

and

ciated Appre-

Architectural

Legacy

Spain*
5

CONTENTS

VIII.

Native

American American Middle

Abchxtbctubb

17B of The
New

Types
Atlajitic Colonial

Characteristic

England,
Creole Work Some

The and in ments Com-

States,

and

South.

Spanish
the Middle
on

Architecture. the "Craftsman

''Secessionist'' Idea'' and

West,
the

Bungalow.
Addenda 203
to

IX.

Architectural New

Styles
to

Applied
New Used.

Familiar *'UAH The The

Uses,

and The

Old

Styles

Applied
and

Notweau," City
Modem

ists" "SecessionThe the Office

"Modernists." The Loft and

House, Hotel,
Terminal.

Building,
House

Building,
the Great

ment Apart-

Railroad

PART
A
CHAPTER

n
TO BUILDINa
PAGE

PRACTICAL

GUIDE

I.

The

Selection

of

Location,

Sttle,

Material

and

tect Archi225

Style

from

Viewpoints
etc.

of

Relation Local

to

Site, Material,
and Local
an

eral GenLabour

Appropriateness,
Conditions.

Materials

Foresight
Client is
a

and

Advice.

Choosing

Architect.

II.

Architect

and

244

Building
Architect. Architect Other. Architectural

Business Nature Client of

Transaction. of should the

How

to

Consult

the What

The and
Basis

Architect's

Services.

each

Rightly

Expect

from

the
etc.

Charges,
and

Supervision,
Specifications.

"Extras,"

Drawings
Construction of

III.

Materials

and

274 and .Esthetic

Consideration Materials.

Physical Natures,
Materials. of

Properties Comparative
of

of Building

Suitability,
The Materials

Costs,
Texture.

etc.,

of

Building

Importance
and

Associated

Suitability
Details Kinds in of Plans.

Styles.
304

rV.

Plans

and

Different of
on

Importance
Both Plans

of

Definite Details.
etc.

Method Notes work, Woodand


to

Procedure

Developing Doors,
Tiim

and

Windows,
Interior

Chimneys,
and
etc. of

Stairways, Hardware,
Manner

Finish,
The

Lighting
in

Plumbing
Insure the

Fixtures,
Fulfilment

Best

which

Requirements.
.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Great

Tangiey
From Brewster.
an

Manor, Original

Surrey,

Endand

FronHspieoe Painting by
Anna Rionards

Water-oolour

PLATE

PAGE

ARCHITECTURAL I.

TERMINOLOGY,
Bell

ILLUSTRATED
....

13

Egyptian
Order

Capital
Ionic Order of
a

Column,
Order

Egyptian (Modem),

Stalk

Column,
Order

Doric Order

(Modem),
Tuscan Parts Rock-Faced Architectural

Corinthian

(Modem),
II.

(Modem),

Composite

(Modem). Masonry, (Greek


Wave

Principal

Classic

Entablature,
of Oassic

Rusticated

Soins,
mmon

Masonry,
Moms

Origin

FreL

Anthemion,
Cartouches

Egg-and-Dart, (French
Palladian
in

L^-and-Durt,
and

Key. and

Guilloche).
IV.

Marquise, (Curved,
Palladian Dormer

Italian), Spandrils,
Balusters.

Pediments

Angular, Entrance,
Window

(IHrma, Broken),
Mansard Greek and

V.

Window, Roof, Acanthus,

Corbels,
Spiral

Console, Vohite,

Finial,
Pilaster

Fanlight.

VI.

linenfold

Panel^
Modilhon

Capitals,
Renaissance VIL

Dentils,
Lunette. and Roman

Lant^,
Uses of

Console

Keystone,
and

Arabesque,
Renaissance

Attributes,

Arch

Columns,

GBiyatid

Figure,

Terminal

Caryatid,

Terminal

Figure,

Spindles.

PART

L
PAGE

Tbe
A

Towers

of

the

ChAteau

of

Langeais
of the

16

Typical

American

Dwelling Virginia Building,

Style
of Thomas

Erroneously

Called

"Queen
17

"MonticeDo,"
The Woolworth

The

Home
seen

J^erson
Arcade of the New York

throuf^
Post Office

the

Municipal
Two A The The The The Details Greek Doric of

Building
the Cleveland
at

18 and Federal

Building
Athens

19 34

Temple
Porch of

Segesta,
Greek of

Sicil;^
(lomc), Stator, Erechtheum,
Athens

Caryatid
Connthian Arch of

the

34

Temple Constantine,
of St. of

Jupiter

35 35
38

Rome Venice Rome

Cathedral Cloister

Mark,
St.

Detail:

Pam-beyond-the-walls, Capitals
Paris and

38

Typical
The A

Byzantine
of (3othic of

Columns,
N6tre Detail the of Cathedral Cathedral the the from Cathedral the

Carving

39
48 48

Cathedral

Dame,

Tyrocal
Window

Rose Recessed

of

N6tre of

Dame. N6tre

Paris

49

Doorway

Cathedral of N6tre of

Dame,
Paris. Paris Dame,

Paris

49

Nave,
Gothic Gothic Duriuun

interior;
Chimeras

Dame,
N6tre of of Dame. N6tre N6tre

50 "0
Paris

Transept,

interior;
of

Cathedral Cathedral the

51 FVance
"

Gaigoyles
Cathedral

of

Dame, England

Paris,

51 52

River,

Durham,

ILLUSTRATIONS

London, England Cambridge, England Grateway, s College. England Trinity College, Cambrid^, Gateway, of "La Ptolette/' Tours, France Doorway "La of Tower Ptolette," Toura, Prance of Ch"teau of Langeius, France Doorway de Tristan Tours, THermite, Courtyflurd of the Maison Town The Hall, Bruges, Bel^um The Church at Malines, Belgium Cathedrahof The Toledo, Spain The Puerta del Sol, Toledo. Spain of the Doses, The Palace Vemce, Italy Venice. The della CaD'Qro, PaLwTO Italy of the Palasso Italy Rome, Courtyard Famese,
Westmmster St. John Colonnade The Church of the "tf S. of the Vatican. Maria Rome. della

Abbey,

52
53

53 56 56 57 France 57 58 58 59 59
60 60 61 61 62

Italy Salute, Venice, Italy


Italy

of Sienna, Library of the Cathedral of Whitehall, The Entrance England London, St. Paul's England Cathedral, London,

Doorway

63 68

68

Oassic

Deriyations

in

Modem

American

Bank

Buildings

(Two
74

Examples)
The The A A

New^York
New Water Harvard

aty
at

Post
Law

Office

75 Mass 75 76
a

School, Cambridge,
California

Temple
of

SunoL

Tea-House Estate

Claasic

Design,

on

Long

Island

(N.

Y.)

Country
76 77

England Hyde Park, London, Mass The of Art, Cambridge. Fogg Museum of Versailles, France Cour de Marbre, Palace The Colonnade of the Louvre, Paris, France of the Louvre, Central Pediment The Paris, France The Petit Trianon, Versailles, France du Boulogne, Bois The Paris, France "Orangerie," du The ChAteau de Bagatelle, Bois Paris, France Boulogne, A French Classic New York City Shoft Classic A French York Publishing City Building, New Colonnade York Row New Grange City Teirace), (La Conn A Georgian Porch Detail New Haven, (Modem), Md A "Classic Revival" Pordi, Baltimore, Grand Details from the Palais des Elys^, Champs Paris,
The Marble

Arch,

77 78 78 79
79 80 80

81 81
88 89 89

FVanoe
102

(Two
A A Fifth New

views)
York

Avenue

Shop Front, F^nt City House


of the of Main

in the in

Modem the

French Modem

flench

(Beaux-Arts) Style (Beaux-Arts)


Public

103

Style

104

En^iged
A Modem

Columns Church

Facade

of the

New

York

Romanesque

Derivation,

Madison

Library Square

105

Church. York New City Presbyterian Boston, Massachusetts.' Trinity Church, for the Porch of the Cathedral of Baltimore, Md I"awing New York St. Thomas' City Church, Graduate Arched Gothic Entrance to Quadrangle, School, Princeton University Manner in the Gothic Grotesques Rib-vaulted Style, Graduate Vestibule, in the Gothic School, Princeton University

106 106

114 115

122
123

123

ILLUSTRATIONS Philadelphia

124

The Ftovost's

Tower,
Militarv

Univereity

of
at

Ftoniuwlvania,
West Point

125 126

Chapel of

the

Aoademy

The Woolworth Details of the An American Detail: Garden Detail : House Tudor

New Builcfing, Woolworth

York

Qty
York

Country
Front and

Terrace

House Countiy American English-derived Country American Sun-Dial, an English-derived of


an

Building, New of English House

City

(Four

Views).

127
.

132

Derivation
133

134 135

Derivation

in

an

American

Countiy

House
136 136 137 140 141 141

London Houses, Holbom, Old Half-Timber N. J Building, Princeton, Dormitcffy Half-timber Salisbury, England Heale House, Thames Walton on House, Country An English House

Qty

English Derivation Country American


Two

in

an

American of

Country

House

Comixxsite

Origin

Modem

English

Derivations

in American

Country

Houses

142 14b 146 146

Two
A A

in Pennsylvania English Derivations Development "Neidibourhood" IVpicad English House Suburban EnSish

Typical
Modem

Two

"n|dish Suburban
Building,
New

Houses York

in Citv

Brick

147 158

Private Detail: Italian

Library
Private

Library Building, Deirivation in Renaissance Library


of

New
a

York

City Shop
Front,
New

159

Fifth

Avenue

160 160

Yorkatjr
The Public

Boston,

Massachusetts in tiie

Italian

Renaissance

Derivation

Loggia
York

of

Modem

American
160 161 161
a

House Italian
A

Renaissance York

Derivation

in

New

City

Shop

Front

New

Triple Arched CSty Shop

Sgraffito Decoration Ftent, with Shop Qty in Derivation) Renaissance Loggia (Italian
Front

New

York
161

Sgraffito Decoration Front Shop aty


An An

(Italian Renaissance
in
an an

Derivation) House, House,

in

New

Yoric
161

Italian Italian

Derivation Derivation

American American

in

Country Country

General
a

View
. .

164

Terrace

yard Court166
166

An An An An

Italian Italian Italian Italian PaviUon

Derivation Derivation Derivation Derivation

in in in

an an an

in

Loggia a House, from Countiy Fountain Wall House, Country American House, Court Countiy American and Pool House, Country American an
American Front View D. C

167 167

168
168

An

Italian
at

ViUa

Derivation,
Union

168
169 169

Patio
An

Pan-American Villa de

Italian ChAteau

Derivation, Langeais,
Patio of
a

Building, Washington, I^nt Garden


American Residenoe

France Modem

The

in Calif omia. Calif omia. Illinois.


.

170 170

Spanish-Italian Typical Spanish

Buildings,

Spain
in Window Office of Treatment

in

171

Spanish Renaissance in an Details Renaissance Spanish Dwelling England An Early New


A A

Derivation

Building,

Gambrel

Chicago, Roof Type,


New Window

171

Hadlyme,
174

Connecticut Typical Dutch

Colonial Pediment

Dwellins,
Porch,
Porch

at

Hackensack,
Palladian Modem
a

Jersey
Above
. .

174 175

Colonial Georgian Derivation A Georgian Pa Germantown,

with of

in the

American

Residenoe,
175

10

ILLUSTRATIONS

"

Wynnestay."
Local Modem

an

Early
Derivation

Colonial of the

Reddenoe

Early

Philadelphia nial of ColoPennsylyania Type


near

188

Residence

188

Philadelphia Dependencies," Philadelphia "Cliveden," from House Early at Valley Forge, Pa., Derived Country
"Mt. Pleasant and its

188 188

Local

types Proto189

CountJ^

Pa at Germantown, ''Ledge Hall,^' The State Philadelphia "Independence House, I)erived A House from the Southern American Modem Country Type of Plantation Dwelling Arundel Anne "Whitehall," County, Maryland "The White House," D. C Washington, Two Orleans, Louisiana Villa, New Elxamples of the Creole Plantation Gabriel Mission, California San California of Spanish Derivation, Sierra Madre, Country House of a Modem of Spanish Four Views Residence Typical of Dmivation, House of Local California
A A

Stone."

189 189

190 192 192 193 194 194

196

Typical
Typical

Recent Recent

American American

"Seaside Suburban

Villa"

of

no

StvUstic of the

Derivation

196

Dwelling

"Picturesque"
196

Type
Two The Modem American "American

Country

House

Developments
seen m a

197 in
198

Style of the
Grand

Secessionist"

City Residence Dwelling

Rapids, Michigan
of

An

Example

the

"Craftsman" in the

Type

of

Country

198 199

Ja^nese

Influence

Calif omia

Bungalow

A Typical "Bungcdow" Chi^acteristic D^gn The "Art

of Native of School in
a

Redwood,
Austrian

Califomia
or

199
"

of the

Viennese

Secession

' *

204 204

Nouveau,"
Renaissance

Parisian Houses

Shop-front
on

Flemish

City

the

Rue

Flamande,
New York

Bmges,
208

Belgium
Flemish Renaissance Derivation in
a

Modem

City
208 opments Devel209

Residence Two Modem American

City

Residences,

TVpical

of the

Newer

The The The The The

Life Insurance York Metropolitan City Building, New Life Insurance York New City Equitable Building, Hotel New York VanderbUt, Qty Railroad Station, New York Pennsylvania City Grand Central Raikoad

212 212 213 220 220

Station, New
PART II

York

aty

Successful Successful

Site Design for a Level Site Design for a Hillside A Modem House Country Essentially American A Small of Native Derivation Cottage in a Small Simplicity and Charm Cottage En^^h (2 views) Two Houses" Typical Modem English "Deteched An Architect's House for a Country Preliminary Drawing The House Country Actually Executed as A for a Small Villaffe Library Preliminary Drawing of \'S^rking Drawing of a K-Inch Reproduction (Reduced) Elevation

228
228 229 229 238 239 244 244 266
a

House
266

Reproduction
Floor-Plan

(Reduced)

of

^-Inch

Working

Drawing

of

House 266

ILLUSTRATIONS

11

Reproduction
of
a

(Actual
House

Siie)
Eleyation

of

Portion

of

K-li^oh

Working

ing Draw267

Reproauction
of
a

(Actual
House

Siie)
Floor-Plan

of

Portion

of

^-Inch

Working

ing Draw2G7

Reproduction
Tile Eaves

(Actual

Siie)

of

Portion

of

IJ^Inch

Scale

Detail

of 267

Reproduction
of An The Ardiitect's Possibilities House Two Use Instances of of An The Good
near near

(Actual
the

Sise)
of
a

of

Portion

of

Full-sise

Working

ing Draw268

Top

Wainscot
a

Pfijet
of

for

National Materials

Memorial
seen

Monument in

272

Building

an.Ameriean

Country
276

Qiicago
of the

Decorative
in Two

Importance
Typical
Modem

of

Texture American

277

Local Moderate

Materials Cost

Dwellings
278

American Same Relation House

Expression
in of Local

of

the Stone and

Modem and Materials

F^npliah
Half-timber in
a

Country
Constmction

House

279 279
House 294

Design

LainB^

Country

Philadelphia
of

The The A

Expression
Use Modem of Stucco American

Texture
as an

in Exterior

Buildings
Finish House of

Materials

295 295

Country

Actual

Half-Timber

tion Constmc298

Two Two Modem A The Row

Details

of

Door

and of Real-Estate in the

Window the Modem Houses ''Model


to

Treatments

318

laical
American oi Houses

Example

English

Country

House

319 324

Villm"
Utifitarian

of

Letchworth, Bufldings
in

England.
. .

324 omia 826

Application
Power-house

of

Architecture

C3alif
a

(two

views)

PART

PRACTICAL

GUIDE

TO

STYLES

THE
OF

PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER
AECHITECTURE

BOOK

THE OF OF NOT OF

NATURE A UBERAL

OF

ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION. THE

AND

ITS VALUE

PLACE AND

AS

PART

BENEFIT

ARCHITECTURAL
A

APPRECIATION.
SUBJECT. SOME

ARCHITECTURE FUNDAMENTALS
OF UPON MODERN

TECHNICAL

ARCHITECTURE.
DEPENDENT HISTORIC

UNDERSTANDING

ARCHITECTURE
WITH PAST

ACQUAINTANCE

STYLES

TO
than

attempt
into the
are

to

define of and

architecture, dealing
the best has in of

or

art, is to

fall
Few

danger
safe,

catch-phrases.
them
are more
' '

definitions
accurate.

clever the
art

Architecture
' '

been

called is
as

of
as

building
most

beautifully

which,

perhaps,
The and

valuable has

epigrammatic
from the
time

definitions. of

attempt
an

been

made

Vitruvius,
that classic

early

English
that

writer,
**

paraphrasing
hath

authority,

states

Well-building
and
terse

three
' '

conditions: it would

Commodity,
be hard
to

Firmness find
to any

Delight.

Perhaps
so

characterisation that
"

accurately
should

applicable
be
priate approto

all

architecture
to

building built,
and

its

use,

strongly

pleasing

look
not

upon.

This

interesting
a

statement,
of clear

however, architecture,
idea of the

could

be it

called, exactly, gives


us a

definition

although
aim and

reasonably

purpose

of

architecture.
any
one

Taking
the aim of

of

these the

three world

essentials would have

alone

as

architecture,

been,
15

and

16

THE

PRACTICAL be

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE Conceive
' '

wonld

to-day,

heavy
if had
* '

loser.

first the

the

aspect
use

of architecture the

Commodity always
elevators
to use,

or

intended

of

building
factor. with of

been

its sole and and

governing
are

architectural built second The

Grain
a
**

factories also the

primarily
essential

view

include

the

Firmness,"
the that if it
no

but

ignore
which

third. been
so

third, however, designed


one

building
it is
were
*'

has

beautifully
but
a

Delight,"

would

be
a

short-lived
one

not

firmly built, and

useless We

if it served think into


as
a

purpose.

must

of

architecture,
monumental

then, regardless
or

of

its divisions

domestic,

ecclesiastical essentials

buildings,
of

perfect co-relation
and

of the In
or

three certain

suitability, strength
one

beauty.

types
what some-

of

building

of

these

considerations,
each of the

two, may
may not

overbalance"

three

hold tecture archithe

equal importance.
must

Generally cognisance constantly

speaking,
of in

however,

take

all, and
mind in
we

by keeping
our

three

essentials of
a
' '

individual establish

consideration from the


outset

any

given

building,

will

certain
' '

basis
any

of universal other detail. is

application,
We thist this will ask

regardless
ourselves:
was

of

style

or

*'What

kind
Does
or

of

building design

What
pose pur-

its
t

purpose?
Is it

its

express

well-built,
Is it

is its construction in its of form and

cheap

and

dishonest? These
are

pleasing

detail?"

basic

considerations it be Modern
a

significance, entirely
in the
;

independent
Italian

of whether
or or

designed
French

style of the
we are

Renaissance
at
an an a

whether

looking
It affords
cases

church

theatre. circumstance
to

is

interesting opportunity

that

this
"

country
in many

study
"

adaptations
the

excellent all

adaptations
and all

of

architectural

styles
as

of

countries

periods.

Architecturally,

THE

TOWERS

OF

THE

CHiTEAU

OF

LANGB;

TYPICAL ERRONEOUSLY

AMERICAN

DWELLING.
CALLED

OF

THE
ANNE"

STYLE

"QUEEN
w

AboTs

ud

behiod

our

moil

JntimsM

"rchiteclure.
make

wdt

our

more

im

vti'tiDr^'ll^'uiiiiterHt'wblcb should

itwlMtlt

^t^vory

intclli

"

i-a

ARCHITECTURE

17

well There
are

as

racially, America
has been
no one

has

been
in

the this

melting-pot.
country
has been
we no cently re-

style, because
many
"

not

one

people, but

^and
as a

there noted
no no
* '

typical American pointed


in

architecture,
out, because
we

architect

have
or

typical climate
tion. typical civilisa-

America,

no

typical landscape
is
a

This, however,
which broad At
out

question
would

of

style,
to

' '

to

pursue

further

at

this

point

be

depart

from

generalities.
the
outset

it

seems

part
of
some

of

this

work of

to

point

forcibly the

importance
and

degree
broad
come

general

understanding
of with
not

appreciation Many
of
us or

of the seldom other


or we

principles
in
contact

architecture.

paintings,
obliged
we

or

sculpture,
to

fine follow
cannot

arts.

We

are

to

listen

music

to

the fail

drama.
to
see

If

go

out-doors, everywhere
Some
are
"

however,

buildings
*

^buildings good,
all
are

bad

and

indifin
so

ferent.
some

important,
The

interesting thing
is that

particular. people
to
see see

unfortunate

many

only buildings, and


architecture.
any
so seem

have

never

trained

themselves

The

aspect

of of of
to

buildings,
the
our

quite apart

from

individual

interests
a

pective pros-

builder, is
lives least that
a

inseparably highly
on

part

daily
at

it would

desirable

develop
of
"

high-school
Architecture

course

the
"

appreciation

tecture. archi^itis

is not

special'* subject
us

universal There
was

subject confronting
a

at

every

turn.

time
^ *

when

knowledge
' '

of
an

architecture,
part
ical classof

together
of the

with

the

Classics,
a

formed The old

important

education of

of
many

gentleman.
of the
to

stately and
manor

dignity
the South
was owners

fine the

houses education

due than

more

architectural
of the actual

of their Thomas
m

to

the

taste

master-builders.

Jefferson

made

the

drawings

for

'"THE The Gothic ot

BATTLE

OF

THE
earried

STVI.F.S''
out

itcKl

toner

the
ia while

U'oolworth
"ea

BuildioE,
Iha
\"

Id

Ure

niudi^rnuivd
ul thr

rend
Sr

(rchilcftuR.

Ihruuih
a

Clu-xir-UenaiMiiiiKK' al.w
visible of ilie uJd

rnliinnntlr

MuDinMl

Building,
New

elimpK
Hsll

EiRhiri^Dih

Cenlury

AncloJ^nnic

York

Cixy

i
s

i ^

Pi

illii
trr
si
lg I

ARCHITECTURE Nor is called


on

19

should
upon,

allasioii
as a

be

omitted of
a

to

the
to

citizen
pass

who

member of
a an

board,

ment judg-

the

design
if of
a

important
house
or
a

public bungled
In
"

building.
tous calamithis of
nection con-

It is unfortunate in the
we case are

private library

be

city hall.

impressed
as a

by

the

importance
as
a

tectural archito

education

civic
money

obligation,
is the

duty

the

community. throughout public


never

Public the

being
erection

spent
of the

yearly

country

for

important public
has

buildings,
seen

yet

architecturally,
It is

the

buildings.
that

by

no

means on

to

be

mended, recom-

however,
be
set up to

public

opinions

architecture
on
* '

overthrow in the

professional
case

opinions incompetent

tecture, archi-

excepting
architect.

of the will

an

cal" politipublic
ter betthe
upon

It is rather of architecture
an

contention result in

that

appreciation
results architect is the
save

securing
of what insist

through trying
to

understanding
The of
an

do.

board

may

ruining
order the
to

appearance
a

important
or

building
vote

in

few

thousand for

dollars,
a

may

down

architect's If the
were

project
members

splendid board,

monumental and the the

approach. themselves,
funds

of the

people
sary neces-

architecturally
be

educated,

would To idea of
to

forthcoming
the

through
a

public
noble the
an

subscription.
architectural second

appreciate
is
to

possibilities of
its will but execution. be

desire there

In

part

this that

book

attempted
unknown

introduction the To be
a

interesting,

vidual, indi-

Architect. architecture has of


some

understand

been

supposed
talent
an an neous erro-

to
or

**gift,"

an

implication
may

peculiar
be

taste.

This, however, idea, for

readily
architecture

proved
is
no

although music,

less

art

than

painting

or

it is different

in certain

salient

20

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

particnlars.
the result of

masterpiece
"

of
a

painting

or

of

mnsic

is

inspiration
of evolution.

masterpiece
To understand

of architecture

is the music
to

result is to

painting inspiration
understand

or

understand architecture architectural Nor

their
one

underlying
need hut which

"

understand of

the
a

stages given
with

evolution should

produced
be confused

example. enjoyment.
in

understanding
natures

Most in

receptive

find

ment enjoyin all

art, in music,

architecture,
their

in

nature,
is
a no

that of

surrounds the
senses,

them;
in raises which their

but

enjoyment

thing
part.
of

understanding understanding

plays
to

Knowledge

the

level

intelligent appreciation.
To to
art
see

in
at

all architecture
once

product study.

of

evolution,

is

possess

the
at

key
more

to

its
a

Obviously
than
very
an

the

of

building,
the the
measure,

first of

necessity
been the human

art,

has linked

from with
a

dawn

civilisation of the

closely
race, and

development
influenced between is
more

has, in
it. In

people
human

who and

created tural architec-

this evolution

connection there Different

than of

mere

sentimental

coincidence.

kinds and

ised civilisation, charactersocial

by different produced
new,

religious

developments
times some-

all

different often

architectural evolved their from

manifestations,
earlier of forms. The and

perity pros-

of downfall monuments historians.

kingdoms,
are as

days

degeneracy,

their

mirrored

by
as

contemporary
words the the of hand mind of

architectural

vividly
a

in the of

contemporary
of
man,
man
"

Being always
should

work

tecture archi^and in

has this alone No little unless

reflected lie much of


as are our

of

its interest.

architecture

the
own

past, perhaps,
architecture in it the

has
of

been

so

expressive
future
ages

to-day,
that

to

read

commentary

ARCHITECTURE
' ^

21

at ibis time

' '

artistic

ideas and

and

ideals

were

in

tional transi-

stage, the
of other and meritorious
to

study

adaptation
North of
no

of

earlier

styles

lands in

characterised the

American

ture, architecand
or

security
we

employing
desire
to

recognised

types,

had

experiment,

evolve A

originalia.
many

good
the

architectural because created


are,

critics American

have

bitterly
since

assailed its earlier

times

the
no

nation,

days, has
There

characteristic
two

tural architecto

style.
contention.

however,

sides

this

Looking

back be

over

the that

evolution
new

of
arose

architectural

styles, it
old
ones

will
were or

found

styles

only when
made them

out-worn,
when
some new new

when

conditions social
or

obsolete, logically style


of of
a an was

religious
forms.

change
No
new

dictated founded for


to

architectural
reason,

without In

and has the


an

solely because
any

desire effort

novelty.
be **Art
to

no

case

good
of

come

original
Nouveau'*
new

solely for
was

sake

inality. origof

The this of the


"

illustration the sole


purpose to
'^

^an

effort

evolve certain

forms

for

breaking
monotony

what of
movement

restless artistic
now

spirits believed
ideas. And
as

be

existing
is

the
an no

Art

Nouveau^' of
or

remembered

demic epitrace
ever

ephemeral
It

madness,
died because and

leaving
it had in

after
no

it
reason

influence. have been


or

to

created,

because,

itself, it

was

not

logical
That
seen

legitimate.
the last

century,
of
no

almost,

in
^^

this

country

has tecture archi-

the

development
is not

striking
should

national" be

surprising,
hbove aU

and

not

distressing.
part
of of

In

architecture,
to

other to

arts, it is the
be
or

wisdom

proceed

slowly, and
of

very

sure

each
are

step.

Sincere

adaptations

old

ancient

styles

22

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

much

to be

preferred only
as

if the
a

alternative de

is
"

meaningless
attempt
If this
try counas

style evolved
prove
an

tour

force

an

to

originality which
to

does
'*

not

exist.
'*

is

destined

produce
prevent
lands

style,
"

recognisable legacies
of in

such, styles
current.

nothing
from

could other

it

our

past
the

would

be

as

straws

It has
can as our a

been

so

always. adaptations
to

Nor construed evolution.

present
contradiction
a

of idea

many

styles be

the

of architectural that
many

It is

far

more

natural

condition that the


one

styles prevail in equal favour, than


be

style should
time. education
nature
one
"

paramount
The

in this
age

country
is
one

at

present
and And of

present

of

travel

of

photography

and
for

of illustration. selective
some

human

is accountable
us

the

proclivity. personal
be it
an

Every
ideal Italian That

of
a

instinctively

cherishes for

of

country-house,
an

example,
or a

villa,
ideal to

English
not
*'

manor,

French for of the the

chateau. sake of

would
some

be

sacrificed

conformity
We of would all

national"
pages out

style
of

architecture.

still

take

picture-book

past

architecture. Italian architectural villas


are

not, necessarily,
the
men

consistent
were

in their turally architecand for

style because
The

Italians who built


no

consistent. whom
were

them,
type.

they
not

were

built, knew by
a

of

other

They

distracted

variety
and
was

of

other, and

perhaps

equally
the

pleasing, ideas,
style, there
of the

consequently,
evolved the
a

by following
type.

prevalent
As

distinctive

proof

effect

which
upon

selective

proclivity design,
the
or

of

the

individual
the there

may

have of
so

architectural
In

consider of

architecture
was

England.
conservatism Once the

matter

style
as

not

much

tency consis-

has

been

supposed.

landed

gentry

ARCHITECTURE
to

23

began
Italian
were

travel,

new

architectural

ideas
many

came

in.

The

garden
laid
out

was on own

admired, English
kind of

and

Italian The

gardens

estates.

Englishman
did
not

preferred
the and Italian

his

honse,
Italian

so

he

adapt

villa.

Many

painters,
over

decorators
to
**

artisans, however,
and works had
East

were

brought
to

create

interiors
tastes

of

art
as a
a

gratify
of

the

classic'^ Contact Chinese

which the
^'

arisen

result mania

travel. for **the

with

Far

created in in

taste,
but

mostly

evidenced

Chippendale's
favour
as

furniture,
other

nevertheless
"

potently certainly
be
a

in alien
came

many to

rections diditions tra-

and could

style

English
the

as

conceived. the

Later

Brothers of off

Adam,
their until

imprinting
time the with late
more a

architecture which
was

and
not

furniture
to
wear

classicism

Georgian
intercourse with

period.
of varied of And the

The
more

ideas, the

more

travel, the
the
any

familiarity
be the

styles, certainly development


because the of of

less
one

will

likelihood
new

essentially practical
must to
ease. or

style.
of the
a

intelligent and
this

study
be

architecture

country
it is
tial essen-

day to-

largely
to

study

of

adaptations,
with
any

be

able

trace

derivations
to

accuracy

and

It would

be

impossible
of the

acquire

ing understandthis

appreciation
without
a

architecture

of

country great

to-day

practical

familiarity

with

the

architectural With this


to

styles of Europe.
in

view,

the

following
the

two

chapters
of

are

designed

outline with

concisely special

evolution
to

historic

architecture,
of
as

reference

the

istics characterand with with

the
a

styles,
degree

discussed
of

consecutively,
as

great

brevity

is

consistent

adequate
Before

presentation.

proceeding, however,

to

traverse

the

ages

ARCfflTBCTURE and

26

spreading,
any

or

of any

other in
so

type.

If

we

are
an

assailed

by
the

doubt

or we

conjecture
may

important
to

aspect
serious

of

building,
of the
say

well

expect

find

further

evidences On little to
a

inept design.
of

score

appropriateness,
not of its be obvious.

there

is, perhaps,
The be

which

would

design

of

building, irrespective
the
purpose
or

style, should
the

expressive
and
not

of

nature

of

building, shop
should

hence look volves in-

appropriate.
like
a

little

millinery

bank

building.

Appropriateness
styles
ideas.
are

inevitably peculiarly

style, because
to the

certain of certain

suited
are

expression
modem refined

Classic
are so

styles

dignified, styles
pages
are

French and

styles
"

festive, Italian
on

graceful
The

and

through
is the of and
a

the

of who

architecture.
can

able for

architect the

tect archi-

unerringly
style which
the is
a

select
will

design clearly

given
tively effec-

building

the

most

express

intent word

of

that

building.
met
or

''Scale" architectural of the


are

seldom
room,

with outside

outside the
sation conver-

the

draughting designers,
is* not
common
' '

and technical
errors

this
' '

is
one,

unfortunate,
and
errors

because in
"

term
more

scale be the

than
one

of any

other

kind

question
or even

involved the

of of

architecture,
a

furniture

design,

selection
' '

picture
' '

frame. the If

In

plain diction,
whether is of well

scale
or

involves

relationship
a

of for

parts,

ill related. the

window,
for it
a

example,
space

exactly
it

right proportions
the architect is
too says

wall''in too be with stance, in-

which

occupies,
this

is
or

scale."

If, however,
he
says

window of in scale."
every

large fagade

small,
the

it is "out and

A
way

may

admirably

designed,
of be
one

pleasing,
cornice, for

exception
may

fatal of scale"

defect:
"

the be

"out

^may

overpoweringly

26

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

heavy,
or

or

may
' *

be
' '

insignificant and
with the
rest may

inadequate design.
out

in A

tion, rela-

in

scale

of the be
' '

single
' '

moulding,
the

single bracket design.


small
or
a

of
a

scale,

ring mar-

whole
too

No
escape

member the
may
so

of

building
of

is too

large
An

or

to

necessity
be
' *

''scale."
"

entire

wing

tower

out

of

scale,
as

or

single feature
over
a

(apparently)
window.
as on

unimportant apparent, by
eye

the that

stone keyan

It

is

then,
works
"

architect's

success

measured his

his

must

depend might

very

largely

for
eye

''scale" for

which
portion. pro-

be

called,

perhaps,

his

relative

It will shade
must

be

conceded

at

once

that

effects in the

of

light and
of voids
a

play
and

an

important
with

part

design
of
a

building,
and
are

cognate

it, the
the

handling
in
or

solids. all windows

Architecturally,
and all of of
door

"voids"

design
;

openings, building
and will be

loggias

arcades "void."

the

"solids,"
balance

the void
as

which is

is not
an

Skilful

solid

essential
one

in

architectural of any and shade


most must

design,

apparent
with this

in

's observation

building, studied
also be

in mind.

Light
and takes misof
a

skilfully manipulated, through


too much of

often
on

occur
"

study

building
sufficient

' '

paper,

as

composition
effect face of
of

lines, without
executed work.
casts
a

visualisation from
and

of

the the

the
a

Every
definite much
a

projection shadow, part


or

of

building
shadows the classic
on

the whole

effect

these
as
a

is of

as

of

the

design
of

detail order.

moulding
From

the

interpretation

the

foregoing
scale the

observations
and

expression,
it must mental

appropriateness,
be

light-and-shadow,
architect needs
much

apparent

that

able

equipment
or

in addition

to his

knowledge

of historic

styles

his

familiarity

with

structural

problems.

It should

ARCHITECTURE

27

be

noticed,

moreover, handles these he receives

that

the

more

masterfully
of

an

architect

essentials from in such


to

design critic,
as

the for

less

appreciation
reason

the
matters

lay

the for and

that

perfection
rests

scale,

instance,
elicit
no

so

the The

eye

as

attract

no

attention

praise.
will find of

trained
to

architectural

observer,
in his conscious

however, appreciation
To

much these

delight

him

niceties. in consideration would be of inconsistent


how

proceed
of architectural of

further

the

ciples prinwith esting inter-

design
the

the

purposes

present
a

work,

no

matter

in be directed whose

itself, through

and

necessarily
evolution manifestations of

brief those

study
great
we see

will

now

the

historic around

styles
us on

present-day
hand.

every

CHAPTER
THE
THE
THE OF

II
OF

EVOLUTION
OF THE GREAT OF

ARCHITECTUBE
ARCHITECTURAL
OF

GROWTH

STYLES.
OF

ARCHITECTURE
ROME. BYZANTINE

EGYPT,
AND

ASSYRIA,

GREECE,

ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURE

IN
of

order

to

acquire
which

practical familiarity with


surrounds its forms,
us

tlie
to be

architecture

to-day, and obviously


in the

practically familiar
to

with

it is

sary neces-

acquire
of

some

general knowledge
the
ages

of the evolution several

architecture

through

and

countries

Europe. and, indeed, quite


the
proper, to
mence com-

It is customary
a

study
in

of

history of architecture although


architectural detail

with

its

beginnings
has left
no

Egypt,

evolution in modem

vestige of actual

Egyptian

buildings.
The manifest the

recognisable
themselves character

characteristics in three of the


or

of

architecture in
struction, con-

principal directions: building otherwise) (column


;

structural arch
mass,
or

construction form

in its general

(talland

vertical,or

low-spreading
of architectural each
to

and

horizontal) and mouldings


or

in its detail
ornaments

(in the kind peculiar


divisions

type

or

nationality).
There
are,

again,
of

three

broad

in which

to

consider and

types

buildings: religious, secular


It is essential class confusion
a

public
to
sider, con-

secular

private buildings.
which of the

instinctively, in

given
which from

building
exists
vague

belongs,
the

because

much of
none

in

cqnsideration

architecture at all. And

arises

classification, or
28

classification

should

5/

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

29

always
the

be

the road

basis
to

of

comparison,

and

comparison
sion. comprehen-

is

royal
The

intelligent and
of these

practical
broad felt

importance
to

divisions, which instinctively, will


progresses.

must

come

make

themselves

become

increasingly
with

apparent
the

as

study

Commencing
be realised
was

architecture what
up
a

of

Egypt,

it will

subsequently gradually
built

complex
an

architectural

fabric

upon

essentially simple
^
^

foundation. For of the


purpose

of

this

book be

the^following
presented
intention of

history
most

architectural form certain

evolution

will

in the

concise
upon

possible, with phases


The of it in

the

enlarging

subsequent

chapters.

AECHrrECTXJBB

or

Egypt which

The in later

type

of

Egyptian

building
evolution
or

played
not

its part secular

architectural either
"

was

the the

building,

public
case,

private, temple.
was,

but

religious

building
The
very

^in this

the

Egyptian

dwelling
very

for

the

most

part,

modest

affair, and
Not

perishable,
are

both

actually
served pre-

and

stylistically.
in the

only

there Roman

no

examples
of

condition but

of the the

villas residence the of

Pompeii
appears

and
to

Herculaneum,
have of had the

Egyptian
upon

little if any

influence Some

later its form

evolu* has

tion been

private
in

house. elaborate

idea

preserved
and

contemporary
its influence
on

ings wall-painttural architecof the

bas-reliefs, but
did
more

since

design
Pharaohs,
or

not

extend

beyond
to

the

days
the

it is

profitable

consider

religious,

temple,

architecture

of ancient

Egypt.
was an a

Essentially, architecture,
based
on

Egyptian

architecture it
was

stone

and

structurally
and

architecture

the

column

lintel

(a lintel

being

any

30

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

horizontal

member the
appear

resting
arch
was

upon

two

vertical
to

members). Egyptians,
a mean

Although
their builders

known

the it
as

to have

regarded

and

ignoble
used the the which their
at to most

substitute
span

for

the

enormous

stones

which

they
For

the

distances
seem

between
that

their the the

columns.

part, it would
of their

Egyptians
size of built the
the

gauged
stones

merit

buildings

by

they
greater

employed. columns,
of

Although
such
as

they
those in

many

of hall

great

Karnak,
of

huge

cylindrical

drums,
from of

they
one

thought piece of
tions, propor-

highly
stone.

monolithic
was an

columns,
forms
were

hewn

Theirs of massive

architecture and far and


were

sublime

simple
heavier the

lines.
than

Their

columns

those the

later

developed
or

by the
of

Greeks, columns,
and

forms

of

capitals
local

heads
as

the

inspired
flowers.

by

such

flora

palm-leaves

lotus is
and

Egyptian
the
upon

architecture which social character.

powerfully
natural

illustrative conditions

of
exert

influences

architectural

Being

essentially

ious relig-

country,
form
a

actually ruled
was

by the priests, the principal temple,


and

of

building

the
the

being

essentially
was

treeless The

country,

principal
of of for

building

material

stone.

Egyptians,
and
use

course,

understood with their and their crude

the basic bricks


not
so

manufacture

bricks, but eternity,

passion
doubtless noble
no

for

building
to

seemed their

be

perishable,
stone

certainly
so as

as

enormous

members,

brick

played played

such the

part

in

Egyptian
of

architecture

it later

in

buildings
of there

the

Assyrians. Egyptian
the
and

Indicative
**

the
are

architectural

ideal hewn

of

eternity,

'*

rock-cut the
usual

temples, tomb,

from when

stone

mountain buried beneath

sides,
the

which,
of
a

not

artificial

mountain

pyramid,

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTtJRE
the Theban Hills. Thns

31

was

cut

into be

the

solid

rock the

of

it is to

inferred
even

that the

Egyptians majesty
rest in
a

preferred
of

manency per-

to

impressive
content of the
to

fine

tecture. archiber cham-

They
far
an

were

hidden

in

the

heart

living rock, rather

than

in

ornate

mausoleum.

All

Egyptian testify
to

architectural this

and
"

monumental the

mains re-

predeliction
monolithic II

Sphinx,
the

hewn

from Tock-cut

the

solid

rock, the
of and
a

obelisks,
at
"

great
the acterised charhave sion inva-

temple
statues

Rameses massive and the


over

Abu-Simbel,
all these
are

colossal

pylons

by
defied the which

strength
and

immobility
of

which

centuries have

waves

destructive

swept

Egypt. form,

Yet, for
architecture and artists
and

all its
was

qualities of massive
not

Egyptian
architects from

sombre,
many

and

Egyptian
forms

evolved
papyrus

decorative
were

lotus,
and
any
ings, carv-

palm

which
was

essentially graceful
of

delicate.
means

Nor devoid

the colour. and

architecture The

Egypt

by

of

pictorial bas-relief
details of the

the and
many

inscriptions
tombs
were

decorative
even

ples tem-

richly,
The

garishly,
of sand been

painted
and

in

and dimmed

bright
these

colours.

erosion have

time but

has

where tombs
be

they
and

exposed,

in the the

shelter

of many
are

rock-hewn intense from

sanctuaries
and the

colours

to

found

as come

vivid brush

as

though
the

they had

but

recently

of

painter.
The transitional is

step

from
as

Egyptian existing in
the
* *

to
a

Greek rock-cut

architecture

generally

given
often form Greek

temple Temple,"

at

Beni-Hassan,
because the
to

called of the Doric Of

Proto-Doric bears the


a

columns

striking similarity
of the

the
**

column,
the

first

great

Greek

orders.*'

architectural

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE first to realise

33

that the

the

Assyrians

were

the

and and

develop
decoraas

possibilities of brick, both


Such

structurally important
were

tively.
were

portions

of

their

buildings
with
or

conspicuously
of
gorgeous

exposed
and

faced

glazed
tiles,
sentations repre-

bricks often

beautiful and

colours,

with

forming
of

elaborate

highly

decorative and little had

legendary

deities, monsters
borrowed of Greece

heroes.
from

Subsequent Assyrians
common
"

architecture that

the in

certainly
it. The

nothing
but

with

Assyrians
of the

borrowed

little

from of the the

Egypt,
two

by

reason

differing characteristics
and

countries, racially
of

socially,
available.

as

well

as

in

nature

building

materials the

Architecturally, dispute,
of the

however,
in

Assyrians

were,

out with-

pioneers
as
a

demonstrating
material
"

the
a

bilities possi-

brick

building
been
a

material in
races

which,

ever

since,

has and

distinct of

factor other

tectural archiin

evolution other lands.

expression

The Most

Abohitectube histories

of

Greece enlivened
on

architectural of

are

by

the of

disputes origin.

archsBological
many

authorities these

questions
are

Although

of

disputes
of

of

great

interest, the
evolution of Greek
two

present
allow

outline of such

sketch

architectural The

will not

digressions.

study
the

architecture, however,
One contention and lintel is that

usually begins
the

with

great conflicting liieories

regarding
the

origin of its
borrowed
as

form. their of

Greeks
as

column first

construction,
from

well

the

form other and of to

their

Doric

column,
the

Egypt.
in the

The

contention

is that

Greeks,

advancing
into stone

skill forms

ambition,
their
8
own

simply
earlier

translated wooden

buildings.

There

is much

34

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

support

both between

theories.

Undoubtedly
Greek
no

there

is forms

larity simiand

early
with Greek and

architectural doubt
to

Egyptian, analogy
was
a

but
in

less

there
we

is
may

distinct

the

temple

what

imagine

similar the

primitive
it is
more

Greek

building
to

of wood.

For
a

present

important
in

crystallise
constituted

clear

impression

of than

what,
to

the

main,
into
its

Greek An

architecture,
understanding

inquire

origin.
is the first

of
in

Greek

architecture
a

really important
of
as

step

acquiring
of the
To

practical day,

standing underas

the

architecture

present

well

of

many

earlier is to

periods.

understand real

Greek of the and

architecture several the

understand
of

the the
*'

meaning

manifestations

Classic
to

Revival,'*
the
*'

frequent

architectural

allusion

Classic

Ideal.*' The evolution

importance
cannot

of be

Greek

architecture Greek

in

subsequent is,
in

over-stated. basis the of

architecture

fundamentally,
that that from

the

all modem of

architecture,

it sprang

architecture of the
the

Rome,

and

from

later, the

architecture

Renaissance,
idea. it is
a

which

permanently
In for of the Greek first

supplanted

Gothic

architecture, time,
to

furthermore,
the which

possible,
multitude

perceive
with

origin of
we are

architectural

forms
"

daily
motifs

rounded sur-

to-day
the have ancient confines immortal
come
* '

^mouldings,
orders
to
' '

ornamented themselves
"

and which

Greek

^f orms

down

the

present
did after

day,
not

while live

those

of the their

Egypt
of their

and

Assyria
or

beyond
of

lands,

the

downfall

empires.
The
an

Greeks ideal

evolved of such

the

'*

Classic and

Ideal**

in architecture,

purity
the

nobility and through

perfection
the ages,

that

it has

constituted

standard

AN

EARLV

EXAMPLE

OF

THE

GREEK

DORIC

TEMPLE

(UNFINISHED)

well

mouldi

'

""
"

"

""
-

-"
-

{Tba

CiTyatid

Porch

of

the

Encblhnim.

Alfa"n

CORINTHIAN

ORDER

ARCHITECTIRK

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

35

and

is

to-day

the

fundamental

of

architectural is
as a

design.

Greek lintel from

architecture,

elementally, developed
orders
to

colunm-andtime
most went ornate
on

architecture,
the
severest

highly
Doric

the

Corinthian The

orders. three

orders,

Dtiric, Ionic
and

and

Corinthian,

are

readily recognisable
'*

easily to be distinguished Illustrated'*).


assumed

(see

Architectural

Terminology,
of the in forms later Greek

Regardless
elements remember their of the

by
it is

Greek

tectural archito

times,
forms

important

origin.

reappeared
in

in the of the

period
the
same

Renaissance,
in

and

again

the

period
and

Classic forms
our

Revival constitute

the

Eighteenth
the To the
most possess

Century,

to-day
details.

important
a

part
vision

of of
and

architectural forms pave the and is to


way

clear

Greek
to

simplify
for
a

study

of

architecture of

subsequent

recognition
which lands.
was came

other into

forms

other later

architectural

ideals
in

being
The

during

periods
type
of

and Greek

other

most

notable the far


than

building
of

the viduals indi-

temple,

although
claimed

private
more

dwellings
the
case

wealthy
of

of

attention in

arcliitects

and

sculptors
Greek

was

the
was

Egypt.
an

architecture and its

essentially subsequently

architecture
to

of

stone,
was

character,
by the

the of

Doric

style,

marked and

refined of

application

graceful

carving
Much lies the been in

co-relation
eternal

monumental
of

statuary.
Greek architecture
as

of the the

excellence of its

perfection
of
upon. to its

proportions,
which,
to

well

as

in
not

refinement

detail,

date, have

improved
It is

important

remember
and

that

Greek direct

architecture
source

forms

the

inspiration

of te^^ the

of

the

36

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

design to-day.

of No

virtually style has


of The

all

the

large
found

public
better

buildings
suited
for

of the

been

expression
of

dignity, stability and


debt
can

permanent
to

beauty

form.

of
never

architecture be

the

genius
and

of this

ancient becomes Greek

Greece

discharged,
as

increasingly temple
of

apparent
were comes

study

proceeds. kinds, but province


the of
a

plans
these

of

several

differentiation
far
more

into than of
a

the

detailed
Nor be
can

consideration this
to

it is intended

to

present.
architecture
more

kind have It

knowledge bearing

of

Greek its in
a

said

direct is
more

upon

superficial aspects.
survey, to

important,
the
' *

general
and
"

recognise great and


and the
of

thoroughly
immortal

importance
IdeaP
*

meaning

of the of the form

Classic of

the

purity
were

perfection
Greek their

proportion
And

which these in the The

essentials

architecture.

basic Greek
most
was

essentials

found

highest

expression

temple. important
its
"

feature about of

of
an

the
open

Greek central adhered in but

private court,
to

residence called
warm an

planning
a

atrium

type

plan

still later

in

countries,
forms,

and

encountered the

slightly

variant

notably

Spknish

patio.
Bomb Greek architecture and

The
The and architects

Aechitectubb of Rome took in

of

elaborated the

it, introducing
use

addition,

highly

developing,
The old

of

the

arch.
order

Greek

Doric
to

did

not

appeal

to

the

sophisticated Romans,
too
severe
was
' '

whom

it doubtless Their also

appeared

and the

too

primitive.
Doric

corresponding
called
' '

form

Roman

column,

Tuscan

(see

Architectural

Terminology,

Illustrated

)
.

They

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

37

made

bat

little use

of the

Ionic, but appropriated and


Roman
use

highly embellished
Most architecture later
a was

the Corinthian. of the

characteristic

development
and

of

the combined theme

of column

arch,

favourite

for the architects

of the Italian

Renaissance. Roman refined


or

carving and
pure
as

ornamentation work

similar

rarely so of the Greeks, but was


was

decorative. lovers The Romans of usually more were inscriptions,and, in their architecture,began to pay
more

attention

to

secular

buildings,both

public and
lic Pubtectural archi-

private,than had previously been accorded them. works, such as aqueducts and bridges, became
monuments,
as

theatres, baths, and triumphal arches,while the privateresidences,or villas,


as

well

became

luxurious

and

elaborate

to

degree, and
and other

were

filled with of

statuary, paintings,
fast

bronzes

works

art, including Greek


Architecture
was

antiquities.
a

coming into with the people, ceasing to occupy


of exclusive consecration Roman
to the to
were even

closer relationship its earlier

tion posithere ings build-

gods.
sure,

There
were an

temples,

be

but

greater number

of Roman

secular

which

quent played as important a part in the subsements development of architecture as the earlier monuhave of Greece.

ture remembered, however, that the architecof Greece preceded and inspired the architecture forms of Rome, so that virtually all Roman were, to a It must be

greater
It will be of
came

or

less

degree, derivations
to

from

Greek

forms.

important
the

that the inspiration remember, later, of the Italian Renaissance that the

architecture

from

Roman,

not

Grecian, remains, and temple architecture

Romans

secularised

the

of Greece.

" /

(The

Cathedral

of

St.

Mtrl

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

39

Lombards

conquered

the

greater

part

of

the

Byzantine

Empire.
The Mohammed

Byzantine II, and

Empire

finally fell

at

the the

hands Moslem

of

Constantinople
a

became

capital in 1453, half period


From of invasions From of the
900

century
in
was

after

the

beginning

of the

Renaissance
to 1200

Italy.
to
some

Italy

extent

the

field battlemany

ambitious
and 1200 and

European
unrest.

nations,

suffering

constant to 1400

such
grew
commerce.

Italian

cities
in

as

Venice,
and

Genoa,
power,

Florence

steadily

prosperity

mostly
was

through
no

There

national of

Italian
power

government

at

this

time,

the

balance

being
:

diplomatically
of

adjusted
two

by five united

parts
of

the

Duchy
the of

Milan,

the

nominal
at

''republics'^
Rome)
of the
as

Venice,

Papal Naples.
Italian

States

(centred
The
are

and

the

Kingdom

dates

great
follows

periods
:

of the

sance Renais-

given

Early

Renaissance,

Florentine Milanese Venetian Roman

1400-1600
1400-1600
1490-1600

1444-1643 1500-1540 1540-1643

High
Late The

Renaissance Renaissance and the


saw

years from

periods
of Rome

covered
to

by
close

the of

foregoing
the Italian

dates,

fall

the

Renaissance,
than
any

greater
span

developments
of time.
it is necessary manner,
an

in architecture
as were

subsequent

Great here

these with such

developments,
them salient the in the

however,
briefest
as

to

deal
out

possible
later

pointing
aid in

points

will

prove

ing distinguish-

architectural

derivations

of

to-day.

40

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Byzantine
at

and
same

Romanesque time, and


Christian*'
at
were

architecture

flourished

about
as

the
**

preceded
architecture of their the

by what
in Rome.

is

known As the
were

Early

Christians,
neither
were,

the
nor

beginning powerful,
restricted. the
to

Christian

Era,

rich

architectural

efforts It abode
or a was

of this

necessity,
time that

at

idea the

of

**

temple,''
**

or

of

deity,

gave

place
for the

idea The
as

of

church,"
while abode. in
to the

place of worship shrine, had people


In and been
came

devout.
more

temple,
a

regarded
to

divine

The

offer the

prayer

to

their

god

temple.
prayer,

the
an

church,
Invisible
the

devout
came

assembled
to

make

God

them. of definite the

Gradually
Christians
**

architectural
to
assume

efforts certain

early
forms:

began
"

Romanesque
of

in

Italy
and the
** **

proper,

or

the in of

*'

Western

Empire

Rome,"

Byzantine" Empire
at he and

Byzantium
Rome." under the the

(Constantinople), Byzantine Emperor


from Rome the

Eastern
was

architecture when

its

height

Constantine,
to

removed the in
term

capital
not

Constantinople,
actually
but

covers

only Empire

buildings
at

erected
several

the

Byzantine
porary contem-

this

time,
in of

important

buildings
Most is notable the

Italy.
all of

Byzantine
St.

architectural in Venice.

ments monu-

Church
from

Mark,
a.d.,

It

was

largely
colunms The is
so

built
and

1061-1071

with

additions 1100-1350. ture architec-

of

marble

mosaics,
monument of Ste.

between of

second
the
now

great

Byzantine
in

Church
a

Sophia,

Constantinople,
Ste. been

long
earlier

Mohammedan than St.

Mosque. Mark,

Sophia

is

of

date

having
in

built
a.d.

by the

Byzantine

Emperor

Justinian

532-537

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARC3HITECTURE

41

Both

buUdingSy
of

however, Byzantine
structural

illustrate architecture. difference

the

most

salient

characteristics The and the

principal Bomanesque dome,

between the

tine Byzanoped first develthe


"

architecture the second

is that

while

developed
at

vault.

Byzantine

architecture
grew

stopped
into

the

dome

esque ^Roman-

architecture

the

elaborate

vaulting

systems
The

of

the

Gothic

style.
**

architectural
to

orders'' in works

of

the of

Romans the

gave

place

different

forms

Byzantine
of

builders. embellished
on

Byzantine
with
;

buildings
and

were

mostly
for

brick,

mosaic,
detailed

depending
on

large effect
Arches
were

the

dome

for

effect

colour.
a or

used

structurally,
than those

springing
of
was

from Greeks

different Romans. often

sort

of The

column

the

Byzantine
in
a

column the from These

usually
were

short, and

placed effecting
shaft of

pairs, and
transition column.
a

capitals
the

basket-shaped,
to

arch

the
were

cylindrical intricately
conventional forms.

the in

capitals
manner,

carved,
tion folia-

richly decorative
or

with animal and

grotesque

heads

and

In

place of the mouldings


the exteriors horizontal the of

carvings

of the churches

Classic
were

architects,
diversified
as

Byzantine
of

by
as

bands

vari-coloured

brick,
successive

well

by

interest

afforded

by

recessed

arches. formed
no

Statuary
since the of to be The and
a

feature allowed
and pagan

of

this

architecture,
so or

early

Christians

nothing deities,

cent reminis'idols''

pagan

religions
of of their mosaic

part
art

creed.

work,
reached

both its

in

coloured in

marbles

mosaic

glass,

height

Byzantine

architecture.

Church

plans

were

usually

in

the

form

of

Greek

42

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

crosSy

with

the with of

dome

covering

the

central

part.
church

In

comparison plans, those


compact.
The has

Romanesque Byzantine

and, later, Gothic


churches
were

the

square

and

dome,

essentially
come

an

Eastern,
as

or

.Asiatic form,
of

naturally
or

to

be

regarded

characteristic

Saracenic

Moorish much

architecture,
in
common. was

with

which,

indeed,

Byzantine

has

Romanesque
churches and erected
as

architecture in

practised spread

not

only
France
was

in

Italy, but
In

through
details
it

Germany
to
a

well.

certain

fluenced in-

considerable it
was

extent

by Byzantine
different.
of the

feeling,

while

structurally
of the the

essentially
construction church

Instead

dome

Byzantine
addressed vault in
as a

architects,
all their

Romanesque
to
"

builders of the

efforts
of

the

development
efforts

method Gothic The character

roofing

their

culminating

the

style of the
Romanesque
of of
a

Thirteenth church

Century. plan
and
nave,

assumed cathedral flanked in the

much

of

the
sisting con-

the

later

church

plans, by
narrower

long
nave

central

side-aisles, the
altar
to
"

terminating
the later tile
to

sanctuary plan.
In

and
order

^the apse the


was never

of

cathedral roof of

support
it

heavy
necessary

the
masonry

Romanesque vaulting
' ^

church,
to
a

develop

degree
basis

before

attempted,
was

and

* *

rib-vaulting,

the

of Gothic
way

architecture,
a

evolved.

By

of

definition,
more

plain
a

vault,

**

or

barrel*'
a

vault, is nothing
in

than inverted
as

continuous

arch

"

ing roof-

the

form

of
as

an

half-cylinder, superincumbent (Fig.


1).

supporting weight,

its
on

own

weight, principle
two

well the

any

the

of

arch vaults

When

plain

intersect

(Fig.

2),

their

TEE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTUKE

13

Belf-Bustaining
and
a new

or

supporting
fonued

power the is of

Is

not

impaired,
("AB,"

Una

is

by

intersection
as

Fig.
of the

2).

This
and

intersection
the

known

the

"groin"
vaults
was

vault,

building

intersecting

practised
The

extensively
later

by

the

Romans.

Romanesque

builders,
that the

however,
the

went atmetvaults

step

further.
essential the

They
members
or

discovered
of stones

only

ur^ly
were

intersecting
the

groins, found,

forming
stand

intersection.

These,

they

would

alone,

independently

hkXUl
of the rest be is

VAULT
of

QROIN

VAULT
so

VINGU

TLIB stones

VAULTS
or

the to
to

vault,
fill in.
see

that

lighter

bri(^

might
It

used
easy

how

this

discovery (Fig.

led in

to

the

development
bones of of of the

of

"rib-

vaulting"
^o
to

3),
were

which
the

the

construction,
vaults
"

sp^eak)

groins

intersecting
secondary
a

the

vaults and

themselves

b^cpming chiefly,
to

significance

oftimporfanoe
interior.

effect On

aymmetriclt-afe^
this of evolution the of

finished"

Romanesque sufficiency

architecture,
of

the

discovery
rests

structural
principle

vaulting
for

ribs,
the

the

whole
of

(5f Gothic varying


of the

architecture,
in

intersection

vaults
the

height pointed

naturally
arch.

brought
About

about
these

discovery
two

structural

facts

the

genius

of

CHAPTER
THE

in
OF

EVOLUTION

AECHITECTUEE

(Continued)
GOTHIC
A

ARCHITECTURE STUDY
OF STYLES THE

AND
DIFFERING IN

RENAISSANCE
EXPRESSIONS

ARCHITECTURE.
OF THESE

TWO

GREAT

ITALY,

FRANCE,

SPAIN,

BELGIUM,

ENGLAND,

AND

GERMANY

TO
in
to

dismiss
SO

in

few

paragraphs
so

subject
and
so

so

tensive, ex-

diversified,
at
once a

elaborate and of
a

rich It is
or

interest,
be

is

task
many

necessity. *4iterary,"
which

said,

however,
of this

that

the

symbolic,
be

qualities
over

Gothic

architecture will find

must

passed
in

in

chapter

opportunity

for

mention

the

fifth

chapter.
is remarkable and
a

Gothic
a

architecture architecture of these The in

in

that

it is

dually
)
_

structural

decorative

architecture,
in

with

both

essential
most

aspects

existent

equal
to

proportions.
remember
may

important
Gothic
to
an

single

thing
is that

considering
likened
as

architecture

it Its

be

closely
was

organic
as

growth.
as

development growth
and

natural

and
up,

consistent forth

the

of

tree,

rising putting

putting
leaves. endeavour
or

branches,

these, in turn,
In
a

forth
let
us

few

paragraphs,
of

to

summarise
from late

the its

evolution

the the

Gothic

church

cathedral,
of the

beginning

in

vaulting

achievements

Romanesque
The with
was

builders.

typical
short end

plan
arms

took and

the
one

form

of
arm.

great
The

cross,

three
at

long
and

entrance

the

of

the

long

arm,

gave

directly

into The

the
arms

great
of

central the
cross

nave, formed

flanked the

by

side-aisles. and
a

transept,

great

48

THE

PRAC3TICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

tower
were

rose

at

its

intersection

with the the

the
entrance

nave,

or

there The

twin

towers
arm

rising
of the

above
was

front.
or

remaining
There the
most
were

cross

apse, but

sanctuary.
cross was

other usual.

types

of

plan,

the

Architecturally,

the of The

plan
which

was

carried Gothic
fhp

out

with

an

intricate could lower be

diversity capable.
were

only
of

architecture
fhp

wallfl
carried

Tisivfi^ pKnva and

side-aisles,
the

on

columns and
to

poin
were

arches;

side-aisles, also outside, by


on

arched

vaulted,
the

supported,
thrust.
tresses

buttresses the

take
rose

lateral

Above
to

these,
the
was

exterior,
nave

flying biiP
and
where every-

take

thrust

of the

arches,

there

opportunity
niches of

for with

pinnacles, images
detail. of

turrets,

grotesques,
and all the
was

gargoyles, profusion lofty


and

saints,
the

Gothic

Within,
and

building
lighted glass
end
"

mysterious,
windows
rose

richly
fitted window

dimly
stained

by

tall, pointed
a

with
at

^perhaps
the
nave.

magnificent Everywhere,

the

near

of

too, carved
dull colour

niches in

and

holy

images,
or

intricate

carving,

chrome poly-

textiles. architecture
' ^

Gothic

is

often is

nicknamed

'*

dicular perpen-

inasmuch and

which architecture, the/lorizontal as


no ever

reasonably

descriptive,
its frieze

entablature,
of the

with

cornice, forms
mount
one

part

Gothic

idea, wherein
one

all members other in

upward,

climbing
of

upon

the umns, Col-

magnificent vaults,

expression

altitude.

arches,
towers
"

windows,
"

pinnacles,
the details

buttresses,
of

all

point upward
for
sense

even

tracery

and

the

niches

images
of

point upward.

It is this the

upward
which

motion, reaching
has made of the Gothic

often

to

height

of

the

sublime,
the

archiren-

tecture

essentially

architecture

church,

"f

NAlte

Dime.

Paris

TYPICAL

GOTHIC iflchnTacleri^tic.

DETAIL
The flvme-li

The

"upward

Tnotion"of

the

composition

I
Vi

M
"!
M
if

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

49

dering,

as

it

does^

remarkable
terms.

expression
This in

of

spiritual
of Gothic

nobility in architectural
architecture Some will details of
be of

aspect

dealt

with

another
were

chapter.
the others natural
were

Gothic structural sheer of

architecture

outgrowth
the

its of

development,
and

outgrowth
on

fantasy
the

sculptural

ination imagthe

the of
new a

part
many

builders. from columns


one

Structurally, point
and
of

springing developed
shaft often

arches for of

support
"

forms
group

capitals
the

^the

clustered

columns,
to

capital

designed
the arches

for

each

varying
were

condition,
from

accommodate

which
were

to

spring

it. of

Tall, pointed
tall, pointed

windows arches.

the

obvious

complement

Any
the
**

arch

construction
of

must

physically
takes the

provide
form of the the of

for
an

thrust'* and in

the

arch, which

outward of

downward the in materials


sequence
so

force, composed
and thrust

forces arch their

weight

from

itself.

Arches

naturally
there but
exerts to

neutralise

respective weight against


that
meet

thrusts,
be wall which

that

is

only superincumbent
arch

to
a

reckoned

with,
tend

the
a

which

abuts

necessarily
would

pressure

against
To

wall this

force

it outward. the

force, the Gothic


built in of

builders

devised
and
same a

exterior outward and for

buttress, heavily
toward the
same

stone,

slanting
manner

the

ground,

exactly the
one

reason

that
a

would which

brace stood

heavy
in

piece of
of

timber

against

bam

danger

collapsing.
The of the wall arches buttresses took the
care

of

the

lateral the

thrusts

vaulting
the

side nave,
on

aisles, but
called lower for

higher

arches, vaulting
buttresses.

central

additional and

These,

resting

the

buttresses in turn

giving
4

them

additional

stability, were

weighted

50

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

down

with in

pinnacles themselves,
braces

of

stone.
**

To

save

unnecessary
were

weight simply exactly


thrusts

these of

flying buttresses'*

skeleton

masonry,

artfully devised
and
nave

to

counteract,
of the lateral

by

their

weight
of the the

direction,
within.

the

arches evolved

Gothic elaborate

fantasy canopies

intricate

tracery, light
as

the

of

stone,

seemingly
most the with

textile,
of

and,

most

characteristic evolved confused it.


were was

and

fantastic The
or

all,
tesque gro-

Gothic

architecture is not
to

grotesque.
the

be

gargoyle,
were

taken
tesques, gro-

as

synonymous

with

The
not
a

gargoyles
all stone the in the

all

but

grotesques gargoyle
distance
to

gargoyles.

Strictly
jecting pro-

speaking,
some

the

water-spout,
wall such of
a

beyond
the
run

the
manner

edifice,
that
masonry

and the and

designed
water

drain
not

roofs

would the

down

sides

of the

into

joints.
in taken Human
as

Grotesques
are

Gothic
as one

architecture of its most and

are

legion, and
and
pected unex-

generally
charms.

quaint

forms
as

faces, animals,
imaginary
three

birds

and

reptiles,
and

well

purely
last

demons,
^'

dragons '^

griffons
handled countless in the

(these
in
ways.

called

meras chitroduced in-

were

grotesque

technique
in of
a

and the

in

Entangled carvings

stone

traceries,
strange

or

intricate

capital,
times some-

faces

leered Contorted

forth, sometimes
animals the writhed carved far above

sinister,
in

jovial. seemingly strangely city which


Some and of

stone,

or,

escaped
over

from

details,
the

peered

the

parapets,
the

mediaeval

lay below
the
most

cathedral.
as

notable,
of

well

as

the

most
"

weird
gar"

bizarre,
as

grotesques
as

Gothic and

architecture

goyleSy

well

animals

chimeras

in

stone

Hf

I,

ili

Hi
=

lis

^"'"5

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

51

disport
Notre

themselves
Dame de Paris

on

the
"

parapets
far unless

of

the

Cathedral from
were

of
any

creatures

removed

conceivable
to

religious concept,
evil

they
the

devised
in

depict

spirits, exorcised
and condemned
up
on

by
to

priests

the in

church
stone

below, forever,
and
Ik

remain

transfixed of of Dame the


a

high
weathers.

the

parapets
creatures Notre

roof, in
mediaeval

all winds

Indeed of
of

nightmare, fully that


is
more

the

chimeras

the

epitomise
which

important

phase

Gothic

architecture and

fantastic, unknowable,
in A the realm of from be

unexplainable
than
*s
an
'*

apparently

demonology
Fletcher
as

theology.
of
and

quotation
' *

History

tecture Archi-

might

regarded
**In the
as on

interesting thirteenth,
masons

uresque pict/

conclusion: and
utmost

the

fourteenth
to

fifteenth the
use

centuries of
stone
rose naves

Gothic
a

carried

the

building
open

material,

heaping
the

it up

in towers roofs in of

that the

archways
transepts,
in

through
and all
in

lofty
away

and

tapered
the work fret-

shell-like

spires
tracery.

embroidered

of lace-like vaults treated

They
to
seem

hung
the

it aloft
gossamer

ous ponderweb of
dants pen-

by

art

nature,
in

scarce

capable
the and

of of

bearing
the

the

stalactite

which

fancy

fifteenth

century
their

found
to

its the
to

expression,
furthest the thinnest

eventually they
wood

pushing
cut
or

practice
stone

boundaries,
of fibrous

the

granular

iron, and
of the

revelled
' '

in tricks It the

of construction before in

and

marvels

workmanship.
architecture

remains,

considering
more more

of
to

Renaissance,

Italy and
the

Northern

Europe, types

mention Gothic

paragraphically
architecture which

important

of of

became

characteristic

England,
and

France,

Germany,

Belgium,

Holland,

Italy

Spain.

52

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

In

England
was

the

fullest

development by
a

of

Gothic

tecture archicalled this man Norand is

preceded
Norman

style

generally speaking, by the

Norman Norman

or

Gothic.

Strictly
to

architecture,
conquerers,
was

brought
an

England
of

offshoot

Byzantine details, and


authorities.

Romanesque,
not

especially in its decorative


as
a

accepted
In
mass

Gothic

style by
churches

some were

the

Norman of

heavy strength,

and

didly splenas

expressive
much like fortresses
a

stability
as

and

often
square
were

places of worship.
was

The arches the

/
/

tower, round,
of of

without
not

spire,
and

characteristic,
was none

pointed,
and

there of

of

profusion
One is

tracery
the
most

carving

later

English

Gothic. of

familiar

Norman
up

cathedrals above the in safe

England
There
many

Durham,
are

rising majestically
earlier and of Norman

river.

many

buildings
but it is

England,
to

castles Cathedral The of fact and


or

monasteries,
Durham
as

regard

the

typical of the

style.
a

greatest
churches

diflSculty in attempting
and
reason

brief with

survey

Gothic that

cathedrals of
many

is met and
years,

in

the

few, by
over

involved reveal
or

changes
the

additions intention of

periods original

of

plan
of

the

builders,
of

any any

phase
one

Gothic

architecture

characteristic
are

time.

Generalities,
survey.

therefore,

necessary

in

the

present

Following
the

the

Norman
as
**

churches

of
*'

England
in which

came

style

known and

Early

English

the
'

pointed
became

arch
a

fully developed
part
of The the next

Gothic structural

rib-vaulting
character
was

permanent

(Thirteenth
"Decorated the

Century).
Gothic*' of

development Century)
more

(Fourteenth
became

in

which and

system

rib-vaulting
detail

elaborate
a

in which

decorative

began

to

play

greater

part

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

63

Of

the is

**

decorated''

style, Westminster
as a

Abbey,

don, in Lonits

regarded
and later of called

good

example,
The

disregarding

earlier

portions.
Gothic

Fifteenth in

Centnry England
is

development generally Among English


**f
an-

the the

architecture

"Perpendicular'* developments
a

style.
of this
one

vaulting
Gothic

phase
was

of the

architecture,
in which and
met
a

notable number from each of

vaulting" upward
of
a

great

of

vault-ribs,

springing
the from richness that
centres

outward similar

column,. like
ribs

ribs

fan,

groups
a

diverging
of also remarkable

other and

columns,

forming
The
stone

vault

diversity.
masses

builders could be

discovered from
to

pendent
of

of

hung

the

these be

vaults, and,
carved in

carefully
the
may

jointed
of delicate

stay
.

in

place, could

form be

drophighy^

ornaments. est

This, perhaps,
most

reckoned of

the

and world

brilliant
ever seen.

development Fan-vaulting
the carved in
some

stonemasonry^
only in
from the

the

has

is found

English
centres structures.

buildings,
of vaults

while appears

pendent
French

Gothic

distinctly English
of the

Gothic

form,
and

and

conspicuous
architecture

characteristic of the Tudor the


**

secular
was

domestic

period,
Tudor arch." other

the

flat-pointed
and

arch, usually
the

called
**

Arch,"

by

draughtsmen,

five-centred Certain
are

mediaeval

English
in

architectural
of later

opments devel-

of

importance
houses the
most

anticipation
modem

study

of

English

country
to

and

derivations.

Previously ings
built
were,

Tudor

period

important
nature

dwell-j
castles,
of the

for

the

part, in the siege and

of view

with

thought
conditions

of

defense and

in

unsettled the

of government house first

society.
to
assume

While its

English

country

began

54

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTUBE

peculiarly
dawn in

oharming
the

form

in

Elizabethan it had

times,
its

in

the

of Tudor

English

Renaissance,

inception

times.

"""^he retainers of the

great
ate

common

hall, where
was

the

lord

and

his

and

drank,
mediaeval but these

the

most

important
castles
gave

feature moated
to
a

earlier

English gradually
The

and
way

manor-houses,
~-"desire for of
"a

the
vival sur-

greater
the feudal

privacy. system,
country
room

**

great

hall,'*
for
some

remained

time its function

part
as

of the the

English

house, eating
These

even room

after

assembly
had

and

of the
rooms

family
were

and

retainers roofed

ceased.
means

large
forms
were armour

usually
oak

by
often

of

various the walls and head

of

sturdy
with floors
sat

trusses,

carved;
of the

hung
;

tapestries, trophies
were

chase and
at

the house

strewn

with
on a

rushes,
dais

the
one

of

the

at

meals of

raised
estate

end, overlooking
below.

all

those

humbler the

who power of

sat

When
wars

increasing
the of
most

of the

king made
occurrence, moat

family
and other

among

barons

less

frequent
made

the

invention of of

gun-powder
fortified and

the

and

defenses methods

manors

practically

useless,
In

planning

construction
or

changed.
house of
to
was

plan, the 1/ about


a

Sixteenth
square

Century,

Tudor form

built detached semiwas

court, often
The

in the entrance

several
court

buildings. through usually Compton


form of The
a

the

massive,
a

tunnel-like
tower
or

arched house. this

drive-way,
The
manor

under

low

gate
of

Wynyates English

is

typical
house.

pre-EIizabethan

country

architectural
to

style
under

called the

'*

Tudor of It of

'^

is

to

be

applied Henry

buildings
Edward in which

reigns Mary.
habits

Henry
was a

VII,
tional transiwere

VIH,

VI,

and

period,

Gothic

design

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

55

being

gradually

Renaissance the Elizabethan considered

supep^ed by innovations origin/^ollowing the Tudor


and under Jacobean

of

Italian
came

style
to

styles, both

be
*'

prop|
the

erly

theii; designation
eventually
Renaissance of the

of

English
into

Renaissance, Anglo-Classic, Century.


The caused

'*

which
or

developed

Later

Eighteenth

production
leaded windows

of

glass
to

in

marketable the

quantities
of

take

place
and

unglazed,
-timber''

fortress-like construction
**

loopholes,
became -timber
'*

and

brick

^^half

popular.
construction
the

Half

consists timber and

of

nothing
of tween be-

more

elaborate

than left

actual
to

frame-work the with


spaces

the

building
the

exposed filled,or
was

view,

timbers

**nogged,''

brick-work.
over

The
"/

brick-work and

sometimes left

covered
in

with
case

stucco,
the

sometimes
were

uncovered,
in

which

bricks the

often of the and

arranged
spaces

patterns
The

suggested
were

by

shapes
and with

filled. natural

timbers

heavy

broad,
comer

their

structural
a

tion, disposideal the of first and

braces,

possessed

great
in

decorative half -timber

interest, unconsciously buildings,


in this later and

created

consciously Nearly

elaborated all

developed
were

examples.
best London Harvard of well the
as

city houses
to-day
isolated

of

type, the
a

examples
and House in

remaining
certain
at

in

Chester,
Often

few
as some as

in the

buildings
Avon.

such

Stratford-onwere

exposed

timbers

orately elabeaves.

carved,
Another

the

verge-boards important
has served
was

of the

|^

conspicuously
and
one

English
as

Gothic

development,
for much

which

the

tion inspiraor

modem

work,

the the its

Collegiate
Tudor character

Scholastic
This
was

Gothic

architecture different

of in

period.
from

distinctly

56

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

ecclesiastical

Gothic in

architecture,
common.

in

spite

of

many

points
1^^ The

of
more

detail

salient
are or

features

of

the

English (usually

Collegiate
in

Gothic the
'*

style
Tudor''

the

octagonal

tower

pairs),
ments, battle-

flat-pointed arch, the


and

pjnnacles,
The

nichfifl towers
were a

tracery

parapets.
with the

octagonal
or was

usually
turret.

terminated

battlements
most

with fine and


**

lead

The

detail, for
with for of

part,

in
a

scale, and
remarkable

applied
sense

considerable decorative should of


many

restraint effect. The be

Collegiate
as a

Gothic'' Tudor

England
reason

really
elements
in

regarded
of

style, by design
as a

Early
be

Renaissance

which

appeared by
or no
a

it. for
i^

It is to the
--V

regarded

style excelled
of
a

other

architectural While the

expression

school

college,

ecclesiastical,
Gothic

domestic had each

and much

collegiate
in is
mon com-

types

of in

English
many

architecture of

matters

detail,

type

distinct

in

itself, as

well

as

distinctly English.

In adhered French Gothic

France
to
were

the main the

Gothic

expression

in

architecture

the

characteristics of
many

of the of
the

style, and
most

the

builders and

splendid

churches

cathedrals Dame

in existence. and Sainte with Even

Chartres,
Chapelle
the
more

-J) Rheims,
Paris
"

Amiens,
^these
are

Notre
names

in

synonymous

finest quently freFrench in the

achievements than Gothic treatment called of the


**

of in
to

Gothic

architecture. of

examples

English
and

Gothic, the tracery,


a

ran

spires, pinnacles
Gothic detail from crockets
the
as

and

of

developed
the and

distinctive
**

style

flamboyant,"

flame-like foliation. Gothic is the

motion" Another and


a

ever-mounting peculiar
as

feature

to

French

churches

cathedrals,

well

the

Belgian,

fieche,

finely

13

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

57

tapered
elaborate
over

spire
lead

constructed

of

timber

with
was

intricately placed
was

covering.
of

The
nave

fleche
and of the

usually
and

the visible Gothic

intersection from
a

transept,
entrance been

not

close

view

front. divided
to

architecture

in France

has

into the
and

three

kinds,

roughly
Fourteenth

assignable,
and

respectively

Thirteenth, designated
the
rose

Fifteenth

Centuries,

Gothique,

Rayonnant
of

('*radiating,'^
the ribs in the

from

wheel-spoke windows)
There
are

disposition
and
many

great

Flamboyant

(flame-like).
fine
**

exceptionally notably
the the

Gothic of

secular

buildings
Cceur** Houses of such Gothic When
as

in

France,
and

House

Jacques

in

Bourges,

Palais

de
were

Justice, in Rouen.
also
a

of half -timber the the times. the Renaissance there

construction
as

istic character-

period,
Chateaux

in
de

England,
Blois
and

and

few

chateaux,
date from

Langeais,

first
a were

began

to

affect forms

French which The sance Renaisso

architecture,
would French be

resulted if it

mingling
not
so

of

confusing
many

obvious. in their

retained

Gothic than
any

forms
other
as

buildings
many

longer

nation,
**La

that in

transitional will be found

buildings,
to and

such

Psalette''

Tours,
Italian

frankly
other

mingle

Classic

pilasters,
details with

balustrades, flamboyant

Renaissance

buttresses,
Gothic Gothic.

crockets, grotesques,
and

gargoyles, essentially

window In

mouldings,
many

other
French to say

forms

of be

these

"transitional" whether the

buildings
of Gothic

it would
or

difficult

spirit

Renaissance
at

architecture
in

predominates.
cases

Furthermore,
the made other

'Blois, and chateaux,


the have

the

of

many
were

of

great

subsequent

additions and and


some

throughout
additions

Renaissance been of such

period,
extent

of

these

impor-

58

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

tance

that
as

the

buildings

have rather

been than

architecturally
''Gothic''

classed

''Renaissance"

Belgium
' '

and

Holland,
France

collectively
and traits

the

lands, "Nether-

lying
many

between

Germany,
from

naturally

absorbed

architectural that
was

both, besides
Flemish.
was more

developing
The

much

characteristically
of
;

Gothic
to

architecture
that

Belgium

closely akin
of

of

France

Holland

Gothic

to

that

Germany.
Before the

devastating

invasion

of

Belgium
and
many

in

the

War towns

of

1914, Louvain,
and

Ypres,
rich
interest.

Malines,
in

other of

cities,
charm Gothic

were

Gothic

buildings

exceptional Belgian
/
most

and

architecture lines of

was

developed,
finesse

for

the

part,
was masses

along
a

delicate
toward

and

detail.

^^"^There

tendency,
and

also,

distinctly
as

uresque pictin

unusual Hall

compositions,
of

the

clock As

tower
a

of

the in

Town

Bruges.
"motion'' the
in tower

study
and

perpendicular mounting
was
a

Gothic of the

architecture,
church church
at at

buttresses,
beautiful

Malines
the of

example.
that
it had
a

This

followed intersection

French
nave

type
and

in

fleche

the Both

transept.

^^

Belgium
architecture

and
to
a

Holland

developed degree city


in
town

secular

Gothic trade
were

high

halls,
These

halls, guild halls


characterised
"

and

private

houses.

by
and in

qualities

incomparably
in
mass

uresque pictmar-

quaint
intricate

interesting
the

and

velously

details

of

their

carving.

In

Germany,
was

Gothic

architecture
to
a

was

borrowed

style, but
and

developed
in such

high
as

degree

of

perfection Batisbon,

nobility

cathedrals

Cologne,

GOTHIC
A

ARCHITECTURE

IN
the

beLlry

typical

of

mctureiquc

GOTHIC
"

ARCHITECTCRE

IN

BELGIUM lor

yat

""pnHive

piecv

ol

Galhic

deHsn"iemsrkable

(TtM

Churrh

"(

MaOioeB"

denroyed

ia

the

Wir

at

191'

11

M .11

is

""in

THE

EVOLUTION

OF

ARCHITECTURE

69

Frankfurt,
The in do

Strassburg, style
was

Freiburg,
not

Ulm

and
in

Regensburg. Germany,
but

Gothic

indigenous
borrowed

spite of the
not

fact

that

architectural
the

styles
German
in

often

develop
many

much

individuality,

builders this

attained

architectural contribution
was

masterpieces
in

French

style.
from in

Their

the

way

of the

departure
Gothic Gothic
its

precedent

the in

development
and

of

style

bricky
in

As

Belgium
was

Holland, by ;
half-

architecture

Germany buildings

distinguished brick, stone,

picturesque
and

secular

in

timber

all these

materials

combined.

In

Spain,

as

might
was

be

supposed,

the
from

expression
its

of

the in

Gothic other

style
parts

quite different Europe.


Two

expression
this ference dif-

of be

reasons

for

might by
the
reason

cited,

out

of many. isolation had Gothic

Spanish
of

builders,
behind
to

of

the of
the

comparative Pyrennees,
the

Spain

barrier
or

little

opportunity
of

study
which
in was, which

observe

great

edifices Gothic

France,

so

dominantly
the

influenced

developments
There

England,
too,
may the

Netherlands

and

Germany.
of

ever-present
ascribed the

influence

the

Moors,
for surface

to

be

Spanish

fancy
and

decoration,
without

intricate
to

ornamentation,
construction
was or

ornamentation lines. entire


even

reference

constructive in the

Moorish southern after Moorish

influence

most

pronounced
in

portion
Christian workmen

of

Spain,

notably
was

Toledo,

and,

supremacy
were

established,
in
the

many

employed
their

building ability.
is
ally gener-

of

churches,
The

by

reason

of Gothic be the

great

skill of of

and

greatest
to

monument

Spain

conceded northern is not

Cathedral

Burgos,

in

the

part of Spain, only


a

though
fine

the

Cathedral in

of Toledo dis-

remarkably

example

itself, but

60

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

tinctly Spanish
^ from The

characteristic Gothic
most

of

the

more

peculiar

of

the

traits.

conspicuous essentially
countries

difference

in

Spanish
of

Gothic
other

the

perpendicular
lies in the

Gothic

European
of horizontal marked
or

frequent

introduction

lines, formed shadows,

by bold
or

projections,
traceried of

casting galleries
the zontal hori-

horizontal
courses.

by

ornamental

This
tower

introduction of the in Toledo

is apparent As in

in the the

cathedral. architecture

France,
the

period
from

Spanish
Gothic of the

representing
forms

transition
many
"

.to Benc^ssance most

produced

buildings
^the the
was

peculiar
tionally addiMoorish

architectural

interest

two

styles

rendered of

picturesque feeling and


much

by
that

subtle

infusion

purely

Spanish.
Gothic and of
of

In checked which

Italy by
so

full

development
of those the

of

the

style

was

certain

influences
course

conditions architecture.

potently
the

mould

Technically,
and

ability and
was more

ingenuity
than of Gothic
was

Italian
to

tects architask of and

artisans the
on

equal

the

mastering design,
but

intricacies Italian soil

construction

there

always

the

great,
of

overshadowing,
v^
Roman in the

ever-dominant later
to

Classic blossom
so

influence

architecture,
works of the

luxuriantly
and with.

Renaissance.
were were

Romanesque
to

Byzantine
In

influences these
was a

also

be

reckoned from

Europe,
Gothic

styles
native the of

transplanted
:

Italy,
reverse

and

growth
Italians edifices

in
were

Italy the
surrounded

condition

existed, and
a

not

only

by

profusion
design,
itself. but

of

Romanesque
remains

and of

Byzantine
ancient Rome

by

the

immortal

Many

features,

then, entirely strange

to

the

Gothic

witb

muy

poioU

wbicb

lonEut
PbUiu)

ibe dells

liter

srchiMitun 'd

ol

th"

lU

(The
SECULAR

Cs

'Oro.

Venice)
IN ITALY

GOTHIC

ARCHITECTL'RE

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

61

architecture the Gothic

of

Northern of

Europe Italy.
to

are

characteristic

of rich

architecture made
it

The

profusion
the

of

marbles decorative

natural in while in many

perpetuate
and

Byzantine
of
trasting conas a

element, marbles,

mosaics the

wall-panels
of brick

prevalence

building material
to

parts of Italy made


characteristic
nf hrir"lr

it natural of zontal horiarchcS

perpetuate
bands

the

Romanesque
IrinfJa

nf ji^fir^^nf
Gothic and from windows

Rouud
were as

and^yzaiitine
in

capitals and pointed


small the
sun

ornaments

plentiful
traceries.
as a
r

Italy

as

arches

and
were

Gothic

Thick

walls

windows and French of the heat

necessary

protection
elaborate churches of the

of and

Italy,

so

that

the

of
a

English

Gothic

were

not

part
further

Italian

development
the

style, and
of absence roofs of

this

encouraged

decorative

treatment The

wall-spaces.
of
snow

made

unnecessary
so

the that the

sharply
slightly

pointed
pitched
in favour.

Northern of the
was a

Europe,

tile roof There of

Romanesque good
deal less

buildings
of colour

remained Gothic
as

in the of

architecture
a

Italy, and

elaboration

stone

building
Of

material. Gothic
none

all Italian

buildings
is
so

in

the
or

perpendicular
so

or as

pointed
the

style,

impressive
with its

important spires
haps, per-

Cathedral

of

Milan,
No

countless in
manner

and

lace-like is
so

detail.

other

building
true

Italy,

essentially rendering.

Gothic, in the

of

its

style and
In Florence

secular and

architecture Venice

the
a
a

master-builders

of rich and pretation inter-

designed
in

great

many

highly

decorative of Gothic
as

facades

distinctly Italian
(in the
the latter and

Torms,
the

notably
of

city)
the

such famous

buildings
Palazzo

Palace Ca'd'Oro.

Doges

della

62

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Despite
monuments

many

beautiful does its

and
not

interesting Gothic'
associate The
most

in

Italy, one
or

the

style

with and and

the country artistic

with

people.
the

architectural

expression seemingly
is the
the

thoroughly architecture,

peculiarly Italian
here and

style of the Renaissance,

which, throughout
was

period of Gothic

there, in inconspicuous details,gradually


and substance.

taking form

Renaissance Based
of the
most
on

Abchitectube

Classic remarkable

forms, but inspired by the genius epoch in the world's


followed Gothic

history.

Renaissance and left of The


easy to
a

architecture wealth of

architecture
turies cen-

precedent which
not

succeeding

adaptation have

exhausted. architecture because is not much bound


as

real

spirit of
in
a

Renaissance

define

few

paragraphs,
was

of
up

its with
^*

inception and
that remarkable of

growth

inseparably
which

movement

is known

the of

Revival

Learning.'*
which

Historically the
in

period

the

Renaissance

began

Italy in about
was

1400,

at the dawn

of the Fifteenth from


span

Century, Ages
to

the Modem
1400

period of Age,
to about

transition and in the

the

Dark

the from

of the Renaissance witnessed


many

1643, the world


and inventions. The
one

momentous

discoveries

Dark
narrow

Ages,
and

or

the

Mediaeval

Period,
a

had

been

of

bigoted theology, with


masses, and certain
to
men

ignorance degree of
churchmen.

prevalent
rather It
was

among

the

crude the age


or were

scholarship confined
of

the
were

feudalism, when
of their of the
a

all

virtually
lords selves themIt is
pre-

slaves

chattels in
awe

lords, and
power

the

of the

Church. and

remarkable

that

period of such

constraint

THE

ARCHITECTl'RE APPLIED
TO

OF
THE

THE DESIGN (St. MsriB

ITALIAN
OF AN

RENAISSANCE IMPORTANT Venire)

MAGNIFICENTLY
CHIRCH

dilla

Salulc.

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

63

vailing ignorance could remarkable,


the fabric In
a so

have
or so

evolved

any

fabric

so as

complex

brilliantly ingenious

of Gothic

architecture.

diflFerent way, Renaissance was even Gothic of


one

however, the architecture


more

of the
sive. expres-

and brilliant,

more

architecture expressed
"

the ecclesiasticism

period
aloof

^Renaissance

architecture

expressed the
was

humanism

of another from

period. Gothic
human architecture

architecture consecrated
was

sombre,
the

life, a thing
life,a
was

to

Church.

Renaissance
to

closely allied
human Renaissance interest in the
an

human

spirited, thing developed from


a

interests. architecture

part of the intense


arts

glories of the past


which and embraced
all the

of Greece

and

Rome,

interest

phy, philosoliterature,

pagan

of the wonderful rempns of the world, j The impetus of past civilijjation

mythology
swept

enthusiasm the dictum


or

aside

the

of warning!^

the

Church,
Greece

that all
were

Rome

pagan

things pertaining and unholy. Long

to ancient

enthralled minds

the absolutism welcomed


arts

of the and

Church,

liberated

by actually
and

philosophies which
forms
were

were

pagan

unholy. In architecture, Gothic


abandoned for Roman

immediately

forms, and with these forms as and an inspiration,the architectural a basis genius of vital the Renaissance and developed a style of new expression.
Such architects
as

Bartolommeo,
and 'Bramante

Alberti, Brunelimmortalised

leschi, Palladio^. Peruzzi


their
names

brilliancy of their architecture. of prosperity in Italy,especiallyin The period was one and such important centres as Florence, Milan, Rome to light in the Venice. Great patrons of art came by the

64

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

heads Italian

of the

powerful families
such
many
as

of

merchant-princes
the

and

nobles
and

the

Medici,
The
a

Strozzi, the
too
as a

Davanzati,
that
to

others.
was

ing Church, also, realis-

the Renaissance

movement

powerful
patron of
ship relationthe

resist,took its plaoe


and and

in the

front

rank

art, architecture Church,


to
one

the

revival
were

of literature. in
a

state

people
than

closer

another

at any

previous period in origin became


or

world
as was

^8

history.
of intense

Men

of humble

great

painters, sculptors, architects


one

writers creative

the

period

intellectual ascribed the

and

effort.

To

this may

be

richness

and

tion imaginaits refinement the result

displayed in Renaissance
of

architecture: balance
were

proportion and inspiration.


of the wealth of

studied

of Classic The erection villas

powerful
in

families the

prompted
have been

the

stately palaces
country"

cities and

luxurious
the

in the

buildings which
of

inspiration and
architects. This brief of the of countries the
were

study

succeeding

generations
its

of

sketch

of the

period, with
in

slight suggestion
In

impelling spirit, may


architecture

tation help in the interpreItaly.


the

Renaissance of Northern of the

Europe, which
great movement,
of Italian other with

gradually received
the developments
forms national used handled traits. column
as

impetus
hands

logical composites
and blended
In

by
and of

other

Italy the Renaissance


della for Salute surface and

architects

arch

extensively, built splendid domes, such


St. decorations and
a

those showed
use

Ste. Maria

Peter's, and
the

great fancy
diverse

of

materials.

Construction

played
such

subsidiary expedients
the

part
as

to

design, as is evidenced
introduction of

by

frank

the

light iron

tie-rods

between

"

THE

EVOLUTION arches
met

OP

ARCHITEC!TURE the thrust which

65

supports
could Two other the
are

of be

and in the

vaults, design.
methods

to

take

not

characteristic than

of
were

surface

decoration

carving
of the

or

mosaic

highly
^methods

developed
which

in

period

Renaissance
arts of
:

"

to-day

virtually lost
The Frescoes skill

Fresco Italian

and

Sgraffito.
called who
were so a

the the

Renaissance

for
cuted exe-

the

utmost

of

painter-draughtsmen
mixed
was

them.

Specially
the the

pigments
still wet, became often

rapidly that,
upon

applied
its

while

plaster

hardening,
material.

decoration
were

part

of in

the
rior exte-

actual

Frescoes in

applied
of

decoration,
or on

lunettes, spandrils
and
were

arches, panels
used Michael in of

entire interiors
's

fagades,
and

extensively
The

church

ceilings.
Sistine

example
is
a

Angelo
and

ceiling of the
one.

Chapel

conspicuous

well-known The
art in its

of

SgraflSto also

demanded
out

the while

utmost

terity dexstucco

execution, being carried


of the wall
was

the

or

plaster finish

in

the

process
a

of

dening. har-

Briefly, it consisted
of

of

laying

ground-coat
mixture of

plaster, darkened
paper,
or

to

gray-black

by the
of

burnt the

brown of this

by the mixture
coat,
on
a

Sienna. of

Upon
or

hardening

finish-coat the and

stucco

plaster w^s
transf
so

applied, and
his dark
to

this

workman

quickly
it out it
was

er^d
the

ornament,
under-coat this
are

cutting
showed the

scraping
"

that

through
finish-coat

and

necessary

do

before

hardened.

Both

processes

extremely
their

decorative, but
and
a

require

exceptional
temperate
when

skill climate

in

execution,
of exteriors.

uniformly
vation preser-

like
to

that

Italy for

their

applied
Italian

Typical
are

Renaissance and

architectural arch
or

tions composiarch,

those

of column

pilaster and

THE

EVOHJTION

OP

ARC3HITECTURE

67

the

Netherlands,

to

Germany,

to

Spain,

and

lastly to

England.
In
or

France,

architecturally,
Premier/'
manifestation is

the the

style of
best-known Italian with

**

Francis and

I,*'
most
"

^'Frangois

conspicuous
a

of the

Renaissance native

blending

of native of Italian
at

mediaeval forms. this the

forms

pretations interteaux chaand the

Many

magnificent
most

were

built

time, their sharp,


in
more

striking
roof
on

native round
were

feature
tower. unnecessary,

being
Such and of

pointed

roofs,
the

temperate
roof
was

Italy,
flat

Italian

nearly

and

constructed The architecture

tile, with
of

wide,

overhanging

eaves.

France, period
of

although
the

it underwent
was

marked
more

changes

in

the

Benaissance,
in the

definitely stamped Century


In

by Classic
Eevival. Benaissance

forms

teenth Eigh-

Classic

the

Netherlands,
in
a

architecture manner, evidenced than in and the

was no

developed
less in the

richly elaborate designs


forms of

furniture Italian Flemish

the

period

the the

buildings.
most

found

great
was

favour,
that
of

popular
and

development

half

human the

half-decorative terminated
or an

pilaster, tapering by
a

toward
human

base,
male

and

Flemish-Classic treated
as a

torso,

female,
elaborate

usually

caryatid,

supporting
In

entablature. architecture
less

Germany,
Italian than
was

Benaissance forms in
the

found
or

less less

favour,
welcome

seemed Latin
extent

understood and
to that

countries,
similar

the in

ment developHolland

to

great

and

Belgium.
In

Spain

the and

architecture

of the with the

Italian
traces

Benaissance,
of Moorish

strangely

richly
some

blended echo of

influence, and
the basis of
a

Gothic and

forms, complex

formed

peculiarly interesting

type.

68

THE

PRACTICAL the

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

In

England
in the

Renaissance of when
term

found

its

highest
so

pression ex-

reign
' ^

Queen

Elizabeth,
to
a
**

that

the

term

**

Elizabethan,
with

applied

country

house,

is synonymous The
more were

the

English
of this

Renaissance/'

important

buildings
and of

period

in

land Eng-

distinctly formal diversity however,

dignified, with
the Italian the basis of

little of

the

spontaneous

Renaissance.

Italian and

forms,

constituted all

design,

deeply
The interest

influenced

subsequent

English

ture. architecof

English

Renaissance
reason

development
of its

est greatin the

to-day, by
of the modem The

importance
was

evolution

country-house,
country
and free from

the

bethan Elizawars,

manor.

internal the

the of

government
defence became

powerful

protective,
less
more

element
The and for the of in

increasingly
more

in

evidenc^.

houses
**

became in

livable,

comfortable facilities the


were came

modem''

character. of

Increased

manufacture beautiful carved The leaded

glass
windows. and
or

brought
The floor

about interiors

design
rich
into

woodwork, Elizabethan,
as

coverings

use.

English later,
the

Renaissance
was
an

country-

house,
in the

will

be

shown of
some

important
of

step

development
is often and that
was so

country-house danger
of

to-day. Tudor,
for the three

There Elizabethan
reason

confusing houses,
these

Jacobean

country

the

development
and
so

through
consistent. with

periods
In

continuous

the VII

Tudor

period, beginning
the less Gothic

the

reign

of
as

Henry
it
were,

(1485-1509), domesticated,

style became,
The the Tudor

ecclesiastical.
In many and

flat of

pointed Henry
adhered advance

arch VIII
to

was

the

characteristic. while

reign

(1509-1547), English

traits
some

architecture of Renaissance

furniture,

influences
to appear.

(Elizabethan)

forms

began

THE

RENAISSANCE
st

IN the
eDlnncc of

ENGLAND
of
monumf

tha
Df Ihe

Royal EDiliih

Ho["-OuBrdg,
RinuwiDoc

Whitehall,
ntal srrhi

eionnion

THE
Hi. of

OREATEST

MONUMENT
in

OF

ENGLISH

RENAIHSANCE

ARCHITECTLRE Wren,

Paul'iCathednl.
th" Enclbh

London,
of (he

deufned
Che
"rrhiUrtun'

by

l^ir

Chriilopher
at

Udden

by

connption in huildlntn

RcDunanre

(ypilie'8 the luly. (Tlie

cnlirc

rhinctfi

lowec

porliop

ii

foretrouDdl

THE

EVOLUTION

OP

ARCHITECTURE

69

The the

reign

of

Elizabeth,
began)

from
saw

1559

to

1603

(when
of
way

Jacobean in

period

the

height
the

the for

Renaissance further The


to

England,
in the

and

prepared

development
Jacobean
saw a

succeeding
the

period.
years

period, covering
more

from of

1603 Italian

1688,
and

thorough
with

assimilation the

forms

ideas, together

beginnings

of French

influence. The the

stage

was

then

occupied

from William

1688 and

to

1702

by
and

Dutch-English Anne,
were

sovereigns,
whose

Mary

Queen
Holland The

during strong.
notable

reigns

influences

from

most

monument is St. the Paul's of the Paul's

of

Renaissance in I

tecture archi-

in commenced

England
under

Cathedral James Jacobean Cathedral

London,

reign
of St.

(1603-1625),

by

the

great

architect Wren.

period,
may

Sir be

Christopher regarded
as

typical of the English


as

conception typical
of

sance of Renaismuch
temporary con-

architecture,
work A times those of

well

as

lesser

magnitude.
of

contemporary
was

architect

equal
a

influence

on

his of

Inigo

Jones,

who

designed
which

great
the

many

small
for

city churches designers


Cathedral of

furnished American

tion inspirachurches.

the Paul's

our was

Early
not

St. the

completed

until Anne

after

Jacobean and the final the

period, in the
its

reign of Queen
lived until

(1702-

1714), during
The echo
of

architect. Wren,
of the first in took

1723, dying

reign

Oeorge. England, partly


the
a

development

belated

Renaissance,
1714
to

place during

Oeorgian
in what which is

period, from
called will be The the

1830, manifesting Century


the Classic

itself

Eighteenth
with in

Revival,

dealt

chapter

following.
in

period

of the

Renaissance

Italy

was

period

70 too

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

and too unstable socially intellectually, and politically, to last indefinitely.It is remarkable, centuries. It must two indeed, that it lasted over that those two centuries left to always be remembered the world of art and architecture a pricelesslegacy of unsurpassed works of genius. brilliant The decadence
or

of Renaissance

art

is to be

seen

in

development of the last three was quarters of the Seventeenth Century. Ornament tionate dispropordeveloped to an extravagant and tastelessly
Baroque degree
"

the Rococo

architectural

forms

were

distorted

and

fantastic and impossible perverted in a thousand Structural vagaries. principles were ignored, and decoration was the main feature,not the embelUshment of Baroque buildings. It has
to

been

the habit

of most all

architectural

critics

but Baroque architecture, is neither intelligent merited. such condemnation nor be proved fundamentally that the style may Granted forms of peron illogical scores, it evolved many manent many an beauty and value, and was, if nothing else, later developed along more decorative style, essentially rational lines in some phases of the French style of Louis XV. Despite the usual dismissal, then, of the architectural curiosity, Baroque or Rococo style as a mere immoral, entirelydecadent, and even artistically valuable to place it as a distinct it will be found more esting expression of a peculiaridea,and an undeniably interin the sequence of the architectural styles page of the

sweepingly condemn

past. This chapter, together with the preceding chapter, has been designed, in a necessarily brief manner, to
trace

and

define the evolution forms in

of architecture

from

its the

ancient

Egypt

and

Assyria, through

y
c
*

CHAPTER

IV

THE

CBASSIC

IDEAL

STUDY

OF

THE ITS

IMMORTAL MANIFESTATIONS IMPORTANT design beaux

QUALITIES
IN PLACE of

OF SEVERAL OF

CLASSIC
"

TECTURE. ARCHI-

CLASSIC
tecture ARCHIthe and its

"

REVIVALS. in school wide op influence

THE the the

CLASSIC

public
its

buildings.
teachings

arts,

Classic

Derivations

and

the

'Beaux-

Arts

School

IN
of modem

tracing recognising

the

course

of

the in

Classic the
to

Ideal,
most

and

in

its

recurrence

important
:

buildings,
is the
answer

one

is

impelled

inquire

What,

exactly,
The

Classic
is
a

Ideal?

simple

one,

yet
The

fraught
Classic

with Ideal

great
is the
was

significance
Ideal based of
on

in

architecture. It is because order


and

Order. the and idea its caused

Classic that
it
was

architecture characterised immortal


not

of

by ties, qualito

purity,

order

purity,

being

have but
to

Classic
as

architecture the rational

only
of the

live,

stand

to-day
of

basis

tectural archi-

design
Gothic and beautiful
"

all

time.
was

architecture

ingenious
Classic
were

"

magnificent
was

experiment.
^its and which architecture
even

architecture
as

not

experimental
in the their

principles
have have of
lost

sound

as

Euclid in

day,

none

of

that

soundness

centuries In the

passed.
the Renaissance much there
were

many

paradoxes,
amount

shams,

earnestness,

but Gothic

minor

of There

the

experimental
was,

quality enough
to

of of

architecture. order in

however,

Classic

Renaissance

architecture

give

it

some

degree
73

'"CLASSIC
BANK

DERIVATIONS" BUILDINGS. ORDERS OF


BA8ED

FOR
ON

MODERN
THE DORIC

AMERICAN AND THR

lONir

ANCIENT

GREECE

aeutsl"
I.

an

b"l

randgred

ii

Vark

Cny

Poit-offiH)

vmrd

Lbw

School,

Cambridn-,

Mma.)

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

76

The
content

beauty-loving
with order. in
* *

Greeks,
often

however, clumsy

were

not

long
of the it add
lets, annu-

the

heavy,
Their

proportions

Doric

first

effort

toward

lightening
shaft. To
* *

appeared
a

the
' '

vertical

fluting of the
a

little
' '

detail

they

designed
the
was

few

rings,

or

immediately
next

below

abacus. Ionic Minor

The
**

evolution derived from almost the

the Asia

capital, its spiral


and abacus. used in With that
junction con-

volutes**

with

an

concealed

the the and

development
great

of

Ionic

order,
column

it
was

was

found

girth of the
the

Doric shaft

not

necessary, its

consequently

was

lightened

and

verticality

emphasised
The in which final the

by delicate development design


shaft and of of
to

fluting.
came

in the

Corinthian effected from


to
a

order, perfect
vertical It will this

the

capital

transition
to

from

entablature,
round Corinthian

the

the
seen

horizontal,
upon
was

from the

square.

be

study

capital how necking

transition
the

achieved. the clear The

First, the

indicated

height
it

of

shaft,
lines

without shaft

ing actually terminatcontinue

abruptly.
the

of the

upward
in in the and The the

through
the the dual

foliation, gradually
which

springing
This

outward

volutes form of

support
with

the
concave

abacus.

abacus,

square

sides, performs
of the
rests

function

of with

fitting the
the architrave

shape
which

capital
on

conforming
spread
abacus of
too grace

it.

of

the

Corinthian the

capital immediately impression


while of
any

below the

gives

additional

weight
sense

the

superimposed weight
the
never

entablature,

of and

great
of
can

is counteracted of leaves. that

by

the

lightness

detail be of

It is
a

gainsaid

the both

Corinthian

capital
of its

masterpiece
and

design, being
in its form.

expressive

function

beautiful

76

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

With
took

the

evolution
a

of the

Greek

column,
of

there the

rally natulature, entab-

place

corresponding proportions
entablature of and
a

evolution and

both The Greek

in its

its decoration.

Doric consisted

(as exemplified

in

the

Parthenon)
divided
was

plain

architrave,
and
a

frieze which

into
to

triglyphs
run

metopes
into the

cornice,

split
The

upward
of

great
Ionic
was

pediment. closely followed


a

proportions
of the

the

Greek
the

those

Doric,
of
a

but

frieze

continuous
of

band,

allowing
The

continuous
appearance

decoration of the

bas-relief
was

figures. remarkably
up

heavy lightened

architrave of the
a

by

the

expedient

splitting it
upper two

into

three

horizontal the the

divisions, lower,
and

slightly moulding
cornice
some

overlapping marking member,

fine

decorated The
to

division
was

from

the

frieze. elaborated the

also,

decoratively (in
later

extent, introducing
modillions The Corinthian of the

examples)
cornice.

dentils

and

Corinthian is

entablature and frieze

model

of skilful

and

adequate
The

proportions
and

aptly
remained

applied
as

decoration. in the Ionic

architrave but the

form,
of the

cornice, the
was

last, or
to

''finishing'' member
form
a

building,
terminate
to

elaborated the
**

crown,

and It
was

logically required
so

entire in made

composition.
diversified
a

effect

interest'*
was

shadows,
the
were

the

''dentil*'

course

part

of

thian Corinrated. deco-

cornice,
Greater
cast
was
a

and

the

various
was

mouldings

projection
shadow that
a

required,

in

order but

to

strong

at

the

top of the "overhang"

building,
of
seem

it far

evident the
to

plain
the
no

stone,
as

beyond likely

face

of

frieze, would
matter

though
it

topple
be

down,

how
masonry

securely
of the

might

actually
To

anchored
correct

into this

the

ture. entablawere

illusion, the

"modillions'*

STBUCTLRE

AXUI.O-[TAI.lAN Tbia "mall

DKRIVATION
Ihf

IN
a

GARDEN rounlrj' It La

TEA-HOISK
ud

building.in

eaiden

ol

large

Amerii-an

pR"B"iiniDWrei"lmK"IutryiD"lual

derivaiion.

place sirellrnily id

].i"i(
.-hi.tof

lal.
let
"

WORK

OF

PURE

CLASSIC

INSPIRATION GREEK AND


lo

COMBINING ROMAN

ELEMENTS

BOTH

(The

"Marble

Arcb"

entnncA

Hyde

Park,

LondoD.

EDglmd)

CLASSIC

DERIVATIONS BUILDINGS (The FOH

ARE

APPARENT
LIBRARIES of

IN

VIHTUALLY
AND

ALL

MODERN

MUSEUMS,
MuKum

ART

GALLERIES

Fog"

Ail,

Cmmbridfe.

MuesrhuHtls)

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

77

introduced
and

"

flight,graceful
to

brackets,
care

spaced overhang
additional underside

at

vals, interof the

seeming portion
was

take

of

the

uppermost

of the the
spaces
**

cornice.

An of the the

ous ingeniof the with


to

expedient overhang,
sunken
cause

treatment

in

the
or

between

modillions,

panels,
the

coffers,*' the
slabs both
to

intention be
and
seem

being

projecting
were

lighter.
famous

These ''Five the Roman

the
of
or

''Three

Orders." added and


be
seen

The

Orders''

Vignola

two

developments, Composite,
to
or
new

Tuscan,
Ionic.
"

Boman Neither
are

Doric,
will

the

embody
Boman

principles
order

they

variations.

The in
a

Doric

(later exceedingly
with the with

popular
was

the

Benaissance,
of the of
a

together
Greek base. the

Corinthian)

refinement the
a

Doric,
The Greek

slighter girth and


was, and Ionic in
a

addition

Composite
Ionic from in
a

effect,
decorated
in

combination Doric that the

of

volute Greek

abacus,
volutes

differing
sprang of

mainly
or

out

comerwise,
with
use

diagonal
lines of

stead direction, inthe architrave. Greek


many

lying parallel
Bomans did
as

the the

The orders minor and

not

three

original
but made both than

exactly changes

they

found

them,
and

in

proportions,
far
more

treated

column terised charac-

entablature Greek

with

ornateness

architecture. later

The

most

characteristic

Boman

development,
Benaissance

enthusiastically
was

adopted
between treatment Boman with the the Boman

by

the
two of

builders,
in
a manner

the

arch

placed by the

columns,
the

illustrated and
seen

great

Colosseum,
arches.

in most

of the

triumphal
three of

Pilasters Orders in and

corresponding
all five with of

all

the
were

Greek

Orders,
and
were

developed
favoured

conformity
as

columns,
features

greatly
Benaissance

purely

decorative

by the

architects.

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

79

Buildings
sance

of

the in

time

show
and
was

conflict

between

Benaisand

order

design
in what

'Baroque
called

extravagance,

all carried "The The called shell" Grand

out

(most

appropriately)

Manner.''

succeeding
the **Eococo''

period,

that

of

Louis the this

XV,

is

often

period,
its

because
at

*'rock-and"Louis the

style reached
work is

height
synonymous

time. with
some

Quinze
fanciful

practically

Rococo,

rock-and-shell invaded recklessness the all

curves

that, like
of

fungous
art

growth, amazing
of elaborate

branches and

decorative
' '

with

rapidity.
in

The

tics characteris-

period
and

were

distinct in form. in all


a

their

nature,
lines and and

though
cate intrimetry sym-

various

Curved

foliation
was

appeared

designs,

lack

of

considered
many

desirable
of art to from

achievement. China
at

tation Importhis time

of added

works

Oriental

fantasies

the
grew

already

fantastic
travagant ex-

Baroque-Rococo

style, which
the the
was

increasingly
Louis
no means

throughout
decorative work
the

reign
is

of

XV.

Much without

of

period
too

by

merit,

but

style

frivolous

to

effect

any

permanently Despite
very

great
the

architectural interest

expression.
in the
so

intense

Rococo wearisome

style, its
and
set

extravagance
that
the

finally became
reaction XVI of the

distracting
in with forms the
**

Classic
,

Revival and the

the

reign of Louis

(1774-1793) popular
until

Classic close of

became

increasingly
'*

Empire

period,
uncertain

in

1814.

Despite
the
such

the of

character Louis
at

of

**

style
and

*'

through
XV,
the

reigns

Louis
as were

XIII,
the

XIV,

Louis
and

buildings
in Paris

palace being

Versailles,
and of

Louvre the to be

planned portions
the

commenced, Versailles is

Classic

dignity
to

of J. H.

many

attributed

Mansart,

master-architect

80

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTUBE

of
name

Louis

XIV,

who is
we

vastly preserved

enlarged

the

palace.

The

of Mansart roof which In the

to-day in the French country,


such the
as
*'

type

of

call, in this
of the of

mansard'* additions

roof.
to

works and

Mansart,

his the

Versailles
was

Second the of

Church

of

Invalides,
became the
after

there national the


span
as

much architecture XV life.


as

Classicism the

which
of

period
had

Louis lived of

XVT,
its

Louis
of

Rococo
Mansart

fallacy
's

butterfly'
forms,

conception

Classic and

well

those

of

his with

contemporaries
a

immediate than that

predecessors,
of Louis XVI

dealt
"

heavier
and

Classicism

an

imposing
of

dignified
and in
the

style, its
of

admirable

qualities
an

proportion
part

alignment
later

parts

playing
of French Classic

important
architecture. elements owed but
to of

ment develop-

The

the

architecture
not of

of

this
to

period, however,
Classic
sources,

their the Louis of

inspiration
architecture

directly
the sance. RenaisXIV but

The
not
a

periods
a

of

XIII

and

Louis

did rather

constitute

period
of

Classic of

Revival,
the

continuation
a

the

impulses
in the which

Renaissance"
forms
were

almost

re-Renaissance,
to

Classic of

struggling style.
The Louis real

shake

off

vagaries

the

Baroque

French and in

Classic this

Revival the

took

place

under signers de"

XVI,
were

period
a

architects

and

impelled
of

by

dual

Classic

inspiration

the

Classicism influence
at

the
the

Renaissance,
great (Jreece

strengthened

by the

direct
made

of time ruins

archaeological
and

discoveries

that

in
of

Rome,
and

and

especially
The

in the stimulus
to

buried caused

Pompeii

Herculaneum.
can

by these
enthusiasm Renaissance

discoveries evoked in

be

likened
the

only

the the

boundless
Italian

from

pioneers
first be-

of

1400, when

they

I,

Phu^l):n|"htr
OF

XAMPLE

THE

DELICATE LOIIS

EICJHTKENTH
XVI

(:^:^"Tl"RY

PURE

DERIVATION

OF

THE

FRENCH

CLASSIC

ARCHITECTURE

OF

LOLIS

knd

"pplicBlion

of

d"tul

cbBncurutic

ofl^e

beat

French

Clnuie

"rFhilecun

I
CLASSIC FRENCH

(LOUIS

XVI)

DERIVATION BUStNEtiS BUiLDINO

IN

THE

CROWNING

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

81
V

came

aware

of the

possibilities lying dormant


of

in the

so

long neglected
The and Classic
arts

treasure-house Revival
of
as

antiquity.
in the XVI Rococo the
**

reflected of

architecture
"

other

the

period

Louis and
as

showed

complete
and Phase and and

reversion in

from

Baroque
is known

forms,
Formal

developed,
' *

what
a

of

Louis

XVI,
Wall

style of the
aces were

utmost

refinement

urbanity.
cornices

surf

kept flat, mouldings


and
were

^J'

had Ornamental

slight projections sculpture


confined
to
a

finely
in flat

modelled.

was

treated
or

relief, and Elliptical


down very
on

usually
window

panel

medallion.

openings,
as

with

garlands

hanging
were

each

side,
and

well another

as

ellipticalmedallions,
architectural of attributes in the low
**

popular,
was

istic characterattributes
' * ' *

the

frequent
purposes.

introduction These
* *

for

decorative

consisted

of

admirably

designed

groupings,
with

jects relief, of ob"

symbolieaily
antique
musical hall other

associated
some

building

such

as

tragic and
instruments

comic
for

masques,

lyres and
a

other
or cert con-

the

f agade

of

theatre

(as

at

Amiens),
for
an

palettes, paint-brushes
art

and

paraphernalia
French

gallery.
of architectural
**

Earlier

characteristics
even

position, com' '

called,

at

this

period,

academic,
of
was

still

governed
of Louis

the

Classic and

Revival the

architects

the

period

XVI,
of detail.
many

great

change

chiefly in

matters

While

forms ancient

were

purely
there

Classic,
were

derived

directly from also, of Italian


Later

sources,

many

forms,

Renaissance

origin.
formulated des Beaux
a

French

taught
blended
more

by

the

architecture, as great !l^ole Nationale


kinds of
as

and

Arts,
certain

these ^'modern"

two

detail, developed well, and


adhered

feeling

strictly

82

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

to

the

earlier and

French axial

**

academic** Architecture had


a

emphasis
as

on

metrical symat
on

plans.
Arts has

taught

the the

Ecole

des

Beaux

wide

influence

architecture of the fact


of

of many that
years

countries from

outside other

France,
countries

because

students in of

spend
the

periods
and what of the

study

there, assimilating thought


Architecture."
such which

style

habits

architectural
Arts

produce
This

is called

**

Beaux

type
that

design
be

and

detail

is of
more

great

importance

it will
the

discussed of the

thoroughly
Century

directly following
Classic Revival.
to

history
The

Eighteenth
of
no

architecture Greeks
as

period developed
of the

subsequent along

that
of

of

the

ancient

has that

lines

such
"

studied the

refinement which the and


* *

period
the

of Louis

XVI

period

produced
de other
* *

Petit
in

Trianon the Bois

at

Versailles, Boulogne, by the


The
term

Chateau
so

Bagatelle buildings

de

many

describable

only

exquisite.
of

period
**

Louis
of

XVI

was

followed,
the the

after

the the

two-year
Directoire Classicism XVI.
It

Reign

Terror'*
covered
even

of

revolution,
years 1795 under

by
to

Period, which
was

1804.

carried the

further of and
women

than
's

Louis the
tumes cos-

invaded
a

realm

dress, with
Classic
in

**Tunique
and famous

la

Grecque,"
as

with Mme.

such

coifiFures

that

of

Recamier

the the

portrait
Classic

by

David,
of

which the
in

shows, period. favour,


as

as

well,
**

purely

furniture
was

The in the
were

gorical'' Alle-

portrait
of Louis XVI in Classic Greek
tastes when

greatly
the ladies

reign
trayed poror

of
**

the

Court
or

draperies,
of

as

Diana" This
was

''Hebe,"
the

nymphs
called decade of

mythology.
or

period

of

*'Neo-Grec" of the the

**Neo-Classic."

The the

Empire

(1804-1814),
saw, at

following
of the

period

Directoire,

the

dawn

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

83

Nineteenth

Century,
from and and the

taste to
a

for

Classic
Not

and

archaBOwith

logical forms

amounting designers
terminal
of

mania. of

content

inspiration
architects

remains

Greece

and

Rome,
forms
"

revived

Egyptian
and other

sphinxes
The

figures, heads Empire


the

details. of
an.

Classicism

the

outdid, in profusion
of the
very

archaeological forms, tiquity which


the formed schools of
* *

Classicism

its

inspiration. Many
architecture
* '

details

of

J^

preceding
use a

of French attributes

survived,
motif. butes attrispears,
armour,

notably the
Under such
were

as

decorative these with and

warlike

Emperor only Boman


current

as

Napoleon,
helmets
at the

most

often
not

military, bristling
time.

and

introducing trappings
So that of

but

design
was

complete
much

the

leaning toward
of the

archaeological period is nearly


great
who

forms
too

architecture
to possess
are
were

Empire
The

extravagant

merit,

even

though
two

all
names were

Empire
of
no

designs
the

interesting.
Percier furniture These
as

period
for

and

Fontaine, designs than


two creators

less noted

their

for

their

architectural
are

achievements.

architects,
and the

indeed,
foremost

generally regarded
exponents
of the its bombastic and its and

the

Empire
lack

style. qualities, its


the

Despite
heaviness

grandiose
of

frequent
failed
are

refinement,

Empire
works

style
of the

seldom

to achieve
a

dignity, and

many

period
Italian

of

high order
were
over

of architectural

excellence.
or

precedents forgotten in the enthusiasm Among


the most
are

virtually ignored antique forms.

interesting of all relics of the period


apartments
remodelled and done for

in France
at

the

Napoleon
and

Fontainebleau,

Compiegne

Trianon,
for the many

the

country-house, Josephine.

Malmaison,
as was

Empress
archi-

Extreme

its nature,

THE

C5LASSIC

IDEAL

86

in the
not

reign of George
first architects

III. to

The

Adams,
in

however,
' '

were
' '

the

design

the

Classic

Taste.

Following
the

Sir

Christopher
Benaissance

Wren

and

Inigo
of the

Jones,
bean Jaco-

great

English
William
were

architects
who

period,
works Eevival*
sources

Kent,
more

died
nature

in

1748, produced
of
**

which
*

in

the

Classic Kent
*s
re-

I \

than

of the

style of the Benaissance.


moreover,
were

of in

inspiration,
both

directly
contemporary,

J
,.

ceived

Italy, and
many

Kent

and

Gibbs,
work No forms

produced
of the later

designs period

closely
in

resembling

the

Empire

France.

English
to
so

architects, however,
an

popularised
Adams,
creation Taste
or so

Classic

great

extent

as

the the

skilfully
modem the of

employed buildings height dignity,


of
a

antique
and

motifs

in The

of

furniture.

Classic

became ideal

fashion,
permanent

and,

guided
was

by

the

Classic
upon

stamp

placed
in

English
is its

architecture characteristic Classic

which,

especially

city buildings,

to-day.
ideas found in the extensive architectural and fashionable and in the and

ance acceptdecorative
' '

expressed paintings
caP* of

Angelica portraits
with the

Kauffinann,
of
the

allegorigardens
with and
^

English

day.
trend

Parks of the

conformed the

Classic

period, temples**

frequent

introduction

of

*'

garden
in

Classic niches

statuary.
were

Sculptured

busts

hemispherical features,
and

characteristic all the


or more

architectural

virtually

important public
or

buildings, domestic,
Classic

whether
were

ecclesiastical the The


'*

secular,

of

pediment
period
of
of very

and the

portico** type, with


Classic Bevival architectural
to
on

columns.
was
a

in

England

period
in much

earnest

effort, resulting
influence of the
upon

work

destined architecture

exert

strong
sides

subsequent

both

Atlantic

86

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Geoboian With in that such

Colonial

in

America for
at to

widespread
in
have

enthusiasm it is not
the
ocean

Classic all the

ideas

architecture this should

England,
crossed

surprising
American should The

colonies, creating accurately


*'

and called

moulding
**

the

style which
Colonial/*

be

Georgian
was a

American

Classic

RevivaP'
as

distinctly different
from the

development,
and
at
a

coming,

it later

did, largely
date than

France,

considerably

Georgian

Classic The extensive

influences.

Georgian study
in in

Colonial

architecture
come

of

America,

an

itself, will eighth

under It

more

detailed

consideration here Classic


to

the its in

chapter.
with
to

is the

important Georgian
its tinction dis-

establish Revival from the

connection and

England,
American Colonial forms

recognise
Revival.

later

Classic
of North

The

Georgian
took

types
in the of

American and
In

tecture archithe the of

different
the

South,
North

especially
there rather windows

in

treatment
a

dwellings.

is noticeable
than

great

Georgian
New

Classicism

detail,

of

general
interior

form. woodwork

England
followed and

doorways,
Classic mulae, fororders

and

rendering
with To
an

Palladian

windows

Greek

honest

carpenter's
the
New
;

technique.
types
of

differentiate
in

Georgian
towns
as

Colonial

architecture

such

England
varieties
;

Salem, York,
south
"

Newport

and

Boston and be

the

found

in New

Philadelphia
this
cannot

Baltimore in

those cursory

still further
maimer.

attempted inspiration
came

That American in the


a

the

of

the

Colonial
from

and

Early
is clear from

builders

directly

England Brown,

following
on

paragraphs
of

by Mr.
Salem,
covers

Glenn

note

the best

doorways
work

Massachusetts.
three

**The

in Salem

periods, from

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

87

1745

to

1785

dearly

showing
of

the

influence in

of

the
a

cation publiwork work

(in England) extensively


used

Batty

Langley
The

1740,
*

in this

country.
of its

title of

the

explains
Builders^ Art

the and

character

information:

Country
or

Workmen's and

Treasury
the

of Design,

the

of Drawing

Working

Ornamental

Parts

of

Architecture.'
'

*In

the

period
the
on

from

1785 of

to

1810

the and
were

character Bobert

of the

work whose
1783

reflects books
and 1786.

influence interior After

James

Adam,
in

decoration
1800
we see

published
eflFect issued of Revett in

the
were

and and

Stuart's

publications,
as

which

1788 is free

\
V

1794^1816,
reflected. these

in While

this
our

period early

Greek builders
were

influence made
not

clearly
use

of

good

publications, they
showed their

simply design

copyists.
and

They good
were, many

individuality
' '

in

their There

taste

in

adaptation.
to

in

addition others of

the

works

mentioned and the best


was

by

Mr.

Brown,

like

character

varying
known ^^The

degrees
of these

of architectural American Builders'


of

merit. Colonial

Among

inspirations
filled window is due
to

Country
details and

Assistant,"
doorways,
It American
a

with

carpenters'
cornices that

Georgian
woodwork.

frames,
these

interior and

books

Colonial

Early
and and in
no

architecture level
were

developed
of

consistently
a

with in
a

high general
when
no

merit,
no

over

large

area

day

there

tural architecas

schools

this

country,
means
' '

great

teachers

in the

France, aspiring
that

and

ready

of

European
"

study
It

for

architectural far
were

apprentice.
number of

is remarkable American
were

by

the

greater
the
work

of

early
and

buildings
from
mere

carpenters,

done

sketches,
frpm

supplemented

by details

carefully
Tbe

trfiuscribed

these

precious English

books.

88

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

result their

is work

lasting tribute
which of
must

to

the

conscientious and times

love

for

have

inspired
Colonial

guid/Bd these
in America.

master-builders

Georgian

The The American

Classio Classic

Revival

ik

Amebica
as

Revival,

distinct
about

from

the

Georgian through
France War

Classic the and

inspiration,
of for

came

largely
with the

development
the So distaste

friendly

relations

things

English

during

of 1812. Revival often of

closely allied, indeed, is this American


to

Classic that

the

contemporary
' *

style of Empire.
a

France,
* *

it has

been the

called

American left

The esting inter-

popularity

Ultra-Classic in this

number

of

monuments

country,
found
*'

of

which,

perhaps,
tion por-

the

purest
of

example Grange
Astor

is to be

in the
on

remaining

**La below
the
**

Terrace,
Place

Lafayette
York

Street,
and
* '

directly opposite
now

in

New
* *

City,
in

old

Astor

Library. Row," city


of

La

Grange
built

Terrace, 1836,
So and

called

Colonnade

was

comprised

eight
is

palatial
this
of

residences. the
as
'*

oughly thorand
so

Classic

relic the

Revival,"

essentially
in this

typical
that the

style

it found

expression
repays its

country, Despite
and the it

the

stately old
of

facade
one-half

close

study.
'

demolition

original
since the

form,
time

many
was
a

indignities it has
the
centre

suffered York which immortal world

when

of

New

fashionable is its inheriture architec-

life, it retains
i

quality

of

dignity
the

tance

from

Greece
in

itself, from

which,
f

ruins, dominates
was a

the cast-iron
was

to-day.
Greek flanked

At

the

street-line The

fence, with imposingly


cast-iron

anthemions.

shallow
on

porch

by twin
of pure

pedestals, Pompeian
the

which

stood These

candelabra
are

form. tense

approaches
a

spoken
has

of

in

past

because

city

regulation

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

89

removed

them

**

as

sidewalk still in The remains the

encroachments.''

The

fa^^ade itself, which


admirable and

nearly
of

intact, is of base,
manner

proportions
entablature. French the

relation after is of

nade colonof

base,

the
*'

contemporary stone-courses,
entrance

buildings,

rusticated'' and the

joints strongly by by
an

emphiasised,
Doric

is flanked

pure

Greek

columns,

set-in rated deco-

and

surmounted with Like the


in
rooms

abbreviated
of pure

entablature French the


"

five

wreaths

Empire
level

style.
is
garded re-

French nature
on

city house,
of the
a

street

the
are

basement

the
or on

ing stately drawfirst the

premier
great

Stage,
rooms

flight.

The

lofty ceilings of these


are

premier
dows, win-

etage

expressed
the heads

externally
of which

by the

height again,

of the the

at

appear,

French

Empire

wreaths. the it. of

This

embellishment,
etage
of
in

furthermore,
from the

distinguishes story
thick of the above
to

premier
The
a

importance
base and
a

walls
narrow

the

are

sufficiently placement
rail

allow

gallery
on

the

tall

colunms the

directly
front. built

it with

cast-iron

running
The
are

across

columns,
in

each

of five the the

drums of

of

solid the

stone,

superb
a

proportion, replica
in of

detail

capitals
ment monu-

being

direct

Greek The

Corinthian cornice

of Classic continuous of because the

Lysicrates composition, cresting


this

Athens.
was

is of

pure

and of has
so

originally
anthemions. considered the

crowned The
here very

by
acter char-

Greek been

facade

in

detail,

it illustrates

admirably only
of
as

spirit of

Classic

Revival,
also

not

expressed
work

by American
of the French

builders, but Empire. Following


architecture

typical

much

the and

Classic
taste

Revival in

in

America, relapsed

taste into

in the

general

90

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

banalities from
**

and

stupidities of the
it
was

mid-

Victorian until the

period,
eariy

which

not

to

emerge

nineties.'*

The

Decline
to

op

the

Classic the
to be
a

Ideal

in

England in architecture
a

Returning
is Gothic

England, 1815,
with resulted

Classic

Ideal

found, about revival, and


which
the

competing

with

pseudoand chaos. been


so

spirit of
in
an

restlessness

eclecticism

architectural had
of

Fortunately strong,

imprint through

of

Classicism the

continuing
the
most

reign

George
of

III

(1820), that
were

important implanted. Classic,


its
or

fundamentals

tecture archi-

securely
of the

The

height shortly

Greek
was

Revival

in

land, Engby

before

decline,

signalised

several

important
moved
In

architectural

publications
as

which tural architec-

profoundly

popular
1762
*'

taste

well

as

thought.
Stuart and Revett
in

Antiquities
;

of Athens/*
Robert Adam

by
's

appeared 1831,
the
pure

in

1764,

''Spalato'';
works admiration French With
the
or

Inwood's effect Greek of

''Erechtheion''"

all intense of

which

had for

creating

an

forms,
Classic

independently

Italian
the

interpretations.
of the Revival in

decline

England,
ince prov-

study
of the

of

English

architecture, house,
becomes
or

excepting
a

in the too

country
the

matter

involved conflict

for of

any

but and
no

architect tendencies

the

critic, and
in such

the

styles
that

resulted

diversified from the

effort British
It

significant influences throughout


to the

emanated
era.

Isles

Victorian
to

is
was

only important inspired


as

allude

the of

Gothic Ruskin

Revival in and

which
as

by the writings
and

writings
of
many

1851,
temporary con-

well

by

the

earlier

architects

critics

who

held

similw

THE

(XASSIC

IDEAL

91

views.

Lacking
interest in

real Gothic

motive

power,

the

rather
to

tual ineffec-

architecture
was

failed
an

produce
of the

any

great yet

works

(since it

not

expression
in the

times),

occupied
to retard

architectural and almost

thought stop

England
further

sufficiently development
The is in the this

of

Classic Gothic
to

architecture. Revival the of Ruskin


**

attempted interesting
country
* '

in

land Eng-

architectural it Gothic the The how


was

observer** for many

chiefly because
carpenter
traces *s
* *

the which

impulse
left of
**

fantastic

so

forlorn,
American'*
many

hybrid
country

in

form

Gothicand

houses.

type

is

familiar,

have

wondered,
**

perhaps,
"

these houses the in


**

architectural which Gothic


were

curiosities

happened**
than

^wooden of

nothing
which and wooden

better

parodies
to
'*

Style**
windows

they sharply
**

aspired pointed
tracery**
*'fine**
were

express**

pointed hung

roofs, from
and

which

jig-sawed
'*

drop-ornaments.
to

Gothic*'
to

details,

too

(supposedly)
in the The
very

be

entrusted executed
'*

the iron

carpenter, castings,
to

done like

crudely

often,

wooden

sculpture,
an

sanded**
one
**

represent

stone.

style is

interesting
it is

for

several

reasons,

although,

architecturally,
It

sible** imposso

and
many

indefensible. remain
towns

is

interesting
the
more

because
ous prosperas

examples
cities and

in and of the

about

United it
so

States,

far

West

as

Michigan, futility of

and
an

because artificial

forcefully
of
an

illustrates artificial stood, under-

the
'*

rendering
nor

revival,** neither
and the
nature
or

rendering
and

revival

half
of

expressiveness ignored. buildings


were

style and
and
may

material contractors have been This

wilfully
who

blindly
out

Carpenters
in

carried but

this
not

style

ingenious,
**

certainly

intelligent.
with
an ex-

Gothic'*

aberration,

combined

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

93

inspiration
in and
so

"

^there Revival
more

was

not

the
was even same

spontaneity
so

or

asm enthusi-

the much

which evident been the

marked

in

France,

in with

less-demonstrative the German


"

England.
of Germans

It

had

derings ren-

Renaissance students

and

Gothic and

architecture failed their


to

^the

were

always,

really

identify outside
scheme

architectural effort.
was so

styles with

national

of creative

No
as on

past

style

characteristic

of

the

country
based of

the

essentially
Classic

modern

style, which,
shows
to

remotely
to
no

certain other certain

forms,
seems
'*

likeness for

works
most

any
a

land,
kind rather

and of

express,

the

part,
of been in

bigness*'

which This

is the

attribute
has

arrogance

than

nobility.
in
a

thought
on

admirably
Architecture^'
**
. .

expressed

comment

^^Kultur Nation:'* schools The of of

by Mr.
There
.

Guy
are,

Study,
it is
and

in ^*The
two

true,
the

art
demic, aca-

in

Germany,
which

the still

academic

modem.

clings

to

the
men

precious
who

heritage
their

the

past, is

school the

formed sixteenth
the
same

of

draw

tion inspiraand the


art

from who of still

and

eighteenth

centuries of

speak

beautiful

language
but whose

Nuremberg
is

and

Rottenburg,

influence

unfortunately
**It real

negligible
the
modem

is,however,
of has such

school Animated

that

expresses

the

culture that
power,

Germany.
moved
men

by
in
her

the

restless for Kauf-

impulse
world
mann

Germany
as

ambition and

Bruno

Schmidtz with

have
even

succeeded,
audacious

by

working

astonishing
the
to

and
new;

originality, in giving
which
seems

nation been
wave

style of
as

architecture national has

have

accepted
of unrest

the which

expression. swept
a
over

The

great

Germany

has in art

so

engulfed

the

nation

that

complete

upheaval

has

94

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

taken

place
and

the

very

foundations
a

of
new

the

past

have touches

been of

erased,
the

we

find of the

strange
East and and
a

art, with

mysticism

possessing
strong
evidence

much

daring quaUty.
and

cleverness,
In of it there
a

imagination,
is

artistic of

unquestionably
vital
force

the
;

power

great
of
an

restless

indeed, people

it is the whose

sion expresare

arrogant,
either that of the that
an

conceited Latin
or

ideals
race.

foreign
is it art

to

the

Anglo-Saxon
that find has in

But

with

eternal

quality
Do
we

marked
modem

the man Ger-

great

epochs
architecture

pastf

spirit of truth, that


power

quiet,
is the

natural
scious uncon-

expression

of

enduring
of true

which
?

possession
are

greatness
of but

These
upon

attributes the before the their

felt among and in the

the

columns

Karnak^
what is Bismarck
upon
us

olis, Acropsuch

Forum;
as

felt
or

gigantic
monument,

monstrosities whose bulk?


. .

the claim

Leipzig
powering over-

sole

is

/'

The

Beaux
at

Abts
a

School when architecture in France


**

Returning England itself,


was

to

France

time

in

and

America,
in
a

and
more

(for that
**

matter)
than be

state
be

chaotic^'
to

tional," transiup
on a

there

could

perceived

growing
condemned

gigantic
several
a

influence.
scores

This
many

influence, critics,
was

by
dual

destined
"

to
a

play
part

tremendous
no

part

in modern
can

architecture

which
It
was

intelligent

observer

ignore
scattered

or

belittle. of from

destined,

first, to raise
Classic

the

remains

architectural
out

tradition,
quicksands
of

and

Renaissance,
into which

of

the

decadence and and

they had
into mould
a

strayed,
definite

and,

welding

Classic

Renaissance

composite,

powerfully
of the

rationally
world.

the

architectural

thought

civilised

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

95

This des
Beaux

great

influeniCG the

was

the

French

Ecole

Nationale
can

Arts, and
Classic
nor

style of its architecture


based
on

be

called

neither

(though

many

Classic

fundamentals) by
type
many

Renaissance

(though
"

characterised

Benaissance architectural the

forms) design
of

^but

**

Beaux

Arts/'

of

distinct
Beaux
a

characteristics. Arts
have

Because upon

teachings

of the

placed
it is

all modern
to

architecture
possess
a

permanent
grasp and

stamp,
of
a

important
Arts

distinct

the

Beaux of the
to

idea.

The

following
enable Classic

exposition
the forms forms
to

study
observer

illustrations

will

architectural

perceive
and and Arts will

wherein

play play

an an

important important only the


also the

part,

wherein
be

Benaissance

part,
Beaux tional addito

able,
of

as

well,
two

discern

not

blending

these

elements,
inventions

but

traits, devices
school Beaux school A of itself.
Arts

and

peculiar

the

architecture but this is


to also

is the of

result

not

only
of

of

thought,
of

certain
at

kind the
*'

study.
The
or

conception
are

essential

outset. pro

students

required imaginary
in all in
a

develop buildings,
be

their from

jets''

drawings
the
on

for

the and
of

plan, and
laid of be
out the
eral sev-

plan
axes.

must,
Axis
masses

cases

symmetrical
centre-line There
and
axes

plan is the
of the

any

important
axes"

building. importance

may any
are

rtwo
axes.

of

main The

number those of
ning run-

of

subsidiary
the

two

principal
and

length
With

of

the
as

building
a

the

depth

the
metry sym-

building.
must

these

starting

point, perfect

result. of
any

Observation York Public


on

large building, such


will
a

as

the

New of

Library, axis, and

disclose of

the the the

entire

theory
will of show

planning
that such

grasp possesses

theory
merit

axial

planning

reason

96

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

and
not

logic, and only of the


as

guarantees parts
well of
as

well-studied itself
,

relationship
but of all its

the

building

approaches,
The

adjacent
for
to

buildings.
of
on

central will be

axis,
devised the This that

example,
centre

the

front

of

the

building,
toward

the bear dictate

avenue a

leading
tion relaof

it, so

building
axis will
or

will also

studied the

to its site.

layout

the
of
or on

immediate
rows a

approaches
trees
or avenues

terraces,
of

the A

disposition
fountain,

of

statuary.
be

large

group

of axis

statuary,
or

would be

placed directly
for

this
on

central each
on

would

duplicated
features

ment placebe

side. the minor be


one

Minor
axes

exterior of the

would the

balanced would

facade, and symmetry.


is

result

naturally
be all

of absolute

It may of

said

that

symmetry

virtually

an

tial essen-

large

buildings,
and
to not

architecturally
for this reason,
Arts

termed modem insistence this


cedure pro-

**monumentar^ architecture
on

buildings,
owes

much

the be

Beaux

axial

plans.
in

It must
was

supposed
in

that the

planning
Arts. based Baths
a axes. on

originated
and of
even

ateliers ture architecthe

of

the

Beaux
was

Greek,
ideas
of

Egyptian,
and
a

symmetry,
was

plan
'^

of

the Arts and

Roman
' '

Caracalla

typical system

Beaux of
axes

plan, with

perfectly

articulated

subsidiary
The

great
of

French

school,
made essential

however,
an

deserves absolute of
a

the tectural archi-

distinction
law in the The
one

having
the of

symmetry

and

requirement

building

first
Beaux

stages
Arts

its development.
has its critics to which insistence and

opponents, they
on

and in the

of

the Arts

principal teachings
is that

faults

point

Beaux The

is this this

symmetry.
an

contentidn
or

insistence

breeds for the

ficial'* '^artisake of

''paper'*

architecture, that,

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

97

symmetry
of needs

rather the for

than

for
a an

expression
Beaux entire
to

of

the

ments requiremust
an

building, example,

Arts

architect
or a

add,

wing,
balance criticism

devise necessary is valid

unnecessary

^^East in the but

Court"

**West
to most
never a

Court" certain violent offered

plan.
it is
an

This

up

point,

interesting
Arts
any

fact

that

the have

opponents
a

of Beaux for

architecture
or more

suggestion

better

cal logithat ficial artitrue of

manner

of

planning
may

large buildings.
in
an

It is true and

axial

planning

result of
a

unnecessary

development
that
an

building,
of

but

it is Arts

equally
is

able
a

graduate

the

Beaux which

capable
a

producing
and been
the

symmetrical
one.

plan
Whatever Arts

is also

logical
have

economical committed fact


must

offences architectural in

may

by Beaux
remain the that in

formulae,

architecture the

general
of the
cases.

is

incalculably
At
a

gainer

great
chaos

majority reigned,
itself the

time

when

architectural in code and of

great
and
ever

!^cole stepped
established
a

constituted rules in the

Law, have,
of

design
main

which elements

since, beneficially guided

tectural archi-

design.
No

architecture,
is

no

art,
which
one.

no

philosophy
to

or

religion
and

which

bigoted, and
is
a

aspires
A of and

domination of

absolutism

desirable

school

architecture
a

should
resort
reason

be
on

fountain-head of merit the form of its

inspiration,

court may, and

of

matters

procedure,

and

by
manently per-

of

the mould

teachings,
of many who the

widely

thought
to

countries, whither
have school has in the
come

return

the

students

practise
that

to

learn. Beaus;

It cannot Arts
to

fairly be said
to

of the

has

sought

dominate. to

Its aim

been, rather,
minds of of its

inspire and
an

direct, and

implant

students

impression

of the

importance

synunetry.
7

98

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

Beaux
may
more

Arts often

detail, of
be
to

which

we or

shall

speak by

ently, presforms
of

forgotten,
other is

replaced
but the

appropriate
Arts of

countries,

theory
the whole

Beaux structure the

planning

basic, and
It of is
a

underlies later

architecture. Greek ideal


a

expression

of

Classic

order.

Having perceives,
facade
of

developed
in his

symmetrical
from

plan, the
the

student
or

designing

it of

elevation is
are

building,
and that balance

that

this,
other

necessity,
masses manner

also
so once

symmetrical,
related
as

all the each

important
in
a

to

at

agreeable
of the
Beaux

and

logical.
Arts
seen

Excellent of f agade York for

American monumental

examples
ings buildas

type

are

to be

in New

in such

buildings
the

the

Public

Library,
the station
new

the Post

Metropolitan
Office
last

Museum,
the

Customs road Railno

House,

and

Pennsylvania bearing

(the
to

named,
Arts

however,
ideas

relation

in

style

Beaux

architecture).
of

Combined and

with the

fundamental
'Beaux French The Arts

Classic

order
as

symmetry,
a

school of

developed, gaiety
reason,

well,

certain
even

distinct

quality style, for

and,

at

times, always

frivolity. admirably

this

has ings, buildings. buildhas of

seemed

suitable theatres
Beaux

for

exposition
similar architecture the

casinos,
A

music-halls,
fault that and of of

and Arts

peculiar
been

frequently general
of
or

counteracting

dignity
introduction courthouses of

conception

composition

by the banks,

distinctly frivolous
other

detail, so
in which the the

that

buildings

expression
as
an

dignity
tectural archionce
an

is

essential, have
medium.

avoided This

style,

unsafe
at

frivolity of
feature hostile of critics

detail,
Beaux

attractive

and has

detractive

Arts

tecture, archiweapon,

given
which

the

another

and

one

of

they have

amply

availed

themselves.

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

99

In

detail
an

there

will

be

found,
on

in

the

Beaux
to

Arts Classic tence, insisbase and

school,

admirable for
on

insistence columns such


**

adherence

proportions
as

and devices

entablatures,
as

and the

well,

accentuating
the of
to stone

of

building

by
the

rusticating^^
central

courses,

accentuating massing
*4nteresf of

part
detail few such

the
create

building

by

extravagant Beyond
a

architectural rules
as

strict

these, nearly
ment detri-

however,
all Beaux

great license
Arts

in detail

has

characterised
to

architects,

often

the
many

serious

of their

works. there

Together
were

with

extravagant
many

forms,
of

however,

developed
merit.

also

forms

permanent
In

architectural Arts from

style, Beaux
sources, forms

detail

drew

its

inspiration
and

from
tain cer-

Classic

Renaissance
of the

forms,
Classic earlier freedom
are means

from Revival

characteristic and of

of A

Louis certain

XVI,
gay

designers
and

in

reigns.
are
* *

exuberance and low

cursive

rent. appa-

Mouldings
Flat and
curves on

all other relief there


are

profiles by
no

very

full.

' '

and

frequent, cartouches, heads,


these

every

f agade

is

profusion

of

consoles, garlands,
and,
may

elaborate

key-blocks,
Mixed Greek

lions' with

often, naturalistic
be such forms
as

ornament.

the the

chaste refined

fret

ornament,
ment orna-

elliptical windows
of Louis This feature
on

and and

**guilloche''

XVI,

Classic
"

pediments. pediment, usually


lines with
are a

however dormer

the

especially
takes
a

as

employed
forms,
location flame. and

windows,
or

sinuous favourite

balustrades

roof often

for

sculptured

urns,

conventional

Ornamental

iron

work,
in
most

in
the

the
Beaux

form Arts and

of

grilles and fagade,


and

railings, is conspicuous
this is

designed

in the

cursive

flowing

charac-

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

101

ated

peculiarities of Beaux
are

Arts in the

detail

are

not

so

api)ar-

enty and aspects


house Beaux

overlooked
a

magnitude

of

the

larger
all of

of

monumental in
a

building. thorough

Nearly rendering
of
a some

city
the

facades, however,
Arts

style, resemble
off and crowded

portions
into
one

larger
This

building,
is
a

sliced in be

city lot.
of the

fault
to

scale, and,
with

perhaps, style.

greatest

faults

found

the

Many
the have of
more

leading
Ecole

American des them


most

architects
Beaux

have Arts
in

studied

at

great

Nationale back with In

Paris, and parts


far
position com-

brought
its

the
cases,

most

important
have made and of

teachings.
use

they
of

of than

the of

larger
the
a

precepts
detail. distinct In

planning
work of close
return

the

certain

firms

and

individuals has works. and their been

process in
a

architectural observation from the signed deand the


cases

procedure
of their

apparent
upon

Directly
commencement

their of

school,

practice,
French

they

buildings entirely
detail the
was
* *

which Arts
or
* '

were

entirely
detail. and Arts

Beaux

in every

Gradually
in
some

modified outward

abandoned,
of
Beaux

entire

aspect

architecture

disappeared, principles entirely


That
are

leaving
of
**

only

the

great
the
*'

deeply-instilled style" changed

order,*'
or

while

to

Italian

Georgian
who benefits

English
have which their Arts

character. studied in Paris derived of who

American of

architects the is real

convinced the American

they

from the meet

School,

evidenced
of
renew

by

foundation

Society
to their

Beaux in

Architects,
the

periodically
side of

reminiscence
^

turesque picthe for

younger

^atelier'' and

days

in

Latin student

Quarter,

and

award submitted from

scholarships by

prizes

'*projets'' draughtsmen

ambitious
of the

tural architec-

many

parts

country.

102

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Many
form the

features frame-work and of the in

of

the of

Beaux
our

Arts

idea
courses

of

teaching
in

college
as

archi-

tecture,
Institute of of the

such

instances and

the

Massachusetts French entire

Technology
Beaux and Arts

Harvard,
the

uates gradsystem
so

moulded M.

thought
great

instruction.

Despradelle,
has

long
dead the

leading
years;

spirit of Duquesne

Technology,
of

been directs

several

M.

Harvard

teaching

in

Cambridge
of

to-day.
Arts and

Evidences

Beaux

teaching
many

are

widely which,

and
at

prominently
first

distributed,
be

buildings

glance, might
will be found and is

thought

of

directly Classic
to

tion deriva-

inseparably pervasive

combine,
of

as

well, the
Beaux in and

ever-recurrent

influence

the

Arts,
the Mexico The
chosen

which

conspicuous,

too, in
of

South Buenos

America,
Aires

more

important City.
illustrations

buildings

show of their

examples
direct

which

have of

been
Beaux

by
traits.

reason

expression

Arts

The

two

details

of

the

Grand

Palais

des

Champstraits of

Elysees,

in

Paris,

depict
the

admirably
and
as
a
**

certain

detail, illustrating
scale
so

fantasy
as

disproportionate typical
motif for
as

often

met

with,

well

tion introducfrom the

of main

naturalistic

sculpture. again,
this

The

fagade
rather

shows,

fondness
as

tic, naturalisthe
The

than of

Classic

sculpture,
of

well

profuse tical ellipLouis ing, recall-

mingling

divers

details

divers

origins.

medallion, XVT, though


if
more

with

garlands, florid, the

is reminiscent

of

grotesque
Renaissance.

masque

anything,
from

the the

Italian Italian

Further is apparent
a

spiration inin
of

Renaissance is

the the

background,
Beaux Arts
"

yet the
the

whole

typically
of

product
Archi-

Modern

School

French

"og3

HI

PARIS

IN IN

NEW THE

YORK" DESIGN
bulb

DIRECT FOB
A

FRENCH
FIFTH AVENUE

BEAIX-ARTS
SHOP

TION INSPIRA-

FRONT

The

ODtire

Icealmeiit,

in

geoenl

dcEigD

and

ia

every

detail.iB

emllliaUy

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

103

tecture.
are ^was

The taken
at

building
"

from

which Palais

these des

interesting Champs-Elysees Universelle,

tails de-

the

Grand of the

built

"

the

time

Exposition

in

1900y and
In this
are

is the

work

of several three The

collaborating

architects.
ples exam-

country
shown.

thoroughly first, the

illustrative New York

Public of is of
an an

Library,
which excellent monumental

designed
members

by

firm

of Beaux

American Arts

architects

both

were

students, fagade
from

example
type
The entire and

of of

the

symmetrical developed
this

the axial

building, feeling
of

plan.

building,
of
an

in

plan,
Arts
of

composition character,
the

detail, is

distinctly
be called French
a

Beaux

and, perhaps,
influence of the

might
modem

example

better
a

School.
on a

The Fifth
**

second, Avenue,

jeweller *s shop
New York of

(now
is

parfumerie)
as

City,

unequalled
French small
compass,

densed'* con-

epitome comprising
salient Over
of Beaux
as

Modern

architecture,
so

it

does, in such
features. flares
a

many

Arts
entrance

the

metal the

and

glass marquise,
of with
'^

freedom

almost creation.

suggesting
The

contours

an

Art

Nouveau'' iron
*

balcony
on

above,

its

uous sin-

rail, is supported Arts,*' and


cartouche.*' from is the

console
centre

brackets is marked

oughly thor-

'Beaux
**

the

by the
curved and

inevitable

The
two

characteristic

pediment
above under The
urns

springs
window

elongated

consoles,
so

the

elliptical medallion
rendered in the
as

favoured vein. the finial

Louis
treatment
on

XVI,

though
the

modem
as

behind

pediment,
the
same

well

pedestals, shows
of Louis and ''Beaux XVT

rendering
the

of architectural entire f agade in


an

forms is

origin, but
**

thoroughly
and

entirely
Arts"
use

Modem its detail

French'* As

its

design,

in

cation indi-

of the

frequent

of Greek

forms

in this school

104

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

of

design,
note

combined should be

with made

forms of the

of
* *

the

utmost

ity, modern' '

egg-and-dart

ment orna-

in the The broad Beaux

pediment example

moulding. comprises
in New
a

third

in York fair
of

the
a

design profusion
of the

of

city house
Arts

fagade
and

of

details,
features

affords

idea the

more

undesirable
true

and

qualities
its many

style.

It

is

that
canons

this

fagade,

despite

offences
a

against
ficial super-

the

of Classic of

architecture, gives
**

certain

impression
the

smartness

' *

and

urbanity.
over

In

florid

supports
of

beneath the
to

the

balcony

the of

door,

there French

is evidence architecture rail


* '

occasional Louis above of XV

reversion

Modem the the

Rococo,
it makes XVI. and French

while
use

balcony
refined
are

immediately
^ '

of

guilloche

motif

Louis

Elsewhere sance Renaisthe thirdof

to be

discerned while
up

traces

of Italian device
of

forms,
story
that window fatal

the the

breaking

into

entablature

is illustrative the merit Arts that exterior the' of


many

license excellent
It

which works be

destroys
of observed
in

otherwise

Beaux

origin
**

or

inspiration.
manner*'

will

French

has

been

followed of the almost


rooms

the
on

expression etage/' building,


above the

of the and which street From defects of be the

importance

the base

^'premier
of the

the

rusticated,
blossoms

severe

into

exuberant

festivity

level the
of

story.

foregoing
Arts

observations

on

the

merits
a

and

Beaux

architecture,
in this American

and

from

study
it will the
on

illustrations
to

presented
in
many

connection,

possible

discern which

buildings
has

important
this side of

part
the the

the

great
and
to

school
more

played

Atlantic,

understandingly
been offered to

appreciate

opposition

which

has

THE

CLASSIC

IDEAL

105

Modem Italian It in the


was

French

architeetnre

by

the

exponents

of

pure

styles.
said works
* *

in of

previous
the Classic

paragraph
Revival unmixed with is in

that, excepting
**

or

American
Arts

Empire,

Classic
are

derivations

with American

Beaux

influences,

rarely
in
a

met

ture. architec-

This,
direct Classic

measure,
are

true, though usually


met
museums,

designs
with

of

inspiration
libraries
as

in bank and in

buildings,
such

certain

and Tomb

art

mausoleums Classic

Grant's it is
in the

in

New

York

City.
all the

inspiration,

true, underlies
this

nearly
whether the Modern

the

monumental

buildings
follows
or

country,
of

actual French The have

rendering

character

School,
Classic endured the

the
in

Renaissance

Italian and

School. Classic

Ideal
many

architecture,

forms,
but

architectural

developments,
the
or

through
and have
more

Renaissance,
the Modem
to

through
French
possess

Classic Arts

Revival

through always
potent
to

'Beaux

School,
and have

proved
than
or

qualities
movements

greater
which

the

stylistic

sought
And future inmiortal been be

adopt

re-mould

them. that Classic

it is safe

to

predict

forms,
will

through
their have will future has lost have

cycles of architectural qualities


when

evolution,
Classic of ancient

retain
forms

other that
**

architectural

forgotten, apparent
"

and the the

Derivations** successive Greeks which

in for

architecture
of in age the

centuries
none

genius

of

its since

significance
the

the
of

centuries

passed
The

golden
of the

Hellenism.

design
what the

following

chapter
architecture

is

to

aid

in

discerning played by
the
that

part

in American and of

has

been

by

Byzantine
fabric

Romanesque
the Middle

styles, and Ages,


called

remarkable

Gothic

style.

CHAPTER

BYZANTINE,

ROMANESQUE
DERIVATIONS

AND

GOTHIC

THE

"

ROMANESQUE

REVIVAL STYLES IN

"

IN

AMERICA. ARCHITECTURE

THE OF

PLACE

OF

ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC MILITARY

THE

T0-6AY.

DERIVATIONS,
AND

ECCLESIASTICAL, SECULAR,
IN AMERICA

COLLEGIATE,

TO
establish

group

American

architecturar and Gothic be said have

derivations

of is
to

Byzantine,
a

Romanesque
which historic

styles,
to

triology
these
in

might
types

be

logical
but
a

only

in

that role

played
of

partial
in

the

stylistic

expression

architecture

America. A brief consideration will in this recall


a

of

the

Byzantine phase
a

and

esque Roman-

styles inspiration
great
for
and
a

past
but

of

architectural which
to

country,

phase
destined both

left endure

many

important
time
to
come

monuments,
"

long
secular.

^buildings

ecclesiastical the
to

And and

in

ecclesiastical

architecture,
are

Byzantine
reckoned

Romanesque to-day
our as
an

styles

distinctly
factor

be the

with
of

important

in

inspiration
A

church of

architects. the Gothic derivations will outline mediaeval the lesser and the

brief

consideration in American

adaptations
very

architecture

important
in

part

played

by

that
as

great
well
as

style
part

ecclesiastical

architecture,
in
some

it has The in

played

secular with of this the Rome

types

of

building.
ture architecrecall that
siderably con-

acquaintance
the
a

formed

Byzantine
book will

second

chapter

it

was

style
after

developed
the fall

by
of

early (with

Christians,
the

temporary

ROMANESQUE
A

DERIVATION
in New

OF

THE of

ROMAN tile, RomaD tbe

TYPE

brick

churcb
ol

York *nd

fifures

lerTSMWtU,

Ibe Citv, dufta the

dome of the

pedimenl
CarinthiBn

ROMANESQUE
oblivion before the of Classic

DERIVATIONS

107

architecture)
of the Gothic

and

considerably
It

development
that

style.
was

will

be

remembered

Byzantine
arch the the of
a

architecture

terised charactered clus-

by

the

round that of

sprin^ng
as

from

short,
as

columns,
shaped carving
decorative

arches, columns, curiously


Mosaic

well
were

the treated but


was

basketwith

capitals
which
was

primitive,

highly largely
of

character. the

decoration

used, and important


and It

dome,

not such *s in

the
as

vault,
Ste.

was

the in

covering
nople, Constanti-

structures,
St. Mark be

Sophia

Venice.

will

remembered,
the

further,
vault

that

Romanesque
of

architecture, developing
led

system

roofing,

directly

to at

the
its

great

Gothic
was

style.
way

Romanesque being
a

architecture, style,
a

best,

by
a

of
never

hybrid

transitional It
was a

style, style of

and

style

oped. fully develdifferent

uneven

merit, seeming
and

parts

of

the

same

building

often

architecturally
and

meagre, at

ill-studied, barren
same

stupid,

others,

the and In

time, architecturally

ful rich, intricate, colour-

interesting. considering
which
one

the been

development
called the the

in
**

American

tecture archivival," Re-

has
must

Romanesque
as
* *

accept
as

designation
the

embracing
"

Byzantine
safe to

derivations say,

well, and
have

Revival,
and

it is
vasively per-

might
the had will

well

permanently
of
**

moulded in this

character
not
a

architectural

design
Revival*'

country,

Renaissance

supplanted
Let
us

it, as
consider about be

be

seen

later. of
* * **

the
1870. any
**

status

style** in American
* *

architecture
we

If

style
to

it could it
**

be

called,

should

loth, in
of had the

event,

call

American.** the dawn when of

The

influence

Classic out

Revival**
even

of

that

century

died

before

1836,

108

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

**

Colonnade

Row** came,

was

built the
most

in

New

York
from

City,
the

and
most

inspiration
debased and

for

part,

bourgeois
or

type

of

contemporary unintelligent
created and

French ers followsuch

architecture,
of
monuments
as

from The

misguided,
first

RusMn. of ''brownstone familiar


to

inspiration stupidity
type
who of has
or

architectural fronf
anyone

vulgarity
mally disside Eastand
'

the

city residence,
traversed other similar the

streets
em

of

New
It houses

York,

Brooklyn,

cities.

created, usually
with

also, those
alluded
a
* *

great
to
^ ^

country
mansions

suburban

as

'"

great

square

boxes,
* *

hideously
* *

mishandled
* *

sard man-

roof whole wealth The

and

tower

or

cupola, regarded

which,
as an

with index

the of

horrible and

ensemble,
status.
as

was

social

Gothic

effort,

we

have

seen

in
no

the less

third mal, dis-

chapter,
and

produced
even more

architectural

aberrations

architecturally
The

illogical and
was

struct-

tirally dishonest.
some

country
revelation
**

in
"

dire

need

of

great

architectural Ruskin's failed

some

great
of
a

tectural archi-

light.
' '

Seven
to shed

Lamps
even

ture Architec-

conspicuously
Cimmerian

faint

glimmer hope
to

of of be

light in the
clear
or

darkness architectural

in

which vision

every

intelligent

seemed

plunged.
The

light which
of
one

appeared
of the

at

this

juncture

came

in
"

the H.
was

person H.

greatest
because

American his

architects

Richardson,
clear and and

great

architectural

vision intention sound

intelligent, his

architectural

definite and

sincere, his

architectural

reasoning

enlightened.
The

great

Romanesque
with
the

Revival

which of

he his

led

became

first

conspicuous
of the

publication
tower

perspective
Church in

drawing

splendid

of

Trinity

ROMANESQUE

DERIVATIONS

109

Boston,

which

appeared
' *

in

* *

The

New

York
may

Sketch be

Book

of Architecture
as

in 1874.

The of

church the

considered

the it

first stands

monument

Romanesque
of

Revival,
American It the is
true

and

to-day

as

an

expression highest
1890

architectural that of
a

ability of
from
1880

the
to

order.

the

decade
many

witnessed of

erection

great

important
not to say

buildings

architectural

inconsistency,
by the
structures

architectural other

insanity, equalled
or

of

no

country
idea

no

other

period,
as
a

although guiding
One
once

the

Romanesque

held

its

place

light. architect,
no

matter

how

great,
of

could
so

not

at
a

mould and

the

architectural the

thought
remarkable

great
is that
to

country,
^ ^

really

thing
it
soon came

Richardsonian

Romanesque"
such
a

(as

be

called) exerted
demonstrated handled
as a

widespread
the for

influence.

son Richardbe road rail-

that medium

style might
the

successfully churches,

design

of

stations, business
and

buildings, city
but
and
a

educational He

buildings
had number the and
many

private

houses

in

country.
far
who

imitators sincere and

and

copiers,
Revival
era.

greater
welcomed of
a

of

admiring

followers,
as

great

Romanesque
architectural
The

the

dawn

new

hopeful

late
even

Montgomery
in
as

Schuyler,
saw an
'*

architectural
and
**

critic,
revised**

writing

1891,
the

assimilated American then his bid

Romanesque

future it

tecture, Style** of archifair


to

which,
Mr.
were

indeed,

become. the

Schuyler's admirably
a

contentions,
well

analysis
he
reason saw

of

style,

founded,
for

for the

possibilities
that
sense

in

Romanesque
was never or a

Revival
**

esque Romanthat Gothic

finished**

style, in the
were

the

Classic

Gothic

styles

finished.

architecture

supplanted

Romanesque

architecture

ROMANESQUE

DERIVATIONS

111

Revival, championed
the Ecole great des French-Classic Beaux the Arts

by McKim,
influence in Paris.

Mead

and

White,
from

and the

emanating

Perhaps

greatest
was

legacy

of Richardson of lies the

to

can Amerithat cere, sin-

architecture architectural

his in

demonstration this

fact in
a

sanity

country

only
to

intelligent and
historic

scholarly style what


of that his

adherence it may.
as

worthy

style, be
the

that

Richardson
as

taught

architects

time,

well

the

criminatin disis than

public, safer, and


architectural And record which in of he
more

architectural of desirable

precedent

productive experiment.

results,
him

doing

this, he

left

behind

splendid buildings
these
are

architectural

achievement

in
among

the

designed.
Church in

Conspicuous
Boston,
the of Sever

Trinity
Hall in

Hall Court
and
a

and

Austin
the many

Cambridge,
Chamber

Pittsburgh
Conmierce and

House,
great

Cincinnati

permanently

pleasing
the
of

residences New
many

railroad States.

stations,

especially through
While
were

England
of
were

the

works

Richardson's

followers

admirably
of those
a

sincere

and

perfectly legitimate idea,


as

expressions
of
most

dominant
who

architectural him

the
an

works
tune oppor-

of

imitated

merely
not

expedient
in

were

ill-studied, and
tended to

only
the

worthless real
and

themselves,
aims of The
of

but the

discredit
Revival. will

higher

Romanesque
observer

architectural this

recognise

the

ings build-

interesting
of the

period

in American

architecture Revival bear


tions proportrances enan

because

buildings

Richardsonian

unmistakable
are

stamp.
massive and

Usually
often

of

stone, their
The
cavernous

heavy.

are

spanned
is

by great usually

semi-circular

arches, and
a

the

composition

dominated

by

sturdy

tower

112

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTUBE

with merit

pointed
with of the
out.

roof. the

The

carved

detail
or

may

vary

in

the

which acanthus In

Byzantine leaf,
or

Romanesque

ing rendermay hewn

grotesque
the
stones

heads,
were

be

carried with
masonry In
we

masonry,

each classifies

the

rough,
* *

chipped

treatment
' *

which

such

as

rock-faced.

the

Richardson find
* *

Romanesque
the
* *

buildings
have
as

of

brick,
to at

often

that

bricks

been in

moulded Sever of Hall

resemble Harvard moulded and other

rock-faced

stone, and,
is
an

University,
brick for

there

abundance

specially
muUions

cornices,

string-courses, capitals
in

details, with

foliated

unglazed

terra-cotta.

The the

decline

of

Byzantine
of
of

and

Romanesque thought derivations,


for what another
extent

ideas
in

aa

dominating
and the

trend rise

architectural
the

this

country,
and It

Latin

Italian

French,
remains
to

is the

logical subject point


with
out to

chapter.
we

only
reckon before

to

have

still

Romanesque
on

derivations

in

America,
Gothic

passing
in this

to

the

study

of

our

modem

derivations the
to

chapter.
Revival entire the of 1871-1891
was

Although
not

Romanesque
mould the

destined American

subsequent style

character such

of

architecture,

possesses

admirable architecture
many

qualities
that

for

expression
been

in

ecclesiastical of
a

it has

the church

inspiration buUdings,
to occupy
a

great

distinctly doubt,

successful continue

and

will,

without

always
of

prominent equal
to

place, in this
that To of the cite for

capacity, style.

importance

nearly

Gothic
a

few

examples

which

are

conspicuous
rendering
but for

not

only
the

their

scholarly
and merit

yet imaginative style


of this

of

Byzantine

Romanesque

their

architectural

regardless

consideration.

ROMANESQUE
the New observer York
may

DERIVATIONS

113

profitably
its the the

study

several

churches attention

in is

and toward under

vicinity.
Madison
of of

Particular

directed

Square
the

Presbyterian Metropolitan University.


in the Church

Churchy
tower,
Another of St.

shadow

great

and

to

the

chapel
derivation

Columbia is
seen

admirable

Joseph

at

Babylon,
in of
a

Long
moment

Island,
to

and

again,

to

transport
in the First

ourselves

the

Pacific Los

Coast, Angeles,

Church

Christ

Scientist, in
Bomanesque represented religious

California.
Li

that

the

'Byzantine

and

churches the ideals

of of

the
a

early Christians

in Bome kind and


an

distinctly simple
of

of

tions thought, adaptastyles


may
come

Byzantine
as

Bomanesque

to be

regarded
for

architectural edifices the Gothic

expression
of
the
more

peculiarly
radical
an

suitable

the

church

Protestant

sects, while expression

style effects
various

tectural archi-

ranging
'

through
to the
was

degrees
itself,

of

Episcopal
Bomanesque

* *

high church*
architecture for the

Boman
once

church

considered office

iarly peculings, build-

adaptable
but the

design
of and

of

modern

development
further

this

essentially American
away

type

has

grown

further
treatment.

from When

any

Bomanesque
were

possibilities of
and the floors
not

walls and
or

of

stone,
of the

of
more

steel than

beams, eight

the ten

height

building
was

stories, the

style

adaptable.
structure

It became

impossible,
was

however,
of

when the

the

of the of voids the of could

building (window

entirely openings) spaces).


acter, charto
form con-

steel,and

proportion
in

overbalanced, Bomanesque
and,
with
to

relation,
was

solids
a

(wall

architecture
from

massive,
not
or

heavy
made
soar or

its nature, skeleton steel

be
to

this

frame,

upward
more.

twenty,
8

thirty, forty twenty-fiver,

stories

114

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

And

for

the

private
newer

house

the

style
were

became in
vogue,

'^old and old

fashioned/' despite
their

adaptations
architectural

marked

interest,
houses
newer

the

Bichardsonian

Romanesque
and Italian
^'

country
beside and French

seemed creations
or

dark| adapted

dismal from of Gothic it

heavy"
villas

chateaux,

in

variations The which

English

styles.
survived
**

style, however,
in the so-called the

the

distaste Revival and


'^

created

Gothic

immediately
established
of

preceding
itself
for
as a

Romanesque

Revival,
and

permanent types

inspiration
of American of

source

derivation
we

various
current

buildings.
this for

Thus Gothic

find

in the

architecture
may

country
ence, conveniand
to

derivations
**

which
**

be

called,
**

Ecclesiastical,*'
' '
"

Collegiate,''

Military,"
in

* *

Commercial several the

^the

designations

referring

part
in

the
to

varying
of

renderings building
in

of the which

style, and
these

part

types

renderings

appear.

It is natural

that

by far

the

greatest
in and of

part

of

Gothic tecture archi-

inspiration

and

Gothic found

derivation in church

American

is to be and while of
a

cathedral these lack

buildings
the
true

the the

greater
Gothic

proportion style, the

spirit
offers

meritorious for

minority
and

peculiarly

interesting

field

observation

study.
The

explanation
of
our

of

the

failure lies
to

of

the

greater
circumstance the
to out

portion pro-

Gothic

churches have failed

in the consider failed

that
nature

their of

architects

organic

Gothic
to

architecture,
a

have

recognise
of
a

its

similarity
forth

tree.
as

tree
comes

grows into

seed,
and
trees

putting
these
nave

branches leaves. of

it

its

growth,
of

put

forth

Different

varieties
way

different

Ways

growing,

each

characteristic

STRONG
o( the

MODERN niaaaive (St.

VERSION

OF

THE

GOTHIC
a i-er

II

irKEulirilsThomas'

whirta Cburch.

charBrti-riBoi

New

York

Cily)

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

116

of

specieSy and
may

some,

like wind-bent
on

cedars
seem

by the
curious

open

seashore, grotesque,
And
so

take

forms residt of

which of the

and

although
a

the

special conditions.
Thirteenth
or

Gothic

church

teenth Fourand tions direc-

Century branching
as

grew, in

organically,
or

gaining
in various

size

out the

chapels

cloisters
each

growth
and idea.

progressed,

addition the main

springing
stem

naturally
the Gothic

spontaneously
The
to

from church thrust

of

Gothic take the

itself, its massive


of the

buttresses

rising
and take

side-aisle
above
was

arches,
these like
an

flying buttresses
the thrust of the

springing
great
nave

upward

to

arches,
created has strain

organic

growth,

its many

members
as a

by

structural

necessities" the trunk


to

exactly
take

branch

greatest
at

girth point.

next

the

greater

this

It is doubtful

if anyone
an

but actual

Japanese
copy

artist
a

would ^but if
to any

attempt
such be
an

to

construct

of

tree

"

interesting
no or one

hypothetical
in

undertaking
dream
**

were

tried,

engaged

it would of
or

that of

structural
tree

organic improved
from

features upon,
a

the
a

design'*

the

could well

be

that

pine bough

would of the the

look

growing
the of

maple
would branch work

tree. at

Regardless
least feel that

its appearance, introduction botanical It is


a

designer pine

the

would^
to
a

destroy
tree.

resemblance curious
to

of his

maple
very who

fact, however,
the

that

few have in have Gothic which

tects, archi-

in relation Gothic

great numbers
their is

essayed
such
a

adaptations,
simile.

indulge
The result hence

thoughts
that

profitable

they

duced pro-

illogical (and
"

unconvincing)
with related buttresses
to any
"

fices ediabut

^buildings

adorned not of

no

arches, with
of the

wings

natural ^in fine


a

expres-

sion

growth

the

building

hybrid

GOTHIC for

DERIVATIONS

117

in the

first instance

he

has

become

versed,
finds

by

sity, neces-

in material
at

forms,
the

and

in the
one
or

second the

himself,

the
an

ontset age

of his

practice,

of

world

*s workers

in

of which literal

sesthetic

spiritual ideals
at

rarely level,

rise
even

above when

materialism short of

their

highest
commercialism

they

stop

absolute

at

their
**

lowest

level.

Broadly
its

defining
in

symbolism,
current

before

proceeding
ments, achieveFirst

with

expression
be said

architectural
are

it may
one

that

there
to

two of

kinds. literal
"

is

impelled,
are

by instinct,

think

symbols,
to

which
a

of of

comparatively
St.
"

little with about

importance
axe,
or

adorn Paul

shrine
a

Matthias
^to
carve

the
a

of the

St.

with
man,

sword

doorway
ox

winged

the

winged

lion, the

winged

and

the

eagle of the

four
* '

evangelists. This,
which
to

be

sure,

is

one

sort

of
to not

symbolism,
master,
at not

but and

the
a

sort

requires
of
our

only erudition
art enters

into

knowledge
many

which

all. show

Perhaps enough
such
siderations con-

of this

ecclesiastical of that

edifices but

do

of

sort

symbolism,
their

it is not

upon
or

significance

to-day

for

terity pos-

will **The desired involves the have


gone

depend. fundamentally important


is of of
a

symbolism
broader the

to

be and tween be-

in church
a

architecture

kind,

basic

understanding
the work

difference

spiritual and
about their minds

material. in

Many
a

architects church of
to

designing
a

by

assembling
forms,
extent

in their this there of

only

collection done
room

material such the


an sideration con-

and that

they
has

have been

generally
left
no

for

things
no

spiritual. type
of of

* *

Obviously

other

building
the

calls
as

into

play

the

necessity

for

expression

spiritual

opposed

118

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

to

the

material
as

in church that the


means

architectural

design

to

so

great
the
more

degree
to

the

edifice, and
so

it is therefore

be

deplored
to grasp

few

latter-day

architects

have

failed

futility of seeking
of form without of stained
or

such

architectural

expression
'^A

by

feeling. pointed glass


will not

meaningless
Gothic

assemblage
and

arches, windows, produce

crockets,
which
a are

tracery

architectural church
more

forms,
edifice
a

tools,

well-designed
any

with

true

architectural

meaning words,

than also with

meaningless
or

assemblage produce
In
none

of
a

which

are

forms,
true

tools, will

piece of literature
the
arts
can

literary value.
of

of

expression
tools
of

signify anything
that
art

consequence

unless

the

have

been
to

directed the No end

by
that

thought,
the
was

which

is the

spiritual element,
express

finished

fabric

will

thought.
no

painting

great

by
of

technique
words

alone,
contained
reason

literary
in it
of
;
or

masterpiece
any

by virtue

the

tural architecin
is
a

monument

solely by
form of which its

the

accuracy

the

material

several

parts.
accuracy in

There
to

careful and
an
even

stupidity accepting
believes

believes

be

art,
as

architecture that the careful

its

real

meaning
to

art,

adherence

material
an

forms One

will architect

bring
may

required

expression develop
the

of
an

idea.

conscientiously
some

tural architec-

project
fail
to

from in

work
a

of

past,
even

and

entirely

produce

execution

design
same

creditable.
may

Another, produce
goes
more
a

governed

by exactly the
The
more

inspiration, deeply
as
a

masterpiece.
the

the fine he and

student

into

study
he is

of

architecture
to

art, the
realises the

baffled

likely played

become,

until

the

parts

actually

by the

material

itual. spirlarge why

Gradually
architectural

there
and

become

apparent
it
xr

certain
very

truths,

suddenly

clear

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

119

some

architectural others be
are

achievements and transient. the

are

great
Forms

and

lasting
not can-

and

trivial
to

alone

assembled unless

prodace
is
as

highest
to

architectural
an blage assem-

expression
that
**

there
known to art

brought
art.

such

quality

As

corollary
that

the

last, it must
all
not
an

be

brought

out

with of
a
*

emphasis
nature

is above

abstract
at

entity,

entirely spiritual and


what of

all material. does it take it is to much

*'But

form?
of
a

What work of

part, if any,
art! not

in be
more

the

production
into

Certainly
before of the the

taken

consideration,
broad

but

important
of the
must

understanding
and
to
a

opposed
And this
clusion con-

values discussion

spiritual proceed
it for is the
to

the

material.

logical and
to

accepted symbolism expression


of art. to
an

before

possible
reason

discuss the
a

in of It is take
to

architecture, symbolism
therefore is

that in

only

be in

found

work

necessary,

orderly

succession,
is

cognizance appreciate
to

of the the

the

fact

that of art

architecture
as
an

art,

meaning
obvious conceived of

abstract

entity, and
such of tecture architrue

reach
as

conclusion
in

that

only

is

the
a

highest
for

tenets

art

is

capable

becoming
of the

vehicle of

symbolism.
'form'
most in

**The

question
of
a

place

material the

is

worthy point
to

brief made

discussion,
is its relative

in which

salient

be

importance
In

son compari-

with of the
one

other

considerations. added ''form''

speaking
toward had
in

specifically establishing stating


of of
art
a

architecture,
truth about
not

testimony
is
to

be

that in its

speaks

only

of
;

architecture,
for in the

but

several

manifestations the

creation

piece, master-

painter

has his the

his

technique, the writer


forms. their
use, to

his

words,

and
are

the

architect in

architectural intent of

These all the

things
arts,

common,

120

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

but these

we are

should

never

lose but of

sight of the
One
a

basic
not

truth become
over

that
a

nothing by
or a

tools.

does tool of

carpenter

virtue

slinging

bag

his the

shoulder, dictionary.
''Great have

great

writer

by virtue

mastering

architects
a

have

been of
were

only

those

men bering remem-

who

acquired
the while the
of

knowledge
that these

material but

f orms,

tools, and
of these
as a

who

have
not

regarded
as

use

or

manipulation
but of the

forms

the

end And

their the

endeavour other

only
means

part

of

the
to

means.

part
of

necessary

the will which which

end have

or

attainment realised
to be

architectural

expression,

they

that that

essentially spiritual quality essentially


artistic

is called is called

art,

or

quality

spiritualism.
an

''It
as

is,then, only in such


be
an

example
of art that and which it is
is

of architecture
we

may

regarded expression

as

work

may

expect

to

find the

of

symbolism,

in

consideration

of

tremendous
out

spiritual idea

it is not

required

to

bring

in

church such

architecture, symbolism
edifices of this

altogether
in
most

surprising
the modern
* '

that church is of

lacking
country.

of

There

required

symbolic
that

expression nothing

of
short

fabric of the
even

of

ideas

such

magnitude
of architectural

highest
conceive achieve and of
means

degree it, or
it. and

imagination
of

can

the

highest
are

degree
to be
as

architectural ideas
as

ity abilbroad ideas

There

expressed

deep

far-reaching
some

religion itself, some


create

mystery,
a

intent
awe

to to

by
those noble

architectural

sense

of

and
are

stimulate
the most

thoughts
and the
most

in

the

human

mind
"

which ideals
at

superhuman
This is the in

once

exalting
is the
a

and

humbling.

symbolism
the

which of

first

architectural of

essential

design

church,

obviously

far

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

121

greater
called and the
' *

importance
ecclesiastical

than

snch

symbolism
the attributes

as

might
of

be

heraldry,

saints

insignia
because

of material the
master
a

theology.
builders of the pean great Euroof the

And

cathedrals
real

achieved of church has


many

tangible

expression
an

symbolism

architecture,
not

expression
but rather have
to

the

vitality of which by time,

been

impaired,

heightened,
been
so

latter-day
and

architects
as saw

limited

in vision the

understanding
which

ine imagin the

that works achieve '*An have been of

by

copying
these desired

forms

they

master

church-builders

they

must

the

result. of
set

appreciation
thus far
not

such forth the

architectural here failure will in


go

truths far toward

as

understanding

only
of
our

archited^ral
the
reason seem

significance of much
for have the

church

design, but
as

lasting values
from

of such such
an

examples

would
' '

to

resulted From these

appreciation.
be

thoughts

it will

apparent

that

tectural archiare

sincerity and
essential Gothic difficult of
a

architectural
any

understanding adaptation
it will the of
success

in

designing
from
any

worthy

of not

the be

style, and
to

this

view-point
to

discern, in building,

effort

determine

merits
or

church in

not

only its degree


but the
real

failure
reasons

stylistic rendering,
either.

architectural

underlying

American

architecture of Gothic than for of the


a

affords in

smaller scholastic

number
or

of giate colle-

examples

derivations in few Gothic the


to

buildings
offers In school effort occasion the
or use a

ecclesiastical
comments in

buildings,
this

yet

connection. of
a

style in the
success

buildings attending
extent to

college,
be found

greatest
come

the

will

from

the

which

the

finished

design

is

unecclesiastical, yet expressive

122

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

of Gothic feat of

Mediaevalism.

Nor
more

is the easy

performance
it sounds.

of this tually Vir-

design
every

whit

than

Gothic with church

form

is

characteristic, only
an

through ally exceptionforms will which sively expres-

association,
skilful result
in

edifices, and
contrivance
a

architectural but
a

of these
a

anything
neither

compromise"
church

building
nor an

suggests

well-designed

designed
\

educational the

building.

Success

in

undertaking,
effort

however,
and

amply

repays

thd

architectural

involved, designer,
as

proclaims
one were

the to cite
group
or

architectural

ability of the conspicuous


for the

if

only
of

such

instances

the

impressive

buildings

College
of

of the

City of New
for the
most

York,

tl^e scholarly

group

buildings

Graduate

Coland

legeof
the and
most

Princeton

University.
Gothic

The

adaptable
for

expressive

derivation will be

scholastic the tional transiand the

collegiate architecture style which


combines Renaissance of

found
Gothic
"

in

Tudor forms Oxford of this

forms, style
of

Early

English

^the

collegiate architecture
American
out

and

Cambridge.
have

adaptations conspicuous
of

style
at

been

ried car-

with

success

Princeton

sity, UniverMawr lege Colmany

the and

University
St. for Louis

Pennsylvania,
as

Bryn
well schools
as

University,
and

in

buildings
the
more

private
Few

public

throughout
have been than
to

country.

European

derivations

felicitously employed
/'transitionaP*

by American style
such
as

architects

this

English
and

applied
derivations

cational edu-

buildings,
more

although

might
with
our

properly

be debt to of

considered
to

in

connection there is
a

architectural Gothic In element

England,
of this

sufficient

allow
*'

brief

reminder.
one

speaking
of
a

Military
of the

Gothic,*'

speaks,
in but

haps, perone

versife

style exemplified

FROM

THE

GRADUATE

SCHOOL

OF

PRINCETON

UNIVERSITY

fl"in""

iloDC

thr

arcb

are

""fl"iiiboy"nl"

Frenrh.

Crol*"qu"

hive

becD

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

123

group

of such

American
a

buildings
and

"

^yet this

group

sents repre-

splendid
that its of
sense,
as

remarkable could
or
'^

architectural
not

achievement in In is
to

significance
any

be

looked over-

the

works

period
the term
to

any

nationality.
Gothic" of
on

this be

specific

Military buildings

regarded
States Biver
as

applying Academy
more

the
at

the the be

United Hudson

Military
"

West
sense

Point,
it is

^in

general
the

to

regarded type
A will

applying
Gothic

to

massive,
called

rugged,
Norman
at

like fortressGothic. Point


to

of

architecture of the

paragraphic
serve

study
make clear
term

buildings

West

to

the
**

architectural

qualities
so

be

understood
less

by the

Military
may

Gothic,"
be.

that

any
as

specific

considerations

regarded

unnecessary.

It is apparent

that

the
some

idea

of

military
of From
a

architecture fortress time


or a

immediately castle, of
man a

conveys

thought
defended.

place
has

to

be

morial immein building

availed of defense like


to

himself

of nature

's aid
as a

any

kind

by

selecting
some as

site

some

inaccessible which
must
as on

crag

Tintagel,
an

natural

eminence

offer

enemy

great
not

difficulty of
of
a

approach
built
of any

possible.
a

One
or

does
a

conceive And
so,

tress for-

plain,

in
or

valley.

regardless
of

actual
our

necessity, thoughts
natural

even

contingency
edifice

military
first such

defense,
a
a

of

military
as

picture
for

considerable

height

the

location

building.
In this

particular
at

of

mental is at

association,
once

the

site

of

the

group

West

Point

logical and
the bulk

priate, appro-

the of the
masonry.

massive River Whereas

buildings
with
an

crowning impressive
Gothic of

steep
of

bank

Hudson

sturdy

Ecclesiastical the achievement

architecture

is at

its

best

in

delicate

lightness

124

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

and in

attenuation,
the achievement of
at

Military
of In

Gothic

is

obviously weight
and

at its best sation condenings build-

tremendous architectural

form.

this
are

quality the
successful.
to

West

Point of
as

manifestly

They
student

are,
as a

furthermore, group-study
for it the
was

significant interest
well
was as won
even an

the

individual

building largely
of
un-

study,
because

work
so

in
to
was
a

competition
a a

apparent,
that

committee tremendous

architectutal

judges,
architectural

here

and

expressive
purpose

idea,
of the

dominant

architectural In
mere

in

the

vision the

designers.
between
a

dentally, this, inci-

lies and
and
a

difference
"

building
purpose,

work

of

architecture

the

first

lacking
;

consequently
result of
a

failing
definite

in

expression

the

second

being

the

and

intelligent

architectural

intention. These observations


may
on

Gothic concluded and

derivations

can in Americomments

architecture
**

be

by
on

few the

on

Commercial
or

Gothic,'* re-creating
term of
* '

difficulty
* *

of

creating,
* '

in this

country
Gothic idea

a
' '

Domestic the

Gothic.
very

The

Commercial

is, from
the
most

natures
a

the

commercial

and

Gothic

idea,

paradoxical
to

term,
of
our

yet

one

which

aptly
Much
not

applies

certain

architectural
in

essays.

architecture,
in this

indeed,
but fact

is

paradoxical
historic
some

theory,
in

only

country

in certain

periods

Europe,
such
accurate
a

and
term one,

it is this
'*

which,

to

extent, makes
an

as

Commercial
it may

Gothic'* well be

apt

and
as

in

fact, while
one on

criticised

doxical para-

paper.

It between

is

to

be

submitted, suggested
*'

however, by
is
**

that

the
"

variance and ideas in the

ideas

Commercial variance the actual

suggested
realm
of

by

Gothic" than

rather

thought

between

architectural

"MILITARY

GOTHIC"

ITht

ChBpel

of

the

West

Point

Militai

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

126

requirements degree
theuL that may
to

of which

our

modem
Gothic

office

buildings
may

and

the
to

the
*'

style
' *

be

applied
is the
most

Gothic be

derivation,
for the with and

however,
that Gothic
a

claimed,

reason

steel

building
of

structurally

dispenses
arches

the

essentials

vaulting,
a

pointed
steel Gothic

buttresses.
no

Structurally point
in
common a

modern
any

building

possesses

with

building.

Superficially,
at
once.

however,

striking affinity becomes


The form
any
;

apparent

modem it

steel from and

building
a

is

''

perpendicular" ground
area

in than The

springs

far
towers
' '

smaller
to

Gothic

church,
* '

greater
is

heights.

perpendicular
for this the

movement

of its lines
a

essential, and
sion. expres-

Gothic

style offers by
steel
reason

direct of and

external the

Furthermore,
slendemess of
of

comparative desirability
tion propor-

the

skeleton,
offices, a
for
an

the

devising
of void

welMighted
to

predominant
in the

solid

is called

design.

Here, solution,

again, the
with of for its solid the

Gothic

style offers

architectural and

tall, slender, vertical


wall
spaces.
or

members,
Gothic

its absence

The

style is
of

adaptable
the modem that
not to

external,

superficial, expression exactly


the
same

steel

building

for

reasons

the be

Bomanesque adaptable. Thus,


purposes purposes

style, considered
the of of absolute
a

earlier, proved

despite
and and ideas ideas

incompatibility
office

of and

the the the

modern

building
and

Gothic

church, existing

despite

obvious there

structural

differences
an

between for of

them,
Gothic

is, nevertheless,
in
not

adequate
tall

sanction

derivations It offers
are

the

modem to

buildings
that the

to-day. style
others intended

is

intended

imply
of the

Gothic and is

the alluded

only
to

solution in the

problem,
It

ninth

chapter.

126

THE

PRACnCAL

B(X)K

OP

ARCHITECTURE

rather

to

bring

out

the
or

thought

that

there in of

is the

nothing ment employ-

stylistically illogical
of The the Gothic difference and

unpermissible
in matters idea

derivations
in purpose its modem

form.

and

existing between is, after


**

prototype
a

derivation

all,

chiefly
**

difference

which

might
the

be mind

called is

literary," by busy
Dame dor corriNew

or

mental." of
a

Instinctively
bank
up
or

disturbed

thoughts
stock-brokers

of

swift the

elevators,
towers

rushing
of Notre in the in

and

down
mass
on

Cathedral,
of York. it is
an

of

high

being
lower

chanted

office

building
these form

Broadway
associative

Dismissing possible
to

purely
some

thoughts,
architectural should

impartial
associative

conclusion. be
"

It is true
as a

that

thoughts

reckoned

powerful

factor of

in architectural the of have Since


we

design Ages
had

^yet, if the
confronted

Gothic with would

builders the

Middle

been office of

necessity they
not

erecting
made
we

towering
the
most

buildings,
**

their

perpendicular"

style?

admittedly propriety,
kinds of

borrow borrow

architectural
those T most

styles, may
adaptable

not, with
to

given

buildings
Modern for

architectural

adaptations
have of been

of the

Q^thic

style
spicuous con-

commercial
success

buildings
in
a

attended
such

by
as

number United
numerous

instances, Realty

the

Trinity
the in both Times New

'Building,

the

States tall

Building,
houses of

Building,
York

apartment
above of all

City, and,
size and in

towering
the
success

these,
vation deri-

in actual
"

its Gothic

the

great

Woolworth be said
or

Building.
that
a

It may will
repay

truthfully
the
ways.

pause of

to

study

this

student There

lay observer apparent,

architecture

in several

is

tectural first,a great archiThe

intention

in this

building.

magnitude

and

""hDbJKnph
IRAL

h}

H.

TeUa

DE81"X. FOH
AND A A

IN.MODERN VASTLY

WHICH

THE

MEDI^evAl,

GOTHIC
WITH A

STYLE TRANSLATION'

HAM

BEEN OF

ADAPTKD
MATERIAL

OFFICE FIED MAGNI-

BUlLDtN'G,
SCALE

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

127

dignity,
far
' ^

even

the the
' '

nobility, of
plane
created

this

intention

has

raised

it the

above

highest
and has

usually
an
a

attained which

by

commercial^
the

edifice

entirely
"

merits
"*a

characterisation of Commerce/'

of

visiting Englishman
In this

Cathedral Woolworth

respect,
as an

then,
tectural archi-

the

Building
of of its

is to the

be

regarded
order.
a

achievement In the
matter

higher

execution,
will
come

clear from
a

idea

of

its

architectural of certain

significance
elements

tion consideraof mass,

in its

design"

elements

Ught

and

shade, material,
these is
in
a a

scale, and
in

stylistic derivation.
it may
matter

Taking
that the
mass

elements

succession,
handled
"

be

said

successfully
structure
and

of vital size.
to

importance
tower

of

such

colossal

The the
or

bears of the
rear,

seemly

logical
viewed in

relationship
from
at at

body
the above
tower

building, whether
it diminishes The

the

front

and roof.

girth gables

the the

right height
base the of roof
appear to

the

abutting

the of

effect

an

agreeable
"

transition small
are

from
as

the

sub-structure to the

^gables which, building,

they

in relation
average

entire
or

equal in size
In the

the

city shop

house-front. the

manipulation
rare

of

light and

shade,

designer utilising

displayed
the and
**

tectural archimotif

ingenuity
at

by
the
to

canopy''
serve,

three

levels

of

structure,
effect with

these horizontal

by the

shadow without

they
any

cast,

three the

divisions
**

conflict whole
not any

perpendicular Anything
introduced
was even

ment" movea

of cornice

the

design. possibly
be

resembling
in
a

could

Gothic

design, under
in
some

pretext, yet it
monotony
resulted and from

necessary

to

break,

way,

the have

ocular sheer

displeasure

which of such In

would

perpendiculars

tremendous the matter

height.
of

material,

skilful

architectural

128

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTUEE

* *

translation
an

' '

was

necessary.

Gothic of

architecture in the
matter

was

essentially exteriors,
third
were

architecture the

stone,

of the

whereas

Woolworth
terra-cotta.

Building, Forms, by

above

story, is of glazed
created
were

then, which
hammer and

from contrived

solid here That of

material
from
so a

chisel,
means

plastic material
a

by
in

of

modelling.
and method

essential could

difference be
so

material and

production
is
a

honestly point
not

successfully

overcome
* *

significant
' ^

only in architectural
* *

derivation,

but

in architectural

translation.

* *

Perhaps
the

no

architectural Woolworth of

consideration

involved
out
so

in portant im-

study
an

of

the

Building
as

brings

element

design
could of

the
a more

consideration

of the tion illustrabe

scale

of of

its detail. the

Nor

graphic
in

importance

scale

architecture

offered. The
seen

details from
two

of

the

Woolworth different elevated range, from

Building
stations several the
"

are

to

be the in

widely
are

^from feet

street, where
the such

they
at

hundred several

air, and
as

close

galleries
It
was

the

gallery

at

the

forty-second
forms which with with from
not
own

story.
should historic such the

necessary,
a

then,
as

to

contrive
as

bear
prec^

relation and

scholarly
contrive have the when ^'in

possible
forms

edent,
that

to

these

subtlety street, far


crude

they would
and
at

telling effect
time
at
as

below,
and

saipe
seen

would their

appear

monstrous

level. in
to

To

design
is not

scale,''
to

understood

this

nection, con-

merely
thicknesses.

magnify,
Such
a

merely
process

increase result

diameters

and

would of
a

only in the
Su"Gice it to

creation
say

of the the

architecture
process

nightmare.
one

that

here

was

of

summate con-

subtlety, practised under

peculiarly

exacting

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

129

conditions.

The
is
a

scale

of

the

cornice
no

of

five-story
or

building
matter
no

matter

meriting
in
the

less
success

attention,
of the
means

less

involved but the

tectural archiso

design,
diflScult.
In

problem

is

by

no

the

matter

of

stylistic derivation
successful. have have than
a

the

Woolworth

Building
characteristic
manner

is

conspicuously
Gothic declares forms

Essentially used,
and in used
a

been
been

which their No
**

they
' '

frankly

for

pictorial
structural

rather need of
a

their

structural

values.

steel

building

(unless

wind-bracing)
introduction and detail and
was

is served
at

by

flying buttress, yet their


story
is at
once

the

forty-second
The

ful grace-

effective.

picturesque by
far
"

interest
use

of

Gothic

given

expression

the
up

of
the

gargoyles
traceried the in
street

grotesque
of the

animal

forms,
building

among

heights
level

great
but

^invisible

from

below,
from

irresistibly
or

interesting
The

chance tectural archi-

glimpses

windows
of

galleries.
grotesque

quaint
been

pleasantry
in the

the

has

used, also,
stone terity pos-

detailing
under admirable the

of

the

lobby, where
will

sculptured
preserve for owner,

corbels

ceiling beams
caricature

portraits
and of this has

of

the

the

architect, the
identified Detailed reference
to

master-builder the erection

others remarkable

prominently
building.
in with

with

consideration the Woolworth


one

been

indulged
for

Building
most

the

reason

that, besides

being

of the

noteworthy
intention of

ican of Amer-

buildings, its design


illustrates
to many

(in both

and

form)
value

architectural

points

peculiar

the

lay student.
now

It remains of

to

comment

briefly
in
a

on

the

difficulty style,
Several

expressing

modem

domesticity
aspect
of

the

Gothic

especially in the exterior


9

dwelling.

130

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

intangible,

yet potent,
one,

factors
a

militate

against

its of

ceptance, ac-

perhaps,

distasteful of the forms

recollection
the

the

dismal
'^

and

stupid Revival,''

monstrosities

inept Ruskinian
associative ecclesiastical

Gothic

another,
of Gothic

constant

mental

connection

with

buildings.
Some been clubs
"

residential

interiors

of

Gothic

design
a

have few

conspicuously
have been
are

interesiting and
rendered Lack

successful,
in the Gothic

agreeably exceptions.

style

^but these had its

of familiar

precedent
The few fine

has

effect

on

associative

thought.
in
* *

Mediaeval
was

Gothic castle.

residence There of
was no

(excepting
well-to-do
or as a

cities) class,
a
' '

the the

middle
was

and

dwelling
no

the

serf

peasant
basis for

rude

affair, by
Social of
no

means were

attractive
too customs
so

derivation. from those

conditions
:

widely
and from

dissimilar modes the of

to-day
less

manners,

living bore point


tions DerivaAmerican
even or

variance,
numerous

that,
vast

architectural
* *

of

view,
''

and

costly

Mediaeval

in
' '

the have

way

of

Twentieth in

Century expression,

^ ^

castles have

been

lacking
a

when
even

they

possessed
interest. and with of the the The

certain The chasm

quasi-roslantic
between the America

picturesque Ages
wide
in to

Middle
is too

Europe bridge
idea
as

the
an

present
architectural

day

in

derivation. remained

The

church idea fact


no

has
a

sufBciently
in
^ ^

similar,

also
' '

of that

fortress conmiercial

implied

tary Miliis

Gothic.

architecture the

impersonal, claiming
in the
no

holding
intimate makes

analogy
with

with
our

past,

and lives form

contact

individual in

present,

Gothic

derivations

acceptable.
The

dwelling,
has

however,

has

undergone
been

too

many

changes,

moulded

itself, and

moulded,

too

GOTHIC

DERIVATIONS

131

closely
uses

to

our

personal
in will and

desires,
to

preferences,
primitive
Mediaeval

needs

and form.

to

revert

type
become in and

its

This

truth

increasingly
the Italian offer

apparent study which,


direct of from

upon

consideration,
country
more

subsequent

English
their

houses

villas,
a more

developed
derivative
The

nature,
architectural

opportunity

for

expression.
.is coxmtry

following
of the the

chapter English
modem

designed house,

to

outline its earlier

the

evolution

from

forms

to

type,

with

correlated

American

derivations.

CHAPTER
ENGLISH
THE

VI
EARLY
AND

DERIVATIONS,
CAUSES ON COUNTRY AMERICAN

AND
OF

MODERN
ENGLISH ANGLOOF

IMPORTANCE,
INFLUENCES AMERICAN ENGLISH

MEANING

ARCHITECTURE.

THE ADAPTABILITY

HOUSE.
ARCHITECTURE

THE

COLLEGIATE

NO
accord

person

in

the

least

familiar in this share

with

the
can

ment developfail to
of
our

of
to

architecture

country
in the

England

its great

trend

architectural

thought.
are,

English derivations
in
our

perhaps,

most

conspicuous
to
a

domestic
some

country
other

architecture, and
became

lesser

degree in
in

types of building. The


and

expression
established
was

of Renaissance

architecture, which
under the

England

Georges,
as
**

which

planted trans-

to this

country
in
a

Georgian

Colonial'*
^ ^

is

more

fully dealt
Architecture. Our
to the

with
' '

subsequent chapter
directed

on

American

present

observations

are

more

closely
and to

English country
on

house, early and


own

modern,
the

its influence The

our

country

house
on

architecture.

preceding
of and

chapter laid emphasis


that
**

English
blended
'*

derivation Gothic

transitional forms
monumental

' *

style of
**

Renaissance

called

Collegiate
have

architecture. influenced of Arts

English
American

buildings
but of the

architects

cause little, largely beBeaux

the

stronger
in France.
no means

counter-influence

school It is

by

unnatural for

that in

we

have

turned the

toward

England house,

inspiration
there for
are

designing
two

country

and
reasons

at

least

strong

unarchitectural
132

this.

r
"

I'D

sll

in
m

m
f^
1
a

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

133

It the

must

not

be

forgotten
are

that

our

family
"

ties of

with the of

English

people
race, has

very
even

strong
the

^we

are

Anglo-Saxon
other strains

and
not

constant

admixture the dominant

materially
our

modified

characteristics

of
never

English
**

forefathers.
to us,
nor

Things
can we ever

English
be
**

could
to

be

alien''

alien'* is

the

English

people.
to

It

equally
may

important
said
to to

remember the the Our

that
very

the idea in best based


a

English
of
way
*'

be

have have

invented enriched nation.

country
unlike

life," and
any

idea
own are

other

European
with

ideas
on

in connection

country
and which

life,indeed,
it is hard could
to
un-

good
any

English
amount

precedent
of evolution

conceive

of
us

Anglicise

in The

this

hereditary

conception. having
understand kind of
to

English,
life,"
a as

then,
we

originated
it

the

idea

of

'*

country

to-day, naturally dwelling,


the tory his-

developed
of of its its

suitable

country
the
proper proper

which

is essential and And idea


on

understanding appreciation English


idea of of

characteristics charm.

the

peculiar

since which domestic


our

the
own

country

life is the

country

life is is best idea of

based, the
followed

development
in the

of

architecture house. has The

EJnglish Italy and


the idea.

country
in France

country

life in

always

differed

considerably
from the

from

English
German

idea, and
country
after

consequently

American

life,and
the

the

large
castles the

German
were

country

houses,
were

Mediaeval after

antiquated,
if
one were

largely
cite

patterned
such of

French,
as

to

only

conspicuous
Souci" Frederick
von

examples
(the
the
name

the itself
or

castle

and

gardens

'^Sans

being
vast

French)
estate

devised of Prince

by

Great,

the

Piickler

Muskau,

in Silesia.

134

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

The continuous
to

English
and

country

hoase,

however,
from
its

has earliest features house.

been times have The

logical growth,
and many

the

present,

of

its

salient

been

incorporated
evolution
'^

in the has
' '

American
gone

country

English
' '

successively
' '

through

the

Keep,

the

* *

Hall

and
* *

the

Manor, house,

' '

untU and

it reached its

its present
have

form,
in

the the

country

' '

changes
fort, com-

all been

direction and
a

of

attaining

greater

greater
The times.

privacy
was were

greater
fortress-like thick and

attraction. affair had


a

**Keep"
Its walls

of few
no

feudal

small, gracious
isolated

unglazed gardens,
it from

windows. but visit


a or

It

was

surrounded and
a

by

deep
attack.

moat

drawbridge
motives of

Here,

from

tion protecdwelt

rather with
him
rooms

than
in

sociability, the dungeon-like


the lord and

lord's

retainers There
were

this for

abode. his

vate priwere

lady, but

these Life in

sparsely **Keep''
of
our

and centred

uncomfortably
in
**

furnished.

the

the

**

great

halP' this
name

(the
great
to

prototype
common

modem and

living-room

'') and
gave

assembly
of

eating-room dwelling

the

the it
"

type
^the

English

immediately

succeeding

**Hall.'' The Hardwick

**Hall,'' Hall,
a
* '

name

preserved Hall,

in

such Hall the

places
and

as

Haddon

Moreton than

the

like,
* *

was

more

seemly
became the
the

dwelling
type
of

forbidding
diately immefort Com-

Keep,

and

country

house

preceding
and than

Elizabethan
more

development. apparent
were

elegance
and

became
some

considerations made
at

defense,

attempts
In later

tectural archi-

gardening.
at

Jacobean

country
turned their
was

seats,
eyes

the

time

when

all

English

architects
when

toward with

Renaissance Italian

Italy, and
and

England
the formal

fiUed

designers

workmen,

type

of

AMERICAN-

COVMTEY

HOUSE

GI"D

Cove.

Irimi

laluul)

AN

ADAPTATION

OF

THE

ENGLISH

'TCDOR"
HOVSE

STYLE

IN

AN

AMERICAN

COUNTRY

Thf

Hyle

which

Diicked

the

traniilianiil

h"ii(c.

id

Eneland.

fmni

Gmhic-

to

RcnliHucc

archit"-

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

135

Italian

garden, with

uary terraces, grottos, fountains, stat-

^Hemples,'' placed its permanent stamp on English garden design. "By the end of the Sixteenth Century the gloom and of the primitive austerity of the **Keep'' had much quite disappeared. The only surviving feature was the rapidly changing. Its ''great hall," but this,too, was walls were treated with oak panelling, its barrack-like barrenness relieved phies was by tapestries,banners, troof the chase
as

and

and

discarded

famUy and appeardeveloping in variety, comfort too, ever ance, contributed toward creating an environment stantly conmore

rich

and

decorative

well as family armour, portraits. Furniture,

livable.

Throughout the Tudor period the *'HalP' was ually gradof Elizabethan and changing into the ''Manor"
Jacobean Sutton times. Great Tudor Old

country places such

as

Hall, Hengrave Hall and character Longleat House were stamping a new on architecture. of the houses English domestic Many of this time, such as Longleat, were continued later, garden front of Great Tangley Manor (Frontispiece) conceals, behind its pleasant aspect, an early Norman Keep, quite built about with later changes, and the original moat, spanned by charming garden bridges, has been treated "ornamental as water," with aquatic plants. Under Elizabeth, England became more prosperous and more earlier than at internallypeaceful time, any
so on

Place, Moreton

with

subsequent

additions.

The

Elizabethan

that the Tudor

evolution

of the country

house

went

fortunes made imchecked, and, stimulated by sudden by prominent families in foreign trade and maritime almost in its appearance. modern adventure, became Some

great houses

of Elizabeth's

time

are

Hardwick

V.

136

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Hall,
Wollaton Great

Holdenby,
and

Bramhall,
Westwood.

Knole, And,
as

Montacute in the

House,
instance
were

of

Tangley
up to

Manor,
date with

many

earlier extensive

dwellings
renovations

brought
additions.
Even

and

at

this

time
house

there

became

apparent
which

one

of

the

English to-day
the
use
as

country
a

characteristics and

remains charm
"

no

less
and

conspicuous
varied
were

peculiar
materials.

of

local houses

building
local

Most
slate
ment casewas

of the

great

of

stone, with
and
scarce,

heavy
leaded brick
and

roofs, lead

flashings

and

rain-leaders
stone
was

windows.

Where with
stone.

used, sometimes openings Surrey


favourite
and and

the In

comers some

and

window

door

of

counties,

notably

Kent,
was a

Sussex,

half-timbered

construction
many in
cases same

Elizabethan
were

type.
all used

In

stone, brick house,


of of haps per-

half -timber
at

the

different
as

times, and
as

this

diversity
natures

colour

and

texture,

well

the
an

varied

successive

additions,
domestic edifices which
of

developed
architecture the
the

essentially picturesque
which
even

type

of

the

formal

classic and of

Georgian keynote
of

period
the

did

not

supplant,
architecture

is

domestic

England Early

to-day.
Jacobean with
manors

continued
of

along

bethan Eliza-

forms, becoming

the

note

the

Italian

Renaissance in
den gar-

increasingly
The Civil

conspicuous, War,
with

especially
its brief did

design.
Cromwellian the consecutive
and the

gloom
not

of

Puritanism,

interrupted,
of the the

but

check

development period
saw

English
of such

country
famous

house,
and

erection

historic

mansions Coombe of

as

Hatfield and

House, Raynham
and

Audley
Park.

End,
It

Thorpe
was

Hall,

Abbey

the

period

Inigo

Jones

Sir

Christopher

A-J

ARCHITECTURAL
LATTER-DAY

TYPE

WHICH

HAS

FURNISHED

MUCH

INSPIRATION houKi in

(Old

Bolborn,

London)

A
The

MODERN
dccontive

ADAPTATION value
ol

OF

ENGLISH work

HALF-TIMBE! ia
uk

bsK-timber

oI

iU

mem N.

uDf

(Dormllory

buildinc

at

Prinreton.

J.)

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

137

Wren,
sanee,

both and
was

eager

exponents

of for

the the

Italian marked

Benais-

both

responsible
over

change
house.

which

coming entering
*

the

English
a

country
of

Before

into Classic

discussion Taste** be which

the
in

chilling
the
in

diange

which

'the

wrought
well
are

lish Eng-

country
some

house,

it would details

to to

note

review

characteristic

be

associated and

with Jacobean In from

dwellings

in

Gothic,
times.
and

Tudor,

Elizabethan

(Stuart)
late the Gothic barn-like of Tudor
stone
woven

Tudor

houses,
type
to

doors

developed
framed conform
were or
no

battened times
* *

heavily
to

doors, those
with the
* *

Tudor arched

usually openings hung which,


between

pointed
in

which

they

hung.
the

Bare

walls
**

were

with

tapestries,
was

coarse-

arras,'*
of doors

however,
rooms.

longer used
wainscots
or

in
were

place

Panelled

frequent,
and
rooms

carved decorative showed the

with
* ^

Gothic linenf old

tracery,
* *

with

the

familiar

motif. ber tim-

The

ceilings of large
trusses

the

heavy

open

which

supported
carved.

roof, and

these

trusses

were

often The

elaborately

Elizabethan

period,
"

really
as

to

be
a

regarded
transitional It
has to

as

'^English period,
in

Benaissance,
some as

was
as

much
Tudor.

respects,

the
same

been

characterised

bearing

the

relation
the

fully

developed Francois
Benaissance. Thus such

English
Premier

Benaissance bears
to

as

French

style of
French

fully

developed

many

Elizabethan features
many
as

houses
towers

are

found

to

retain tresses but-

Gothic and

and

battlements,
while

Gothic windows

mouldings,
instead
of and of

introducing
Gothic
dows, win-

square-headed

pointed

gable ends, oriel


dll in leaded

windows

large bay windows,


the casement

glass,

with

sash

type.

138

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

The

4ineiif in

old

* *

panel

of

Gothic

and

Tudor

times motifs

continued

popularity,
from

though

Gothic

tracery

disappeared
Half-timbered in One

domestic work

architecture.
a

reached

high stage
in

of

ment developand in

Elizabethan shows

houses,
a

both

country
**row*'

city.
old

illustration in London.

characteristic be

Holborn,
that

It must work
of

remembered,
in Gothic remain

however, times,
to-day,

half-timber few in

originated
such

though

examples England.
of

early date

especially
The
assume

interior
many

the

Elizabethan of
the
' '

house house

began
of
modern
ples exam-

to

characteristics
was

times.
as

There Haddon

the and

* ^

great hall,

and,

in

such

Hardwick,
a

the

*4ong

gallery.*^
tural architecand of
an

The

staircase

was

made

highly

decorative

feature, newel-posts,
heraldic

with

elaborately usually

carved carved
as a

hand-rails in the form

the

latter The

animal. overlooked Elizabethan

staircase,
the

feature, had Century,


never

been but sank

largely
from into the

until

Sixteenth onward

period

again

architectural
The

insignificance.
cavernous

great,
of Gothic

fire-places, with
gave

overhanging fire-places
ment treatally usu-

hood,
with

type,

place
and
a

to

smaller

elaborately
of
the

carved,

often

polychrome
coat

over-mantel
the

blazoned In
gave

of

arms

forming
the

central

motif.

subsequent

tion evoluthe
mantel over-

over-mantel

carving carving Grinling


were

place

to

painting, with it, as


in the

surrounding
Gibbons.

and

framing

works

of

Elizabethan

ceilings

of

laced figured plaster, in interout

geometrical freedom,
of the and

patterns,
this

carried held

with until

able considerthe end then alle-

type

in favour

Seventeenth and

Century.
these in

Panelled
turn gave

ceilings place
to

were

introduced,

the

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

139

gorically
of

painted
character Classic the

and

the which

low-relief
came

plaster
the

ceilings

Classic

with

Eighteenth

Century

revival. Elizabethan became

During
furniture interior

period,

floor

coverings
elements

and of and
more

upholstery comfort,
became

important
the
more

and, through increasingly

Jacobean

period

onward,
like

plentiful and
of best

similar Panelled

decorative interiors
and to
more

embellishments
were

to-day.
in the the houses latter

at

their

of

Elizabethan carried the

Jacobean luxurious interior

times,
and

and
*'

period

modern*' of

velopment dethe

domestic

improvements

former The enlivened


groups

period.
exteriors of Jacobean

country
as

houses
well
as

were

by elaborate
of mullioned the

bay
windows

windows,

by large
of
a

(the **mullion** dividing


one

dow winfrom from

being
another
:

member

opening of glass

the in
a

member wooden

dividing

one

pane

another,
Dormer

sash,
with Jacobean in that
than
a

is

**muntin**). ends, often


roof

windows diversified dormers

gable

fanciful differed
a

in

contour,
from of
the

lines, and

later

they part
were

were

essentially
the main roof.

part
The

wall, rather
of Jacobean with

of

entrances

houses

architecturally
or

orated elaband
a

Italianesque
of in

columns

pilasters gable
much the

profusion especially diversity


Holland An

carving,
brick

often

heraldic, while
assumed of
*

ends,
of of the the

buildings, shape

and Dutch

picturesque
Renaissance detail
was

gables

type.
characteristic
of

Italian

notably

Jacobean

architecture

the
as a

semi-grotesque

terminal forms

figure,
often

frequently appeared

used in the

pilaster, and
of finials.

grotesque
The
as

form
as

typical Jacobean
it
was

finial, however,

characteristic

alien

to

140

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

many

other

details
was

of

the

style,

was

the
on

small, stunted
the
and

obelisk, which garden gables.


Intricate of after Italian
terrace

commonly
on

placed
gate

posts
on

of the

balustrades,

posts

carving,
the

both

in stone this

and

wood,
was

was

acteristic charout the

period, and
and and

detail

carried with

patterns

designs,
earlier
forms

though

spirit of Many

Elizabethan and

English
were

execution.

interesting
to

quaint

the

result, all

contributing
resque

the of

achievement the of Jacobean


the

of

that

peculiar pictu-

richness
at

style. period,
a

'But

the

close

Jacobean for

tively comparato

artificial itself
and

fashion
in the

formality
of the

began

make

apparent Mary
of
and

dwellings Anne,

reign of William
the of Classic the
two

Queen Georgian

forecasting
Houses
a soon

Revival Dutch homelike works The

the

Period. maintained

reigns, however, atmosphere


of the

certain
to

element in

of the

which

was

vanish

Georgian
manor

Classicists.
was

Jacobean
but the

still house in

more was

picturesque
more

than than of
two

formal,

Georgian
Wren the died

formal the of the

picturesque. George I,
and

1723,
of

during reigns
and

reign
the

architects
were

the

succeeding
Brothers. The works
was

Georges

Gibbs, Kent,
things
Classic
mode of
was

Adam

fashion

was

for

Italian, then Eevival, scholarly


more

for whatever academic

the

of

the

Georgian
in the
new

and and

attained of
of

niceties

design
the and

and

detail

than of

lost

in

the

passing
Elizabethan
were

picturesque
Jacobean
**

informality
houses. amateurs*'

the

Tudor,

Many
and

titled had of

men gentlemuch
to
own

architectural the Such

do

with

design
a

and

garden
and
an

layouts
was

their the Earl

places.

scholar

amateur

of

I
s

j
5i 5 M^

I
t

AN

AMKRICAN

COUNTRY
ADAPTED

HOUSE

OF AND

COMPOSITE
BLENDED

ORIGINS

BKILFILLT

The

genermi

etlert

o[

Ihii

Kduh

u"

Ihit

ul if

fnlugod

EnslisI Enslisb

cottige.

while

the

tie

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

141

Burlington^ Palladioy work,


was

who called other for and


one

published
the
**

portfolio
of

of

drawings

by
This

Antiquities

Eome/*

with fuel
art

similar the furnace

contemporary
of

publications,
enthusiasm Earl
was over

but

general
and but the

Classic

architecture,
of those
him

pooned lamof
:

with

gentle
in his

terrific

satires vein

Pope,
"

who

addressed

characteristic

You And Yet Fill Who And

show

U8

Rome

was

glorious,
onoe were

not

profuse,
of
use.

pompous

buildings
my

things
noble

shall,
half random of
some arcs
one

lord,
land

your

just,

your

rules

the

with

imitating
from your

fools;
sheets shall

drawings

take,

beauty
vain of

many

blunders with old

make;
theatric

Load
Turn
"

church to

state,

triumph

garden

gate.

"""""""

Shall

call to

the catch

winds cold

through
at
a

long

arcades
door."

to

roar.

Proud

Venetian

The

Anglo-Classic
in its The in

country
as

house
to

showed earlier and and

radical

changes dwellings. developed


elevations.
gave
so

plan plans

compared
were

English

formal formal
and

symmetrical, symmetrical coes portiin

correspondingly
Classic

pediments dignity
to

colonnaded

an

air them

of

the

houses, atmosphere

and

doing
ticity. domes-

deprived

of their and

earlier

of

Interesting peared,
and
the

irregular
hard

roof-lines and

disap*
with

sky-line became
and

formal,
urns.

tall, straight
In Jacobean
were a

chimneys
and

Classic

finial

Elizabethan
of

houses,
wall of
eaves

dormer

dows win-

portion
up

the

the of became

house,
the

resquely pictu-

carried the

through
dormer

the window and

roof, but entirely spacings


a

Anglo-Classic
of the roof.
are a

part

Systematic
part
of formal

calculated but the

of windows

designing,
effects. In

are

not

productive

of

informally

artistic

Classic

II.

T.

Llnd"l"rK,
MODERN

ArctaiUd

(Albrn

LlDdiberg)
IX AMERICAN COUNTRY
HOI'tiEi)

TWO

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

Uctun.

wbile
itroke

the ot

introductioD

of Id

Ibe

[ocnml

lUlinn

Pillnduin

eptrsDct

["

"

dirint

but

"II"elJT*

iodividuaLity

deajgn

rii

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

143

reflection
can

of but this

an

artificial

taste

in its if

own

time,

the

style

be in

doubly
country

artificial

inappropriately

employed Strong
the
at

to-day.
remained and in force until
even a

Classic the

influences

end the

of

Eighteenth
of the

Century,
Nineteenth chaos

appeared
when of

beginning
of such Revival of Charles
has

Century,

period
loomed Gothic efforts

architectural architectural and such Eastlake. been made


to

began,
as

out the

which

mistakes architectural

Buskinian
as

fantasies

the

Mention unsuccessful with the

elsewhere illumine

of

Mr.

Buskin's

attempt
''Seven of the
to

architectural The both unwisdom sides

gloom inept
of the of
any

Lamps

of Architecture/'
still

monuments

period

exist,
to

on

Atlantic, arbitrary
Of Eastlake
more

bear

testimony
to

the
an

attempt
less sincere Eastlake and is

popularise
and

architectural
the

style.
haps, per-

known,
than

of

two
had
a

he
more

was,

Buskin,
was

and

lively
a

vision. architecture

's vision

the

creation
was

of

style of

furniture and based in

which
on no

to

be, if nothing

else, picturesque,
Eastlake
's

stylistic precedent.
the other fact that the

mistake in

lay

ignoring
or

picturesque,
It is not bizarre
to
or

architecture of

any

art, happens.
becomes

the
even

result

deliberate

intention, and
in direct has

actually unpleasant
of conscious effort

proportion
gone

the

amount

which

into

its

contrivance. Eastlake his


*'

published
found

book

in in

1870, and
hundreds

for
of

time small
we

style"
in

expression
and
mute

houses still have

England
with
us,
* *

America. testimonials
* *

Many
to
were an

of

these

unenlightened pointed gables


;

groping
there
were

for

the
queer

artistic. windows in kind

There of
**

erately bull's-eye** glass delibhere and

differing

and

size, scattered

144

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITEC3TUBE

there

in

the

walls of

there

were

galaxies
and from

of

turned and

spinriots
Decent of

dies, explosions jig-saw


carpenter
traceries work the

sunflowers

rosettes,
the
eaves.

dripping
was

scalloped,
in
a

perforated
few survivals

and of

scroll-

sawed,
seem

and

interiors,
curiosities

to-day,

lesthetic

indeed,

restlessly motifs,
and
* *

decorated and
^ '

with lished

obviously
with

European-Oriental
feathers
reason,

embelout Withof
gay

fans, peacock
or

vases.

apparent
colours
were were

sufficient into with

glazed
and of

tiles

built

wooden weird

houses,
mosaics in stucco.

gable

ends

embellished and

broken

glass,

shells At

pebbles
the

imbedded Eastlake
to make

its best and of


a more

style was, possible picturesque style parodies


the world
was on

undeniably,
the
later

turesque pic-

helped

ance accept-

legitimately
the Eastlake

style.
one

At

its worst
and

of

the

most

fantastic architectural With about of


was

nonsensical effort that of


era

structural
ever seen.

and

has

the

rise
a new

William
dawned crafts.

Morris
in

and
in

his
the

school,
realm himself
no
spicuous con-

1858,

England
While
and

thought
an

on

arts

and
a

Morris

artist works lies in about artistic

and
in

craftsman,

essayed

architecture,
fact that
he

his

tremendous

cance signifito

the

taught
and to

people

think cerity sin-

honestly
in

things
effort.
of
new

artistic,
Such

appreciate
as

absurdities school honest

the

hybrid
able, intoler-

manifestations and the

the

Eastlakian demanded and

became

creed

construction,
ornament

expressive
all

construction, Morris,
Madox

appropriate
Bume
a

in

things.
F.

Bossetti,
and
and

Jones,

Walter
set

Crane, making
made

Brown, designs,
in

few
new

others,

about

honest itself felt

the

spirit immediately
architecture. of such

contemporary
were

Webb

and

Shaw

the

forerunners

great

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

146

modem

English

architects Norman
are

as

Voysey,
Dawber

Lutyens,
and of the
a

Bidlake,
host modem of

Baillie-Scotty E.
others. And

Shaw,
the which

these

architects

English arbitrary
informal that
was

country
revival and
most

house,
of
any

attempted
type,

in its but

style

no an

historic

rather of

essentially picturesque charming


and
to

composite
works of

all

in the

earlier

Tudor,
and

Elizabethan modernised The modem charm It leaded from


own

Jacobean modem

times, blended,
tastes

adapted

express

and
owes

requirements.
teristic its charac-

English
to

country
facts it

house in its

several that

composition. chimneys,
and Houses of the the like

is

historic, in
bits

has

borrowed work

casements,
the

of half -timber

time-hallowed built

Keeps
the

and

Manor

of its

land,

by

forefathers

present

builders. It is

indigenous,
to

because land. returned of local

its materials The


to

as

well

as

its

design

belong

the

modern the

English

tects archi-

have of

advisedly
the the
most

admirable and

practice
have and also colour

making

materials,

realised

endless

possibilities of
and the

texture

in different of

materials,
many

picturesque
in the

possibilities
same

mingling
It is

different because

materials

house. toric hisand


not

picturesque
in terms

it expresses and varied this

inherited

forms is

of local

materials,
element has

successfully picturesque
nervously
It is
on

because

been

striven

for because

in the its

design.
whole of

expressive,
a

conception
the

is

based and

natural of

understanding English
country
that
any
so

informality

domesticity
It should be
of

life. fabric
so an

apparent
own

plainly

an

outgrowth
of the

its

soil, and
and
one

entirely
which

expression
it into

national be
a

traits

tastes to

called

being, must
10

difficult

successfully

transplant

146

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

or

to

adapt
tastes

in and

another

land

and

to

express

and

meet

other It

requirements.
that successful of
are

is

fact, however,
of the

American house best ideas

pressions exare

English
such

type

country
at

numerous.

And
some

expressions
of architects the

their

when
and

they achieve requirements


with said in
any

measure

American and
owners,

of

their

blended
can a

their

English

inspiration.
merit Nor

No

literal than
a reason

copy
as

be

to possess

architectural and
accuracy.

other
can

study

exactitude architectural

copy

possess

significance for
must,
above all but house

the

that
"

tectural archi^and

design
a

else, be expressive
lack of

copy

can

express

nothing
country

expression.
be

The world-wide
expresses

English

is to

regarded
reason

as

inspiration
the

chiefly for
house essential

the of

that

it in

country
terms
more

domesticity
any

architectural
or

potently
with The the

than

other

type

nationality Early

of

dwelling,
type.

possible

exception
seems

of the the kind and

American for
a

French

chateau and

setting

comparatively
villa it is

artificial
more

formal romantic

of life ; the
more

Italian but

is, perhaps,
no

genuine,
;

less
a

formal

and

monial cere-

the

Spanish
an

hacienda alien abode

is

dwelling, but,
which
we

unless
no

greatly
racial This

modified, affinity.
essential bond which

with

have

quality
most

of of
us

domesticity,
feel
our

this the

scious uncon-

with
own

homes should

of

our

ancestors,
our or

the

homes

of from

people, charge
of
our

exonerate

architects

any

mania Anglotects archiwould

of

stylistic plagiarism.
the

To of

forbid

to

adapt
as

English

type
as

country
to

house

be

nearly
to

unreasonable
green
a new

forbid
or

landscape
to

painters
that
we

use

in

painting
The

trees,

suggest

devise

speech.

English

style is the

TYPICAL

MODBRN

ENOLISB

SUBURBAN

HOUSE

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

147

happy

medium,
and

whether is

for
to

the remain

large
so

or

the

small

try coun-

house,
come.

likely

for

some

time

to

The

art

of

architectural and

adaptation
more

is

becoming
tised. prac-

yearly

better

understood
are

intelligently
and and

Styles expressed exploited.


Certain

being
of half

assimilated -understood

worthily ignorantly

instead

architects the the

have

become and

attracted which

to

certain have

styles, and brought


of
to

sympathy
task of merit. if
one

interest has

they

adaptation

produced

results

unquestionable
It is doubtful

could

illustrate in
an

more

splendid
try coun-

monument

of

English
than and the

derivation

American
at

dwelling by Trowbridge
who derivations Stevenson have

great

stone

house Other

Glen

Cove,
tects archi-

Ackerman. remarkable

American
success

attained Wilson

in

English

are

Eyre,
John H. T.

Grosvenor

Atterbury,
Mellor Mr.
are

and

Wheeler, notably, houses,


in that

Russell

Pope,

and

Meigs, berg's
are

and, country

Lindeberg.
several show

Linde-

of which

illustrated, strong
dual

remarkable
"

they

such

expression

^English

and

American. and
are

They

typify

clean-cut, straightforward
at and its best. Such derivations architectural would have

intelligent expressive

adaptation
of sound than

well-advised
some

conviction,
us

rather

(as

critics imitation.

tectural believe) hesitating archi-

It is true modem

that

very

few

American house the attain work of

adaptations
such British in free

of the ing render-

English
of the

country
as

picturesque
is to than it
in

architects,

and

the

reason

be

found

rather

temperamental
One has the

differences often heard

architectural that
we

differences.

deplored

lack, in America,

148

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

picturesque
to the charm
so

local

materials modem
an

whicli

contribute

so

largely
To the in

of the

English
answer

country
to

house. for
are,

attempt

superficial

account There

difference, however, America, materials,


to
a

is beside and

the of

point.

wealth both the

variety
and

interesting
if

building
one were

natural

manufactured,
Chestnut

cite

only
near

ever-interesting
so

Hill used

ledgeby
the

stone,

Philadelphia,
of
that

effectively

architects
It

vicinity.
the and 'British tiles
our

is true of

that

architect
stones

may

employ
we

variety
but
even

slates

and

which

lack of

"

supposing
could avail be

architects of

(speaking
these difference

the

average)
there finished For would

themselves
a

materials,
in the

still

conspicuous

house.

this, the
as

client

is
to

accountable. the of

The is

average

American,
self-conscious He hotels that

compared
about

Englishman,
intimate oflSce
;

strangely
tion. relaand

things

personal buildings
launch

will
amaze

rear

''skyscraper'^
the whole world

he of

will

tectural archi-

and and But when

engineering
them of

projects
with

colossal brilliant
comes

tude, magnisuccess.

carry

through
his
own

the

matter

house

under and
a

his
imaginative. un-

consideration,

he He

becomes has

astonishingly deep
from have

timid
about

misgivings
those both of

house

which He and

will his

be

different

his

neighbours.
in

wife, perhaps,
the
"

travelled house.

land EngIt

and
in

admired ideal

English
^but

country
are are

is,

fact, their
or

they
who

afraid entire unusual


was

that

their

friends,
will and

even

passersby
odd windows that

strangers,

laugh
will

at

the
**

and which

chimneys,
to

call

queer''

intended

be

picturesque.
Real

appreciation

of

the

picturesque,

on

its

own

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

1^9

merits^ is, after fact, coupled opinion


is

all, a cultivated
with
an

appreciation,
timidity
the bottom where of the

and

this

inborn lies
at

outside ences differand

concerned,
the

between its American Before of

modern

English

country

house

adaptation. departing
from the
"n

statement

of of
to

this the

chgrf
average

'^architectural

timidity''
writer

the

part
like made of

American
at

client, the
a

would he Point and

paraphrase
a

large

few

comments

which

in View

magazine
in tecture Archi-

essay

called

**The

English
^^Arts
more

''(written for
to

Decoration'

')y in order
a

make
In

the the

matter

specific and
architecture

point
this

moral. and made the selfin

practice
self-assured evolution
if
our

of

fearless has house and

splendidly possible
like of

English
of
a

point of view
of

the

type

country

which,

present
will

personal
never

timidity

consciousness America. It must


as a

endure,
always class,
of be
are

become

prevalent
American

remembered
not average

that

tects, archifor the

entirely

responsible

finished
as

aspect
are

the

country
at

house, inasmuch
every turn

they

very

often

coerced
and
"

by

the

requirements,
upon

restrictions

interdictions
worst

imposed

them

by

their

clients
*'

^and,
and

of

all, by
of

the

indirectly
clients Let is
'

delivered

advice"

opinions

their

officious
us

friends.
a
a

take

modem house

English
which
a

country couple
of

house

which

typical, and
builders
* *

prospective

home the

have

decided dreams. for


at
' '

is, beyond
It has
a

peradventure, quaint, rambling


with the
a

ideal

of their

plan, well
thrown The roof

adapted

future
a

enlargement,

wing

out, perhaps,
line is varied of the

slanting angle from diverse, following


"

house. rior inte-

and house

the

planning

^here

low,

there

high, with

150

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

an

infinity of varied
with and
every

pitch and
slant
are

unexpected
the
same occur

ing angle, differThe dows win-

visual

of the

observer.

chimneys picturesque

of

unexpected

sort,
the
As

and needs
the

are

because inside first

they
dictate from

only where placement.

of house

the is

rooms

their the

designed

inside, its exterior


which
are

naturally
to

shows
create

unexpected externally,

features for

sible imposAs the of

superficial
windows
panes
"

effect.
are
a

another
casement

picturesque
type,
admired
as

detail, the
small
average

of

with

leaded

type
builder in
"

window almost

by the
as are

American

home

much house

it is shunned.

Everywhere charming
a

the
a

English
vertical

quaint
into

and the

surprises
hooded

sundial
on a

let

wall;
a

low,

door lead
or

giving
copper

flagged

terrace,
for the

hand-wrought pipe,
or a

leader-head windows these house of for


a

rain

riot

of

odd

little All that the

in

cluster.
to
a

things contribute
is
more

the

general house,
tastes

impression
and
an

the home

than

mere

must

be

person

of individual

and

ciation appre-

the

picturesque.
house is

Inside, the
There
are

pervaded
window-seats

by

the and

same

feeling.
ways, stairoaken

inglenooks,
at
run some across a

quaint
a

and
beam may

unexpected
a

place,
overhead charm"

great
in
a

room,

or

passage.
a

The
so

house diverse and

is that his nook for

thing
the

of

continual beneath

of
never

charm
grows

dweller
may
corner.

its roof week


'

tired,

guest
and

stay

without

ing discover-

every

Now his much of


a

the

average

American he has

client, who
selected with

goes

to

architect

(whom
and

probably

with
an

misgiving

trepidation),

showing, house,

air with

apparent
few
very

finality,a picture
inconsequential

of this

which,

changes,

embodies

every

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS his

151

wish

of

himself and

and

wife. client

The
as
a

architect
man as

is after

lighted, dehis he
a

welcomes With first


as as

this much of

own

fancy.
the
as

dispatch

possible
delineate the

prepares

set

drawings,
patterned

which after

honse

nearly

possible

client's

beau
The admire

ideal. sketches them

presented,
and
may

the

prospective
even

builder

may

greatly
the

(at this
the
success

early stage)
with which house.

congi*atulate
he He thus has takes rendered the

architect the

upon

English
to

idea
to

of his

country
and

drawings

show

wife
to

friends,
of

unknowingly attaining
reflected His friends
"

bidding
the his that

farewell which and

his

chances have

ultimately

house actual

would honest

tecturally archi-

tastes.

ubiquitous

and
to
own

omniscient
pass law
"

jury
matters

which wherein
many

nearly
he

every

American much better feel

elects be he
"

on

might
which

his

tell him warned

things
The

they
is be
*'

ought
^'^far the

to too

be

against.
*'the

roof
must

queer''
crazy,"

eccentric,"
is
*'

architect
' '

plan

tical. imprac-

A
the

few

of

these

sapient

advices the

pose effectively disbuilder


a

of
note to

interesting
his of
a

roof,
to

and

makes

direct roof

architect

substitute house.

roof

exactly
with wife

like the has

the

neighbouring
and romantic of of her the to

So

it goes His

quaint always

windows had but


to
one

picturesque

chinmeys.
with

associations friends

casement

windows, superior
are

(whose
tells

knowledge
her that

is

that hard

architect)
and

they

draughty,

clean the

easily forced type


"

by burglars.
American
no

Consequently
**

ordinary
is installed
to

of

double-hung"
no

window less than

window
more

less

draughty,
forced
open

difficult
any

clean

and Another

easily
friend is

other

type.
will

convinced

that

the

chinmeys

not

draw.

This

he

162

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

imputes along
to

to

the

fact

that lines
"

they
and

are

designed,
builder

externally,
a

picturesque
the the

the
to

makes

note

have All

architect

change
features the

ordinary
which house

chimneys.
stimulated

remaining
for

first
are

his
one

admiration

original

eliminated,
are

by

one,

by
he

his shall

assiduous
not has be

friends,
disappointed
convinced and

who in

mined deterhouse.

that In the

be become

his

interior, he
will
across

that that

varying
the

floor-levels oak of beam

not

practical,
a

great
motto

the "look

hall, with
queer,''

quaint might

carved better

welcome,

will iron.

and

be

of

concealed With

these
returns

few

changes,
to

which

seem

to

him

quite
of
has

trivial, he
the built and

the and

architect

with If the

what

is left

original
many

scheme, country

explains.
he

architect

houses,

remains

patiently

silent,

takes The

notes.

work

proceeds

(if the

client

has
from

not

been whole client from be

tually effecidea feels time


to

discouraged
of
a

by his
the house
as

friends

the The

building),
little

and

is erected. visits the

disappointed
trusts

he the

building
house

to

time, but

that it

finished
reassures
*'

will

his

liking; doubtless
the has had It is volume his

will, he
of

himself, practical"

bering remem-

excellent

advice

he

from

friends. and he is
to
aware
wave

finished,
He is of
even

of the

keen

ment. disappointdrawing original


first mild
ference. con-

likely

original why
in the the
a

in idea

the
was

face
not

the carried

architect,
out may
as

asking agreed point

The that
every

architect feature in the

out, in

way,
was servative con-

salient

in the

original drawings
to

ordered

changed
"

finals,

something
The and
two
are owner

safe,

and

commonplace.
this

seldom of the

good

friends

after

interview,

the

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

153

house what
a

lives

in

it

unhappily
he may

ever

afterward,

deriving
what

satisfaction idiot he

from unfortunate

telling his friends enough


on

stupid
an

was

to

employ
who

for
are

architect.
more an

His than

friends,
half

the

other for

hand,
the

actually
find

responsible
of of

unhappy

house,
the have
owner

equal

degree

gratification in consoling
much left
worse

with

thoughts
if moral

how been is
we

it

might
to

been

bungled
* '

it had
"

entirely
"

the

architect.
in to
our

The

^which that
if

plain

^io

mulated easily foradhered rather forward in the

the

statement

consistently
and consulted look

honest coerced

personal
our

desires,
we

than
to

architects,
of
a

might
house with

the

attainment
and

country
values

comparable
the works
of

{esthetic

picturesque
' ^

English
In
a

architects.
some
more

respects

the

American

architect

has in the

oped devel-

practical
country
and of these

dwelling,
house better

especially usually

plan.
more

The

American
rooms,

contains
an

large
country
matters

lighted, than
type.
the

English
in such house
try coun-

house
as

corresponding
and
more

And

heating
and

plumbing
efficient.
to

American

is

more

livable

Many
from

English
the
to waste

houses,

charming plans
an

look undue and

upon

outside,
space to

betray
with

in

their

tendency
passages, of
a

unnecessary

corridors
to
a

and

fice sacri-

large English
excellent with

rooms

great

number offer
of

small number
have

rooms.

plans,
at

however,
least
two

of been

very

points,

which

used tects. archiand


use
' '

conspicuous
These
two
"

success

and
are as

credit the will idea

by American ''garden
be of
a

points latter,
estate.

front"

the

''office"
on

the

seen,
"

finding

only

the

large
be
or

The

garden
in the

front,
house

however,
moderate

may

developed
even

attractively
cottage.

of

size,

the

ENGLISH

DERIVATIONS

165

the
**

rear

elevation. front
'^

And leads
so

if
a

the desire the


honse

desire
to

to

develop also,
evola-

garden

to

develop,
for the

really livable
tion of The
of

garden,

much

better in in

the
' *

American office
' *

country
which

general. plans
a

is included

the is of

of
on

most

the

larger
floor

English

country
for the

houses
purpose and
are

room

the with

first

provided chauffeurs,
estate.

dealing

coachmen,
of
a

gardeners
wages

other

employees kept, place


for the

large

Here and
from

paid,

accounts

complaints
transacted **ofl5ce*'
so

heard,
apart

all the its need

the
rest
own

business of the

of

the

house,
door and

is

provided
there is

with
no

outer the
or

bule, vestiing invad-

that
master's

for

employees

the The

private
room,

library
course, and

study. developed
welcomed for of the from the

living

of

is

early English
country
**

country
than

house,
a

was

in this formal

as

more

mere

substitute dismal of

parlours'*

of

the The

more

period
the
*'

American hall" taken in


up

architecture. the historic in this

importance
country
and the
* *

great
was

English chapter,
American

houses

earlier

importance
' '

of

its

direct much
here.

descendant,
a

the

living

room, any

is too

part

of

our

daily lives
the

to

require
of
our

discussion

Before

closing
a

tale

architectural be made

debt
upon

to

England,
great

few

comments

should

the tects archi-

successes

attained
or

by the

modem

English

in
as

**

community"
with

''neighbourhood"
American efforts

planning,
in that

compared

most

direction. The

English
to
our

''neighbourhood"
American desirable
' '

groups estate

of

houses,
' '

analogous
show well
two to

real

developments,
we

highly
emulate: The

traits and

which

would

do
bined. com-

unity

diversity,

skilfully
of

entire

architectural

character

the

156

THE

PBAC?riCAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

English
while each
f rpm

'

'

gronp

of

cottages cottage
thus

is

consistent

and

nnified,
ences differ-

individual its
'

shows

picturesque
the

neighbours,
'

defeating (and usually by


the

monotony

of

jif^'

rows

of

identical

individually speculative

at^ominable)

dwellings

put

up

/
y

It

will

be

shown merit

in is
a

the
most

second

part

of

this
asset

book
to
so

that houses

/
/

architectural
built that
**

significant
"

by
it

real-estate
not

operator
need
to be

^an

asset

tangible
cause

should

urged
it
may

in be

the

of

better

architecture'*
out to

when conservative
owes

practically

pointed

be

investment. much
to to
or

American but
as

architecture
in
no

English
such
a

tecture, archi-

types
house

of and

building
the school

degree
ing. buildthe
a

in

the Of

country

college
assume

these,
part
of

the the

country

house because
^more

must

greater
and model of
an

debt,
to
us
"

it than

has
an

been

model

inspiration
characterised

architectural elements

by
The

peculiarly English
terms

picturesque
house of
a

domesticity.
in

is

symbol

"

an

expression
of

architectural life with


or

certain
has

tion concep-

country

which the
even

the

American

long
is
a

shared, question
a mere

instinctively,
of racial

Englishman.

It rather and

aflSnity,

identity,
It is natural

than obvious dictated


we

architectural with national


most at

fashion.

that,

certain traits home

superficial
and in

modifications

by
feel of
our

*'many
houses

inventions,'* patterned
after

should those

ancestors.

CHAPTER
LATIN DEEIVATIONS

Vn
IN AMERICAN

ABCHITECTUEE
ARCHITECTURAL

TYPES
THE ITALIAN OF INFLUENCES AND HOTELS. LEGACY

ADAPTED VILLA

FROM IN RENAISSANCE IN A

ITALY,
AMERICA.

FRANCE THE

AND

SPAIN.

TANT IMPOR-

PLACE FRENCH HOUSES

ITALIAN

ARCHITECTURE.
MODERN APPRECIATED CITY TECTURAL ARCHI-

CHATEAUX,
LITTLE

FROM

SPAINl

LATIN ing
J
France the architectural Italian

derivations all that

in have
are

American
come

architecture,
to
us

mean-

from

Italy

and in with of

and cultivation

Spain,
of forms
an

of

peculiar

importance familiarity
if the

appreciative
types.
most

and caUs

And

thought
the
be

derivations of

vividly

to

mind

ican Amerbered remem-

adaptation
that this than

the

Italian

viUa, it should
is of

derivation Italian

comparatively
in

less of

importance building.
That and
on so

influences

other

types

little

has be of

come

to

us

from
as
a

Spain
lack
as an

able, is remarkof

should the
or

taken the

rather

tion appreciaof

part

architect material it
was

than
in

evidence

meagre

unavailable earlier

Spain.
how
on

In

an

chapter
Italian

shown based the and


some

the
a

tecture archirevival

of of

the

Renaissance,
from

Classic

forms,
Gothic

emerged

involved

maze

of of the in

Mediaeval
nature

architecture,

analysis
in

of

Renaissance

architecture,
was

Italy

and

other The ible

European

countries,

also

presented.
is
fluent
a

architectural
"

style of the
which in
many

Renaissance itself of
to

fiex-

style

a,

style

lends

tectural archiIt is
a

expression
style characterised

types

building.
in its

by nicety of proportion

larger
167

168

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

members,

and

by nicety

of

scale the

in

its

detail.
are

sance Renaisand
or

mouldings,
delicate. arch and Severe

especially

Italian,
of

refined column

compositions
may

arch and

and

pilaster

be
or

relieved

humanised
in

by
or

conventional

ornament,
The architecture is in
so

by

decorations

fresco

sgraffito.
Italian it is

evolved

by
as

the

Renaissance that

masters

well

studied,

architecture, ranging
clubs
an

suitable

many

adaptations,
museums,

through
and portant im-

churches,

theatres,

libraries,
besides

city bmldings,
mine of

offering
villas villa and

inexhaustible for

inspiration
Of American
the

for

country

and its

garden
as

architecture. well said No Italian


or as

Italian

garden,
wiU

the

adaptation

thereof,

more

be

later.

study

of

the

influence in America

of the
could

architecture be with either the Mead

of

the

Renaissance without

complete
works " White.
as

intelligent
great

familiarity
firm
of

of

the These

architectural

McKim,
Italian believed The

architects
as

believed H. Richardson architecture.

in

architecture in

sincerely
and Mead

H.

Byzantine
of

Romanesque
" who

work

McEom,
tects archi-

White,
were

indeed,
trained

and

of

the

many

younger room,

in that
on

draughting

placed
from
of many the

an

ineradicable

stamp
and

American
as

architecture, well,
the
a

1894

onward,

effected,
has

revival of

Italian the

style which
most

dictated

design

of

country's
One member of

notable of
a

buildings. firm,
Stanford of the

the

White,
finest

was

master

detail,

connoisseur and

points
The

of

architectural marble

ornament

decoration.

small lection col-

library
of the
a

in

New J.

York,
P. the

housing

the is

private

late
among

Morgan,
best

unanimously
not

accorded

place

ten^ if

the

best

five, American

achievements

in architecture.

DETAIL
GDlrsilH

OF

PL

This

Pnllldiiia

iDKEiB
of

i" Ihi

adsplabilily

lATIN

DERIVATIONS

169

To

say

that

this is
a

building, masterpiece
of

or

the

great

Public tecture archi-

Library

in

Boston,
the

of American
a

is, in They
are are

matter

style,

little

misleading.
as

Italian, rendered
of the works have in of

by American McKim,
Mead in "

architects,
White.

most

Few the real

modem

architects of and this firm

approached interpreting
the

attainment

genius
finesse

to-day, with
the influence

understanding,

spirit of Italian
of
was even

sance Renaisof the in the

architecture. French works of the the


torch

Little, if
Beaux

any,

Ecole of

des

Arts

apparent
in the
to

McKim,

Mead

"

White,
was,

early days
carry
on

firm. from the

Their the

mission hands old of

rather,

Bramante,
masters.
a a

Peruzzi,

Brunel-

leschi, and
The

other

Italian

Morgan
of
an

library affords style in


an

unique

example

for The

study

historic

pure

adaptation.

entrance,
Italian. spaces,

formed The called door

by

open

loggia, is characteristically
of
' '

composition
* *

central

arch

and

tall sideof

Palladian

composition

(whether

window,
The
name

or

opening)
from who
on

is

faultlessly proportioned.
the his

is derived architect

Palladio,
made this and

great
favourite the

Italian
tif. mo-

Benaissance The
are are no

niches, both
less
a

the

facade
of the

within the

loggia,

characteristic Italian
such

style, and
Few

balusters in this

of

perfect
combine

form.

buildings

country
with
To to

harfiionious detail in

general
and

proportions mouldings.
and
to
come

such

exquisite
the

ornament

study

Morgan

library

thoroughly,
its infinite of it is

intelligently

appreciate
the
as

architectural Italian tecture archito

niceties, is
at

to discover its

real

essence as

best, and

directly
The
two

possible

do

without the

visiting Italy.
of
a

illustrations, showing
and and
a serve

street. elevation

the

building

detail
to

of

the

loggia, will repay

careful

study,

impress

HcKIni,
A

"-md

Whilf. CITY

AnhlIKU SHOP FRONT ol OF

NEW

VORK

ITALIAN Ooihim

RENAISSANCE

DERIVATION

(Pnnii"

Ths

Compinyl

OF

ITALIAN

RENAISSANCE PCBLIC
BUILDING

ARCHITECTURl

"ckcrouad (The
Public

ia

id

"

slyLc

which Bdmod.

mUht

be

emll"l

"Flor

Librmry,

MiuBrhuHtti}

AN

ITALIAN

DERIVATION

IN

"

ITALIAN
Ths

DERIVATION

IN
the

NEW

YORK level is
bd

CITY

SHOP

FRONT feature

arculed

laggis sbove eseeDtislly

itreet

tircliit"cturml

of

the

Iinlisn

ReDsiHBDTe

DETAIL

OF

S(

FKONTS

OF trinie-arched

ITALIAN

DERIVATION

by

the

iDggi*,

ihowi

Eighlecnl
Thencoa

"uribule"pBDel"st

"h"fi(ttagtory.

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

161

New

York
or

buildings
the

as

the

University
and such

or

the

Century
A
as more

Clubs,
ornate bank

shops
may

of

Tiffany
in for

Gorham.
a

dignity building,
on

appear

building

the

originally
Fifth

the
or a

Knickerbocker

Trust humanism in such in


one a

Company
almost cheerful of the in

Avenue,

degree
appear

of

approaching
facade
as

frivolity
the

may

sgrafflto shop
Another
a

front of of

shown Italian white

illustrations.

shop, facade

tion deriva-

design,

rears

delicate

marble, loggia,
for the

effectively lightened
and similar
treatments

by

an

open,
a

triple-arched happy
solution

form of

narrow-lot It and this


must
a

problem
be

city house
from
the

design.
the

apparent,
not

foregoing

remarks,
in all is
of
a

from

study
but the

only of
the

buildings
with Italian successful
"

illustrated
we are

chapter,
that

of

buildings
the the

which

familiar,
one

style of
to

Renaissance solution
not

peculiarly
of
or

adaptable

variety
of site

architectural

problems
but

problems

only
the
as

type

of

building,
of such

problems

involving qualities
to

proper

expression

unarchitectural
It would

dignity and
a

distinction. of greater

be

diflScult

contrive richness

short the

arcade

combined
front
one

dignity
of the

and

than in New the kind their

triple arched
York
of

street

Gorham

shop,
In

City, shown
the Italian
are

in

of the

illustrations. the media and would


a

style
of

Renaissance,

for

this of
an

expression
and

inexhaustible,

study
form

range

infinite

possibilities
study
of in itself.

exhaustive In form the of of the


an

architectural

consideration

Italian
are

derivations confronted in
of

in

the

country

villa, we

by
we

what some-

architectural
even

paradox,
a

that

have house

adapted,
intended when the

and
to

welcomed,
the

type

country country
noble

form

setting for
villa of

American the Italian

life,
the

original, the

of

162

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

Benaissance,
kind of country

formed life.

the
It

setting
has

for
a

very

diflferent tectural archi-

been

case

in which and

form,
certain added

alone, has
elements has been into
a

been of
romance

borrowed,
(more
with American the Italian in
any

this, with

literary than really


ordinary extra-

architectural)

developed,
modem of
was

success,

dwelling.
villa satisfies

The
us

American
not because

adaptation
its
tastes
or a

prototype
or

way of

expressive life, either


it is
same
a

of
as

American
a

American but

modes rather

reflection

criterion,
look
at
"

because with far


more

beautiful classic with

thing purity
as

to

^beautiful

the

the

Parthenon,
of

though
The

linked of Milo of

the

human
to
us

life
not

to-day.
it
woman an

Venus the all


woman

appeals

because it deifies
as

typifies
of idea

to-day, but
woman,

because the The

time, typifying
than and
a

goddess,
appeal
is

rather

sonality. per-

literary, romantic
to
us as an

aesthetic.
woman,

Queen just
an as

Elizabeth the

appeals

actual

English
The and make

country
Italian been and

house villa
the

appeals
is
more

to

us

as

actual the

house.
"

in the
of

realm

of

ideal
to

it has

task

the

modem
he has

architect done with Let villas which best


us

it real

habitable,

which

conspicuous
look back
at

success. some

of

the
at

great
the

and

famous

of

Renaissance the

Italy, and

country
this
way

life
we

for

they formed
come

setting, for

in the

may takes, par-

to
our

see

clearly wherein

Italian of

villa

in

American and alien. the real

adaptation,
Italian

qualities

both

appropriate
In
was
a

one

respect

villa

of of
a

the

Renaissance which it
"

logical and
modem

expression
hold the
in

purpose

most
was a

country
Wearied strain of

houses

common

with

it and of

retreat.

by

endless

intrigues
great

the

nervous

city life in the

palazzi

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

163

Florence
friends to the

or

Borne,

the

nobles,

with

their

families
to

and

and cool of

servants, loggias,
their

found the

it most

enjoyable
and

repair

quiet terraces,
rest
no

wonderful The

gardens
American social
rest to

villas, to
of and

and less

read wearied
must

poetry.

family
activities

to-day,
business

by endless
find the
same

cares, in
an

and

the

same

pleasure country

environment old Italian

created nobles. between terised characsome wholeshould

resemble The

the

retreat

of the in the

anachronism and indolent Renaissance

exists idea

difference life which the

the

effete

of country

the and characterise The power Italian


was

Italian idea of

noble, and
life

vigorous
the

country

which

modern

American with
to

country
formal

gentleman.
his He

entertained almost

ceremony,

equal

that
or

of

feudal

lord. outdoor

engaged
and and him
too

in

no

active

sports
with whom life

energetic
the

life,

often

brought
friends

him he in
very
on

spies and
have

poisoners
left behind
was

parasitic
in the all

should

city.
we

Villa

Eenaissance

Italy
or

not, by
way
own
a

have
sort

heard,
of

wholesome,
which
to

in

any
our

desirable life

thing

pattern
took

country

of

to-day. modifying
new

Our

architects them
in to
some

the

stage
let
us

settings,
devise and

and,
enact

extent,
of the old.

dramas

place

This, perhaps,
of the

brings
of the

the

most

clear villa
one

understanding
derivar
we

propriety
^it is
to
a

American

of Italian in which

tion
come

"

stage
at home in

setting, and
because of

have and and


a

feel and

its inherent of
own. a

beauty
life

charm,

spite of its associations


different from
our

period

entirely

Renaissance cloaked

depravity, kindly

mellowed of
**

by time, is further romance,'*


of could real
so

by the
toric his-

mantle

that where

we

find

much

association

charm,
(if
we

old, forgotten
the mantle of

family

histories

tell

lifted

ft

Si

II

-"

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

165

often

patio, which
house. Italian of
a

is the

salient

f eature,

also, of the

Spanish
The

garden

is

inseparable

from

the

house,

and, being
tied
to

distinctly architectural
in

nature, is closely
character. The
cannot

it both

plan

and

in

general
Italian and

picturesque
be overstated of the We the

possibilities of
or

the

garden
of the will in

unduly

admired,
have of what
our a

those and

great

villas

Renaissance

formed,

always garden

form, design.

greater
have
art

part
seen

inspiration
deep
and

lasting impression England,


laid
out

the elaborate

garden
and and

of

Italy made
schemes the Italian houses.

upon
were

where oughly thorbean Jaco-

beautiful in

frankly

manner,

about

and The known


as

Georgian
Italian
'

country
of

type

garden,

though
possesses

it
so

is

what

is ments ele-

'formal

garden,"
that

many

of

the

picturesque
characteristic.

its The

formality greatest

is its least skill


was

conspicuous
shown in the

disposition
statuary,

of

terraces,
and

pools, fountains,
as

grottos,
an

garden

pavilions,
of

well

as

inimitable

artistry In the

design

all these

garden

embellishments. It is conceivable the Italian villa


are

that

many
as

people
their

have

decided

upon

type

building by
of

inspiration
the the Italian

because

they
of

completely
which
must
owes

fascinated form its


a

type

garden
Italian

part

plan*
and

The its real

garden
to

permanent
it
came as

value
an

significance
of the

the

fact

that

gent intelli-

solution to blend

problem
with

which
nature.

exists The

in any Italian

attempt garden
ing bindraces, ter-

architecture

is the

connecting
the

link, its subtly devised


hillsides casinos
or

planting
groves,

it to

surrounding
and detached A

its

walks it to

and

pavilions

ing bind-

the

villa.

garden

entirely architectural

166

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

merely
outward where informal

spreads
to
some

the

architectnre

of

the

house of

or

villa

iuevitably
of nature

sharp begins.

line
A

demarcation

the

planting
leads

garden
natural

entirely
contours

natural
an

planting sharp

and

directly
the

up

to

equally
of the

line

of

demarcation

in

architecture

house.

Returning
Italian
must be

to

more

general
in

consideration American

of

sance Renaisit

derivations,
that

architecture,
a

remembered any other

these

play

more

important always which,


was

part
the

than Classic the

European

style, excepting design,


from

bases

of

architectural
of Greeks of the the

indeed, wholly
eternal

architecture The

Renaissance
gave to

itself

derived. fundamentals
and

architecture

its

orders, the

mouldings,
which

the
were

entablatures

the

general developed

proportions by
the

subsequently
humanised
to and

further

Romans,

and

embellished
once

by the Renaissance
in
our own

Italians,
an

be

revived

more

age to

as

tural architec-

language
of
a

peculiarly adapted
of drawn architectural certain
life'* owner,
as

the

best

expression

wide

range

problems. comparisons
conceived between the

We

have
*'

spirit of

country
villa To

by
modem

the

sance Renais-

Italian

and

the

American
status

gentleman. adapted
necessary.

understand

the

artificial

of

the
are

French

chateau,

similar

comparisons

French
was a

country
very

life, notably
formal

in the

Eighteenth

tury, Cenof

affair, consisting, indeed,


and

urban

social

entertainments from than


to

life

being
was

merely
more

transplanted
of
a

city
a

to

country.
It is

Hunting
a

ceremony

sport.

significant fact,
that to the French the article

in this had
not

connection,
even a

remind in with their


a

ourselves

word

language prefixed

convey

idea,

and

borrowed,

definite

AN

ITALIAN

VILLA

DERIVATION

IN

AN

AMERICAN

COUNTRY

BOUSE

fill
I

ISf

HI
2

8"=^

It

-i II

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

167

44

le

sport /^
more

conscientiously outdoor-loving

endeavouring English

to

emulate
across

their the

neighbours

channel. Versailles and the several


are

charming

**

play-houses*'
of and the the

of

Marie

Antoinette
French
'*

admirably
life. To

illustrative the of
her

spirit of
**

country
farm

gardens
Little coterie

make-believe the
at

buildings
Marie
and and

Trianon,
of friends attired Here

repaired
to

charming

play
' ^

being

milkmaids
' '

shepherdesses,
silks
and

in
was

appropriate
the is

costumes

of

and

satins.

keynote

of that

charming expressed

naive

artificiality
houses

which of the Some

architecturally nobility.
the smaller
to
a

in the

country

French of

chateaux the American

should

oflFer who

siderable con-

suggestion engaged
the in

architect

is and

designing style
for
as a

semi-formal be

country
as

house,

chateau

may

regarded
house
at

reasonably
a

appropriate place
entertainments intention

magnificent
where

such

able fashionformal avowed the of

Newport,
are

elaborate
and

and the

in

order,

where the of

is to and

recall the

the

splendour,
manner

lavishness,
the
court

luxury,
Louis The XVI.

grand

case

is due the

again

case

of

theatrical for the kind

scenery,
of

trived con-

with enacted house of

consideration
owners.

life to

be

by
the

large
may

American be
or
an

country
architectural

chateau

type

expression
"

absolutely according
set

appropriate entirely
to

absolutely
kind of life

propriate inapit is
try coun*'

the

intended

to

off.

'''Biltmore,*' the

Vanderbilt Ochre

place
the house

in of

North

Carolina,
Brown,

and
at

'*

Court,
are

or

J. Nicholas of American

Newport,
of

lent excelFrench
man-

examples
chateau
as

adaptations
for their

the

commendable

architectural

"nd

"ucccHfu]
"

introduclion
m
HD

of
Americui

Ibe

Spaniili
moDumeatAl

paiio,

or

""

[DUDtun. (The

buiLdini
D.

Pun-Americsn

fnioD.

Waahinctnn,

C.)

53,2

m.

Si

if"

Ell

Hi

it

i1

?|

I"' I

SMfa

Omr.

Arrhllct

BalMcr

THE

"AMERICAN

EMPIRE"

STYLE,
REVIVAL

PURE IN

EXAMPLE AMERICA
of

OP

THE

CREEK

CLASSIC

Tb"

Iu"a
ft

folumu pun

an

nplicu
Doric ol

fiom

the

monument

dueinf
flundclBbr*

Gr"k rail

column, dMi(D
Row.

with

French

LyncnUa Empire

in wremtlu

Atbena.
in

tbs

rntrkOM

introud

(be

IricK.

iron

tod

Pompeisn

New

York

City,

built

in

1836)

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

169

or

Modem the will

French

style, have
many

been

extensively
American and the

utilised

in
as

design
be XVI and
seen

of

of

the

largest

hotels,

in

the

ninth

chapter,
the

style of
many

Louis chaste The

has suitable

furnished

inspiration
and

for

city houses
the
more

shop

fronts. of French of
a a

frivolity of
is and

extreme

type
to

architecture theatres festive brilliant The

excellently

suited

the

design
to to

restaurants,
to

where the

it is desired and
gay

offer effect

environment architectural reaction will of be

patrons,
for much in the

background
from
too

gatherings.
hotel

inevitable

frivolous ninth
to

architecture The debt of


to

pointed

out

chapter.
the tecture archidevoted

American is stated des Beaux


comments

architecture in the Arts


are

France

paragraphs
in the fourth

the and

great
the

Ecole

ter, chapto

foregoing

designed
of

point

out

the

necessarily
as

artificial
to

position

French house. of

architecture It America
It
was

related

the

American that the of

country
architecture

remarked has availed that

above itself but

Uttle

Spanish

tions. derivano

is true

Renaissance
as

Spain
the

produced
native

such of the the

master-architects race, its art evolved

Italy, yet
enriched

genius legacy
of

strangely
many

by the

Moors,
of

architectural further

forms in

well
this

worthy
country.

adaptation

and

development

Spanish
features,
of residence in

architecture both
or

possesses

certain In

distinctive whether inner the and low-

plan

and

detail.

plan,
or

public building, the


a

patio,

open

courtyard,
use

is

marked iron work

characteristic.
for

In

detail

of

wrought

balconies,
There

railings
the

grilles is equally

characteristic.
as

is,too,
the
same

pitched

tile

roof,

found

in

Italy,

preva-

170

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

lence of

of

stncco

wall

snf aces,

but

no

such

frequent

use

loggias
Most

and

terraces.

Spanish colonies,

houses,
whether the

as

well in
town

as

those
or

in

the

old
were

Spanish
built
as

country,

somewhat
no man

after

manner

of

private
or

fortresses,
secure

though

trusted in which

his he

fellow,
dwelt. but

felt

in walls and The

the
were

community heavy
and

The few iron

outer

forbidding,
and
a

with

windows, grilles.

these
street

small, high
door
was

protected

by

massive,

iron-studded
"

affair, with against


aspect
the
thing any-

huge

bolts but

and
actual

ponderous siege.

locks

barrier

Whatever
was

gentler
lavished
gay centre.
on

of

domestic
or

architecture

existed
was

patio

inner

court,

which

often in the the

with

flowers, and
Into
of

cooled around those above


and

by
the of the

fountain

galleries
the

patio
master

opened

chambers

house,
floor

the

usually
while domestic the

occupying
servants

the

first

ground,
the

dwelt of the

below,

performed
the
court

duties

household

in

itself.

Many fountains,
but indoor

Spanish
and the

patios

are

beautiful

with

flowers

and

quaintly
greater
where the that
was

devised number

galleries and
resemble
and
a

arcades,
sort
were

by

far

of

barnyard,
secure

cattle, horses
main
outer at

poultry
over

kept
One

within
suppose

door the
was

night.
this of

must

Spain,

time
a

when

characteristic thieves and

type

evolved,
The tradition

country

brigands. plainly

of is to of

the be the

protected
seen

patio, with
earlier United attack be whereas

apparent
and ranch South

need,
houses America.

in

the

haciendas States and

Southwest the event of

of
or

In

by Indians burned,
the

brigands,
taken

outbuildings
and made

could

ily read-

live-stock inner
court

great
it

loss

sustained,
for the

plan

possible

Illiy

|lf|lV

riri-2

BS-g-z

rf?S

HI

^3=

'I

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

Bl.KN'DING
ITALIAN

MOTIFS.

SPANISH

AND

CoIoutihI

temnjottK

dEtHJla

of

Cbiraga

afficf

buildinc.

dencDed

id

riel

LATIN

DERIVATIONS

171

unprotected only
four

householder

in walls

outlying
and
a

districts,
stout

to to

offer the

forbidding

door

marauder.

To-day,
of

however, property,
of

when the

no

need

exists
an

for

such

tection pro-

patio charm,

offers

architectural

opportunity
residence. with

peculiar

especially in the
is

private
nised recog-

This

opportunity
zest many

being

yearly
of
our

greater
well
as

by the
in the in

architects South the and

Pacific
In
warm a

coast,

as

East.

country
climates of the far

dwelling
of the

situated Southern the and

prevailing
coast,
or

Pacific
may

the
a

states

South, beauty

patio
of

well

be

made in

spot

of

engaging
lives of

real

significance
shadows
cast at

the the

daily
rounding sur-

the

occupantia.
will its of
a

The the

by
most

walls of the
as

render

patio cool
area

hours

the

day,

and

restricted
very

will kind

make of

possible gardening,
ing interest-

contrivance well
as

intimate

the of

selection

of many and

attractive

and

types
In form

informal

semi-outdoor the

furniture.

public
of
a

buildings

patio
in inner the

usually plan
rooms.

takes the The


are as a

the ing, buildtectural archioften

courtyard, lighting

serving,
to

of

to

afford

the the

possibilities of
lost

patio, however,
function of
may

sight of in its purely


is unfortunate

utilitarian

light-

shaft, which
attractive The Italian with
a

by

reason

the be is

numerous

courtyard patio of the courtyard, pool


or

treatments Boston

which Public

effected.

Library

really

an

flanked
centre

by
of

cloister-like
a

loggias, plot.
is
one

and

in

the

grass

A of

truly
the

Spanish,
most

Spanish-American,
attractive Union architects and

patio

conspicuously
the C. Pan-American Here the

appropriate
in
open

features

of D. with

'Building
devised
an

Washington,
space, rich and

tropical

verdure,

flanked

by

open

stairways

172

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

balconieSy
the
centre

and of

with tiled of

great

Aztec wherein South has and little


to

fountain

playing
strange
and

in

floor,
ancient

appear

interesting
The in the American

figures patio,

American

ogy. mytholneglected counterpart, although


our

however,

been its

strangely
Italian

architecture,
has been than turned
to

courtyard
have

fared

better, Italy
for

eyes

more

architectural

inspiration Spanish peculiarly


and

Spain.
as

architecture, adaptable
and to

well

as

that with

of

Italy,

is tile

construction

hollow
of

stucco,

with

the of

increasing
both these

popularity
Latin

these

materials has widened. The

the

spread

derivations

Italian

villa
in

or

the

Spanish

casa

can

never

occupy

place
with

our

architectural

thought
country

entirely because,
but

comparable
as a

the
not

English
of for Latin these based

house,

race,

we

are

extraction,
types,
very
as

Anglofor the ary liter-

Saxon. French

Our

esteem

well

as

chateau,
association

will and be

be

largely
aesthetic

upon

upon

superficial
and
into

attraction because

they
"

will

esteemed elements

accepted
our

they they

bring
are,

foreign ancestrally,

life
"

^not

because

part

of

our

life.

CHAPTER
NATIVE
AMERICAN MIDDLE AND
"

VIII
AECHITECTUEE
OF AND ARCHITECTURE. THE NEW

AMERICAN
TYPES CHARACTERISTIC

ENGLAND,
SOUTH. CREOLE

THE

ATLANTIC
SPANISH WORK SOME IN COMMENTS

STATES,
COLONIAL
MIDDLE ON

IST "SECESSION"

WEST,
THE

THE

CRAFTSMAN

IDEA

"

AND

BUNGALOW

DESPITE
and

the

continned
and

pronouncement
who
no

of

writers the fact


*'

critics is
**

architects

bewail

that

there

no

national fact

style/'

truly ''American
there this exist
not
one

architecture,
type,
these would of but

the

remains

that
to

several

types

peculiar
as

country.

And

types,
call

considered their
to
''

divided
should

by

what
a

naturalists rich the the


source

habitat/'
architects
at term
a

afford

inspiration
It is

our

throughout
to correct
* '

country.
loose

important

the
' '

outset

and

often American
proper

misleading

Colonial,
more

and

to

divide with

early
some

buildings chronological
to
a

little

accurately,
This of

distinction.
extent

division

may

be
a

made

great
of

irrespective
of native

locality, and
tecture archiand West

consideration

the

types
of

American East

characteristic
may then

North,

South,

be
a

better

understood.
matter to

It

is

common

hear Civil
as

any

American

ing, build-

of
' '

date
' '

prior
which
were

to

the be
to

War,
as

designated
it is rate, inaccueven a

Colonial,
if

would

absurd the

people

give

question

moment's

thought.
evolution its of native American

The from
more

architecture,
through
a

necessarily developed
afford the

primitive

beginnings,
is

its

highly
and
to

manifestations,
a

consecutive
tunity oppor"

one,

would

peculiarly
of the

interesting
American

study

history

people
173

^if

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

175

The in the

architecture and and


of

of the the
on

French

and

Spanish

Creoles in
are

Louisiana,
Southwest
as

early Spanish
the Pacific the

missionaries Coast
"

these
of

varieties

separate
as

from
are

architecture in

the

teen thirand

colonies will be In the of of


too
**

they
in

interesting
course.

themselves,

taken New

up

due

England
demolition
'^

the which

rigorous
goes

climate, inevitably

as

well the

as

yearly
progress,

in

wake homes

have

left but and

few

examples
for this

of the
reason

the

earliest
to

colonists,
the

we

are

likely
as

picture
type
of

New
was a

England
evolved wealth of in

type

of

Colonial nial Colomay

house

the

which which

Georgian

times, and
seen

examples

be

to-day.
The earliest New

England
of is

houses

were

strange
houses in

and

interesting

off-shoots it

contemporary

land, Engand

modified,
limitations. One of their

true,

by

local

necessities

most

conspicuous
The
comer

characteristics

was

sturdy
were

construction. often and


pegs. very

posts
inches
tenons

of
square, and

the

frame

U-

twelve held It

and

fourteen with

heavily dowels,
many
or

braced,
wooden these

together
has been

discovered houses
were

that

of of
a

early New
half -timber

England

actually
behind The
"

English purely
frames with

construction,
mask of
stone

concealed

superficial
were

clapboards.
and
mortar

heavy

filled in with interior and

sometimes with

brick, the
laths

surfaces

finished the exterior

rough,
sheathed

hand-made with An
was

plaster,

clapboards. interesting overhang


feature of the of direct

English
as

tradition
as are

U-"

the

second

story,
windows New

well which

the
to

small be
seen

diamond-paned
in the earliest

casement

examples.

England

houses

176

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

._\
with

gambrel
of

roofs

nearly

all

belong

to

the

earlier

period
As

New

England
grew

Colonial
more

architectijre.
prosperous,

the of the

country
colonists

the

ture architecMore

developed
route

correspondingly.
between them
an

ships plied the


New number

perilous brought

the

Old

and

the

World,

and

with

ever-increasing
more

of skilled forms which

artisans, trained
characterised

in the the

cated sophistiof

architecture

Georgian
The Puritanical

England.
New in

England
their

houses exterior
more

were

still
save

severe

and the
trance en-

aspect,
more

for

which

became

and

elaborate.

Classic
a

columns curved
or

or

pilasters pointed
Beneath

flanked

the
or a

door,

supporting
moulded often divisions.

pediment,
the with
treatment

deUcately
there
or was

entablature.

pediment
wooden
was

graceful
The of and usual

fan-light,
exterior

leaded

complete

sheathing
green
a

white-painted
the whole

clapboards, four-square
roof.
common

shutters house
were

painted
with

roofed other

low-

pitched
course,

shingle
the
most

There

types,

of

being
and

the

barn-roofed

type, marking larger


tation imiwood

with the New

plain gable-end
whole exterior. houses
or

the
more

utmost

simplicity
of

The
were corner

pretentious
often embellished

the with in

England
**

quoins,'*
to

stones,
the house those

fashioned
of
some more

and

intended merchant

distinguish prince
from

ous prosper-

of

humble

neighbours.
An

interesting
is the
"

peculiarity

of

the

New

England
exterior from kind the
may

house and

oft-met-with
a

disparity
which of rich the and
would most

between appear, humble

interior
to

house

road,
disclose

be

farmstead the
most

within

intricate

carved

work wood-

and

panelling.

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

177

The house
as

writer

is

familiar, in detail, with Narragansett portion England presents


its interior

the

old

son Robin-

in.i;he other The

of Bhode houses
an

Island,
in that of
not pass
rooms,

well

as

very

early

New

vicinity.
the
utmost

Robinson

house
were

exterior beauties would

simplicity, and
the

locally famous, by without


carved carved
once

architectural of the

explorer

suspicion

beautiful

panelled
and

pilasters,
balusters famous
in

Dutch-tiled within. Even is

fire-places
the
entrance verge

twistof this
'

old

mansion

simple

to the

of actual

poverty
New

its appearance.
houses
an

England
with the

will of

all be

found of

to

have

been

designed
caused
of

idea
to

conservation

heat, which
in the
centre

chimneys

be
on

placed
an

always
wall
as

the
case

house, instead
in houses
same

of in the

outer

was

usually
colonies.

the

middle of

and

southern of

This the

necessity
entrance met

conservation of New
were

heat

made
^^ a
"

spacious
seldom

hall with of the in

the

Southern

houses Stairs often

feature the
upper

England.
most two

to

portions

house

steep,

ladder-like in the

affairs, built in between


homes. made

walls, especially
with many

humbler

The
more

larger

house,

fireplaces, often
efforts in the

conspicuous
of the hall

architectural and
the

development

hall

stairway.
When architecture the it is of
a

remembered New

that

the in

early
itself

American be made
ent appar-

England
and be

might

subject of
that much

lengthy
must

interesting book, it is
left
to

unsaid, give
a

and

that

in

the

present
the
most

chapter
salient

it is

possible

picture with

only

high-lights.
architecture in New
:

Late famous of

Georgian

England
Samuel
;

saw

two

early Americfin
and Charles

architects

Mclntyre,
the former

Salem,
12

Bulfinch,

of

Boston

178

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

noted second

for

his

influence

on

residential in the

architecture, design
of

the

for

his

achievements

public

buildings. Mclntyre,
endowed with

really

master-carpenter
taste

and

builder,
of the
note

exceptional Georgian
of his time of the the

and

appreciation
infused
a

contemporary
architecture
of the

architecture,
in
New

in

England
Brothers.

strong
In his

Classicism

Adam old

work,
and
seen

comprising, mantelpieces
the
urns,

notably,
of

gateways,

doorways
are

Salem,

Massachusetts,
the

to

be and

the
of
more

medallions,
pure

scalloped

fans

flat

sunbursts
a

Adam

inspiration,
more

treated,
than
New

all, with
terised charac-

little

virility, a little
Adam of of
' '

weight
It is the which their

their architecture the


* *

prototypes.
Samuel
most

England

Mclntyre people,
In
a

constitutes, in conception
's work

minds

of

Colonial

architecture.

reality, Mclntyre

was

entirely
with work
of

Georgian,
a

transplanted
part
of
New

style, locally England.

associated The

certain Charles

of

Bulfinch

lay
the

mostly

in

the

design

public buildings, of which


State

chusetts original MassaHill in ton, Bosin


demic aca-

Capitol,
the
most

on

historic famous.

'Beacon Bulfinch

is
a

perhaps

designed by
sound

vein

essentially principles

Classic, and
in

governed
and influence
excellent

planning
and
was

composition.
on

His

ideal

was

dignity^
of bases his of time

his
an

the

younger

architects Classic A
I

one,

making

for

architectural
New

thought. England
structure

characteristic wooden
so

is

the

white-painted gleams
so

church,

whose

quaint seaport

steeple
and
to

among

many

grey-roofed
streets

towns Maine

many

elm-shaded

of is
a

villages from
type
often of direct

Connecticut.

Here, based,
in

again,
a

English
man-

derivation,

naive

and

primitive

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

179

ner,

on

the of the

works
towers

of

Sir of of of
a

Christopher
these New

Wren

in

England. churches,

Most
with

the

England steeple,
tower in
are

addition character

shingled
beautiful

of the

the

general
State The

the

of

old

House,
towers
rose

**

Independence
over

Hall,*'

Philadelphia.
of the

the of this
**

entrance

front

church,
the
a

ascending steeple
was

in

series

diminishing
sometimes
'*

boxes

until from

reached,
designed

springing Many
were

delicately
wooden

lantern. New

of

the

early

churches the
tower

of

England Trinity
to

beautifully
in of

designed,
Bhode

of

Church,
be
one

Newport,
the finest

Island,

being

conceded

examples.
All of the

early
date of

American than those

churches

of and

this

type

were

earlier

strange

incongruous by
* *

monuments with acid

clumsy
* *

carpentry,

called
' *

Mr.

Cram,
be

cleverness,
front made

Grasco-Baptist.
of
...

It cannot

mistaken: columns

porticos
of

four-foot inch

cal Classi-

seven-eighths
and

pine

stock,
like

neatly
a

nailed
to

together
incautious

painted
kick
green

white, echoing
the

drum

the

of

heel;
to
a

slab the

sides,
round-

covered

with

clapboards,
and
at
a

blinds bit of

topped

windows,
up the

little

brick in the

ney chim-

sticking days,
bell.*' stood

the

stem,
cote

where that

once,

happier
Sanctus

little

housed

Disregarding
* *

these

blundering
' '

examples
builders do in well

of

understood misand

Classicism, England
most

church

small
to
ber remem-

historic that
prayer
was so

New their should

villages would appropriate along by


their and the

proper

house which

of

be

designed
built
more

lines

of that
"

sincerely perhaps,
more

forefathers detail the

^better trained

designed, architect,

refined lines
to

by

refined

delicate, tapering

180

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

wooden
**

tower,
American small
a

yet

in

the

essential

element

of

style,

an

Early
Few

Church.'^

parishes
church do
more

can

aflFord
not
a

good

Gothic
the the

church,
gation congre-

and

if

Gothic would

be
to

good
services

one, in

well

hold
or

fields. both small

Nothing humanly
country
sham in

is

pathetic

repellent,
than
to

speaking
behold and
a

and church

architecturally,
which is
a

vainglorious expression
"

pretentious

its architectural from devout the humble

Shaving departed
of
not
a more

arrogantly
sincere
and

place of worship yet obviously

generation,
from the There
more

within church

thinking
it is
an
no

distance

sophisticated
futile

stupidly

aping.

is, in such
a

pretense,
and

attempted

glorification of
of

purse-proud

parish,

glorification whatever
A New
to

Deity.
manner

England
be
**

architectural
as an

which
**

has is the the in

come

regarded

actual
name

style

*'

so-called earliest

Harvard'*

type,
erected

the for

derived old

from

buildings

the

University

Cambridge,
These and white
accent

Massachusetts.

buildings given
In of

were

of

brick,
door

very

simply
window the old

handled,
trim Harvard esting interand

by

white

and

cornice.
were,

general
course,

character,

buildings

English, with
It

certain
**

Colonial architecture White burnt


expanses

inflections. the architects

is of

from

Harvard'* ford ( Stan-

that the
to

modem
use

times of

first) revived
relieve
In

the

occasional uniform of the


a tain cer-

bricks

the

monotony

of the

large
ends in of when

of wall.
must

burning exposed
in

bricks,
to

number and and become

be

the

fires

kiln,
grey

discolored
up

various At the

shades time
were

blue,
the

purple,
at
scarce

to

black.

first brick those

buildings
was

Harvard
a

University
to

erected, discarding

too

material

allow

of

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

181

with random
an

burnt with

ends,
the

so

these

were

built The be

into

the

walls

at

other and

bricks. is to

effect

was,
as

naturally,
the

interesting
present
to

one,

regarded

origin
colored

of the

excellent considered became


out

variety of harmoniously
in
more

bricks,
When

be

greater

detail

in

Part

11.
very

brick
threw

plentiful, bricklayers
burnt

stupidly
in the

all the of of

bricks, using
or

them

only

construction the in level the of

drains,

of A ideal

wall

foundations

beneath

the

ground.

long
and

period
aim
was

lowed folto

which wall

bricklayer's
uniform
* '

lay
any

up

absolutely
of for
* *

jointing,
' ' * *

devoid
texture.

of
' *

suggestion
It
was

color the of

"

or

interest of of from

or

left that

architects the
charm
came recurrence

our

own

time

to

discover
the

much

the the of

brickwork
* *

in
' '

old

Harvard effected led well

buildings by
to
as
a

accidental bricktexture

diversity
ends. in of This
as

the
new

burnt and

interest realisation

in

color of the bricks

brick, forming
soon

to

possibilities
with burnt

patterns
became
as

in

brickwork,
sought,

and and

ends of

highly

specified, instead

rejected
The
**

inferior.

Harvard" in

style has
for

been

very

successfully
and

developed
many

designs
of

clubs, schools, city-houses


in which
of

other

types

building
was one

the

desired

tectural archiand

expression
interest. studied of ^let
to
us

dignity, simplicity
brief review and what of

Having
architecture Colonial
message
"

this

necessarily
"

the

New

England
if

Colonial

Georgian
may

discover,
architect
or

possible,
home

be

its

the

the

builder

of

to-day.

It is

this

New
a

England
of

architecture and
an

of

Colonial

times basis No of

affords

wealth New

suggestion

admirable of

design
of

for

England

buildings

to-day.

type

NATIVE

AMEBICAN

ARCHITECTURE

183

able,
New

homelike

and home the

entirely
builder southernmost there
are

desirable of

house

for

the

England
South
of

to-day.
of the New

England
parts
another
as

states, Connecticut,
of New

apparent

in certain
traces

York of

State, and
American

New

Jersey,
"

of

type
*'

early
Colonial/'

house

^the

type

known

Dutch
Thaaa

t}]^ furm
fmn

hmiRAftj
if} the

whi^h

hold

mnoh

nf

intftrftfli-

architect
on

of

to-day,
Island

are

to

be

found

on

Long
on

Island,
both banks
even

Staten of

(old

Dutch from

*^Staaten'')j
New York The of the
most

Hudson,
Mohawk

northward

City, and
familiar

up

the

Valley.

of

the house

superficial characteristics
is the roof-line the
"

Dutch
sweep,

Colonial

low^^
In
near

graceful
harsh the the the New the

differing entirely from


roofs of

steep, of ten\
houses.
* '

gambrel
Dutch

early New
roof

England
the
* *

Colonial
and

gambrel
the

shoulder

is

\
^

ridge-pole,
shoulder
to

longer

sweep the
nearer

is downward
* *

from
* '

the

eaves, is

while

shoulder the
eaves

of

the than

England ridge-pole,
and the

gambrel
which
lower

usually
the

makes

upper

slope
to

slight
a

pitch
steep
The

slope, from nearly

shoulder

eaves,

pitch, sometimes original


Dutch in

vertical. house made of house and As


to
was a

Colonial

modest

affair, usually growing


The the under the

small

size, and
addition Colonial floor

accommodate

families

by

the

successive

wings. placed
the all

typical early Dutch


rooms on

plan

the roof

ground
for

utilised the

space

the houses

low
were

storage.
with
a

type
under

developed,
the

built

half-story

roof,
means

lighted
of small

and

ventilated
at
were a

(most
the

inadequately)
of with the full
a

by

windows it is the

level built

floor. second

few

houses, though

true,
as

story,
set

type

type

connotes

low

building,

184

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

close

to

the

ground
low,

and

rendered
contour

essentially
of

resque pictuand the

by the diversity
The look
across

graceful
materials

its roof

of

building

used

in its construction. of the but

natural
to

building Holland,
was

material would be

Dutch,
in this

if

we

brick,
to the

new

country
manufacture the work

brick

most

difficult

obtain, although
governments

its

was

encouraged
is often bricks Holland
no are

by

of all brickbeen

colonies.
in

One the from

shown

early American
out
as

which
over

pointed by the
was

having

brought
Some often made Holland of
as
on

first

Dutch

settlers.

this

brick,

doubt,
far
the

actually
greater
and

imported,
was

ballast, but
this brick side because of

by

quantity
is
were

the Holland

Atlantic,

taken used

for

dimensions

in

its manufacture.

Failing
made and

to
use or

obtain of laid

brick,
local
up

the

Dutch either

Colonial

builder

ready dressed,
Some

stone,
in rubble
houses

carefully

squared

masonry.
were

Dutch

Colonial

built have

entirely of
survived

wood,
the
/ I

though

comparatively
The

few

of these

years.

interesting
the fact

peculiarity
all four

of these walls
were

houses,
be of

however,
different of

lies

in

that The

may

construction.
as

gable

ends
was rear

usually
most

stone,

well
a

as

the of

front, which
stucco. stone

often be be of

treated

with
or

coat

The and

might might

wood,
in the

walls

of house.

brick,
In

wood the

used

same

studying
to

Dutch whether

Colonial
or

house the the


or

it is often front
eaves,

difficult formed addition

determine
an

not

porch,
is
an

by

additional
to

projection
the with house and

of

subsequent
Houses with

itself out withThe

of

coincident
are

construction. both
so

porches porch,
New

met

equal

frequency.

however, England

conspicuous
in all

by its absence
is

out throughto

early houses,

peculiar

the

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

185

Dutch,

and

forms

the

origin

of

this

essentially

ican Amer-

feature. We in the have Italian


no

European

prototype
as our

for

the
of

porch,

even

loggia,
extends

and

journey
we

architectural

observation American

southward
more

will

perceive
those Dutch
two

early
of the

porches
American is Creole minor

nearly
than

resembling
even

present
Attention Orleans

dwelling

the
the

type.
New

directed

especially
villas the

to

old Two

plantation
details of

illustrated. Dutch Colonial Dutch door


centre

teresting in-

house,
door and

both the

widely
saw-cut to

employed
wooden

to-day,
shutters.

are

the Dutch

The

iar is familso

all

"

cut

horizontally
may

through
open

its
to

that
and

the

upper

half the

be

thrown remains

admit
to

light

air, while ingress straying


sawed of

lower

closed
or

prevent
of

the

straying

poultry,
The of solid

the

egress

would-be

children. forms
been

shutters,
crescent

with

apertures
and other

in the

hearts,

moons as an

devices, have
yet
very

recognised
detail
for

to-day
many
a

inexpensive cottage.
became

attractive the

modem America

As
(more

architecture

of

Colonial

developed
detail and

along

Classic the

lines, with
work of
a

Georgian
such
men as

Adam

spread through
many to grace

through
the

Mclntyre
of
ways

agency

of

few

good
and

books door-

designs, began
farm with

charming
the Classic

mantelpieces
rather

\y
V

previously forms,
freedom
as

primitive
were
ren-

Dutch dered
were

house.
an

however,
and

interesting
the
most
so

individuality
rather

"

used,

for

part
that the

suggestions
architect his
a

than
may

working
find be in
much

models,
of

of

to-day
As

interest, well
from in
a

worth of of

study.
who in

might

expected Holland,
and

the free
we

hands
use

people

delighted,
ture architecthe

bright
many

colours

furniture,

find

interiors,

unlike

186

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE in

prevalent
various In

chaste
of

white blue the

of and

New

England,
green.

carried

out

shades

olive

considering style for

adaptability
uses,

of

the

Dutch

nial Colofacts

present-day

certain
to

striking
the

should
needs the

be

apparent.
very

Designed

fulfil

primitive
farmers,
would
to
come

of
Dutch

unpretentious
house desired" of

settlers, mostly copied


as

Colonial
to be

it

stands fail

leave
up of to

much the

would,
even

indeed,
the

requirements

moderate

cottage

to-day.
In

point of style, however,


find is at
even

the

Dutch in

Colonial

house

should than and home.

wider

acceptance

its native for


or

locality
the small

present

accorded

it, especially cottage

comparatively
It in
possesses

inexpensive
a an

suburban

local

historic

appropriateness
and

which,

itself, is

invaluable

asset,
of
or

its

resque pictuare

lines, peculiarly
such that
may
a

expressive
size due

domesticity,
of ample for

house be In

of diminutive with

tions propor-

designed
no

regard

stylistic

propriety. however,
used
as

flight of architectural
the for Dutch
a

misconception,
type
of

could
a

Colonial

house mansion.

be

model

stately and
architects

pretentious
have of attained and

Several
success

American in the
in

uous conspicmediumfarm

rendering style of
as

small

sized

dwellings making,
and among

the

Dutch
as

Colonial

house,

with

much
as

grace

possible,
found

such

modifications Chief windows

additions
these
seen

have been the


to

been the

sary. neces-

has

addition Dutch

of dormer farm
rooms.

(never

in

original
the

house)
In many

to

give light and


cases

height

upstairs

the

profile of
to

these head-room
contour

dormer
on

windows,
the second

especially if designed floor, destroys roof, yet


a

effect Dutch of

the

proper

of the and

gambrel
such

general

effect

simplicity,

even

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

187

minor and

details Dutch

as

quaint

Dutch
may
/

hardware, proclaim

Dutch
source

door of

shutters

the

inspiration. Immediately
Island
on

south the Dutch

of that

territory

near

Manhattan

where

Colonial there

style left its influence


is found
reason

American

architecture,

another
of the

type

"

type

necessarily

complex by

by
the

varied To and mans. Gerfluence, in-

nationalities
western to and

represented
southern
came

early
to

colonists.

New

Jersey,

Pennsylvania
Swedes numbers
were

Delaware
The

English,

Welsh,
in

and and

first

predominated
localities

but

in certain
in

there

conmiunities social

entirely distinct
and such

their

observance home

of

language,

religious
names as

customs

of their

countries. and

To-day Athyn,
Geran

'Bryn original
a

Mawr,
seats

Cynwyd
of Welsh

Bryn

bespeak mantown,
all-German and

the
now

colonists. but

part

of

Philadelphia,
bespeaks
left such the

originally

settlement,
the
* *

early Teuton
as

nist, coloGloria in
arts

Swedes Swedes
of

have
* '

monuments

Dei,
many

or

Old

Church,

plainly
the

Scandinavian
of

points
Swedish

its

design, and
in many

imprint
of

native

and its

names

parts

Philadelphia

and

vicinity.
It is
not

strange
left

that

these

varied architectural

nationalities

should since
the

have
each

equally
to

varied
some

legacies,
of

observed,
country.
sometimes would

extent,
of

the

traditions

home

The

study

these

national

traits,
blended nately unfortu-

however,
or

clearly defined, sometimes


involve
to
a

modified,
out

detailed

study
review. certain

of

proportion
can

the
to

present

The

writer

hope

only
mark

point
**

out

salient

characteristics of

which
as

the

Pennsylvania to-day
as an

type*' tion inspira-

dwelling
for

it may

be

regarded

modem

architects.

188

THE

PBACnCAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTL'KE

Staunch

and
so

skUfnl
even

stone

Imilding
houses
workmen

was

Welsh
to

tradition,
constitute
In

that

the
models
was

earliest for not


so

are

found
of

admirable

the

to-day.

early

times, brick
the at
as

plentiful

as

it became such
as

later,
still

while

local

ledge

stone, Hill,
near

especially

is

quarried
itself

Qiestnut the
most

Philadelphia,
permanent

sented pre-

available

building

materiaL
An to
one

early
seen

Pennsylvania
"

house

of

the

Welsh the

type

is

be

in

Wynnestay/'

which Salient

forms

subject of
are

of cited

the
as

illustrations.
a

characteristics of aspect,
in many
an

to

be of

general

sturdiness
echoed of

honest works of

kind the

simplicity

admirably
architects

Philadelphia
is worthy wooden
must be of

to-day.
and

The

stone-masonry
as

special study,
and

such

details
over

the the

solid doors

shutters remembered
was a

the
as

quaint

hoods

characteristia
local

There the earlier


and
even

certain houses
"

resemblance

traceable lower is
New to

in

farm

of
^a

Pennsylvania,
which

Jersey
noted

Delaware
in

resemblana^e of colonists

be

the

homes

of

varying

nationalities. While fitted the


manner

the

exterior

walls

of

many

of

these
were

houses,
left in in the and has the

with

white-painted
stone,
*'

window
were

frames, roughly

natural

some

stuccoed,

called

roughcast**
This

by English

architects,
device
of

whitewashed. been
very

interestingly employed
in

primitive by

successfully
local of the architects

several

present-day renderings
wealth
and and

their of

admirable the of

modem As

historic

type
took the
in

vicinity.

sophistication Quaker
lost much

place

comparative colony,
On the

poverty
architecture

simplicity
of its
were

Penn's

original charm.
pompous

honest

rough-stone

houses

grafted

Georgian

THE A

PROTOTYPE

Colanikl

PennsylvmuB
near

dwelUnc

built

("WyDDHtsy,"

FhilsdFli"hi";

Chajlia

BarluD

Keen.

ArcliJtHt

THE A

DERIVATION
id

Diodtni

FiniuylTaiiU

dwcllini,

niintiuiiiDc

it*

dsam

tbe

"Urlinc

qualitlH

ot

iu

prototype

Tbadnlliof

olRevalutioDiry

diyBin unlike

Amerio any

rurDislieB

pncedcol

far

"

type

of

hi

Europcso

type

NATIVE

AMERICAN

TYPE

TYPICAL

OF thnw
._..

THE

BEUT

GEORGIAN

ARCHITECTURE
wu
..^...

IN
(or thi"

AMERICA
b
b

PhilulFLphiB
.c

ceiitlBniBn

reRwiuiblc
...

nmuksbly
^__

...,

beat

G'Hir^uk

-"^^

Ball."

Pbilulelphik)

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

189

doorways

and

Classic
upon

details
modest

thrust farm
saw

themselves, dwellings.
erection of

often The
many

ill-advisedly,
Georgian
fine but and the

period,

of

course,

the

stately mansions
most
as

of

high

architectural

merit,
of sylvania, Penn-

charming
the local

architectural architects have in

legacy

interpreted
several of

it, is
the

the

Early

Colonial

type,

shown

illustrations. The
upon

environs the

of

Philadelphia
taste

are

to

be

lated congratuwho in the


dure proce-

good

of the native

group

of architects

have

consistently
of has suburban
not

followed and assured of

local homes.

precedent
This of made
a

design

country
the

only

continuity
but has

worthy
for
so an

and

appropriate
effect absent

type
of in

dwelling,

agreeable

architectural
most

consistency
of of America. A

tressingly disdrive will has tectural archi-

parts
suburbs

through impress
been

the the

beautiful observer
a

Philadelphia
that
here

with

the for

thought
the

evidenced

respect

continuity
it is
proper

of

development.
been be. life

The

houses,

plain, have they should


country
local

modernised,
The have
needs

which, indeed, it is
and

requirements expression
in

of
a

modem

been

given
dialect.

delightful

architectural Mention

should

be
a

made

here

of

the

Anglo-Pennwhich works is

sylvanian
most

type

"

picturesque
in the in been much

architecture

notably
Wilson

expressed
and

always
of the

interesting
work of
In

of

Eyre,
who forms

younger

architects
we

have

inspired

by him. honestly
of

this

style
in
times some-

find

distinctly English,
and with in local the idioms

rendered

local

materials blended

expression, type.
due
to

Native

Colonial

That the

the
pre-

result

is

entirely pleasing

is doubtless

190

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTUKE

dominant

Anglo-Saxon

strain

which

is

still strong

in

Pennsylvania.
Fnrther

sonth, in Maryland,
the the

in The

Virginia
most

and

in

the

Carolinas, picture
of the of later

type

changes.

popular
is
a

mental

Southern rather

mansion,
than the

however,
earlier and

picture

type

less-known

plantation
The
**

dwelling.
first
were

colonists,

though

mostly

people by lack

of of

quality,*^

tremendously
and materials

handicapped
were
*

facilities.
scarce,
so on was

Labour that the the site

both

painfully
* *

original manor,
of far the
from

or

*big house

which later
stone

stood
years,

splendid

establishment

of

often in the

magnificent.
the

Building
had little
a

is
or

scarce
no

South,
Their

and

first colonists

little
tence pre-

brick.
to

dwellings,
and
was

then,

made
at

magnificence,
of

attained,
a

best,
of

certain

element
who

dignity
them.
as more

which

reflection

the

people

built

Later,
skilled
way to

ships
either free

plied
or

the

ocean

and found for


more so

more

labourers,
the
new

indentured, possible
mansions
more

their
now

country,
owners

it became
to erect

the

wealthy
their there
were

plantation
estate.

ting befitthat

Brick

became

plentiful,
type
IJie of
seat
*

built

stately mansions
* *

of the
^ '

hall,'' 'Whiteof the

in

Maryland, Virginia.

or

Westover,

Byrds
An

in

appreciation
in
a

and

understanding
the

of
vogue

' '

The of

Classic

Taste" became the

architecture,
part
of the of

Georgian
of
a

England,
so

education the

gentleman,
Greek

that lived

chaste in

dignity
the

ancient

temple
'^

again
Southern ried such
to

stately

colonnaded This Classic the

*'

porticos
was

of

the
car-

mansions.
an

strain
later
on
**

often
as

extreme
'^

during

Revival'' Delaware

in

examples

as

Andalusia"

the

(a

hi

m
its

III
Us

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

191

I)erfect peristylar
a

Greek and

Doric continued

temple,
in favour
as own

surroimding
for
some

dwelling
after

house)
the

time Thomas

Revolutionary
*s the

War,
for his of

evidenced

by

Jefferson for

design

home,

"Montiof

cello,*^ and Virginia.


In South be

buildings

the

University

comparing
with that

the of that of

later

Colonial

architecture the

of

the

other it
was

parts
the

of

country,
for

it must the
most

remembered of

architecture,

part,

people

considerable classical the


not

culture, means,
education. dwelt
a

ment, refineworked of

leisure the

and and

Slaves in
a

plantations,

master

sort

archal patri-

magnificence,
more

unlike

feudal

lord, though
The difference
were

like

prosperous

English
the

squire.
broad

lay in the fact productive


The
one so a

that

planter's
instead of and
ease

acres

made

by slaves
of the

by
of and

tenants.

life
of

planter

his of
a

family palpable
reflection

was

rally natu-

considerable

dignity,
of such

that mode The

it is not

surprising

to

find

of life in his

dwelling.
and like of

study

of

Colonial

Post-Colonial
the detailed

ture architec-

in the

South, however,
of
any

study
may

of the

architecture
and in

portion
the

America,
an

readily
book

interestingly
itself. We
can

form

subject of

extensive

do

little

more

than

place

it, here,

in

its in

relation

to

other

early
out
a

architectural the role for which the

expressions
it may

America, play By
in all

and its
means use

point
as

properly
of

model Southern

architect
manor

to-day.
of the

the Colonial

plantation
as

Georgian
of
may

period,

well under

as

certain the

cations modifivival, Rethe

its later be

development
as a

Classic for of

regarded
of any

suitable

model

country

residence

American

gentleman

to-day.

AN The

EXAMPLE finsit

OF Dt of

THE AmericsD

PRE-RE

VOLUTION

ARY lecture in

ROITHERN

MANOR-HOUSE
wu

devsl

opine

Colonial

iicrhi

tbe

South

aloDRClaoii;

G"r(isD

("Whitehall."

Anne

Anindel

County.

Maiyland)

AN

AMERICAN

EXAMPLE

OF

THE

"CLASSIC

MANSION"

OF

GEORGIAN

TWO

EXAMPLES

UF

THE

CREdNE KNOWN

ARCHITECTIRE A.\(KRICAN in
thr f"I Sulllh

OF TVPE rombinpd
to

LOUISIANA-

iBflucnres

both

Fn-nrh

and

Spaainh

d*"lop

"

IJl

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

193

glassware
grace

and

silver, taken
in the

overseas

by the fugitives
New

to

their in

retreats

strange
of

World.

As ''The worked its

the

English
the

colonies

''The

Virginias*'
cotton)
was,

and
were

Carolinas/* by
negro

plantations
and
as

(mostly
Orleans

slaves,
a

New

from

earliest

days,
in

busy

port, its inhabitants

became

prosperous

trade.

The built
of

Creole

plantation
the
same manner

villa,
as

as

it the

was

called,
dwelt

was

in much West

plantation
as a

villas in

the

Indies. and
to

The

actual
was

house,
raised

by

the the the

master

his avoid

family,
malarial

story

above while the of

ground,

dampness
the

at

night,
and many

ground-level

floor

contained
of

kitchens

unattractive

quarters

the

house with the

servants,

whom,
The villas of the

also, dwelt picturesque

in cabins

plantation
old
French

hands. Colonial

aspect

of these low
or

lay largely in their premier


posts
Orleans of
an

lines

and

in the
with of

treatment

Stage porch
and houses

gallery,

its slender
these

turned New

simple
show

railings. Spanish
patio.
a

Some influence Built


and

old
ence pres-

in the to
a

entirely Spanish requirements


this
once

meet

the
now

tastes

and

of

people

life
our

almost Southern afford architect


as

vanished, (and
some

quaint
most

architecture

of

most

picturesque)
flashes has
of

city

may for

still the

interesting
of

inspiration regarded
than
many
a

to-day, who
historical

hitherto

it,perhaps,
document dormant

an

curiosity rather containing

of

American

architecture

possibilities.
In

studying
in

native the

American modern
not

types

of

architecture,
of
at
a

especially
work of
our

light of
we

adaptations forget that,


were

the
very

colonists, Spanish

must

early date
of
13

missionaries West
to carry

braving Christianity

the
to

gers danthe

the

Far

194

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

Indians Pere
down

of

the

Pacific had

Coast^

as

the and The

French

Missionary
it up and

Marquette,
the

preached valley. Junipero,

taught
great
his

Mississippi
Fra

Spanish
faithful

sionary-mar mislowers, folwhich

with
many

left
possess

behind
us

them
a

great

buildings
now

for

to-day

strong

significance,
of the Pacific

being

appreciated
Mission

by the

architects for

Coast. needs
siderable con-

architecture,
modification

the
use

most

part,

for

to-day,
who

because the

those

early

monks

and

missionaries for their in


to

reared and

resque pictu-

buildings
were

churches

monasteries tually Virown verts, con-

sadly
all the

handicapped
work but it had little
was

building performed
from crude.

facilities.

be

by
their There

their
new

hands,
so a

with that

assistance

necessarily

ever, is, howper


se,

distinct

element from the

of architectural the romantic

sincerity
interest There
were

quite dissociated
associated with

naturally
ful beauti-

early missions.
cloisters

proportions,
marked Some
stone.

charming
of

and,
in

in

general,

degree
brick
was

appropriateness
in their

these

buildings.
and
a
a

used the and

construction,
local

little

Adobe,
to

natural

clay,

was

material
was

ready
used,
Wall

hand

easily
with

worked.

Wood crude
were
a

little

and

nearly
were

always

quaintly
roofs It is
are

carpentry.
of the
gated corru-

surfaces tile

plain, and
in

familiar

Spain.
missions
our

little
not

remarkable
more

that

the

early
as

Spanish
one

widely
and able availcan, Ameriity, localentire

proclaimed
types

of

most

picturesque

of

American

architecture.

Spanishto

perhaps,
as

yet

essentially
for the

appropriate
architects

that
our

inspiration
Coast and

of

Pacific

Southwest. architects have local availed themselves


to
some

Pacific this

Coast

of

peculiarly

interesting

type

extent.

EARLY Outer
wall or Sin Gabriel

SPANISH

ARCHITECTUKE Mission.
Lot

ON
CaUfortua

AMERICAN (ITKO).
The

S
i

Adk^Ivs.

"t^e'haa'pmfu^Jlylnfruenr^^modcrnarchiUrtural "^'"i"D
^

Tha

modim

Calilor

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

195

blending
from
a

with

it many and
from

elements

more

directly derived
also

Spain

Italy,
a

and

have

developed
influence of

distinctive

type

in which in

strong
the

Japanese

is

apparent,

especially
Much

handling
is

exposed
added from
to

woodwork.

interesting
architecture of the

work the

yearly

the
San
as

residential

Pacific
most

Coast,
to

Diego
in other

to

Seattle,
of

and

danger

be of

feared,
a

parts

the

country,
In

is the

danger

lack

of

architectural is

unity.

American

architecture,

caprice

constantly
in
mean

militating
of local for be

against styles.
are

consistency, Consistency
endless
every

especially
need
not

the

matter

monotony,
to
we

there

and archi-

interesting
tectaral Most
as

variations
to

played
have

upon

theme

which

fallen Pacific

heir.

public

buildings
and

of

the

Coast,
few local

as

well traits

banks,

theatres,

the
from
"

like, show
similar ^local
seem

differing conspicuously parts


very

buildings

in other

of

the

United and

States

peculiarities, mostly
confined
to

interesting
architecture. Before

promising,

tic domes-

taking

up

three

distinctly modem

and

tinctly disthis

non-stylistic types
review should
up

of American

architecture,
story
the time of American

briefly
to

bring

the

architecture

date, bridging
native colonial

between
our

the
ent pres-

period

of clean-cut of varied the

types, and

period

derivations.

Following

early Colonial

period, early part


as more

came

the the the said

Post-

Colonial, running
established the Classic

through

the

of
as

newlytime in of the ings feel\

nation, and Revival,


This the of
was

extending
which in

far
was

fourth

chapter.
aroused
over

1812, when England

national at that

war

with

time,

caused

us

to Hence

turn

for

foreign
**

inspiration
style
"

toward
^ultra-

France.

the

American

Empire'*

"J
"

AMERICAN

TYPK
Fniin
no

developed purely
a

hiBtorle

style.

"nMur*!

growth"

AN

AMERICAN

TYPE

DEVELOPED

AM

AN

EXPRESSION

OF

THK

""PICTLRESQLE"

liu

unonhodoi

u^?l

E'"i'i^p^"D''ifrrhile"-tunil in'c"iris."Tl"'reB^1.'xainctin"e8"ple"

DeciKa

to

m"t

modern

AmericaD in

rpqulKmentg,
crcaiion or distinct

and

dnaga
nBtiunal

in

IdckI

malcristg,

bme

rcaiilted

Ihe

typn

MODEHN

AMERICAN'

COUNTRY

HOUSE

DEVELOPMENTS

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

197

Chicago ready
ideas.
**

in to
see

1893 the

the

country

was

ready
new

for

change,

light and
np

accept
in

architectural the marvellous

There

sprang
a was

Chicago
Classic
as

White

City/'
which

thing

of

beauty, bearing
a

yet

of

classicism
to

recognised

message

modernity.
The architects " of the became in

World's
the

Fair, notably
leaders and of the

McKim,

Mead

White,
and

architectural

thought

effort and

America,

present
From

era

of that

adaptations
time have
as our a

derivations the of
pages
an

commenced. of

to

the

present
the
pages

European
and in of
on

architecture

been
must

open

oft-consulted
a

book,

be

graphically
In of felt the

apparent
course

glance

through
there of
was

illustrations. certain
amount

evolution,
the

opposition
a menace

part

many

architects direction there

who of

that

to

freedom

lay in the
/

importing
for

architectural this
reason, many

styles in toto, and buildings


of
a

appeared, American,

iarly peculkind of

and

evidently

expressive

sesthetic On
one

revolt.
page appears
a

typical American
1896
or

^ '

sea-side
as

cottage,'' built, perhaps,


the

in
even

thereabout,

also

interestingly
house such
as

(and

pleasingly)
it. Certain

conglomerate
architectural

country

shown
an

below

ideas,
English
a

expression work,
of
were

(usually brazenly
most

counterfeit)
thrown

of

half-timber

in with
a

fieldstone tUe

chimney
roof
"

the

informal tile

sort, and
and

Spanish
else in
reason

Spanish
work element of the kind better

in

only,

anything possibly
and fiance de-

profile.
of the

Much
very

of of

this

period,

by

recklessness

in the of
no
a

intention

architects, attained
of

values finds
side sea-

peculiarly

pleasing
in many

spontaneity
studied in

which and

counterpart
houses of

country
Rhode

to-day.

Newport,

Island,

is

198

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE
Bar

rich *'the

in houses

of this

kind,

as

also

Harbor
many

in other

Maine,
ionable fash-

north
summer

shore,'* above
localities.
**

Boston,

and

The

deliberately to-day always adapted


of
"

picturesque'*
it has

house succumbed We
or

is

seldom to the
very

attempted
critics'
not to

^perhaps
merited

ridicule.

adhere

strictly

European
American three
no

styles,
types
"

to modem in

opments develthree

early

excepting
field
to
**

directions, and
architecture.

these

only in the allegiance

of

domestic
or

Owning
find

precedent
Craftsman" is
very

style,

we

Secessionist
and the
at
*'

architecture, bungalow,"
which

architecture,
a

dom sel-

bungalow
Middle

all.

The

West,

usually
and its

regarded

as

designating, developed
which of
men

specifically, Chicago
several

vicinity, has
of

strange,
well

interesting types
as
**

architecture of
a

might
who

be be

regarded
called in
' '

the

works

group

should

the

American
'^

Secessionists."

Mr.

Cram,

an

addresb

on

Style
follows sometimes

in
:

American

Architecture,
**The

paragraphs
"

them

as

Secessionist

one

might
even
"

call

him

Post-Impressionist,
to

Cubist,
and in
some

is the he

latest
most

element esting. interand minor


race,

be

introduced,
Unlike

ways

is the

his he
"

confreres
himself
we

in

Germany,
little

Spain
in

Scandinavia,
domestic whatever His work

shows ^f or

except
conservative he and

at heart may
seems

are

individuals habitat

be
"

^but here

is stimulating. the Pacific

to

be

Chicago
a

Coast, enmity
the

his
to

governing

conviction forms of

strongly
any
are

developed
Some
of

archaeological
of

kind.

little houses and

the

Middle

West
some

striking, quite
of the work
on

novel,
the

inordinately Coast,
no

clever;

Pacific

particularly Personally,

around I do
not

Pasadena,
believe

is it is

exquisite,

less.

AN

EXPRESSIOK
the Middle

OF

THE

EUROPEAN havo

"SECESSION"

IN

AMERICA BDeDdeaT

NoUblyin

WcitC,

there

sppeHred

mnny

hauneg

which

cipren

ORIENTAL

INSPIRATION THE

IN

'BINGALOW
PACIFIC

ARCHITECTURE COAST

OF

FORMALITY

AND

INFORMALITY ARCHITECTLRE

IN

CALIFORNIAN

tyfHcal

Pacific

Coast trunka.

''BuuhlIdv"
The

ia

aevo

tbroudb
ii

ao

cntTum

latunJ

redwODc)

liungaloK

itself

coDitrueied

iuide

peri uid

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

199

possible
forms and

wholly

to

sever

one's it

self

from

the would

past, its
be sirable. undeof
or

expression
On the best other

; and

certainly
the
astute

hand,

archaeology
Classic Out of value of

some

of is

our

modem and

work,
leads

whether nowhere. much

Gothic,

stupefying
of these
two

the
may

interplay
arise.'' An
of
a

tendencies

illustration this architecture

will

convey

an

idea

of

the

ter charac"

of the

American

Secessionists of the

house

designed Lloyd
many

by the

greatest
work

exponent
has of
on

style,

Frank

Wright,
younger

whose

profoundly
Middle aim and

fluenced inWest.

architects
comments
as

the the

Some of the of the

more

general

intent
survey

Secessionist '*Art

idea,

well

as

paragraphic
are

Nouveau'' in the

movement

reserved of this

for

introduction of the In and idea. called book.


*'

concluding

chapter

portion

Craftsman''

architecture of
a

we

find direct

very

direct

simple
The
** ' *

expression
Craftsman
"

very
' '

and

simple
better be The lead of

idea,
^the
were

indeed,
the

might

a one

creed"

creed its

of

simple traced, style,


forms
or

life. would
a

style is

which,
to

origin
"

directly back view, which


the
arts

William

Morris

^a

point

decries

all adherence lands


or

to

which Its

recall

of

foreign

other be

ages.

exponents
tion associa-

maintain is and in

that

whatever in freedom

may

lost

in historic

gained
actual

from of of

constraining
a
* *

precedent,
with
nature
' '

establishment architecture

contact

itself. Nor

It is the need is

the

simple

life.

it be

supposed
a

that
austere

"Craftsman" and ascetic. all

tecture archiThe

necessarily
framed
to

thing

creed
rugs,
as

is

include,
other both

necessarily,
of and the out.

furniture,
as

draperies
colour

and

fitments

home,

well

the

scheme,

inside

NATIVE

AMERICAN

ARCHITECTURE

201

actually
and

exist, excepting
**bnngalow'' Indian,
and

in

rare

instances.

The
of

real the
to

only

is the since do

one-story
this well
to

dwelling
is

Anglo-East India,
we

type

peculiar
the in absent
name,

will, perhaps,
in
at

forget

similarity
and unlike unlike exists of
name.

type

suggested

by

the

identity
as a

look
any

the

American form American of

bungalow

distinct

type,
often

other The

dwelling,
bungalow,

and

quite

itself. in
many
are

in other

words,
all the

varieties unlike the

of

small from **A

cottage,
which

virtually
we

which

type
it:
or a

take

Webster
or

defines

lightly built, usually


of
"

thatched

tiled, house by
as

cottage

single

story,
rate accu-

usually

surrounded
as

veranda" The

definition
of

enough
may

far

it goes. of hollow of

bungalow
and

to-day
all

be

of

fieldstone,
or

tile

stucco, of
its roof

frame be of If

construction, Spanish
one

even

brick, and

may

tile

or

of

shingles.
a

is

invited
at

by

friend
one

to

visit

him
any, see,

in

his nite defi-

^'bungalow"
idea
*'

the

seaside,
of
a

has

little,if
he
may

of

what house"

manner

dwelling

from

portable
a

to

substantial
a

two-story
low

cottage.
to
as are on
a

Often
a
**

low-sweeping
will
cause

roof, giving
the
owner

appearance

cottage,

to

describe
*'

his

villa

bungalow."
story
and
a

Nearly
half in

all American

bungalows"

height by

"

that
means rooms

is, a full story


of dormer under feature

the

main for

floor, and
two
or more

provision
small is

windows,
the roof.

sleeping
a

A of

veranda

usually
since

prominent
a

of this after the


new

type
the

dwelling,

and

it is not
or
a

bungalow
of
a

Anglo-Indian
*'

fashion,
"

cottage
seem
' '

English tion designa-

week-end
were

type,

it would
* *

that

needed. and
may

Bungalow,
as

however,

is

likely

to

adhere,

do

well

as

anything,
of

despite

the

and flexibility^

usually

the

inaccuracy,

its

application,

202

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

The and architects and

bungalow
low-cost have

is

distinctly popular
on

type

of

erate modwhere

dwelling

the
a

Pacific

Coast,

developed
it is

it into

thoroughly to-day, with


part
in
a

charming varying
country.
way,

livable of

affair, and
success,

essayed
every

degrees
The
more

in is than

nearly

of

the

bungalow
extensively

appreciated,
it is

popular

understood,
take it
a

and

if architects
more

and

prospective
and

builders

will
a

little

ously, seri-

develop
it very

it into

miniature fills

all-year-round
there
may

house
be

(a role
a

frequently
desirable
no

to-day),

evolved

highly

and

essentially American
to
nor

type of dwelling, tropical


to any

bearing
which

similarity whatever
its
name

the

affair

from

has
any

come,

yet

other this
an

architectural

type

in

other
a

country.
brief

At

point, having analytical


which
to
a

presented
to

in

necessarily

form,
and be

guide

those

architectural

styles
may

types

possess

definite

form,

and
no

which less

subjected
to

definite little

classification, it is
critical attention

tant imporcertain

direct of
our

toward called
**

phases

subject which
' '

might

be

tural Architec-

Addenda. In

point

of

style,

comment

will

be

made

upon

that
upon

strange
the

movement

called

**L'Art
**

Nouveau/^

and

Secessionist
and will

(now

Modernist*')

movement

of

Austria It

Germany.
prove

interesting,
the results old
to

as

well,
have

to
come

direct from

vation obserthe
new

toward

which

application
architectural

of

certain
"

architectural modern

styles to
and the

types
tall oflSce

the

city house
loft

shop
vast

front,
modem
* '

the

building, the
hotel and
new

building,

American inventions of
' '

railway
and

terminal.

In

many

to

fulfil has

unexpected
lived
up

duties,
to

the

art

Architecture

splendidly

its

destiny.

CHAPTER

IX

NEW

STYLES APPLIED

APPLIED TO NEW AND

TO USES.

FAMILIAR
"

USES, NOUVEAU,"
THE

AND

OLD THE
"

STYLES
SIONISTS" SECESTHE MODERN ROAD RAIL-

L'ART

"MODERNISTS."
THE LOFT HOUSE

CITY
THE THE

HOUSE,

OFFICE

BUILDING,
THE TERMINAL APARTMENT

BUILDING,
AND

HOTEL,

GREAT

NO
with

study
wonld certain of the be

of

stylistic complete
of

expressions
without
some

in

architecture

acquaintance
exist outside of the this

schools historic

design

which It is the

pale

periods.
to discuss

purpose *'new''

chapter,
and been in certain added

therefore,
new

certain of old

styles,
have

applications
the

styles

which

to

history

of

architectural

development

modem One of

times. the first secessions


1896
'

from in the

historic form
' '

precedent
of
a

in

design
which

appeared
was

about
as

movement
new

known
as

^L^Art

Nouveau. would

This in

art,

originating,
threw

its

name

indicate,

France,
at

design
seemed of Classic

in

general
to

into

convulsions transform in

which,
all

the

time,
ideas

likely
or

entirely

previous
and

academic

design

architecture

furniture.

L'Art
an

Nouveau,
absolute

furthermore,
dominance of

assumed,
in the

temporarily, design crafts,


The bloom
of

feeling
and

of
as

jewellry,
well
as

ceramics,
the

bookbinding
arts.

other

in

graphic
could
not

style, however,
its

last

beyond

the and
date accommo-

first ally basic-

novelty,
It

because
to

it

was

illogical
form
to

unsound.

sought

mould

decoration,
to

instead

of

accommodating
it
was a

decoration naturalistic and render203

form. of

In

two

respects,
as

highly

sort

art, employing

motifs

plant forms,

201

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE
'

ing these
was a

in

naturalistic and

manner.

^'L'Art

Nouveau'

style of flowing frequently


it
was

sinuous and
* *

lines, often forced,


' ^

graceful, although
that the
uses.

but

too

bizarre also

and

naturalistic,
natural forms

highly
were

artificial, in
into of the

employed
that in
no

forced school
to

illogical
had

It is true works ^^art be nouveau''


an

previous
way

design
creations

duced pro-

any

similar
even

of

the

enthusiasts,
accidental

though
in
some

there free

might
Gothic its

traced

similarity
or

renderings height
in

of
France

leaves and

fruit. found

The
its most

style reached ready


' '

outside the It mans Gerwas

acceptance
and

in
too

Belgium,
^^

being

too

* *

French

for

emotional"

for
reason

the

English.
of its of

copied,
without of

in

America,

solely by

novelty,
the

and

any

understanding
creators.

whatever

intention

its French As
a

style, '*L'Art
as
a

Nouveau^'

comes

to

us as

to-day
a

sometimes and

sort

of

joke, and fantasy.


with

nearly

always

guided mis-

ephemeral

This, perhaps,
all its

is not

altogether
Nouveau^^ If

fair, because,
had it had of
some

faults, ^'L^Art
of it real

occasional

flashes
more,

tion. inspiraan

done

nothing form,

awakened inexhaustible from Parisian

appreciation

graceful deriving
the

and

of

the

possibilities of
forms. front of all
"

decorative shows

motifs
a

plant shop

One ^the

of

illustrations

style, perhaps,
a

exemplified
or
a

at

its
or

best, for
a

buildings,
may

hat

shop,

candy
in

shop,

small olity. friv-

theatre,

permissably
cannot

indulge
a

architectural
or one
a

One

imagine

courthouse

post-office
can

designed
think

along
of and

*^art instances

nouveau^' in which

lines, but
the

ily readbe all the

style

might
it is to in

acceptable
intents and

pleasing.
a on

To-day,
**dead" the

however,

purposes

style, excepting

imprint

which

it left

previously

Classic

archi-

AN

ARCHITECTURAL OF GERMAN

CONCEPTION THE
NESE VIEN-

CHARACTERISTIC AND AND This MODERNISTS

SECESSIONISTS

eumple

ii

liken

[rom

"

dnwia(

by

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

206

tecture but

of

the

Beaux

Arts"
over

For the of

it
'*new

was

from
art"

the

brief

intense

enthusiasm received the

that in
a

French

architects vein

idea

rendering detail,

tic naturalisas
a

much
to

of their

ornamental

as

well

their

tendency sinuosity
As
were

give
often
as

many
a a

architectural certain few

forms

certain

and

frivolity.
restless Austrian and '^art
to

early

1870

designers
ture architecnouveau/' take
a

experimenting dangerously

in like

strange
that of

furniture the

Gradually, form,
became of the
as
* *

however,
and
an

their the late

efforts
^90 's of

began
the
**

nite defi-

in

Viennese
"

sion*' Secesner forerunists, secessionwhat

actual
' *

school school

design to-day.
rebelled of

the The

Modernist
name as

of

their

would the
new

imply,

against

they

regarded
and

slavish
means

copying
of
to

archaeological
Their
as a

forms, perhaps,
or a

sought
be

expression.
some

art,

might

considered

extent

creed,

declaration. it
was a

While weird of
any

creed kind and

based of
very

on

simplicity,
very to

it

was

and

strange

simplicity,
difficult
any

unlike

that with

William other

Morris,
art movement

compare
or

of
as

other
^^

land

period.
as

The

secessionists
to

were

nearly
works

original''
but

it is

possible
certain

be, and

their

suggest

remotely
and

elusive

elements

of

things
is

Japanese
a

tian. Egypkind

Secessionist from
*^art

architecture

very in the

different

nouveau''
as an

architecture;
accessory to

tion first, decoraas


a

is while

regarded
in the

design
wa"s

whole,

second,
as

the

whole

design
to may

regarded
decoration. it

(quite
Radical

illogically)
as

subordinate work for

its

much

secessionist

seem,

is, in

reality, distinctly conservative,


both the

decoration due

is used of

sparingly
fact that

and

cleverly, with
is most

appreciation
when

its value

emphatic

it is made

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

207

especially
^'Modernist"

as

derived

from

Persian turban

architecture.

Many
Oriental bear dence evi-

costumes,
bottles and

head-dresses.
textile motifs

perfume
of As

Persian

this

interesting
be

influence. America of the


saw a

might
small

supposed,

counterpart
and of

(on

scale, however),
many

Secession,

is
the

enjoying
French We have
to

to-day
^'Modernist"

reflected

scintillations also
on a

movement, yet,
an

small

scale. tecture archi-

not,

as

American
we

**Modernisf have and


a

reckon

with, though
decoration

good

bit

of

'^Modemisf The Frank in the

interior

furniture. in architecture is noted


sively exten-

great Lloyd
latter

American

Secessionist of the

Wright,
part
of
many

Chicago, preceding

whose

work,

as

chapter,

has

influenced Middle West.

contemporary
exact

architects this school and of

of

the

The has

place
to

of

tectural archireal

design

yet
and

be

determined,

its

worth,
upon

both the

present

ultimate, must
architect of the and

depend
client.

entirely

sincerity of both
is much in the which best

There

American and which


reason

ist Secessionwhile

architecture ill-studied and

is show

pleasing
much valid of

refreshing,
is
too

examples
to

strange
existence. from
demic aca-

^'forced" which is

possess way

for

Design

by
or

being

departure
of historic

precedent,
work for
to

the

guidance
No
copy

forms,
should which
or ture ven-

is

the

master

designer.
no mere

amateur

attempt
from
can

it, and
another
ever

of

work

has

resulted

's sincere possess


a

conviction

personal degree
of

ingenuity
merit Let
or us

recognisable

permanency.
now

turn

to

certain wherein of

current old for

architectural historic

manifestations have been of used

in
as

America media and

styles
new

design
if

distinctly

types

building,

determine,

possible, how

well

208

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

this

has

been

done,

and

with

what

degree

of

stylistic

propriety.
We

have,
be

in

the

larger

American

cities, certain
of which
on

highly
may

specialised
germane

architectural here the


to

problems,
a

it the

present
tall office

few

remarks

modern the modern


**

city honse,

building

(once
the

called

skyscraper''),
hotel, the

the

loft

building,
and

gigantic
em mod-

apartment

house,

the

great

railroad
The
a
are

terminal.

metropolitan
of

city house,
to the

at

the

outset,
many

presents
of which

variety
not

problems

architect,
He of
''

strictly architectural.
the natural

is

doubly

hedged
with

about the

with

limitations

the

site, and

multitudinous The

''restrictions of of the the


rooms

of

city building codes.

''architecture*' when the

ished exterior, indeed, is finstreet

design
of of
An

facade
may

is finished, be carried

and
out

the in

interiors
any range

the

within

"period"
interior with

styles dictated decorator,


the

by

the
may
cute exe-

whim be

of

the

client. here
rooms

indeed,
or

called

in

to

work

architect,

to

certain Of the

independently. relationship
of architect
in

working
the be

and

tor, decora-

and
more

clients' said of
in

responsibility
the second

this of this

connection,
book. in
most of
as

will The

part

trend

architectural would and


seem

development
to

the
more

larger

cities

dictate

certain than for modified

styles

appropriate
are

in

better

taste

others.

There

strong

recomimendations,
the
a

example,
Italian
or

toward Renaissance direct "Harvard" occasional made of

designing vein,
XVI

facade
modified
or

in

Modem
in the
manner

French,
called
stone
use a

Louis

style,

the
and

type, of brick, with


ironwork. the Holland

white

trim has

Surprisingly
Dutch

little of which

beeux'^

type,

remark-

l*tture
".

o( Now

the York in

-Low

Coupii

in

Cit)-.

ia

of

mivE

dctsila

bri(faiiy

cuJriu

ii
a

ii
Si
"

III

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

209

ably able showing


excluded lends
many true
an so a

rendering
New York

is

seen

in

one

of

the

illustrations,
have which and
to

City

residence.

Fire-laws

the much

picturesque
charm
to

half -timber

city facade
in

Chester,
and

England,
streets.

old that

Flemish,
a

French

German could of

It is

half -timber
use

*'efFecf

be

obtained

by

ingenious
the result

(or misuse)
be At in
a

fire-proof materials,
and artificial,
quently consewere

but

would

palpably
one

undesirable.

time

city houses
manner,

popularly
various

designed
strange
in

Romanesque

in called of the of

attempts
more

contemporaneously adaptations

'^Gothic,'' and
French Francis odious in

successful

Gothic-Eenaissance First. *'brownstone


rows

transitional
not
now

style
the

We

will

speak

of

entirely

front/'
the hands

mercifully
of
even

ing disappear"

under
copy

wreckers be

^it was
a

an

entirely base
of
an

(if it could
kind in either the of

called
poor

copy)
taste
a

entirely
existed of its

debased in France

bourgeois
*80

which

early
side
or

's, and

tition repe-

like,

on

of
even

the

Atlantic,
future.

is

fortunately
In modem

impossible

to-day,
as a

in the

its actual

planning,
is
a

complete affair, and highest

organism,
an

the

city house

complex
the of

tural architecof

problem
and
must

calling for
on

order

ability
Booms
-

ingenuity
be

the
as

part

the
as

architect. the

provided
with

adequately

restricted
servants*
a

site
ters quartrance en-

will

allow,
and

light and

ventilation,

kitchen

skilfully incorporated,
and self
a

service convenient

devised,
innovations
as

number

of

such

-operated
of course,

elevators,
the

dumb-waiters,
and

laundry systems.
With the

chutes

and,

plumbing

heating

all these is
now

details, only in part


called
upon

suggested well,

here,
some

architect
14

to

effect,as

210

THE

PRACrriCAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

sense

of

**

spaciousness twenty-five
house

' '
"

^perhaps
lot.
The

in

city

house

occupying
in

foot

greatest
the
narrow

tion evolument abolishhall front

city

planning
' '

took

place with
' '

of the within. wall the of The the

high entrance
basement house
to
on

stoop

and

the with

entrance
or near

plan,

the

the

building
in the

line, enabled
nature of
a or

architect
or

design
sometimes and

something
of
an

foyer

lobby,

almost the

monumental width
economy

imposing
lot.
space

nature,

occupying too, by
the
or

whole

of

the of

Some in

architects,
other

ingenious
have of

parts

of

house,

designed

great

two-story length, and


wall

living-rooms
as

salons,
lot

considerable of in the the

wide
"

as

the

(exclusive
desirable confines

partysarily neces-

thickness) cramped

device
' '

most

and

shut-in"

of the

usual

city

dwelling.
Much

yet remains
in

in the with

evolution the

of the

city

house

"

especially
of
are

connection

architectural low-extensions. in the

tion reclamaThere
of

back-yards,

roofs, and

unrealised
or or

possibilities,too,
garden
in the
an

introductions
at

patios level, parlor


room

small sunk

court-yards,
roof. attractive of The

either

the

ground
or sun-

"solarium** retreat off the

has of
many

added
a

diningmore

city house
be done
to

recent
even

design,
under

but

still remains

to

create,

turally architecand

unfavourable attractive One is


an

conditions,

more

livable

urban

dwellings. here,
not

speaks, opportunity
and
even

of than

the
a

city mansion,

which of the
are

rather the small

problem,

but of

average most

city house, for


made the often view of
up.

these

of The

our

residential of

streets

problem

designing
met,
and of

tall with

office

building

has
success.

been

variously
From the

conspicuous
there is

point

design,

ifew
required casing,
or a a

AND

OLD

STYLES

211

seemly

and for of
or

well-considered
a

architectural the whole


senting preto
a

disguise,
maximum of solids
manner

steel
or

frame,
window

voids,

openings,
Woolworth
a

minimum

wall in forms

surfaces. which the fifth the

Hie

skilful
was

great
of

building
detailed historic
a

treated in
can more

subject chapter.
in the the

carefully
no

discussion

the be
vast

Obviously
treatment

precedent
of size

followed than

of

building

greatest European
used
as

cathedraL rather than in

Historic

styles have
so

beeii
have in

motifs

models,
New York

that

we

the the

Metropolitan guise
of
an

Tower,
Italian
or we

City,

done

Renaissance
see
a

campanile,
arcade
so or

enormously
a one

magnified,
Colonnade discern

an

Italian

Classic
can scarce

crowning
the order In
most

building

tall that

of the tall

columns. office

buildings,
to

architectural first few


two
or

effort above

in

design
the which

is

usually

confined
to

the
upper

stories three

street
crown

level, and
the

the

stories
mass

building. by
countless is
an

The

intervening windows,
is

of of

wall, perforated
uniform desirable.

usually

design, which
If

expedient
detail,
*

both

logical and
were

architectural
over

or

interest,'*
such
a

spread building
York

evenly
as

the

vast

bulk

of

colossal in and New


tally men' '

the

Equitable
effect The would

Insurance be both

Building,

City, the

optically
* *

distressing.
because
any

building would
fail to

seem

restless

the

eye

would

focus
values

itself of

naturally

at

level, and

many

important

dignity, and (apparent

of in

something
some

almost
the

approaching

sublimity

of

larger conmiercial
that
to many

buildings), would
must

be lost. with
to
a

It is natural historic such


a

liberties

be

taken

styles
structure

fit them
as

agreeably
modem office

and

urbanely
and

the

building

pl
'is

lis

ij

sill

'

'

y3

"I
2-

ij
*

id

fumiAbed

id

the

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

213

within from tall


a

the

inevitable
a

limitations of the be absolute loft

presented, banality.
is
one

may

keep

it the
on

being
office

thing

Unlike of
many

building,
may

building

street, and possible


purpose.
"

lighted

only from
a

front shaft

and

rear, to

with the

addition^

light from
any

designed
**

Consequently,
is front
to

architectural

acter char-

which

attempted

in the
or

design
street

can

be

apparent Usually
story
stories
space.

only in the
the
are

elevation,
the

facade.
its

entrance

building treated,
over

and the

crowning

architecturally entirely adjacent building given

intervening
window

being
K
no

to

necessary

buildings perforce
far below

of
must

comparable
rear

height great
of threethese

exist, the
blank and side fourwalls

loft

two

walls, towering
story
remain

above it.

the

rows

buildings
for
years,

Ordinarily only
with

blank

adorned
names

large painted
of the
tenants

signs
of the

proclaiming
the several

the

and

businesses in many
vast

floors,though
has made this

notable wall surface

instances

architect

strangely
formed In
occupy to up
a

interesting by
the
a use

by devising
of
two

upon

it titanic

designs
bricks.
may

different-coloured of in

few both their

years

loft

building
but

equal
the brick

height

sites

adjoining,
these and

interval

previous
loom

erection,

gigantic
commendable
to
a

patterns

as

an

interesting
No

expedient.
American fail
to

visitor
to New

large
could

city, especially
be

visitor modem
structures

York,

impressed
their
or

by the

hotel
may to

edifices,

even

though

towering feigned

fail, through impress


under the their

familiarity
metropolitan great

indifference,
who
passes

individual
or

daily
in their

shadows,

eats

frequently
Th^

gilded dining-rooms. hotel, besides

modem

American
as

being

vellous mar-

organism

hotel, presents

several

unusually

214

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

interesting
inside
As and
an

angles
out.

for

amateur

architectural

study,

both

organism,
one

indeed
vast and to roof

a a

microcosm,
combination

we

see

joined con-

under

of

devices
to

human, pleasure

mechanical and comfort


must

aesthetic, all planned


the

effect

guest.

Since the

the

present

consideration

deal

entirely with

architectural
we

aspect

of

the

great
its many hotel

metropolitan
other

hotel,

must

force per-

dismiss American

interesting emerged
the

features.

architecture the time of


and

from

absolute

banality arwakening
Waldorf followed of the

at

about of the

general
the

architectural erection
' '

country,
York

after

of

the
' '

in

New

City,
the form of
were

the
of

prevalent
a

hotel

style

suit, taking
French XVI.

composite
XIV,
more
or

adaptation
XV and in

styles
Structures

Louis

Louis

Louis bulk hotel


to
a

reared

enormous

than

the

greatest
were

French made

palaces magnificent

chateaux,
and

and

interiors

sumptuous
bles, mar-

superlative
mirrors The
and

degree gilt.
of

by

the

use

of

ornamental

adaptation
hotel
has many,

this

' '

magnificent
but
not

^ '

style for

the

large

been
on

severely
the

cised intelligently critiit


is

by
ostentatious.
the

ground
be
a

that

vulgar

and that
tion inten-

It

should is
to

remembered,
with
a

however,
definite

large
"

city hotel

building

it is intended the
French

attract,

impress
It
cannot

and, if possible,
be
and

flatter

travelling

public.

denied

that in
a

regal
universal

architecture
to
a

attracts

speaks

language
and

all

beholders,
kind of
even same

symbolising
social

lence, opu-

richness
It
to

certain

distinction. be said

has

splendid
repose.

self-assurance,
And
managers for

if it may
reasons

lack

these
were

pressive. it is imthe of

Hotel fact that

quick
of the

to

appreciate
theatrical

architecture

is

one

most

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

215

the

arts

"

that
even

certain

impression unconsciously,
the
any

may

be

more

readily
ber num-

received,
of

though through through lobbies,

by

greater

people
than

architectural other
means.

guise

of

the the

building

Thus,
the

great marble
of mirrors and

the

gilded dining-rooms,
modem the hotel
manager
are

vistas rical theathis

palms
devised and

in the

but make

scenery, venture
or

by
the

to

success,

people

eating, promenading
gorgeous

dancing
the To

in

this

intentionally
actors.

environment

are

unconscious
eat

in
one

richly decorated
may
care

Louis
at
some

XIV
the

dining-room, style in itself,


reflex sensation

although
is to
' '

not

all

for

receive the
name

unconsciously
' '

small
the

of

grand
he

manner.

Call
average in

feeling by whatever
is flattered of the elation

other

will, the
"

person the

by

the

environment

^he

treads

footsteps
of of

great past,
or

shadowy
and
cannot

royal

personages
a

and

courtiers

escape

distinct

impression

gratification.
For than elected be called these reasons, which these
an
are

psychological styles composite


which which

rather
were

architectural,
to

French

make
* '

up

elaborate
' '

might
as an

hotel

architecture,
for their

are

to be

regarded

excellent
to

choice is

purpose.

Hotel is natural be

architecture,
when it is and

be

sure,

superficial, yet
its and
very

this

considered

that
attract
a

appeal please

must
a

instantaneous,
variety
of of

keyed

to

great

people,

averaging
discrimination. Further
.

not

high

degree

architectural

evidence

of the

desire be

to
seen

please
in

on

the

part

of of

the

hotel

management
found well
as

is to in in
to

the

diversity
of which
a

styles often
as

the
the

interior
'*

decoration
rooms

single hotel,
are

special**
the

constantly

ofiFered

meet

continuous

public

216

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

demand

for

**

novelty."
* *

One

will

find
' '

Louis
a an

XIV room ball**01d

dining-room,

Marie in

Antoinette Louis XV
or

tea-room,
and

resplendent
Nuremberg
Greater
'^ *'

rococo,

rathskeller,
may
or

grill-room
in the Room" fall devised flat

downstairs. form
"

diversity
Room"
**

be
**

offered

of

an

Egyptian
of

Pompeian
must
are

yet

the it is

charge

inconsistency"
that these musical
these

when

remembered

things
program

to

entertain,
to enter-

just
tain.
out

as

varied often

is devised
rooms

Very
with taken much look the

special degree
for of what

have

been

carried

highest separately

architectural

ingenuity, worth,
may

and,
offer will
A

they
the

are

interesting
about
many

study

to

lay observer,
courses.

if he

him

between

the
not

dinner

great

vast

hotels,
and

only

in

New

York,

but

in

Philadelphia,
in of French hotel

Chicago

other
a

cities, were
new

designed
entered

mainly
the'

styles, until design.


relation
this element of
the

element

field

And,

to

instance

forcibly the
and reaction
'*

ever-present
human

close

between
came

architecture in ideal
new

thought,
the

as

against

prevalence
was an

hotel
a

of ideal

cence." magnififor hotel


an

There architecture
"

substituted
of

ideal refined
' '

restraint, combined
correctness

with the

expression
call
' *

of that

which

English

smartness.

Architecturally,
had achieved in New

the

great hotels
of

of

the

French hotels
as

type
the

prodigies York,
reared

design.
the

Such

Plaza,

and

Bellevue-Stratford,
chateau

in

Philadelphia, high
tall above all

vastly

magnified

roofs
as

surrounding
historic The
as

buildings. styles
were

Again,
used

in the motifs
to

oflBice structure, than his


models.

as

rather

architect have

endeavoured been

approach

problem

it would

approached

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

217

by
been

the

Eighteenth
to

Century design
a

French similar

architect, had
structure.

he

required
For the

architectural
a

expression
remarkable

of restraint choice of

in hotel

design, made,
a

however,
and the
success

style

wAs

firm

of in

Warren their

and

Wetmore

achieved
to

brilliant erection New York been

adaptation.
Bitz-Carlton
the
new

Previously
and Vanderbilt

the in

of

the

hotels

City
difficult

(the first of
for
us

type), it would
of the

have minute

to

conceive

delicate,
of
the

Eighteenth
Adam for of
as was

Century
to
an

English
enormous
were

style
hotel

(Brothers The Adams


and

applied
the most

edifice. of ture furnidistiur

part
"

designers they
were

chaste authors

interiors of

not

guished
It
carry

the

large projects.
in
A

desired, however,
Adam

the

newest

hotels,
Adam

to

out

interiors. had that

revival the

of

ture furnivogue,

and and it
was

decorations surmised be classic

become hotel

fashionable in the

interiors The

Adam tween be-

style would
the and
not

immensely dignity
French
so
an

popular.
of the of Adam

conflict

style within, without,


could

the be

diversified

type

hotel

thought
was

of,
"

seeming adaptation

architectural of the
more

bility impossistyle
in
to

essayed

Adam
vast

the

exterior

design
than all

of

buildings
four

their could

proportions
have conceived. That achieved
New

the

brothers

together

this

remarkable in

tour

de

force

was

successfully
Vanderbilt in tectural archi' *

is evidenced

the

great example

Hotel of of

York

City, style.

brilliant

adapted
^ ^

The

exterior,

in brick

Adam

grey,
an

trimmed admirable but few

with

cream-coloured to who the

terra-"U)tta

details, is
within

introduction of the York


many

quiet interiors
themselves that it is
a

"

daily enjoy
to

in this remark-

great New

hotel

stop

reflect

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

219

of

the

woodwork

and of

disregard

as

immaterial and

the

tentions pre-

display plasterwork
in the

marble,

plate-glass
hall.

gilded

downstairs architectural has


are

Despite
the
recent

its many house There and far

drawbacks,

however,
in

apartment
years.

improved
better

considerably
more

plans,
in

practical
details
even as

conveniences

better

design
and the

such

mantel-pieces,
apartment
Real of
some as

wainscotings
moderate

like,

in

the

of

rental.

architectural of the in many


A
' '

ability is apparent
apartment
are

in

the

design
as

great
which

houses

of

high
owned marked

rental,

well

co-operatively
was sense

by the by
the

tenants.
^ ^

promising

departure
in which for
a
a

duplex

apartment, by

of

spaciousness
a

was

effected

devising
room,

each studio. of

apartment
The other

large
rooms

two-story
of the

living
apartment,
on one

like instead

being
on

inconveniently
two

arranged private

floor,

are

disposed
so

floors, with duplex


unit

connecting
a

stairway,
house

that

each

is, in fact,
The
many

miniature of the

in itself. house
well
no

study
different

apartment might
but

problem
the
can

and

its of

solutions

form
more

subject
be

exhaustive here result than from and builders house handsome of the is
to

consideration,
to
a

done

suggest greater
remind the

the

great

benefits of

which

might
ing, build-

prevalence
both

co-operative
and
to

landlords front door of less

speculative apartment
A

that

alluring

the

becoming
entrance

constantly
is very well of

significance.
a

if it is
the

true

indication but

architectural

quality
than
tenants
a

entire
a

building,
investment.
young
renew

if it is It
may

nothing
attract

more new

lure, it is
"

poor

especially
cause

the
to

and their

inexperienced,

but

it will

not

them

220

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

leases

if the

actaal

rooms

in which

they

live

are

veniently incon-

planned
In

and
an

meanly

bnilt.

building
must

apartment
a

house,
Hotel all

which

from

its

nature,
will that be

be
a

profitable
economy. above
to

investment,

cheap

plans
realise

found

poor

managers must

their

building, they
any go

else,
of

please

the

public, and ability. In

architects

recognised
to

high

type of building
and architectural of great
more

designed
merit

tectural rent, archibe the


tical prac* '

appeal
considerations

should Of in
a

importance.
will be said

real

estate

development"

subsequent

chapter. Among modem,


the architectural

types

which

are

essentially
a

great
and
have

railroad
has

terminal
a

is
to

peculiarly
can Ameri-

interesting

one,

been

problem

which

architects It is doubtful
possesses

devoted

considerable

study.
in any

if any architectural

similar

building

country
terminal The

the

significance of the
in
New

of

the

Pennsylvania

Railroad
the
vast

York

City.
a

stately colonnade,
of the

interiors, achieve conception


of dual which

quaKty
with

nobility in architectural greatest masterpieces


here in such is fills colossal
a

ranks

European function,

architecture. in that
a

Architecture laid
out

building

proportions
while with the its
a

passenger

congestion
impresses
and the

impossible,
traveller scale A of

splendid
of
to

magnitude
the which character
* *

every

sense

prestige
he is is
,

grand

railroad of and

entrusting
a

himself. from times.

building
the A

this

long departure
of earlier

dingy

oppressive
of

train of ^it
"

shed*^ the is
a

building
is much of
more

the
a

character

Pennsylvania

terminal
as

than
a

building
in

symbol,
as

perhaps Pyramids

monument,

this

respect,
The

the

Egypt.
of the Grand Central

New

York

City terminal

CLASSIC

ROMAN
An

DERIVATION

IN

MODERN
an

AMERICAN

RAILWAY of York

TERMINAL

ciHptional PuDcuiylVHrdi

ciample
lUilroul

of

"nhitwiural Terminul HlKtioD,

eipreuiaa
New

dicoity City)

ITh"

FRENCH

BEAL'X-ARTS

INFLUENCE

[N

MODERN

AMERICAN

RAILROAD

Thialaful*
the modem

ofTordg

mBtsriil

for

ft

compsriton desiia
Ruilnwl
mx

of

Ibe

ntptclive
to

sn-bilcctunl
Htrirl

Hpnaaivcncu
Hchool ot

ol

FrvDt^h

Hhool
Centnl

at

opposed
TenmniU

the

CIbbdc N"w York

design

(The

Grud

Stftlion,

Cily)

NEW

AND

OLD

STYLES

221

railroad

is of

interesting
the modern of of Beanx
not

from

other of

viewpoints

"

^as plex com-

an

example

imity

architecture

with

problems
The the

engineering.
this

fagade

great
"

station
a

proclaims

at

once

tjcoile des
yet
is

Arts

symmetrical
embellished

composition^
with of such detail modem for -scale
ful care-

Classic which French

Classic,

and

entirely French.
architectare shown the the is the in

Characteristic marked the

disregard
out-of

proportions,
figures
alone would

greatly
broken of the afforded the

gorical alleThis lent excelof


minal ter-

over

central

pediment.
whole in
"

destroy

dignity

^an a

comparison,
this Grand
"

indeed, being
terminal freedom and

study

Central Arts

Pennsylvania
Classic
are

^Beaux
are

versus

restraint. signed de-

Both

symmetrical
the
manners same

fagades,
purpose,

both

buildings

for

yet their
them

respective
of

tectural archi-

make

buildings

widely

divergent
The terminal

character.
most

interesting complexity

aspect
of

of

the

Grand

Central

is the fact that

its

planning,
tracks

necessitated of
two very

by the busy
There with

it is entered
as

by the

railroads,
are,

well

as

by the Interborough
several different

Subway.

consequently,
several
a

track-levels,
and

their As that

concourses,

waiting-rooms
the be need the

ticket
vided proevery

offices.

practical consideration legends might by


instead

architects
at

clearly readable
the traveller is saved of
a can

lettered

point
further

where

direction,

while ever wherOn


a

confusion

introduction,
of

possible,
ramp,

ramps

stairways.
runway,
or

which
a

is

long, gently
move

sloping
more

form, platon a

crowd and
a

far

quickly
to
run

than for
ramps
a

stairway,
up
or

it is
ramp.

possible,
It is

also,

train will

down the

probable

that

take

place of stairways

in many

of the

public build-

222

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

ings
remarkable

of

the

future
"

^in

buildings
as

of
two

which

even

such
minals ter-

structures but in forerunners. of

these

great

railroad

are

We

live devices the

an

age

*many
appear

inventions

**
"

^new

tural struc-

and

systems
of

yearly
which but
were

and

make

sible pos-

erection

buildings
no one

unthought
architect but
may

of be

in

the

past.
with who

Obviously
these has

an

famiUar observer

technical become with

innovations, acquainted
with

the

lay

architectural

styles, design,
architectural the

together
cannot but

some

elemental
to

principles
him add in the credit
new

of

find

much

interest

achievements in America.

which

yearly

to

profession

PART
A PRACTICAL GUIDE

II
TO BUILDING

CHAPTER

THE

SELECTION EIAL

OF
AND

LOCATION,
ARCHITECT
OF RELATION ETC. TO

STYLE,

MATE-

STYI*E GENERAL AND ADVICE.

FROM

VIEWPOINTS

SITE,

MATERIAL,
MATERIALS AND

APPROPRIATENESS,
LOCAL CHOOSING COLOUR AN

LOCAL

CONDITIONS.
ARCHITECT

FORESIGHT

IN
in in
a

connectioii
any

with

building,
is

more,

perhaps, deep

than

other

oonnection,
trite

there
*'A

significance knowledge
is ill-

the

familiarly

saying:
To be

little

dangerous
ideas

thing/'
of
as

accurate,

indeed,
builders

the
cannot

arranged
even

most
* *

prospective
' *

be

regarded

knowledge.
be saved
"

If

they
rather

knew,
that

much

disappointment
think

might
know either
set to

it is
to

they
any

they
or

enough

build
the

without architect

architect,
actually

to

themselves do
the

above work.
**A

they

engage

little

knowledge**
in

is dangerous and honest

because which

it is will

usually
not

ignorance helped.

disguise,
and

ignorance ignorance
man.

be

Complete
of
the

frankly

calls

in

the

aid

sional profes-

It
to

is the

aim in

and
a

intention

of

the

following
in what
to

chapters
respects

point

out,

building
may be

project, employed

individual and in what

discretion

advantage,
had of best be

respects
Certain

professional things
of
are

opinion
matters

followed. others
are

opinion,
group
as

matters

fact.

Even to

in be

the

first

the

architect's based than


group,

opinion
an

is

usually lay

regarded
while
in

better the
ond sec-

uniformed absolute

opinion,
of

the

futility

argument

should

be

apparent.
15 225

226

THE

FRACnCAL

BOOK

OF

irntrv^i^r*

The be

points

taken in the

np

in

the

following
dictated and The
eadi

chapters hy
the

will
nsoal

arranged
in

sequence
a

procedure
dealt
with

boilding
a

hoose,

step

will

be

in

practical
to

manner.

practising
of
is

tect archi-

is
'^

distressed
to
or

find about
so

that to that

mnch

the

so-called
neous erro-

advice"

persons

build
he toward of be is

arbitrary,
to

misleading,
e"Fort
and

obliged

devote his

considerable client
clear and

time
a

disillusioning
common

establishing
Of
on

ground
will of

sense

and

vision.

this,
the

more

said

in and

subsequent
client.
not call

observations The
in the

relation

architect

usual architect decided.

private
until The

building
very

operation

does

certain site of

important house,
for
of in

things have instance,


a

been often land. the

the

is of

pre-determined
The

by might

the

ownership
be for
on

piece

architect

well

called the

to

suggest
but
or on

best

architectural he of is not

location consulted

house,

very

frequently question
These

this

question,
in the

the

what
are

style

is

to

be

followed

design.

things
in
to many

usually
cases

the

architect's have been

starting
well
the
a

point,
for the An

though
client

it would advised what


site
a

be

professionally opinion
to
a

from
kind of

start.

architect's be best and

as

to

house worth the

would ing, hear-

suited

given
in

might

be

well of

might

result call
at
a

better

solution
ways
a

problem.
the
thing anyvery

Varying house,
and

sites

for

different

of
in

locating
which be

here,

the

outset,
rule

is

case

resembling dangerous
It is of
to

fixed

might

easily

follow.

the
to

greatest points
to

importance
of

to

give careful
and
as

sideration con-

the and

the

compass

to

prevailing
in site the is

local

winds,
of
the

consider from its

these

factors If the the

design
a

house far from

inception.

remote

one,

''improvements,"

questions

LOCATION,
of be of the it is

STYLE

AND

MATERUL

227

lighting, water-supply
at
**

and

sewiige

disposal

should

least

considered

before
"

there
''

is detailed the

thou^pht

style/'
most

Although
of

style
the

is to

lay observer

conspicuous

architect's from the

performances,
architect
's

relatively less
than
to many

exacting
of the
more

point
he

of view

technical

problems
this of the

is

required
If
an

solve. has been the been selected location


at

architect the

stage, and house,


as

has

visited
as

site, and

exactly
a case

possible, has
of

determined,
to

it is well
or,

for the

number of
a

good

photographs important
made the and

be

taken,
an

in

large and
survey

house,
drawn.

accurate

graphical topoway

In
or

this

the

architect will
govern

may

study
certain

different of his is to
use

grades design
the

slopes which
the house.
vey sur-

parts

for

The
as

ideal data

procedure
for the

topographical
of
an

construction of the

accurately
this model and in its of the first of

proportioned
it is
even

clay model
to

site.
and

On

possible
to

lay
in

out

driveways
house

approaches, miniature,
The
a

block

the
the

itself, in
to occupy.

exact
an

relation

to

place it is by

study
is of

architectural value
a

project
to

means

of client and is of

model To

greatest
is the of

architect

and

alike. definite
a

the vision

given

more

comprehensive
and
to

problem,
the

the

second

given
the

presentation
of he

architect's
to

conception
vivid from and
any

relationship
than

house could It
survey

site

more

understandable number that


the

possibly
is well

obtain
to

of

drawings.

mention
a

here civil

topographical
or

of the is not
a

site,being part
of

engineer's
's

surveyor's
and
or

work,
for
to

the

architect the

work,

is

paid

separately,
the
surveyor. most

either It

through
is to be

architect,
as a

direct for

regarded required

means

arriving

directly

at the

result

"

the estab-

228

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

lishment
as

of

the

exact of

relation

of

house

to

site,

as

well
buildings, out-

the

disposition
etc.

drives, approaches,

terraces,

The

construction

of the
or

model
his

is

usually
and

undertaken
a

by the charge

architect,
should
a

under be

direction,
for

separate
volves it in-

rightly

expected
of

it, since

considerable
be

amount

special work. great


house

It the

should

apparent

without of the

emphasis
on

that site have is

location, of

placement, Many
of that
natural

its houses

extremely given
because with the
an

important.
appearance

well-designed

unpleasing they
have

awkwardness been

solely placed
On little
agree-

of

the
to

fact the
many

poorly

relation other

features of
low

of their
cost

sites. of

hand,

houses have

and

architectural able
every

pretension
on

seemed it of

peculiarly
will be
seen

because,

observation,
has been taken

that

advantage
and

elevation,

grades,

approaches

background.
as

Architecturally, building harmony


often

well

as

naturally,
is in the

the

most

ing pleasgraceful
may
some

is the its and idea

building site, and wisely


he
may to

which

most

with
well

the

prospective
from his

builder mind execution

do

banish

preconceived
this of idea would and

have
an

had, if the

of

result site.
of

in

unharmonious

relationship

house The

question
any

site is often

involved

in the

question
a

of

style,

formal
the
or

type

of

building calling
site of
a

for

level

site, while
an

rugged

hill-side

is

best

suited

by

informal all is

picturesque
must say

type
be

building.
of

Style, personal

when

said,
To

always
that
no

matter

predilection.
placed
formal often in

formal is and
to

house

should the which tracts.

be

rustic

surroundings hunting-lodges
in

ignore

ultraare

French discovered

chateaux

densely

wooded

The

AN

AMERICAN

COUNTRY

HOUSE

ESSENTIALLY

PICTURESQUE

lishiDg

Ihe

precedenl

SMA[.[.

COTTAtlK

OF (r..m :Siutv llip in

NATIVK

DERIVATION Dut.h UiJn

rn.

ranw

.iirp^lly
of S-" \"k

rnily
"liirh

(Brm-houws
Duiiaec
wus

lo

b.

Tl["m

LuUi

LOCATION,

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

229

chateau,

it is

true,

is

usually
the

blended

with

its
means

land woodof

surroundings,
formal the of who
an

like

Italian
seem

villa, by
that the

gardening.
of

It would

house, from
in the

point of view
architectural
are

style, is best background


it. in
or or

considered

light

setting for the


to

people
tain enter-

to occupy the

If
a

one

intends and is to

live

and

in
manner

country

formal this

rather be

elaborate
as

(whether
,

not

regarded

desirable)
would
not one's

certainly the picturesque


be the idea
most

and

informal

house the other and and


a

effective

setting.
life is of

If, on
the

hand,

of
most

country

simple English
prove

unaffected

kind,
a

characteristically
French chateau and
an

American,
miserable would

formal

would

disappointment,
depend,

architectural architectural of the

success

rather,

upon

rendering picturesque.
the vidual indi-

of comfortable And
so

informality
every

in terms

for

prospective builder,
tastes there to the is
a

from

of

ultra-formal

ultra-simple

*'next-

to-nature" which
an

enthusiast,
will

suitable

ing type of dwellthe No medium fixed rule of is

reflect his

tastes

through setting.

appropriate
the
a

architectural
essential of the
a

possible"
too

suitability
individual
few

is too
case.

flexible It is

and
sible, pos-

much

matter

of

however,
be borne in builder
or

to submit either
no

generalities which
cases

might
pective pros-

mind,
has

in those

where
a

the

predilection

for for

specific style,
him
to

where

it

might

be

highly desirable

change

his

mind.
One
may possesses

contemplate
a

building

in

certain
**

locality

which for
one

marked
New old

architectural

character*'"

example,
drives
may

small the

England
elm-shaded
which

village.
''main to

Here,

as

down be
seen are

street,*'
a

there

houses

all conform

certain of white

type.

They

simple,

wooden

houses, usually

LOCATION,
often be influenced

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

231

by

the

nature

of

local

building

materials. As materials those which


we on an

obvious
are are more

generality
suitable in find

it is
to
a

safe

to

say

that

no

given

locality than
in this
nection con-

found
soon

that
that

locality, and
this has
a

will

distinct

bearing

economy.

It

will

be

found

that

local

building styles,
to
a

materials minor material


a

have

influenced
or

local

architectural and
each
so we

degree,
and dual which

conspicuously,

find the

both

style, interlinked
alliance is
to resent

with

other, forming
of
the

the from in
a

intrusion
some

building

transplanted Usually,
are

alien

locality.
way, local
rials mate-

and

perfectly
to

natural

best factor of

adapted
in the

local

styles, because
of those

they have cific Spewith


a

been

development
those and

styles.

types
certain

building,

types countries,

associated demand
more

specific periods
in in certain
a

dering ren-

materials,

as

will If

be such

cussed fully disare

following
to

chapter.

materials

entirely alien
erect to

the

locality in which
the and
more

it is builder
to

proposed
will do
at

to

the

building,
his will ideas
prove

prospective
endeavour suitable. the
most
are

well
some

recast

arrive

type which
In

New

England,
is abundant. the entire
on

for

part,
often

grey, grey,

weathered the earth


tones.
a

fieldstone is grey
"

Skies

landscape
a

is

harmony

of low

Consider,
of red

then,

grey up

New

England
the
''

coast,
like

house
a a flagration, con-

brick, starting
or a

from

ground

white
as

stucco

Mission"
a

house,

spot

on

the

landscape
on a

glaring
lawn.

as

newspaper extreme

carelessly
cases,

thrown
many

green

Such

and

less

conspicuously

outrageous,
builder

should that
even

convince
a

the

intelligent and

thoughtful

deep-

232

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

rooted had favour possess,

predilection
best of be
a

for

some even

unsuitable with will be

type

of

building
in

discarded, building

temporary

regret,
and the

which
to

appropriate,

will
ing last-

in addition of this

its architectural and decent

merits,
good
builder

merits

logical choice point, the

taste.
may
or

Up sought

to
no

prospective
He
he

have wise otherin of his the he

professional
his
real

advice.

has has

bought
formulated

acquired mind,
location
may

estate,
or

either
or

vaguely placement

definitely,
his house

some on

ideas its

of

site, and
architectural build.
paper
as

have

some

ideas,'as
materials
may
even

well, regarding
of have which he will
on

style and
his
**

the he

With
some

wife,

outlined and

plans,*' embodying
arrangement
wit
once a

his of
was

wishes his
new

intentions

to

the

interior Some of words has

abode.
a

who said for


same

obviously
* *

consummate

master
own

that
a

The
' '

man

who

is his

yer law-

fool the

client. is and

Disregarding
true
' '

exceptional
one man

instances,
another
own

peculiarly
state

if

substitute who is his

profession,
has
a

that
a

The
' *

architect Before

fool

for

client.
to
or

giving
the

consideration
is

the is

different

ways

in the
a

which

architect

usually,
it

best, sought
to

by
out

prospective
of the
more

builder,
serious
to

might

be

well

point

few

reasons

why
any

it is both

sirable undeing buildadvice.


as

and

unwise without this

attempt competent
become

consequential professional

project
Reasons this and The for the

will

increasingly proceed.
find

apparent

subsequent

chapters
will

prospective throughout

builder

himself of
on

capped handi-

by

general

ignorance

details,
he will he

and had find

will not that

be

daily confronted
If his
more

by problems
time be in his

which he than

reckoned.
he has

valuable,
own

spent

far

time

LOCATION,
would have been called if

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

233

upon

to

spend
had

on

his his

architect's motive find in had

commission, being
'*a

and,
own a

economy

been indeed

his for

architect, he
client.'^

would

he

fool

Lacking
and

specific knowledge grades


of and
mercy

of different

makes,

ties quali-

lumber,

brick, plumbing
he

fixtures,
himself be his

lighting entirely only

fixtures
at

hardware,
of

will who

find

the

the

contractor,

will

advisor. his

Furthermore,
about
**

friends,
upon

as

soon a

as mass

they learn
of
or

he

is

to

build, will heap


as

him

gratuitous
dations recommen-

advice,*' and
will be

most

of their
to

warnings

found

be

conflicting, he
or

will the

have

no

one

to

authoritatively
he will
no

reconcile told.

appraise

various

things
With

have

been

working
when
' '

drawings,
the
contractor

great
or

difficulty will
builder the
comes

be
to

encountered
* *

take

quantities
these have

in order have
no

to procure

materials,
unfortunate
to
or

and

again, when
amateur

been

procured
or

the

will

knowledge passing
upon

experience
their

guide
upon

him the

in the

matter

of

quality,
with have

quality
and

of

the

workmanship.

Nor,
he

any any

nite defimeans or

binding
the he

specifications, will
use

of

enforcing
which

of

certain used in of

specific materials
the the work. work he will and

fixtures

wishes

Throughout
be of these asked will all.

the

progress

stantly con-

questions naturally
On the

by the
be

contractor,
to
answer come

most

he
if at

unable he

gently, intellito

whole,
the been

will

realise,
whose

before actual
more

he

is

through,
he
man

that not
**

architect

(with
is

offices than
a

had who

familiar)

something

makes

blue-prints.''
there
are

Before several

employing questions
which

an

architect, however,
the

prospective

builder

may

234

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

properly

look
some

into.

We

will
of

assnine

that the he be

he

has

mined, deterof his


it

with

degree

certainty,
which

location

honse,
and will the

the

general
of

style in
which

wishes
constructed.

bnilt,
He
to

materials

it is to

have
on

determined,
the
or

also, the
he is of be him
and too

amount

he
to

expects

spend
actual
do

project^ and
arrangement attempt
later
to

ready
rooms.

consider Here
he

the
will

plan,
not

well

to

specific, because
many

his
and in lars dol-

architect

will
not

show
space

economies but for

savings,
and remember

only in
Few

convenience, planners,

cents.

amateur

instance,
to

that be
to

plumbing
as

fixtures, from
as

cellar in

garret,

should

kept
save

nearly

possible
feet of of be
of at

vertical
Nor
or or

ment, aligndoes the

unnecessary

pipe. heating,
difficult

amateur
rooms

planner
and
warm.

usually
which
to
a

think will lack

of

ing avoid-

halls

expensive
in

to

keep

Owing
floors of

experience
once, floor

ing visualisfinds

several it difficult and


to

house

the

amateur

arrange

the

several

plans consistently
are a

economically.
of amateur

Impossible plans
of
"

stairways
architect floor

common a

feature studied second

the

lays
and
so come

out

well-

disposition
floor
over

the

first

plots
that into lines

the of

it, on

tracing

paper,

plumbing alignment,
floor
to

coincide, bearing
and

partitions practically

vertical
one

stairways

reach

from

another. the

Therefore,
sketched how and

general
it is well
to to

idea

of

the

plan
that
no

may matter

be

out, but
it
seems

remember be
as

clever will be has

be, it will
as

vastly
ideal

improved
after the

made

practical
it
a

well

architect Before builder

studied

little.

consulting might
well

the

architect,
himself with in

the
a

prospective
little mation infor-

equip
local

regarding

conditions

the

locality in

LOCATION,
which he is who
to

STYLE

AND

MATERLU.

235

build, unless
has

he

expects
a

to

engage of

an

architect
in that

already

erected

number

houses

locality.
^ '

By
as

local labour

conditions and
must

' *

are

understood for from be

such

matters
rials. mateto
an

local

local be

facilities

obtaining
a

If labour isolated there and


are

brought
is
to

distance,

site, greater
local

cost

anticipated

than

if

stone-masons, competent
to

bricklayers, perform
will the

carpenters
A few

plasterers
in
any

work.

inquiries
the

neighbourhood
builder with the this

readily

acquaint
in his

prospective
The

important
will also be

item

project. by the

cost
or

of

house
of

governed
yards, bricka

nearness

remoteness

lumber-yards,
mills and

sash-and-blind

mills, planing

road rail-

siding Many points puzzled,


as

or

freight depot.
make the mistake of and

people
of

regarding
as a

these
are

minor

importance,
and find sometimes that

result

disappointed
when similar said shown
to

(unfortunately)
their
a

suspicious respects
and The under labour its cost house

they
to
one

house, popular
to cost

in
zine maga-

all

clipped $12,000,

from
proves may

cost

$18,000.
been

in

the

magazine
conditions this
very

have
of

built

generally
and
may

favouring
but been the has

availability of
factor in

material,
not

important
in the

have beneath

mentioned

captivating

legend

printed

picture.
been written and

Little, if anything, unprofessional


dations mentioned from
'

concerning
reconmien-

advice, those before, and


sources.

warnings always
These

generously
*'

coming forthhave have have words and

various
a

advices"

ruined
gone

many

fair

building
to

project

which

might
and

smilingly
and

forward

happy

completion,
more

hampered
can

annoyed nullifying

the
many

architect of his

than

express,

best

efforts,

236

THE

PRACJTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

setting
dations.
form
casement

at

naught

many

of his

most

valuable
most

recommen"

Unprofessional
a

advice will be

often
not

takes
to

the

of

warning
windows

"

one

advised

install will be

because that
so

they
the

leak, and
man

it has

found this he
so

upon

investigation
does

who

issued

pronunciamento
has had with
a

because,
casement

unfortunately,
window. And
"

poorly
all

designed

it is

building
have had

materials unfortunate

and

equipment

different

people
or

experiences
and have

cause betened has-

of poor
to

unskilled the

workmanship,
with all

misplace

blame,

greater

vehemence and devices tory satisfac-

than used

intelligence.
in
use

Virtually
are

materials
to

building
and

susceptible
under
appear

perfectly

application
be made
to

competent
defective A
can

direction, just
or

as

all may
or

undesirable

by misuse mixed,
climatic
use

misconstruction.

of

paint, properly
under hard for
or

may

give

years
:

of the

splendid
can

service of

conditions
a

same

paint, mixed
may

by
in

stupid
six

or

incompetent
The

painter,

flake
to

crack how

months. value

example
be

is intended attached
to to

show

little

real

should

sional unprofesNo
man

opinions
is
an

in matters it should
a more
on

related be

building.

infallible, but
architect
or a

reasonably

apparent
than

that
a a

is

competent
the

authority

banker

doctor
or

wearing
for

qualities

of

weather-paint
Occasion further
to

the arise the

formula
in

foundation

concrete. to
ment com-

will
on

the

following

chapter
serious

fallacy of paying

attention

unprofessional
It

advice.
means,

is

well, by all
all

for

the

prospective
as

builder choice of

to

consider

the

preliminaries,
house his after and

such

the

site, the
of the into

style of the plans, with

the

general
than has

disposition
to

floor

wife, rather
the architect

bring her begun


his

the

consultation

LOCATION,
work.
in

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

237

The

two

who

are

to

live

in

the

house before In

shonid
a

be third

perfect

agreement
in
to

upon

its essentials the details. and


to
as

party
the

is called

discuss

building,
to

result

of which

is

permanent,

expensive
common

alter,
sense

it should and

certainly be apparent
are

all that

economy

served all the after

by

much of
a

foresight'
house have which been

as

sible. posprove

Virtually
"

features

unfortunate

'*

it is built

might
at

entirely
The

eliminated
mere

by

little

thought
side
"

the
a

beginning.
door
can

question
determined the

of which
on

to
an

hinge

readily
to mind
over

be

the

plans
of

instance

coming
house

wherein the about She front


was

mistress

the

proposed imagined

went

plans
from

very
room

carefully,
to room,
course

and

herself various

going
doors. the

opening
of the that She of

the maid the

followed, also,
door, and
efficient and and studied

the

answering
communication herself
rooms

assured

herself

convenient. the relation


"

imagined
the

guest,
the

guest
^^

to

bath-room,

and, in short,
stone

inspected
laid.

the

house tion considera-

fore be-

its first foundation of house and

was

Such

plans
is

is

practical,
different

efficient from

and

highly
ence insisttect archi-

desirable,
on some

entirely
and

biased idea.
or

arbitrary
resent
or

ill-advised

No

will criticism

ignore
of

intelligent
his

reasonable be
membered re-

and that

discussion he

plans

"

it should
upon to

is, primarily, bent


upon any

pleasing
suit

his

client, rather
If he best insists interests

than
upon
"

devising
client his

house

himself. client's best

point, it is usually
is
an

in his

satisfied almost

architect's

advertisement,
Mentally

and

only advertisement.
with
some

equipped,
and lack

then,
of
and

idea
be

of

the

importance un-

weight
with

to
some

accredited of the
ner man-

to

unprofessional
in which

advices,
he will

idea his

consult

with

architect,

the

Berry

PurkiraiHl

Il";m""nil
AND

r"i"in.
CHARM

Arrbiin-U

DIMPI.ICITV Modcn. "nd Knilish

COMBINED

IN shuuld Ipsch idFiit


""

domcHtir
m

nrrhiicriuiP
u

Juon,

wi-11

in

vurh

rhaniiini

ft

II

2-!

LOCATION,
unison with with If cautious
some

STYLE

AND

MATERUL

239

him, and
his

to

perform

work

ance strictly in accord-

specifications and
builder he
may do

directions.
a

the

prospective

is

believer
to

in

extremely

procedure,
built
may

well

carefully inspect
is

house and

by the
carry

architect caution

he further

considering

gaging, en-

by interviewing
the architect's the

previous
in

client, and
the
same

by
way

investigating
he would

standing standing
Mention Institute
was

investigate

of any

business be

man.

might
of

made
a

here

of

the

American which
tice prac-

Architects,
for

national of

organization
the

founded of

the

purpose

standardising
the The strict

architecture

^d

enforcing
ethics.

observance has

of

certain

professional
in all of the
are

Institute United

Chapters
and be

larger cities of the only


when

States,
to

members of

admitted

recognised
Members
must

eligible ability and


all the

integrity.
and the forfeit
**

observe laid In down the

regulations

Canon their

of

Ethics'*

by the
of
a

Institute, or
an

membership.
ore,

choice that

Institute

architect,
builder the

theref
at

it is

apparent
a

prospective

has,

the

outset,
about he

certain
he may
an

guarantee
have been

regarding
most to

questions
and

which
as

apprehensive,
which
he may

has,
any
or

well,

organisation
which
may
seem

appeal

procedure
imethical.
It must
or

seriously

unprofessional

not

be

supposed,

however,
who
are

that

there

are

no

able

reliable

architects

not

members

of

the

American

Institute, for
"

they

exist

in in

great
every

numbers

everywhere
with In Institute
most

architects members
cases

comparable
of

respect

long standing.
architects

where

practise
that
one

their

fession pro-

in of the firm

partnership,
is
^ '

it will
' '

be

found

member the
super-

practical

man,

attending

to

240

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

vision the
a
* '

and

specifications, while
' ^

the

other

member instincts. found

is
In to

designer,
of three

man

with

keen the

artistic

firm
an

architects,
or a man

third

is often business

be

executive,

of

marked

ability.
take
as care

Many
of all three of
and

architects

practising
of the their client

alone, however,
as

phases
which

profession,
is not
even

well

other Of
his

aspects
varied be said

aware. more

interesting following

functions, chapter.
in

however,
architects
or

will of

in the

All

large

practice,
it necessary in

whether
to

working
have in their branches

partnership employ
of and

alone, find
able
"

highly
the work

ists specialtendents, superinexperts, by


a

different

specification writers
in
man

structural

addition
upon

to

staff

of

draughtsmen,
a

directed of

whom detail
"

devolves the

great

weight

bility responsi-

and

head-draughtsman.
from the mists
an

Having uncertainty,

emerged
and
now

of

misgiving

and
pective prosa

finally selected
becomes abode
eyes
a

architect, the
is in paper,

builder
to to
see

'^client,**and
on

way

his

visionary
before his

definitely put
in all its

later
nence perma-

arise

solidity and
The
venture

of masonry

and the

carpentry.

is

finally
the the

launched,
business architect's which Before the writer

and

following
which and
on

chapter
has with both been

will

deal

with

relationship
engagement,
should

created
proper

by

the

ances observ-

exist
upon

sides.

entering
feels without

this

important

topic, however,
would selection be of

that
some

the

present
upon

chapter
the

complete inan

advice

architect for clubs will award such and result in

for

building
as

projects
civic Here

other

than

dwellings"

projects
churches. from
a

buildings, schools, hospitals,


the choice of word
a

of

an

architect
or

the

decision A

committee about

the

competition*

competitions.

LOCATION,
An will
a

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

241

architectural
secure as an

competition,
a

intelligently conducted, fairly and


best
:

for

given building
as

conclusively, unintelligently

design

nearly

possible the

conducted

architectural conceivable. Institute

competition

is the

most

pid stu-

procedure
The
a

American deal of in and

of the
to

Architects

has

devoted

great

study
an

to

subject

of

architectural the

competitions,
of committees

effort

standardise
to

procedure
the best

municipalities, and
erection
of

secure

possible results
The results

in the

important
of
a

buildings.
of
' '

of this

study, in the form


'*

set

rules

governing members,
obtainable Institute of

competitions
was

to

be

observed

by
and

Institute is

printed

in brochure
to

form,

readily

by writing

the

Secretary
D.

of the C.

American

Architects, Washington,
all the the

Nearly
country
a

important
of

public

buildings
and have in most been of

of

this
cases

are

result
more

competitions,
firms
to
a

number submit

of the

prominent according
a

invited

to

drawings,
up

program

ments require-

drawn is
or

by

committee. remunerated

An for

invited his

competitor
whether

usually nominally
not

work,

successful. the

In

important
or

civic

building, then,
municipal
well
to

such

as

library,
in the

museum

city hall, the


will do

committee itself can Ameriof

charge

of

the

project

avail

carefully studied
Institute In the been of
as one

procedure

outlined

by the

of

Architects. of

matter

making
the

awards,'
power

many

mistakes in the
to at

have hands
appear

made
a

by placing jury
as
"

of

award

lay

proceeding

which There

ought
should of
be

absurd

it

actually is.
on

least for

competent
prove

architect

the for
to

jury
some

award,

it will
to
16

absolutely
the

essential

informed

person

explain

drawings

the

lay members

242

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

before
can

any

intelligent conclusion

as

to

respective

merit

be

reached. is

This and board

true,

also, of

the with

formation clubs and

of

committees The

juries in connection
may

churches. who
may
are

consist with travelled


there

of

several

citizens and there and be

entirely
one man

unfamiliar who
"

architecture,

be many

has ^but

extensively
should

seen an

ings build-

always
distant
in

architect,
With
no

erably prefsonal per-

called

from

some

city.

professional
of such
an

interest would assured the voted

the

project, the invaluable,


and the fee

services and the

architect would well would of did of


a

prove

committee advice which


If

be

of

competent
of

diced unprejuand
penses ex-

worth be

amount to

him.

the

scale
"

building
warrant

project
the

"

^a

small

church,
sive expen-

for

example

not
an

weighty

and

procedure
members
was

architectural in do whose
to

competition,
hands the
as as

the

of

the

committee

taking underfiles may if

placed, would
architectural
as

well

study

many

of

the

leading
as

periodicals

they

obtain,
still in

well

books
to

on

architecture,
American

and

might,
of tects, Archi-

doubt, write
as a

the

Institute

perfectly unprejudiced
of architects
to carry
* ^

authority,
works

for

ommendations rec-

whose the

would in hand.

ticularly par-

fit them Architects who

out

project
* '

are

specialists

in certain and

types

of

buildings
banks and

"

^notably

school

buildings,
to possess carry out

hospitals,
mendations recom-

hotels-,will be found
for selection
to

certain the

type
their

of building

in

which

they have
them
years

specialised, in that
many

ence experi-

has

taught
in recent the

valuable

details.

Only
to

have of

real-estate

operators

come

realise

importance
in

securing
of

competent
groups of
*

tectural archi'

services

the' planning

ready

LOCATION,

STYLE

AND

MATERIAL

243

made'* insure real-estate


ter to

houses.
a

Careful in

architectural the

supervision
aspect
an

will

consistency development,

general
well
as

of

given

as

attractivecharacnotable have creation


so

the

individual architects and

houses.

In

some

more

instances called in

landscape
toward

architects the

been of

to

work

together living
tracts the

really
there who

attractive several

environment,
which should

that models of

already
to

are

be

all

are

planning
of real

building
The

development significant
operators
involved is
not

any

large
the that

piece
more

estate.

fact

is

that

intelligent
increased

real-estate initial

now

realise

the
,

expense

in

securing wasted,
far

petent com-

architectural

service in that values there than

money

but

money rental
**

invested,
and

are

created otherwise

'higher
exist. and

selling

would
"

Neighbourhood
*

planning,*'
' '

garden

cities,*'
been and for
on common

model

villages

have,

for in

some

time,

architectural and the of of

achievements unlimited
**

England

the

tinent, Con-

possibilities
to
*'

this

practical
are

application
the dawn

architecture'* realisation
to

building"
country.
who is

but

at

their

in

this

Reverting
build take
^^

again
a

the

individual the

about

to

for

himself the

dwelling,

following
this

chapter

will

up

relationship
and the the work.

between whom

individual he has selected

(now
to

client*)
out

architect

carry

THE

ARCHITECT'S

PRELIMINARY

SKETCH

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

245

individuality.
social
#

It should

be

remembered,
with the

however,
architect himself

that

and

business

relations
"

should would

be

kept

strictly separate
have it so, and in
a

^the architect to receive

rather in

far

prefers

instructions
over

writing,

businesslike
no

manner, exists have of been

than what

the been and formal in-

dinner-table,
said. Some

where

record

has

houses,
built with in

it is true,
a

happily
and

successfully
way,

delightfully hap-hazard
if
any
"

little the

of

the

businesslike this has of and


or

elements because and rather mendable

entering
of
a

transaction

^but

been
tastes

natural
on

affinity and
the

congeniality
architect
way
a

confidence than

part

of both
any

client,
recom-

because of the

it is in

safe

method
to

procedure
average of

in
case,

general.
it

Betuming
that the whole

might

well

be

iterated re-

much

the

success

and

smoothness
upon the

of

building

project
his

will first
to enter

depend
visit the
a

client,

fully realising, before office, or


his first he

to

the

architect's he relation. that in


so

proposal
to

architect

has

selected, that
It is
many every
a

is about and
men,

business circumstance

strange

inexplicable punctilious

business

to in

degree

their of

day
and

business

dealings, and
in their their
own

the

enforcement

system

routine
in
an

offices, are
with draw for for
a

flagrantly

unbusinesslike
To skilled
not to

dealings
to

the

architect. and

engage

architect

plans
small
he

give
is be the
a

supervision,
do him
a

especially favour,
the

house,
should of

personal

which

humbly building.
more

gratefullhroughout
In this

whole

progress

connection,
than dealt is

figures, perhaps,
words. with The

give

lucid of

demonstration
will be

percentage
suffice
per

basis
to say

charges
the
on

presently"
his
to

it

that

architect
a

receiving

ten

cent,

commission

house

estimated

cost

$10,000.00

246

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

(more
on

often
ten not
per

he

receives
cent,

seven

per

cent.) his

fee, then,

the does

basis
must
'*

is allow

$1000.00,
a

which, however,
proportion
a

he
*'

net, but
expense

certain

for

overhead for

(his office rent, etc.) and


he has been
at to

certain the be

amount

the

expense

produce
It
will

drawings
seen

(draughtsmen's
this total become
a

salaries, etc.).
if he

from the
once

that
amount

he

is fortunate of his
even

is able and who

to clear it must is not,

half
at

conmiission,
to many must
a

apparent,
man, this

client

himself,
in make
cost

business

how architect

houses,
build

averaging
if he is to

$10,000.00
even a

fair become

income.

It should how be much of

equally apparent
architect
's time
one

to the

client

about

the
to

he

should

reasonably
house. The

expected
who
"

devote

to
a

$10,000.00
and
very

client house

is
a

building

small

inexpensive

even

''bungalow
unreasonable. is of his first and

client'' In

is, unfortunately
all

usually building

the

most

probability
of
to any

this
siderable con-

venture
sum

expenditure
he

money, He

is bound of himself

receive somewhat

his

money's
in the

worth.

conceives
of

light of
staff of

''captain

industry,"
his
a

and

pictures
on

large
the

labourers

living from

expenditure
patron
build In work his of

house,

himself, giving
some

too, in the
the

light of
to

the

art^, grandly
venture to
were

commission architect. the


to

$8000
of

grateful
truth

this

calibre,
considers
at

the himself
may

known,

architect the

quite often drawings only


had need
a

fortunate

produce
the

cost, and
he
one

have
not

accepted

commission he

because
to

could
or

refuse of his

it, or

because

keep

two

draughtsmen
client well
to

busy

through
ideas

dull

period.

The

small-house would do

with
go

enlarged

of his
one

importance
the
more

(unwittingly)
architects

to

of

prominent

country-house

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

247

who
a

make house
no

it

practice
to

not cost

to

undertake less first than lesson

any

work

for He portance im-

estimated

$50,000.
in the

would,

doubt,
of
* '

acquire
* '

his

scale.
many

There

are

architects, however,
and whose

who is of

specialise
sufficient

in small-house volume The with in the


on

work,

practice

to

be

profitable.
enters upon

client, then,
recognition

his that

first he

consultation is

due
a

of

the and

fact

embarking
of

business fact that


so

transaction the that will be architect


a

with

due

recognition
work

has, of necessity, other


and
to

hand,
time the

fair

just proportion
the
new

(not all)

of his In the

devoted

project.
advisable in his for outline

first
to be

consultation
as

it is
as

highly

dient

explicit and
as

complete

of the

proposed
for

house him of
to money

it is

possible, without
with
to
a

technical statement

knowledge,
of the
amount

be.

Beginning
he

is

prepared
the

spend,
whatever whatever
may

the

client sketches

will
or

do

well
he

to may

show have from the the

architect

plans
or

evolved, magazines

or

photographs regarded
From these
at
as

clippings

he

have

suggesting
documents

kind architect of

of

house will
nature

he be

desires.
to

enabled of the time

form,

the

start,
he

fair

idea

the

ect projwill

upon

which in the

is

being

engaged,

and

much of

be

saved

architect's do
not meet

preparation
with the
to to
one

preliminary
wishes. that another wish him

sketches In
one

which

client's remember
copy may

this

connection,
never no

however,
ask
matter
an

it is well architect

should

house
to to

exactly,
it.

how of

closely

follow such would

No

architect
on

standing grounds,
as a

would and
any

consent

procedure, regard
creative

ethical
a

tect archi-

such

request
The

distinct

reflection with

upon

his

ability.

writer

is familiar

248

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

case

in

which

such

request
The had

was

made,

and

flatly

refused
went

by the
to the

architect. who the

client, nothing
built
the

daunted,
he wished

contractor

house

copied, and, using


still in the

original

plans, in blue-print f orm^


had
upon
an

contractor's
"

possession,
grave
an

inferior the
to
common tractor's con-

duplicate

erected

reflection

integrity
architectural

and

outrageous
to every

affront
tenet

the

profession

and

of

decency.
In should which the
first

consultation fullest

with

the

architect

the

client

give his
the

confidence, withholding
know in the
as

nothing
proceed
dure proce-

architect

should

order

to

intelligently and
here
from
a

efficiently with
be

work.
no

The wise

should

regarded
in which
a

in

different
a

consultation with in the

client which
If

is

acquainting lawyer

lawyer require
any

circumstances his
the out

the client

will

preparing regarding

brief.

the

entertains his he

doubt

architect's the work

ability
in

or

fications qualishould
for

for

carrying
doubts

hand,
any

satisfy
certain

these

before and with client


sure

proceeding
friction
any

further,
later

complications
is commenced If him the make

will

arise
on
'*

if the

project
the

mistrust

the

part

of

client.
let

is

naturally
his architect him
may be
or

canny"

vidual, indi-

of
upon

first, rather
for
a

than

heap

recriminations

later due his will

lack
to

of the in

harmony,
client's
^*

which,
difficult"
to

after

all,

only

personality,
an

oversight
be

neglecting
certain The of for the
to

select

architect

who

reasonably

please

him.

client

should that fixed he


and
more

remember,
is

throughout
a

the standard

course

work,

paying
standard than the

fixed

and

fee

certain

professional
architect that the

services
upon

(often receiving
in the

is called
more

contract,

to

perform)

and

wisely

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

249

he is be

avails

himself for in his

of

these

services, the
The

better

value

he

receiving
apparent
the

money.
cases

futility and (unfortunately

folly should frequent)


ill-advised above yers' Lawwith than
ceed proout

those

where

client, biassed
to set

by
his

some

outside

notion,
the

attempts

fantastic

imaginings knowledge.
both

architect's clients

absolute and
no seem

professional patients,
no

doctors'
more
or

dealing
men

men

who

are

less

professional
judgment they special
had

the

architect,
as

to

show

better that

and

though

they

realised
on

sought

men

better
to

informed them for

these
to

subjects
certain

than

they,

advise

and

perform

sional profes-

services
In

them. architect it is well all for that the is

telling the consultation,


unless that

possible
to

in

the

first

client the

remember will

that,
assume

otherwise all such


are

instructed,
items
as

architect

doors,
' '

windows,

hardware

and such

so as

forth
are

to

be

* *

stock,

by which
on

is understood market. This All

obtainable
to

ready-made
and
to
are

the in

applies, also,
**

brick

materials
of

general.

stock"

building only
with
or

materials

standard

ating cost, fluctufluctuations in

large
raw

and

nation-wide
costs.

manufacturing If, however, items,


extra
some
'

material has

the client
as

in mind

certain of

* *

special

' '

such

casement

windows
or

unusual

type,
or

high-grade special

hardware

lighting
or

fixtures,
floor

high-priced
the the

face-brick with has

tile, he
at the
on

should

acquaint
before and

architect

these been

things
to

outset,
the which
or

contractor

asked

bid

plans
more

specifications.
itemise

The all such actual

specifications

(of

later) will

special material
name,

equipment,
any

preferably
on

by
the

in

order

to

avoid The

substitution will find

contractor's

part.
has
a

client

that

the

architect

full

col-

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

251

the far

list of

* *

extras

* '

which

often

run

the No

cost
one

of

honse of

beyond

the

client's has

intention.
more

detail

practice, perhaps,
between architect which

caused

unfortunate than be this

friction

and is the should

client
more

mattoj:
in that

of
no

"extras,"

to

deplored

misunderstanding Quite
half have often
a

be

necessary.

client that
he

remembers,
had

after for

the

house

is
to He

completed,
copper

intended,
instead of
to

example,
tin.

rain

gutters
the

painted
make the

promptly
and that
much

telephones

architect this

change,
the times fact
as

the the
as

architect, making
copper

note, mentions
about allowed
as an

gutters, painted
will tin

costing gutters

four

the

for
*'

in

the

specifications,
The the client
copper

naturally
that he is

appear
aware

extra.''
to

answers

of

this, but

order whole

gutters,
until for he this

then

promptly

forgets
with other
on a a

the

conversation
extra

is confronted and the several estimate


ensues

considerable

charge
or

similar the whole

items,
house
scene,

added
was

changed

after There

prepared. grievous
may go in

usually

grievous

doubly
client should he had

because often the

totally does)

unnecessary.

The the
extra

(and
for

maintain

that the

estimated from instead mention

cost,
the of

on

ground
to

that for The

always
copper

intended

start

have,
tin.

example,
fact that

gutters
to

painted
rather
or

he

neglected
to

this

expensive
after the with be
a

preference

the
were as

architect,
drawn
was

either

before
no

specifications
him,

up,

carries

weight
he that
may

although,
man

mentioned other he relation will

before,
than the

business architect.

in every

with

the with effect

Quite

often

accept
words
was a

charge
to

exceeding
that
"

ill-grace, always
say

grumbling
this

the with

he

had

heard

the house

way to

tects archicertain

^they

they will build

cost

262

THE

PRAC!TICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

snm

of

moneyy

then load

you

find
* *

it costs
' '

half

again
on.

as

much

because No be

of

the

of

extras

they
or

put

architect

of any will from

experience
of his
own

standing,
and

it should without ever whatis signed de-

remembered,

accord,
any

authorisation in familiar the

the

client, make
the

change
The

specifications for
one

house.
of

writer

with

excellent York
firm

method of

procedure
to

by
iall confusion

New and that

architects in

eliminate
to extras.

recrimination
any

regard
whatsoever

They

insisted
any extra

instructions
or

ing involvnot

labour, material
or

equipment
in the and

lated stipumust

in the be that ordered


no

specifications by
the client would

shown

drawings
made

in

writing,
be

it clear
or

such

extras

performed,
instructions.

purchased
In this

installed

without
was

such

written

way,

argument
the

forestalled is to be
It

and

friction
not

avoided, only
to
so

and tects archimany

procedure
but
to
men

recommended is
a

clients.

curious instructions

thing that
to

business

give
while and

casual

their
or

tects, archiover

either the

going
an

through
unfortunate

the

building thing
that

telephone,
carry order.
a

many any

architects written
up
a

out

such who for


to

instructions would
not

without dream of
to

man

of following wheat with

written

order message

eight carloads
increase it
of

telephone

twelve,

is,
his

strangely
architect
on

enough,
to

quite
some

capable expensive
any

telephoning
or

make house the has


to

change

tion substitufirmation con-

his of

without
order.

following

written

Allusion and well


as

been

made and

to

the

estimate, important dealings

^o

cations specifias

drawings,

these and

points,
with

architect's
now are come

supervision
under methods

the

contractor,
There

consideration. of

several

estimating,

and

of

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

253

these

the

only
of
cost

one

which

is to be estimate

regarded

as

an

mation approxithe based has of


a

is the

presented

with if who

liminary preon

sketches.
exact

Even

this, however,
an

initial

data, and

given by
in

architect the

had

considerable under dollars The

experience
will
cost

building
come

type

house

consideration,
of the actual

often
of

within

hundred

the

house, completed. however,


should not of in be the
one as

preliminary
as

estimate,
^'^ local

regarded chapter
way
or as

final

"

conditions" influence
most

spoken
it

preceding
the
the

may

considerably,

other.
most

The

reliable

preliminary,
of
a

well

reliable bases

final his

estimate, is that
on

local

contractor,
and should
cost

who

figures

the

definite

fications speciThere in and

working
deflection
'^extras"

drawings
from should in the that

of the

architect.
any

be due

no

this, and
be

increase

to
as

duly

expected

accepted
Let

discussed

preceding
the

paragraphs. drawings,
outline of the and views.
haps, per-

it be of the of
to

supposed
a

preliminary complete
direct

consisting plans
four and sides

perspective
* ^

sketch,
* *

four the

elevations have

or

views
upon

house,

been with' will will

agreed
the

changed
These

conform

entirely drawings

client's been been and

preliminary
to

have have

taken,

the

building
of he has

site,and
the called in client

discussed
such of To it is

by
his
save

such friends

members
as

client's in to the
to

family
aid his

judgment. drawings,

expensive

changes
for the

later make
of at

highly desirable suggestion drawings


as

every

change
stage.

and

he
are

can

possibly
in
"

think

this
are

These

usually
sketches

pencil, and
basis for

to

be

regarded

tentative When

^a
**

discussion.
are

these, the ''final," the

preliminaries''
is

finally pronounced proceed


and with the

architect the

ready

to

the

specifications

and

working

drawings,

254

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

client the and


'^

is asked Standard

(if he
Form
*

has

not

been

asked

earlier)
Between

to

sigu

of

Agreement
which

Owner
seen

Architect."
a

This builder
very

document,
until dear

is seldom
to

by

prosi"ectiye
a

it is

presented
of
to

him various

to

sign, contains
services which

exposition
is

the

the

architect here in

required
an

perform,
part

and of

is therefore

printed

full,as

important

this

chapter.
CoNDinoirB
or

AflwmfiWT

Betwebn

OwifES

ahd

Abcuitblt

Artide seryicea

1.

The of the

Archiieci*9 necessary

Servioet.

"

^The the

Arehiteet's

profesrional
of and

consist

conferences,

preparation
scale and of of

nary prelimifull size

studies,
detail the

working
the

drawings, drafting
of the
"

specifications, large
of forms of the and

dravdngs;
issuance of

proposals keeping supervision by


the is

contracts;
the

certificates of

payment;
business ^The of fee the

accounts,
the work. to

general
2. Architect hereinbefore work in

administration The for Architect** the defined

Fee.

payable
above

Owner the the

the

performance
as

services upon been of

percentage
cost of the

the

basic such

rate,
services

computed
have out

respect
to any

of

which

performed,
these

subject,
of

however,

modifications

growing

Conditions

Agreement.
3. costs while the ReimhuraementM, of
"

^The and

Owner

is

to

reimburse

the and with

Architect his
the assistants

the

transportation
in

living
of

incurred

by

him

travelling
costs

discharge
of

duties

connected

work,
and

and trical elec-

of

the

services

heating,

ventilating,

mechanical,

engineers.
4.

Ewira

8ervioe9 the extra

amd Owner

SpecM
makes and

(7aMt.
a

"

^If after

definite for ita in


or

scheme proper tions addia tract con-

has

been

approved,
involves the let if

decision for

which,

execution,
to

services

expense
or

changes

or

drawings, by
the
not

specifications
of labor of
or

other

documents;

if
or

be
sum;
or

cost services

and

material
are

plus

percentage
for to work
or

fixed

the if

Architect the
or a

rendered is

plated contem-

but

executed;

Architect contractor,

put
or

labor

expense
or

by delays insolvency
and expense. The the work

caused of

by
either,

the he

Owner shall

by
for

the such

delinquency
extra

be

equitably

paid

service

basic is let

rate under

as

hereinbefore
one

defined Should

is

to the

be

used

when determine

all

of to

contract.

Owner

^Copyright,

1916,

by

the

American

Institute

of

Architects.

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

256

have
as

certain the

portions

of

the of

work

executed expense

under and such basic

separate

contracts,
is the the under work.

Architect's

burden
the rate cent

service,
connection than

responsibility portions
rate. of

thereby
work Owner

increased,
shall be four
to

in

with the

per
have

greater

Should

determine

substantially
such the

the

entire

work to

executed

separate
In to the

contracts, event,
for

then

higher
basic of the

rate rate work and

shall

apply
without the cost

the

entire

any

however,
any fees

shall,
on

increase,
Owner of

apply

contracts

portions
to

which the his abandoned

reimburses not signed de-

Engineer's by
Should the the

the

Architect,

to under

articles

Architect work vary omission is to be


or

but
any the
or

purchased part
amount of it

direction.
or

be any of

suspended accepting by

or
a

should credit the

the for

Owner
the

of

contract any the


on

by

modification
in his accordance service

work terms account

covered of this of it

it,

Architect for

paid
of

with rendered
or

ment Agreeup
to

the
of

proportion
such

the

time No

abandonment,
shall
be made
or

suspension
from the
sums

acceptance.
fee from
on

deduction

Architect's withheld

acooimt

of to

penalty,
contractors.
6.

liquidated

damages,

other

payments

Paymentg,
progresses

"

Payments
in the

to

the

Architect order: of the

on

his

fee

are

due of

aa

^is

work

following
per
cent

upon entire

completion
fee;
upon

the

preliminary
of

studies,
and

twenty general

completion
of

specifications
per time cent to to of

working
the entire to than time

drawings
fee,
the
the

(exclusive
remainder of his
as

details),

forty
from

additional time the in

of

being

due

proportion
other due from Until

amount
on

service

rendered. all is
are

Payments

Architect,
fall

those
to

fee, and
his work

bursements reimdone
to

costs

time
are

or

as

costs upon
are

are
a

incurred. reasonable account of DeoUions.

contracts cost fee. Owner

signed
the work

charges
and

be

based

estimated the
"

of

payments

received 6.

on

entire ^The

The

Oumer's to all

shall

give

thorough proposals,
and,

sideration con-

sketches,
documents is

drawings,
laid before he time
as

specifications,
him shall not

tracts, con-

and

other action such


to

by
inform to

the

Architect the

ever whenof of his the to

prompt
decisions Architect contractors 7. in
nor

necessary,

Architect the
or

reasonable

delay

work instructions

prevent
season.

him

from

giving

drawings

in

due

Survey,
a

Boringe,
and

and

Teeta. accurate

"

^The
survey

Owner of

shall
the and

furnish

the

tect Archi-

with the the

complete
and lines

building adjoining
and

site, giving

grades rights,

of

streets,
easements,

pavements,

properties;
of

restrictions,
and Owner
or

boundaries,
as

contours gas, and and for

the

building site,
service.
The

full is

information
to

to

sewer,
or

water,
tests

electrical

pay when

for

borings required.

pits

chemical,

mechanical,

other

tests

256

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK
Work. and ^The

OF

ARCHITECTURE

8. the but

SupervUUm

of the
defects

"

Architect in

will the of

endearor of

to

guard

Owner he

against
does
of not
an

deficiencies

work their from

contractors,
The

guarantee
architect to

the
is be to

performance
be

contracts. the continuous of


a

supervision personal

distinguished by
the

superintendence

obtained

employment

clerk-

of-the-works. When
both Owner

authorized
and

by

the

Owner,
shall be and

derk-of-the-works

acceptable
Architect upon at

to
a

Architect
to

engaged paid by

by
the

the

salary
entation 9.

satisfactory
of the

the

Owner

Owner,

prea-

Architect's

monthly
"

certificates. When

Preliminary
make he be will
or

Eaiimates.

requested
estimates actual of the cost

to
on

do

bo"

the cost work with the

tect Archiof
as

will work
as

procure
endeavor with

preliminary
to the

the the and before

the low

and may

keep
purpose
but and
no

the

of

consistent
and

building
made
can

proper
pletion comaa

workmanship
of other than 10. the
as

material,

estimate

working
an

drawings

specifications

be

regarded

approximation.
of
in the Coet
2

Definition
"

of

the

Work,"
are sums

The

words to

"

the

cost

of

work

as

used total

Article of the

hereof

ordinarily
incurred for

be

interpreted
execution

meaning
work,
the

the
not

contract

the
or

of

the of
or

including

Architect's but in the

and certain Owner of

Engineer's
rare

fees,
e.

the when
or

salary
labor
when
aa aa

clerk-of-theworks,
is

cases,

g.^

material materials cost cost had of

furnished
are

by
the and been at

below the work

its is to had current

market to be

cost

old the

re-used,

cost labor if all

interpreted
the

all would been

materials
have

necessary materials

complete
been when
new

work,
and if

such
labor

all
waa

fully paid
contractor's

market and
"

prices

the

work

ordered,
11.

plus

profits
Documenta. the be

expenses.

Ouynerehip
of service
are

of
are

Drawings
of
or

and Architect

specifications
whether the

as

struments inwork

property
executed
"

the not.

for

which 12.

they

made and

Stiooeeeora his to

Aaeignment.

The

Owner

and

the

Architect,
and

each to

binds

himself,
other

successors,

executors,

administrators,
and other to the
successors,

assigns
executors,
of all

the

party

this

agreement,
of such

administrators,
covenants

and
this

assigns

party

in

respect

the

of

Agreement.
shall have any into the

The

Architect of this faith


or

right
architect

to
or

join

with

him with

in

the whom In

formance perhe
case

agreement,
enter

architects

may of the

in

good
death of
or

general
one or

partnership
more

relations. the the

disability
if upon
or

of
a

partners,
devolve may be
as

rights

and

duties

the

Architect,
or

firm,
firm be the

shall
as

upon

remaining by
him
or

partner
them,
the

partners
he, they
and
so

such shall

established
the

and

it

recognized
covered

"successor"

of has

Architect,

on

until

service

by

the

agreement

ARCHITECT^

AND

CLIENT

267

been
case

performed.
no

The
as

Owner to the

shall vocation

have of

the those

same

rights,
to

but

in

his

limitation

admitted

partnership

is

imposed. Except
as

above,
his

neither interest

the
in

Owner this

nor

the

Architect without the

shall written

assign,
sent con-

sublet of 13. shall

or

transfer the other.

agreement

Arbitration. submitted

"

^AIl

questions
at to

in the

dispite
choice of

under of the

this either State

Agreement party.
in The the of

be

to

arbitration conform and filed

general
work the is

procedure
to be

shall

the

laws

which
decision

erected,
may be

wherever in upon court


one

permitted
to carry

by
it

law

the effect.

arbitrators The

into

parties
one

may

agree in

arbitrator;
each fail

otherwise
and
a

there third within

shall chosen ten

be

three,
these he

named

writing
or

by they

party
to

the third Bar

by

two

arbitrators,
be chosen

if the

select of the ten the

days
nearest

shall
to

by
of
an

presiding
work.

officer Should

the

Association

the fail to

location
to
name

the

party
of

demanding
his

arbitration his choose officer

arbitrator

within Should ten Should with


are

days
other then

demand,
fail to

right
an

arbitration

shall

lapse.
the

party
such

arbitrator

within
such the

said

days,

presiding
refuse
or

shall to in
ew

appoint supply

arbitrator.

either papers

party
or

neglect
demanded

arbitrators
arbitrators

any

information

writing,

the

empowered

by

both

parties

to

proceed
If the

parte.
be of
one

there

arbitrator
two

his
be of

decision

shall
and such The

be

binding;
decisior. arbitrators

if shall

three,
be
a

decision

any

shall

binding legal

condition their shall both if of in the The of the IN


own

precedent

to

any

right
unless

action.

shall

fix and
or

compensation,
the
The shall
or

otherwise of the

provided
arbitration must
on

by

agreement,
upon

assess

costs

and

charges
of be the open award.

either

parties.
writing,

award not the the

arbitrators to

be account

in

writing
of the

and,
form

objection

proceedings
Owner covenants and

Architect herein.

hereby

agree

to

the

full

performance

contained WHEREOF
and

WITNESS
the

they
first above

have

hereunto

set

their

hands

and

seals,

day

year

written.

Certain
mums

percentages
the
are

have

been should
in

standardised

as

miniin

which
cases,

architect included

accept,
the

and

these,
which
rials mate-

all

not

estimate,
cost

is

understood
and

to

represent

the

total to

in
a

labour,
given

equipment
with

required

erect

building
pre-

in full accordance

specifications and

drawings

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

259

as

he

would
one.

in A
man

any

transaction who has


an

other

than
law
a

an

tural architecmatter
on
or a

important
will seek

handy
surgeon

or

an

important high
so

operation,
and
he

lawyer
and
to pay

of

standing
that

high
will

reputation,
be asked

will
a

realise, in larger fee.


take

doing,
he

This

should

reckon with the

upon

beforehand,

and

fully into
It is very

advisement for

himself. client
to

difficult

average

be
or

able
riot amount

to

determine,
architect of is

intelligently and

fairly, whether
a

the

giving

work

in progress The in

sufficient

personal
of of

supervision. neglect,
unnecessary is

architect, often saving


his

openly
client
expense,
a

accused volume

reality
for
an

charge
respects
to
assume

travelling
architect that the he
of

and, if he is in all other


and

integrity
best
quire. re-

reliability,
of the

it is safe

is the will that

judge

amount

of

supervision
be

work

After architect's of for the the

all, it should
is at he

remembered
not

the

reputation
for which

stake,
is of

only in the

design
but he is

house,

directly responsible, work,


to

contractor's

part

the

for

which

indirectly
that
to

responsible.
will

It stands
not

reason, allow
upon
a

therefore,
contractor

the
a

architect
monument

wittingly
will of the

erect

which much

reflect

his

sional profes-

ability, and regarding by this


insufficient

client's
may

apprehension
well be

supervision

allayed

reflection.

Before

entering
of the

into

more

or

less

detailed

sideration con-

drawings

and

specifications,
relation the and

it may

be

well

to to

ascertain the whole


to

exactly what building


the client. the

contractor

bears

transaction,

what

tion rela-

he
In
or more

bears
usual

procedure,
to

architect

invites
or
on

two, three

contractors

tender bids

estimates,
to

bids,

on

proposed

building, these

be

based

absolutely

260

THE

PRACmCAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

uniform

data

given

to

each

bidder

in the

form

of

cate dupliThe

specifications
client
may
are

and

duplicate
of these

blue-prints.
"

know

nothing
of the

contractors

usually
in
or

they

contractors

good

local is to

reputation
be

the with

vicinity in which
whom the

building
has had

erected,

architect

previous

satisfactory

dealings.
When the bids have been

received,
presence

sealed, they
of the

are

formally
In the
case

opened,
of

perhaps

in the

client.

important
of
money

public buildings, in which


are

large
that and mates estiin.
for
a

expenditures
the that

involved, impartiality
any

it is obvious be

greatest
no

formality
be all of
aware

and of sealed
to

observed,
'

bidder before

of

his have

competitors
been in the the handed bids

the

bids be be

The

degree

formality
may

observed left
to

private
architect Several if

house and

well

discretion

of

client.

bids, then,
accept
is in
a

are

placed
estimate better

before

the

client, who, by judge


of the the

wise, will

the far

recommended

architect, who ability and


is the

position

to

integrity of the By
no means

competing
should

contractors the client which feel

than pelled im-

client.
to

accept the lowest

bid, for

reasons

should

be

obvious. If
one

bid several It

is far

lower

than

all
are

others, it is safe
detrimental
to

to

assume

things
be who

which he

that and

bidder.

may man,

that has

is

an

inexperienced
on or

impractical through
desire low
also to

figured *Mow'*
with

everything
an a

lack
secure

of

familiarity
the work.
an

costs,
some

undue
very

Or, in unscrupulous securing

cases, contractor

bid

is put

in

by

who,

unduly

desirous
the

of

the

work,

is

figuring
of

his

profit through

fraudulent

substitution of

rior infeor

materials,

or

the

employment

cheap

labour,

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

261

both.

And,
is dear

in any
at any

building, cheap price.


if the The

and

poor

ship workman-

client, therefore, should


pays

not

be
to

surprised
the
or

architect

little the

or

no

tion atten-

very

low medium

bids, but high


who

weighs
bid. is

merits

of

the

medium,
A out

the

cautious the

contractor,

figuring
to

on

carrying
on

architect's

specifications
the
most

the

letter, and
will

employing
tender client
a

only

skilled
a

labour,

naturally
if the

fairly high, perhaps


afford
to

very to

high bid, and accept it


is
in

can even

it,he
medium and
In

may

do low find

well bid.
years

ence preferhaps, per-

the

He of

building,

but well-built the client's

once, house. best

will
any

satisfaction

in

case,

the

architect

again,
one

is

advisor.

He

may to

point
all

to

bid

and he mitted sub-

recommend knows from it is

it in

preference dealings
that

others, because
contractor

past

the

who
turn
over

thoroughly

reliable, and house,

will

perfectly
built.
The

satisfactory

honestly

and

carefully

relationship
a

between
one,

owner

and concluded
when

contractor

is

purely
for have

business
as

and

is

(excepting
both

payments

the
'*

work Standard

progresses)
Form
"

parties
tween Bepared, pre-

signed
Owner like

the and the

of
a

Agreement carefully

Contractor"

form

Standard Institute

Owner-Architect of should Architects.


a

agreement,
Under
go out
* *

by

the

American

no

circumstances, job'' and


to may any

however,

client
to

on

the
or

give direct
foremen certain
up

instructions
or

the

contractor,
At

of his mention
to

superintendents.
which
he

most, he
the
tractor con-

things
the

wishes
even

take

with

architect, though
not

this

is

unwise

and

is much
sees

better
any

done. which he
or

If the accordance

client with

work

considers
sees

not

in

the

specifications,

anything

262

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

which make

he
notes

wishes
on

altered

or

done these
up

differently,
with
over

let

him

it, and

take

the the

architect. architect's
are a

Instructions

to the

contractor,
the

given

head,

and
on

without his The

architect's
a

knowledge,
confusion would the architect
a sure

reflection concerned. receive from is and


no

ability and
contractor

grievous
himself

to

all

far

rather

his
one

instructions

direct

from

architect, and
to

else, because
responsible.
the
to

it is the

whom

he
case,

directly
one

Only
is very work the

in

most

serious

in which for him

client order until

of his
on

knowledge,
all
or on

is it well

stopped
can

any

part of the building


scene.

architect is the

appear

the

Usually

this

procedure

only work,

oificious and

ference, inter-

seriously annoying
cases

hampering
the

greatly
in
most

and client

affronting
lacks the the

architect, because

the

professional knowledge
respect,
with officious brick tell
a or

which would There who will


or

would insure will tell the


how
a

command

contractor's

intelligent interference always


veteran

the

work.

be, however, bricklayer


doctor should be who

the how

botanist should
veteran

be

layed,
carpenter

successful
a

will

plank

ripped.
realised
as

If these that

(possibly)
appear to

well-

meaning
workmen

individuals
as

they

skilled
appear to

ridiculous

they
confine versed

imagine
their in.

they
advices

wise, they would, perhaps, subjects


as

such

they

were

more or

Regarding condemned,
architect

material and ordered final the of

workmanship
removed
as

which

is to

be the the

and

replaced,
set

is the with

word,

is

duly
in

forth written

in

agreement

contractor,
the
a

and

the

eral gen-

provisions drawings,
part
afford
of
a

specifications, which,
most

with

the

constitute the

important
architect
to

and will be

binding glad
some

agreement.
the

Any

to

client

opportunity

read

carefully

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

263

previous
to

set

of

specifications, in
details contractor
to

which

he

may

perceive
and of the

what

minute the

of

workmanship,
is bound.

materials

equipment
work is

Every
**

part

specified
manner/'

be
a

done

in

thoroughly
states

manlike workthat all

and

preceding
to

clause
or

workmanship by
the

is

subject
The nails the floors
no

approval

condemnation
even

architect. how under


many

specifications
shall
"

may

state
cross-

exactly bridging

be

driven

in written

the

carefully
whatever the

cation, specificareless the


tractor con-

indeed, leaving
or

loophole
on

for of

unconscientious
or

execution

part

his

workmen.
cases

In best
to

many

there

are

sub-contracts,
architect.

which A
' '

it is

have

let

directly by the
on

general usually

contractor''

bidding
in his

the the

average

dwelling,
work and
"

includes
masonry,

estimate

entire

excavation,
while
are

carpentry, plumbing
let and

plastering
electric

painting,
contracts

heating, usually
a

wiring

separately being
of of

by the

architect, his
on

selection

of

sub-contractor

determined

estimates

based

on as

special
in the

sets
case

duplicate
the

specifications and
contract.
a

drawings,
the

general

If

general
in the has should

contractor

is

letting the

sub-contracts,
that
so

clause architect

general
the ho
was

specifications
to
reason

stipulates
or

the

power

reject

any

all bids
any

received,

have

to believe

that

of the the

sub-contractors

undesirable. the

Occasionally
contractor,
excavation this and

architect

dispenses
all
tracts, con-

with

general
from the

sub-lets
to

direct last

work

the is not

finished The

coat

of

paint, though
of

procedure
is

usual. but

profit

the

general
to to

contractor

saved,
to

it is obviously
a

necessary

the the if

architect work
a

appoint
closer

intendent, super-

and than would be

give
case

much

attention
contractor

the

reliable

general

264

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

were

responsible
A

for

the

work
to

of

all the

sub-contractors.
contracts

client
up

who

undertakes trouble
same

sublet

himself his
man
' *

is

storing

untold

for

himself class
with

and the

archi-

tecty and being


It

is, in fact, in the


own

who,

his
has
manner

lawyer,

* *

has

fool

for
of

client.

been

shown,
the

in

speaking
acts most

the
as a

contractor,
detailed

in
tract. con-

what

specification
one

It in

is, in fact,
the
whole

of

the

important
if the

ments instru-

transaction,
will with

and

skilfully and building


of
a

comprehensively
house of both The in exact
owner

written, conformity
and

insure the

plans and

intentions

architect.
commence

specifications

with which
progress

certain will be of

general
exercised the which

provisions, by
and be the

stating the authority throughout


the

architect

the of
the

work,
will

stipulating required.
to

quality body
of

workmanship
document
of

The the
in

will the

be

divided into
tions secpenter car-

according

several

divisions with

work,

dealing work,
not
manner.

detail

excavation,
and be
so

masonry,

plastering,
what

painting
shall

forth, specifying
in what

only
It

materials
to

used, but
and

is well
names

specify
and

materials

equipment
assurance

by actual doubly
be
sure

trade

numbers, conformity
' '

making
with
a

by requiring by
the

sample

*'to

furnished be

architect.

Thus,
all such
steam

certain

brick
as

should

specified by name,
and

and

equipment
radiators number.
no

plumbing
hardware this
way of

lighting
be be
or

fixtures,

and In

should it will mistake

specified by catalogue
that there is

seen

virtually

bility possi-

fraudulent the

substitution. recommendation
or a

With certain correction

regard
makes
or

to

architect's

of
a

qualities of material
be made
here

equipment,
ception miscon-

should
of

of

serious

the

architect's

function

which

is sometimes

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

265

encountered.

There

are
or

people

who

suppose

that

an

architect, either
from
and

openly

surreptitiously,
for
or or
a

receives

missions com-

manufacturers
use more
a

the

recommendation
ing Noth-

subsequent
could be
on

of

materials

equipment.
more

erroneous,

unfounded
The
dations recommenan

reflection is

high-standing professional

profession.
advisor.
and

tect archi-

only
are

His of

entirely character, being


the

impartial,
his

entirely
in the

professional
entire
work
on

only by
of

remuneration his the erection

represented
cost in

percentage
entire of
a

mission com-

estimated

building. building
to

'The will
nature vary

drawings
in
of

required
and but

the

number

complexity
will

according

th6 for

the

building,
of
:

consist, in general,

all

buildings,
1.

The The
a.

preliminary working
The The The

drawings.

2.

drawings.
scale

i/4-inch %-inch
full-size

plans

and

elevations. details.

6.
c.

(or li/^-inch) scale


details. mention
was

Of this

the

preliminaries,
The
or

made will consist be

earlier
in

in

chapter.

perspective pen-and-ink,
be it The blocked

drawing
and will
'*

pencil,
a

water-colour

of

ure pictof the

(sometimes, proposed
of
an

said,

trifle

idealised")
may

house.

preliminary

plans

be

part

this idea

drawing,
of the

in in miniature of will the

merely
rooms.

to

give
some

arrangement

In

cases

preliminary
and
save

drawings
the

include

i/4-inch scale
of which

plans
will

elevations,
much

careful of the

re-studying subsequent
lavish their
an

changing English

''working interesting

drawings.'*
amount

architects effort
upon

of

real

artistic

preliminaries,
of
as

often

making aspects

charming
of the

colour-sketches

several well
as

ferent dif-

proposed

house^

of

REDUCED

REPRODUCTION,
t
e

OF

AN

ACTUAL

"l-INCH

WORKING

DRAWING"

Mr

approv^ Hrliona.''sK"'"u'nlelydnwn

Bad

RbukiI

to

jiaeb

scale

REDUCED

REPRODUCTION

OF

AN

ACTUAL

'l-INCH

SCALE

WORKING

PORTION

OF

AN

ACTUAL

'"J-INCH

SCALE

WORKING

DRAWING"

PORTION AfUr "quAUiD|


the

OF

AN

ACTUAL of the

-i-INCH

SCALE

WORKING

DRAWING" and "elevitiniig"

upprovil
acluaJ

pnliminaiy^
Ibe

nkctcbci. buildiDg

nlj plant

one

foot

jn

propoeed

9
m

*s
"N*

o -a
s"

S|"
=2 "
"
O

c-=

2
?
-

LS

"

.5-5

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

267

These ink
on

working

drawings

are

usually tracing

done

in both

black cause bemany

semi-transparent
the

linen this and

cloth,

durability
and of
a

of

substance because

will its

sustain

erasures

changes,
clear

transparency
these

permits

blue-print.
much

Obviously,
time and

inal origmust

drawings,
remain for

representing
in the the

study,

safety

architect's

office, while
and

the

client, the
a

contractor,

sub-contractors,
will in

possibly

local These

building copies

department
are

require exactly

copies.
the
so same

printed negative

way

that black of And of


on

photographic
lines
paper

is

printed,

that

the

in

thd
tones

tracing
blue
"

print white, while


and
or

the

ground
' '

the

produces damage

* *

blue-print.
befall
a

whatever

mischance
**on
are

may

set

blue-prints tracing
to

the

job,'* the

original

ink

drawings office,
of prints blue-

cloth be

safely filed in the


in
any

architect's of
sets

easily

reprinted
may

number

which From
in the

be

required.
worked there
out
are

the

dimensions

and

determined

i/4-inch scale
scale

drawings,
show with

developed
times the

the size
one

%-inch
of the

details,which

(at three

1/4-inch drawings,
su(di details like.
as

%-inch

equalling

foot)

mantel-pieces,
scale

stairways,
are

ling panel-

and drawn
at

the
a

These

details

sometimes

larger

scale, in which

1^^
to

inches show

equals
any

one

foot, especially
or

if it is necessary With its

carving
the

elaborate

woodwork. and

these
progress,
as

drawings,
the be
vague

work works His

proceeds,
out

during

architect

such

full-size in this

details

may

required.
in
even

obligation
but
in

respect
an

is

rather who

tha
a

contract,

practice pride
all in the

architect finished

has will which

slight vestige
own

of make

his

work,
details

of

his
are

accord for

full-size of the work

necessary

the

execution

according

to

his

268

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

intentions. and

These
at actual

drawings size, and


a

show
are

mouldings,
often
the most

profiles
esting interof

carving

drawings,
which
on come

from
an

draughtsman's
's office.

point

view,
drawn

from brown

architect and

They

are

heavy
the

paper,

though
architect
so

occasionally prefers
the
to

sent have

out
a

**on

job,'* the
make office. the
very

careful

draughtsman
remain in his

tracings,

that

originals

may

Obviously
will detail

merit

of

a on

building,
the

in

point of detail,
of full-size these

depend

largely prepared

number

drawings
are as

by the
as

architect, since
can

drawings executing
It will for

nearly
with be

he
own

arrive

at

actually

the

work

his

hands. that the full-size


or a on

readily
such
a

appreciated
as
a

tails destate

building
an

public
amount

library

capitol
part
of

must

entail architect has


even never

enormous ^a

of work the

the

the

"

labour
to

which reflect
some

lay observer
when elaborate he

naturally
has

paused

upon,

gazed,
or

intelligently,upon
interior.

great

fagade

imposing
in

Such,
viewed

brief, is the
fluctuations
or

architect's of

procedure,

often
derment, bewil-

with

interest, admiration, uncomprehension


trained
are a

misgiving
client. **read'' with Some

plain

by
years

the
to

architects, perhaps, drawings


fail
to

for

architectural who

little impatient the


them
see

clients

entirely
see

follow Let

carefully
ber, rememare

designed

lines

they
that

before lines

them. which

however,
result of
and many

these
and

they
of

the

hours

many

days
of

painstaking
and he

study
that has
to
a

re-study
doctor
at
a

backed
not

by

years

experience,

their arrived

does

outline This and

the
is

steps by which
professional

diagnosis.
understood

work, only by

be

thoroughly

appreciated

fellow-professional.

PORTION
It

OF for

AN

ACTUAL
to

"FULL-SIZE

DETAIL" detail
or

DRAWING
for all

is customary

the

architect

prepare
either

full-sise exterior

drawings

work

of

special

character,

interior

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

269

Nor the of

do

the and

drawings study which

show,
have

to

the

lay inspection,
into the

thought
an

gone
or

devising teen eigh-

easy,

comfortable
to

staircase,
of
an

into hall
are

adding
or

inches in
over unseen an

the

width

upstairs things
and
many

working
out

extra

guest-room.

These

worked other
go

the

draughting
and

table, these
because

things,
to make

unappreciated plan
more

they only
the whole

the house

whole
a

convenient,
abode. noticed resulted Some
at

finished ure, feat-

more

agreeable
is it may
upon
a

unfortunate
once,
some or

however,
upon,

usually
have

and

enlarged
insistence

albeit client

from

of of
to

the

room-arrangement
the architect had

disposition pled in vain

the

stairway

which

change.
The

foregoing paragraphs
architect"
paragons to

may

seem

to have in

ignored
all

the

incompetent
are

assume,

fact, that

architects

of

wisdom

and
a

versally ability, uniand


unapgo

abused

and

maltreated
*'

by
a

stupid
It

preciative
without

idiot

designated
however,
as are

client.'^ there
are

should

saying,

that
are

incompetent
doctors
come

architects, just lawyers.


one

there
to

incompetent
and

and
to

They

be

avoided,
or

seldom

properly
work.
as a

recommended,
The selection
upon

accredited such should

by previous certainly be
of the him be

good
taken
or

of the for

reflection
as

judgment commiserating
should
not

client,
"

at

least

occasion

the

professions

they
to

misrepresent
say, at any

ited. discredwho his


no

It is safe knows architect


more

rate, that
or rare

the

client than find


to

about is
a an

architecture
so so one

building
that

individual

he

can

place
average
an

in

discussion the

necessarily
"

confined

the

as

present
character be

^he
a

would of

make,
fiction.
a

indeed,

interesting
A word

for

work here

might

interposed

about

breach

of

business

etiquette which

is sometimes

committed

(often

270

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

thoughtlessly)
his

by
a

client of

in

asking
or

another unfinished

architect house

opinion
hands

of of

set

plans,

of

an

in the No

his of
to any

acting architect. professional

architect

standing,

or

with

the

slightest regard
of

professional
opinion,
without
any

ethics, would
more

dream would
a

expressing
or a

than and

doctor the Canon

lawyer,

cognisance
This

consent

of the

acting professional.
of

point

is covered

in

Ethics
a

of the

American of

Institute

of Architects. and
tact be

Unless exercised arise

certain

amount

diplomacy

by the

client, a little professional


and interior

clash and

may not

between

architect
cause.

decorator,

entirely without
The architect structural architect is
a

recognises

the
a

fact

that

landscape
like
a

specialist with

distinct

status,
in

engineer, working
of
a

with

architects
nature.

sional profesrior inte-

channels

non-conflicting
the architect if the

The

decorator, however,
as
an

naturally

regards

interloper, especially
to carry out

decorator

is commissioned

important
the like.

interiors It is
to

orate calling for elabthat

panelling
architect
as

and

only natural
as

the

should
on

feel himself
treatment

be

good
in
a

an

authority
which for
the

anyone

the

of interiors
He

house

he

has

designed
to

himself.

is

willing enough

decorator

select

furniture, fabrics, tapestries and


but not

all

decorative
acute

accessories, genuine,
all the which
out

his
at

disappointment
all mercenary, and

is often when he riors inte-

and that

and

finds

most he

important
had hands for definite and the
out

interesting

(for
are

architectural of his who

ideas)

taken The

of

his

contract. is desirous and decorator certain of

only procedure
relation the
to

client

harmonious
to

between
at

architect
very start
a

is
rooms

tell
are

architect be carried

the
out

that

by
his

certain

decorator.

The

architect, then, will make

plans accordingly, and

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

271

expend
those

no rooms.

time He the he it
were

or

expense may

in

studies
resent may

or

drawings implied
real the
or

of

secretly (which
feel
as

the

riority supe-

of

decorator will
not

be about

inary) imag-

but
as

badly

intrusion advanced be
bered, rememspicuous con-

though
of

suddenly
on

broken house.

to him

at

an

stage

his

work that

the

It should have

too,

many
as

architects interior

attained

reputations

decorators,

designing
selves them-

special furniture, selecting antiques, and


connoisseurs their client
's benefit of

proving
the

tapestries,
of the the

and

like, all for

With this

due

appreciation
upon

points

presented
between

in the that
over

chapter, bearing
and his
a

relationship

architect the
the

client, it might

safely be asserted
be

reader, if
shoals
to

prospective
indecision
a

builder, may
and

piloted
and
may

of
steer

misgiving,
between undue and

be

enabled of his

nice work

course on

ignorance
undue
on picion sus-

architect's of his

the

one

hand,

ardiitect's

ability and

motives

the

other

hand.

It remains

only

to mention

few with

points of procedure large building


dertakings. un-

in the

relationship Here,

of architects
at the

outset, the relationship begins, strictly


business
on a
or

proceeds
The client
a

and is
a

terminates

business
is

basis.

powerful
a

man,
a

represented
or a

by

corporation,
committee.

municipality,
if

railroad the

ing buildis put

Here,
his

anything,
in

architect

to

it

to

outdo

client

business-like the

procedure.
of the the
petition com-

Every

step of the work, from


program to

publication
to utmost

the

last

payment
the of

selected

architect

goes

forward

with

formality. meetings
progress,

Formality, conferences,
finds
some

indeed, in the form


often

endless
of

and and of the

clogs the

wheels

the

architect
'*

impatiently
to

awaiting
with his

the

word of

great

board''

proceed

part

272

THE

PRACTICAL The issuance

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

work.

of

invitations
a

to

bid

on

State

Capitol, for
great
The

instance, is
and
the work

serious

matter,
of and of
a

attended bid
no

by
so.

formality,
architect's
to

acceptance
is

less in

lar^e

complex
the

portion pro-

the

size
to

and

complexity

building
large

he

has

been The
* '

selected

design.
' '

preliminaries,
are

in

the the

case

of

the

petition, com-

usually

called

^'projeV^
ateliers

drawings,
Ecole

in
des
was

memory

of student Arts in These elaborate

days

in the each

of the

Beaux
a

Paris, where competition


and

elaborate
are

problem
often

projet.

drawings

lievably unbefor the for


siderably con-

enormously Usually
in most

expensive
is remunerated he

architect the
actual

to

produce.

he
cases

cost, though
more

expends

than

he

receives, if unsuccessful.
and makes
an

He

is

playing

for

big stakes, however,

effort

proportionally.
As
proper

stated conduct

in

an

earlier

chapter, important

the

subject

of

the has the

of

large and
and of
in
a

competitions by

been

given

weighty
Institute

detailed

consideration and their

American
are

Architects, special

conclusions

duly

set

forth

document

issued

by that

body.
His

projet accepted,

the

architect
to carry

must out

maintain the
endless

large staff of good drawings required.


and

draughtsmen
He must

have

competent
work.

intendent super-

other small

assistants

in the

As

in

country

house, drawings,
the

the to

work

proceeds
or

through
details

the and

l^-inch scale sections, until

%-

1^^-inch
detail

stage

of

full-size

drawing
Here,
work
a

is reached.

however,
not go
* *

the the

full-size
workmen

details
''on the
' '

of

all

carved
to

do

to

job,*' but
who
prepares

professional
models

architectural
of all

modeller,

full-size

capitols, modillions,

consoles

and

ARCHITECT

AND

CLIENT

273

ornamented

mouldings
and these the metal mistakes of the full

and size

all

other

detail

of and

like final

nature^

models, after change


go to

approval
carvers so

by
and
no

architect, founders,
may

wood-carvers,
the

stone-

together with
in execution.
on as a

drawings, Owing
to

that

occur

the the

importance
various

work

involved such

large building, workers,


men

sub-contractors,
and
to

marble reliable of the be

wood-workers their
as
own

bronze-casters,
minute
so

send

of

take

measurements

building,
of the

it progresses,
to to

that

they
are

may

positive
the several

dimensions entrusted different itself. And


accuracy

which

they
and
stone

working
are

parts
in

them,
and

which

being
from

executed the

mills

yards

miles

ing build-

it is of

marvellous and

tribute

to

the
to
see

painstaking
with what

draughtsmen
various

artisans

perfect
bronze

exactitude and other

members assembled

of

marble,
from in its

wood,

materials,
' *

different

shops,
place.

will fit together

on

the

job,

' '

each

designed

Here,

too, in the
must
a

carrying
remembered
**

out

of that

plans
the

for

great
is

building, it
not

be

architect
an mous enor-

simply
fee.

free-lance is under and


a

designer,^*

netting

He

tremendous

expense

in

getting

out

the
as

drawings
he

providing
the
have

adequate
of

supervision,
considerable
accountant to to

and

is, in
he

sense, must

steward
an

expenditures,
check accurate time
he

expert
render

bills,handle
and
may

his

pay-roll, and
financial

his

client at
any

businesslike be

statements

required. which,
there build
are a

Notwithstanding
who would
say

many state

architects

that

they could
far less

capitol

or

public library with


annoyance

personal experience
client.

harassment in

and
an

than

they
for
a

would

building

$8000

cottage

captious

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

275

Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The The The frame frame frame hollow brick stone actual house: house: house: tile house. house half

Shingle-covered. Clapboard-covered.
With house stucco
on

wire-lath.

The
The The

(stucco-covered).

(rough-dressed
-timber house.

stone).

7.

The

In the end

discussing
of

these
to

several show

types of house, it
in tabulated form

may

aid
more

clearness

the
may

important
be considered. There

aspects

under

which

any

material

well

are,
we

in

the will

first

place, certain

restrictions

in

choice, which

tabulate.

Table 1.

Restriction
Cost

of

inherent due to

cost.

2.

restriction
to

locality:

material

locally

unobtainable,

and

expensive
3.

transport.
due to

Style

restriction,
of

unsuitability

of

given

material

for

the

expression

style

desired.

The materials

several tabulated will

considerations
are seen

under

which and table

building

interdependent
in the

closely
:

terrelate in-

be

following
c

Tabue

,**,..

rillT^
Properties
Bsthetic

P~P"rt'eB

_x.

* of

* """*"
"

r"'
6.

Character

Durability
Adaptability
Texture Colour

(^
c.

2.

both

physical

and

a-

'{b.
*"

3. ^thetic
_^, erties

or

architectural
materials
X
"

prop-

\ f^","".""l^^"'*^
*

of

"

^*
o.

Local
^

suitability ^

Expressiveness
Inherent
cost

o.

4.

Economic
^,

propertie.
*^ '^

of

mate-

) *" ?*"'f'*"'" !^
/ 0.

Local

availability
or

A
e.

Workability, Upkeep

structural

cost

276

THE

PRACmCAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

If and
say

the

properties
to

listed
any

above

be

applied

carefully
to

thoughtfully
that all will
to

building
conditions under due of be

project, it is safe governing


consideration. materials used
as as

essential have
come

choice With clear basis

of

material
a

view

keeping
the above

the

study
will the

as

possible,
the

tables in

the

of

detailed The

discussion of

following
with
to

paragraphs. material, virtually


to stone

types
in

construction, A, will
be

associated
cover

listed

Table

found

all

typical country
which either carved the be in call

residences,
for entire trim. much

omitting
or

reference dressed
a

ings build-

carved
or

work,
with fall in

the

fabric,
Such

in

brick

house

stone of of

houses,

it is and

obvious,
cannot

class

highly
in B
never

expensive
of
**

work,

safely

spoken
The

terms

averages.*'
the fact in

Table
are

will

illustrate

that,
any

since

all

materials
and

equally
materials

available
are

one

place,
for

that

since

all

not

suitable

the

architectural
amount

expression
selection
us

of matter

every

style,

certain
formed per-

of for

in

the

is

automatically
Initial

by natural
the

elimination. factor.

cost, too,

might

well

prove

decisive the several


to

After Table

defining

properties apply
this

listed

in

C, it will be
to

possible
the

ually, table, individenumerated


in
as

each

of

types

of

building
and

Table

A,

considering

material

construction

dually inseparable.
Physical

Pbopebties
in
a

of

Materials it is intended
tion attenrial mate-

By
to

character certain such

building

material,
"

denote
to

general
as

properties
whether
or

^to direct
a

questions

not

given
or

is, or
for
a

appears,

heavy,

massive,

ponderous
or

clumsy light,

given

purpose;

whether

it is,

appears,

CHARMING

STUDY

IN

THE

EXPRESSIVE MATERIALS

POSSIBILITIES

OF

BUILDING

It

ii

tnwresliDi

to

obKrve

the

decorative

quaiiiy

of

the

brick

irork,

regulUug

from

the

lua

h
his
"a"|
sll
oil

si:

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCrTION

277

insecure,

unstable. taste and

Decision architectural

here

is

matter

of

tectural archi-

judgment.
no

Durability important
selection. that of

should
to

require
bear in

definition,
with

but

is

an

question
It is
a or

mind

reference

to

consideration

closely associated
as an

with
tion. ques-

upkeep,

maintenance,
is
a

economic

AdaptdbUity

property
to

closely cognate

with the
use

character,
question
in
a

and

is intended

direct
a

thought
material it

toward for should of in

of

the

suitability of
In this

^ven

given

design.
that
a

connection is
same

be
dering ren-

remembered the in

skilful of

architect the One the the


same same

capable

same

set

plans,

house,
the set

fact,

entirely different
two houses

materials. built from

of

illustrations of

shows in
or

plans,

one

rough-dressed stucco,
with
over

ledge-stone,
stone. charm This and but

other house

in

rough-cast,
be
or dered, ren-

could in brick

equal

propriety
not
as

in

half -timber

construction, especially
of

agreeably
with

in

frame

construction,
Pbopebties One of

if covered
Both

clapboards.
and

Materials most

Phtsioal
as

jSsthetio
as

the

important,
of
any

well

the
its

least

appreciated,
which is
a

properties
property
to many
were

material
or

is

texture,
and and

both

physical,
as a

inherent,
in

SBsthetic, or
style.
materials Not

be

regarded
years not ago

factor
textures

design
of

the

building
but
were

only

unappreciated, disguised
or

absurdly
a

and

unnecessarily
of American
texture

simulated. the

At
est, hon-

dark

period

architecture,
of brick
was

good,

interesting
a

disguised
were
*'

beneath sanded**
ble mar-

coat

of

paint.

Wood

and
was

cast-iron

to

resemble and
common

stone, plaster
woods
were

painted
' *

to
' *

resemble
to

grained

counterfeit

finer

woods.

278

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

The become Colour


to

importance
further in

of

texture
as

in this

building chapter
is of

materials

will

apparent building
keen

proceeds. equal
tion direcsmall In the with

materials
taste

importance
in this of
art.
a

texture, and
may

and which
a

judgment
may

attain

results

make,
of
a
a

and
matter

inexpensive
of

house,
an

true
**

work

colour,

architect
as
an

paints'' paints
artistic the

picture

building pigments
consider
create
a

materials
"

just
the

artist of
as

picture with ability


will

^and

architect
as

the whole

landscape
of true

well

house

itself,and

harmony,
Pbopbbties
as a op

-^jSthetic

oe

Abchitectural

Materials is

Stylistic suitability, self-explanatory.


in not

consideration,
very

largely
been
tained at-

Success
a

has of
a

seldom

building

house that

given

style

in

material
are

characteristic associated

of

style. Certain
materials. and

styles

nitely defiand

with
are

certain
stucco

Spanish

Italian details formal


and be cut

houses of

of

tile, with
French

incidental of of
the

wrought
are

iron of
cut
so

work:
stone

houses

type
stone

and
many

slate,

or

brick will the

"

and

through
uses

styles there
material. In of

found

certain

associated discussion lists will be

of of the

subsequent
listed house
in

detailed Table
may

types
of

building
kinds of
and

A,

be

given

the

which

properly
there
as a

built

in the

materials

structural Local

methods

enumerated.

suitability, always
found be

emphasised strong
factor

elsewhere

in

this

book,
and

should be

governing
up

choice,
other
ally gener-

will

to be

inseparably
colour.
to

bound

with

considerations, speaking,
are

such
are

as

Local

materials,
to

always
brick

be

preferred
on a

those

which

alien. is

red

house

grey

New and

England noticeably

seacoast

unpleasantly

conspicuous,

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

279

"out

of

key'* with

its

neighbouring

houses

and

with

the

whole In

landscape. expressiveness
aesthetic and
there
are

involved

all

tions, considera-

architectural, and
the

it is intended of

by

this

term to

to

suggest
all the

importance
or

giving

proper

thought
material
as an a

qualifications
make

properties
or

of

any

which for

might
any

it suitable

unsuitable
as

choice

given
is

building.

Expressiveness
with the of the

aesthetic
as
a

property

closely cognate though

adaptabUr might

ity
well

physical
without

property"
the

second first.

exist

full existence

Economic Under this head

Pbopebties

of

Matebials

we

find
may

that be

the the

inherent factor
for

cost

of

given
choice
certain
more

building
or

material

dictating its
costs
"

rejection.
amount

Common
per

brick,
thousand in
a

example,
in any

of money

locality
cost

in

some

localities
at
once

than involve

others,
house

but

this

per

thousand

may

of

greater
will

diture expenout

than the

is

possible.
Local

Brick,

then,
may

be

of with

question.
cost to

availability

combine of
a

inherent

prohibit the

selection in
a

given

rial. material, mate-

If not the

easily available
cost

given locality, a
in be another

inherent

of

which

locality
the
cost

might
limit. make inherent of less
cost

be On

within
the

the other the ^in a


cost

cost

limit, might
local

beyond

hand, ready
use

availability might
in where

possible
cost
"

of for

material

spite
a

of

its

case,

example,
on

material added from


a

inherent
to

would

take in

considerable

(due

local

scarcity)

transportation

distant

point.
or

Workability
the architect. than due rather

str%ictural the
cost

cost

is

best is
one

known

by

Here

question
the
a

of labour labour Thus is

material,
to

though
of

expense

in

directly

the

use

certain

material.

280

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE with

the hewn the

cost

of

erecting
and lumber

an

actual in"

half -timber

honse,
far

frame
cost

**nogged
or

brickwork,

exceeds
as

of

the

brick

regarded

merely

materials. In

upkeep,
of

as

cost

consideration,
low is maintenance

are

involved and

questions vity.
the
cost

permanence,

impercost

If low is the

maintenance

desired,
reason

the

initial
of

of

house of

naturally greater, by making


labour for

the

inherent and such


of

materials
cost

low

maintenance,
to

the

involved

of

incident
to

the

use

of

materials.
a

To
must

be

impervious
or

weather,
about
as

the

walls
or

house

be

of brick
''

stone, its roof

of tile the

slate,

the
and

fittings (called
at

flashings") roofs,
be
as

chimneys

the

junction
the the in Here could weather

of

well

all
at

gutters, rainleast
metal

pipes and
and
set masonry. of

like,must
windows leaded would

of lead be frames
a

(or

of

per), copments, case-

should metal be

leaded

imbedded
no

in

the

structure

exposed centuries,
houses
the
same so

part
even

which
severe

possibly

deteriorate

in

of
many

conditions. of
years ago and

English
still have
casement

built ings, flashthat

hundreds

gutters,
were

rain-pipes,
them.

windows is initial
a

buil'

Into
even

Such

construction from saved the


over

naturally
cost

expensive,

subtracting
maintenance
at

the

yearly
of the the
years,

item
and

of

long
our

period
to

best,

we

must

reconcile house and

minds

inevitable
average

fact

that, in the

contemplated
even

by

prospective builder,
by
the and
or

in the will be

house
some

contemplated
materials

millionaire,
which will

there

finishes
constant

require

occasional

replacement

protection.

At
a

this
to

point

we

may

apply
in in detail

Table the A

C to like

Table

A, with
of of
struction con-

view

comparing
enumerated

types
means

Table

by

the

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

281

understanding terms)
of Table In Table C. this close

of which

the has

properties
been

of

materials

(in

eral gen-

acquired

by the above

study

discussion
as

of

the in

types
Table

involved

in of

A, studied
cost

subdivided

C,

the

item
ties proper-

comparative

(appearing
is best therefore
at

under

economic from here


as so a

of materials)
survey, and Its will

segregated
be

broad

given

separate logical, in
in Table the

topic.
that

consideration is
one a

the

beginning

is

cost

of house.

the

first The

questions figures
as

involved in

building however, having

of
can

given
an

D,

only
worked for

be

regarded
out

approximation,
practical
this of that

been

by
of

an

experienced
In

contractor,
a

purposes

comparison.
as

table,
parison, com-

unit

of

cost

of it

$10,000
is
are
no

is taken

the assumed

basis

and materials

hypothetically
of
more

the it is the

listed
can

equal
than be

availability.
an

This,
and

obvious, following by local


but also

be

assumption,
one

figures would conditions,


in the
matter not

affected,
in the

way

or

another,
material

only
of

matter A

of

labour.

levelling of these
in
a parison com-

extraneous

questions,
which deals

however, simply
labour with

is necessary the

inhertlt
in that the

cost

of of

the

material

plus
called

the for

involved
use

type

construction

by the
Table
Cost

of

materiid.

D
of Total Per Cent. Ineieaae

Type

of

Constraetion

Outer WaU

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Frame, Frame, Frame,


Hollow Brick Stone

ahingle-covered

$945
985
....

$10,000
10,040 .004
.0226

clapboard-covered
stucco tile and
on

wire-lath... stucco

1,171 1,626 2,217 2,991 3,491

10,226 10,681 11,272 12,046 12,546

.0681
.1272

(ordinary)

6.

(rough-dresaed)
half-timber

.2046'
.2546

7. Actual

282

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

In is that is

assuming
the
outer

the wall the

$10,000
is the

unit

above,
of

the the
"

assmnption
house ^that
we

only part

whidi
are

changed

in

seven

types

tabulated all the

considering
the

seven

houses

in which

interior

work,
tures, fix-

floors, fireplaces, plumbing hardware,


etc.,
show
the
are

fixtures, lighting
same, of
so

the the

that
outer

the

figures only.
of this

in the This

first column method


costs.

cost

the

wall

offers It
costs

most

definite
seen

comparison glance,
and that which
a

building table, that


house
a are

will
of
a

be

at

in

the
very

shingle house
same,

clapboard
is not

nearly
in

the

and
house

there

great

advance

the

frame
A

is covered ever, howtwo

with

wire-lath
appears

and with
to
we

stucco.

marked

advance,
the next

the

hollow-tile until
the

house,
in the

types
timber identical increased material It

continue house

advance,
find that

actual

half-

original
and

$10,000

house,
has the

in its interior
in and cost to

construction

equipment,
reason

$12,546, represented
a
are

solely by by
be
the

of walls. that of

labour
not for

outer

must

moment to

supposed
as

the

figures in this

table

be

regarded
on

general
must

application.
always
will be

Any

definite

figures
as
a

building guide,

costs for

taken

merely

general fact, for

anyone

readily
stone

appreciate house,
of
in

the

example,

that
cost

the
less
a

rough ^by
brick

in

certain

localities, might
of

reason

ready
that in
mason

availability

material),
the

than

house

locality, although
the
work

relation

is the

exactly
money

opposite
saved brick be
on

table. in

In

other

words,
in
a

laying brick
from
a

locality

where

must
more

be than

transported
taken
up

great
cost

distance,
of that

might

by

the

transportation. Ordinary nearly


every

building

lumber the

is

equally

available in
car-

in

locality, and

labour

involved

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION
the
as

283

pentry
the

is

standardised^
house the be
well may

so

that

figures dealing
of wider
exact

with

frame than It will

be

taken

cation appli-

others. for the

prospective
will
occur

builder in the the outer

to cost

ber, remem-

however,
inside brick interior
a more

that
to

increases the

of the
A

according

character will than

of

wall.

house,
trim

for and

example,
detail

usually
frame
every

contain

better and be

the in
cost

house,
way.

expensive

proposition
of the the

Having
selection of

disposed
a

consideration
may
now

in

the best in of

material,
the
to

discussion

proceed
Table C

by
as

noting applied

properties
each of these

which
seven

appear

types

building.
The frame
as

house,
certain

in

general,

has

much Chief be done

to

commend these

it,as
is the this

well fire

disadvantages. though
much
may

among to

hazard,
use

mitigate
chemical it almost it to is this

by

the

of

fire-resisting paints impregnate


The character because

and

preparations
non-combustible. the small

which

wood,
of

making
wood

adapts
small house

house,
and small of

partly

the

unpretentious quality of the


In
as

simple, and
house. wood

because

it expresses

point

durability,

need in

not

be

regarded
with in wooden
storms

distinctly perishable
or

excepting

comparison
Even
are

stone

burnt climate

clay
of

building
New

materials. there
and

the

rigorous
houses

England
the which is not of heat
are

which three

have

withstood
and

the

of

nearly

centuries,
condition.

still in

excellently
to

serviceable in

It

possible, here,
each

cuss dis-

detail such
as

the

properties

of

the

building
and the work. is
more

woods,
other Here

white

pine, redwood,
used for the

cypress

woods

more

generally
data with

exposed

is detailed

which

architect

284

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTCRE

conversant,
familiarise
any

or

with

which

the

prospective
or

builder of

may

himself Of is

by reading these, perhaps


' '

study
the most

books

from

library.
and
concise

sive comprehen' '

American

Forest

Trees,

by Henry

H.

Gibson.* Wood is

by

all

means

an

adaptable
the

building
and be

rial, matemental orna-

being
parts
run

suited of
a

for

both

structural

building.
or

It may in of

readily

carved,
and

in

mouldings
nor

turned

columns,
such

balusters
an

spindles, operation,
Of exterior
coat
a

is the
as

working
with

parts

expensive
stone.
use

compared
of
on

the

working
be

of made

the

texture

woods,

little may
of the

of

in

work, paint.
amount to

account

necessary creosote to assert

protective
stains allow

of

Semi-transparent
of
the and
more

certain

wood-texture informal the be the


upon
so

itself, and

in addition
as a

types

of

building, such
timber-work The exterior
of
a same

bungalows
half -timber

cottages,
may

exposed
treated. of
an

in

house

is true is much this


or case

of colour.
to

While

colour
in the

wood

be is

reckoned either the

design foreign

house,

colour result

that action

of of

some

substance,
in the

the

of

weather,

excepting
redwood. be

of the
*'

natural
''

colour
a

of California house been


grey
may
so

Thus,
with the been

the
green

colour

of

wooden it has be silver

white,
and

blinds, because
roof for
a

painted,

shingled exposed Many


of

may

because time be
to

it has the

certain

length
may

of

weather.

attractive

effects which
not also

obtained
to

by the shingle

use

shingle-stains,

only add
preserve

the A the

some

interesting
or

colour, but
never

it. after

shingle roof, shingles


in the
are

wall, should
each

be be

stained

laid, but
In
*

should of

separately

dipped

stain.

point

stylistic suitability, wood


"Hardwood Record"

construction
Chicago,
1913.

Published

by the

Magazine,

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

285

will

be

found and

appropriate Georgian
farm Colonial

especially styles. too,


and wood.
so as

for

houses

in

Colonial Dutch of the

Colonial

houses,
manors

well

as

many

large villas,

Southern
were

the The

Creole

tation plan-

built

of is

architectural that
as

status

of
as

the

bungalow
for

uncertain

wood

is

quite

appropriate

its construction

many

other

materials. The frame mesh

house, with
nailed
or

stucco

applied
may

over

wire-lath be

(a metal along
course,

to

the

frame),
The stable

designed
of

lines is
on

Spanish
imitation the small
score

Italian. of
more

construction,

an

forms, yet
attractive this

is permissible
tages cot-

of economy. have
a

Many
utilised of

and

houses

method colours
is not

of

construction,
may
a

because in the

variety
and

harmonious

be

mixed and

stucco,

if the

design
is

for be

large

pretentious
it.
a

building,
caution which be

there
to

little

to

said

against
of and

The

chief house is to

be

observed be treated

in the with

building
wire and lath

frame
stucco

is to

exercised
to

in the the of the

architect's

contractor's stucco

supervision,
until after into the

prevent

application
house settled has
or

of the

framework If the

thoroughly warped
obvious
or

settled
a

place.

frame frames it would


the

even

little wire

(which
lath

all house
to

do),
also

it is

that with of

the

fastened

settie

warp coat

it, inevitably
stucco.

cracking

comparatively

thin

The
upon

question
in too
many

of

local other

suitability has
parts
It of is of this

been book in
to

enlarged require
list because of

further essential of its The with

mention

here.

tabulated

the

considerations
when of
* *

building
is

materials made. is

importance property
the

choice

being
' '

expressiveness adaptability
"

closely cognate
as a

property

of

^wood

house

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCJTION

287

Table

D,
type

there
of

is to

be

considered and the


one

ing distinctly interestlends of both itself with

construction,
to

which

peculiar
and

versatility
modem

rendering

historic

essentially
The unit

architectural in
a

styles.
house sometimes such
on

of construction is

hollow-tile

is the
ten
manner

tile, which

usually

eight inches, and


and
a

inches, in thickness,
as

corrugated coating
of

in

to

receive

directly
and the

stucco

the

outside

of
on

the the

house,
inside.

application usually
the found

of

the

finished

plaster
not to

It is
on

best, however,
of
a

plaster wall, but

directly
to

inside surface with


* '

surface
a

hollow of

tile minous bitu-

give this

heavy
inside
' *

coating plaster
* *

water-proofing,
to

the

applied
^ '

wooden
case,

or

metal

lath

on

furring.
inch

Furring,
or

in

this

designates
to

two-by-four
tile wall
to

lumber
to

lighter
a

stock, fastened
for
any

the

in order the inside

afford

ing nailof of
side, out-

the

lath, and
of

place
or

plaster
on

out

danger
inevitable

cracking capillary
the
pores

disintegrating
of

account

the

attraction of the tile.

water

from

through
The of course,

superficial physical
never

character since

of

hollow the base

tile for

is,
a

apparent,
For

it is but

coating

of

stucco.

durability,
tile is
an

including

its
nor

proof fire-

property,
it

hollow
a

excellent is

choice,

is
to

by

any

means

material

which

non-adaptable

many

types

of

building.
which
may

Types logical and


tile the and

of

building

well for

be the

considered
use

as

agreeable
range

opportunities
from
or

of hollow
to

stucco

the

smallest hotel.

bungalow Renderings
or

largest

country
mission
are

seashore

of

the
villa

Spanish
type,
and

type, and
a

of the
use

Spanish
for this

Italian

obviously
modem

logical
"

tion, construc"

that

adjunct

the

private
use

garage

is

particularly fitting building

for

the

of

hollow

tile.

288

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

Reference
and

to

Table
more

will

show

us

that
stucco

hollow
on

tile wire

stucco,

while lower

expensive
cost

than

lath, is far
In **the
or a

in the

than

brick. there will


not of

considering
house

brick

house,
Brick

is considered

permanent/*

burn,
the

crack
as

decay, and
unit of

by

reason

of

the
a

small

size

brick

design,

it affords

remarkable

medium
as

for
seen

architectural

expression. thing of but


from the few

Brick-building
*

it is is
a

to-day

is

years of

growth,
which of

and

wide

departure
the
more

misuse The

brick

characterised

Victorian than
a

period.
decade
a

bricklayer
was

1880,
that
was

and the

for

thereafter, wall, above


and

taught
all

sideratum de-

in

brick

else,

absolute
texture

uniformity
the
most

of surface itself and

suppression joints between


the

of the each

of The

brick

of the
were

brick.

sought
were

bricks laid

smooth,
invisible
more

pressed
mortar
or

kind, and joints,


interest
was

these

with

almost
no

in effects than
a a

which

possessed
of oil-cloth. of the

character seemed that

piece

It
very

there that

total

ignorance
is
a

important
as

fact
as
was

the

brick
to
an

unit

of

interest

in itself

well

in
no

relation
ciation appretexture

entire
of

wall, and
the endless

consequently possibilities
work. this

there of

colour,

and

pattern
If

in brick of

the than of

builders

period, however,
and

had

been the

no

worse ness

merely
efforts

stupid,
to
mere

had

confined and

inept-

their
one

monotony
the

unimaginamonuments
was tive conserva-

tiveness,
to
worse

might

overlook But

surviving
a

their
:

stupidity. they
a

they did
work.
any

thing which
The
more

far

painted
rich

brick

used

red, unlike by picking

honest

brick, and painful


of

this

they

embellished

out, with

mity, uniforthe real

imaginary joints, in
black

joints entirely
or

regardless
The
more

white

paint.

ambitious

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION of
a

289

went

further,
sallow
or,

and

most

of

us

have

seen

some

their mal, dis-

masterpieces.
sort

They
of

painted yellow, with


gorgeous green, to

their dark

brick red

work

joints (imaginary)

in

still

more

flights of fancy, used


unlike
any

weird

and

horrible

colour

in

the

world, and, according


upon

taste, painted

imaginary

joints

this, in black
This

or

white. brick work is here

painting
it is
an

of

enlarged
of the the

upon,

because

admirable

illustration of This

absolute
true ure text-

dishonesty
of from
a

and

undesirability
material. which that brick

denying
is

building practices

further work

apparent
aged. encour-

the

painted
it
was

brick
even

Builders
use

saw a was

not
"

necessary

to

brick brick

to

build wall

wall

since

the

material

in

real

entirely
a

disguised
coat
a

by
stucco

paint.
or

rubble

wall, then, with


was
**

smooth with

of

plas-

ter,

often brick of
were

painted

pattern
writer work''
to

of has in

perfectly
even seen

uniform

joints, ^^ and
kind of
**

the brick

examples
**

this

which

the
must

bricks'*

actually veined
Architectural had from better this toward vision with

resemble

(one
could
no

suppose)
go
"

marble. and
away
we

insanity
follow the of of

ther furthe and

swing
texture

of

pendulum
structural

negation
the of
an

properties
and

dawn such

architectural

appreciation
The beauties of the

clearer

things.
of the

turning
of
very

point
old and

came

appreciation work,
in the

American

brick

specifically,
first brick

interest of A

variety

apparent
in

buildings

Harvard few
some

College,

Cambridge,

chusetts. Massathese that


some

discerning
other

architects, studying
noticed and

buildings, and
there natural
10
was a

early examples,
range
as

considerable
of

of
as an

colour often

effect

texture,

well

recurring

290

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

note

of
or

interest

and

variety
brick-ends these and the

in

the here

appearance

of

odd

burnt In brick throw which

discoloured

and

there.
were

the
was

days when
scarce,

early buildings
mason

erected,
afford the
to

could burnt of with

not

out

all been

the
on

bricks the these


or

with insides bricks olive


use

ends,
the

bricks in the
ple, pur-

had kilns.

stacks burnt

baking

Later blue
mason

ends
were or

black,
selected

dark

green

deliberately
in the dation foun' '

by the
walls

for

in

drains,
* '

below dawn
same

grade.
of the

They
new

were era

inferior.

With

the

of

brick-building,
were
as

however, sought
' *

these

naturally
were

burnt
at to

bricks

keenly
* *

by architects, and
bricks.
or

first known work


out

vard Har-

Architects
to

began
burnt
course

patterns
at
was

in

brick in

work,

introduce in the

brick-ends of time it

random noticed than the

their
a

work,

and

that whole In

single brick
wall. other
as a

might

be

more

interesting

words,
unit and in

the

brick
as

became
it is

properly
a

nised recog-

design,
this of each
was came

actually
came

unit the
out

in

struction, con-

with kind

recognition

''raked
a

joint.

' '

This

joint, formed
brick
a
new

by raking
stand
out
a

little

mortar,

allowed there This the wall

to

little,and
in the of

immediately
whole
texture

effect the

of

texture

wall. in brick of
to

before

development

brick
came

itself.
to

A because

be

desired,
expression.

as

it should It
was

be,
covered redisand
manence, per-

its character be
as an

and

honest

building
endowed
and at

material, beautiful
with

adaptable

well, and

qualities

of

fire-resistance It of
was a

stability.
this

natural

thing,
that the

point in the

evolution

brick-building,
became

possibilities of the
and several

individual

brick

further

developed,

discerning

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

291

manufacturers

began
all the
were

to

produce
were

beautifully
achieved the olive softer and
in

coloured the and ing, burnmore

bricks,
and harmonious
greys,

wherein all

hues
tone

in of

with
"

colours

nature

sap

greens,
oranges.

browns,
are now

tans,

purples,
aesthetic

dull
**

blues scales'*

and of
to

There bricks
most green
"

highly
with

colour effect which


to

in the is
any

scales and

which

it is schemes. is
a

possible
A

subtle because
person

pleasing painted
a

brick affront

it is
;

grievous
is green is
a

decent

but

brick baked

which
green

through
very

and

through,
thing.
But

because

it is

different

the

difference
or

is

more

than

one

of real

dishonesty
material
"

and bricks

honesty,
of

surface have
as

deception
in

and

to-day

themselves,
as

individual the
texture stones. to

and of
a

interesting
woven

textures,
or

distinctive of

fabric,
Nor has
"

the

textures

different

the

effort

been

confined been
**

colour

and

texture

special shapes,
flat than
to

too, have

devised, brick,
of

longer
so

and it is

more

the

standard

2-4-8*'

that zontal hori-

possible

effect of

strong
brick

expressions
courses.

the

characteristic The that


texture

prospective
new

builder

must

remember,

however, colour,
per

these and

and

special bricks, of distinctive


are

shape,
than
**

considerably

more so

expensive
that Table the D

thousand

ordinary'*
type
house of

brick,
house

figure
be with

quoted
taken
**

for
as

the low

fifth for
a

in

must

designed

to

be

faced

special" Having

brick.

pursued
the
upon

to

this of
as a

point
brick

necessarily work,
it
now

curtailed remains the


eral sev-

history
to

of

evolution

direct

brick,

building
C.
to

material,

considerations
It is not

listed

in Table

necessary,

perhaps,

elaborate

greatly

292

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

upon

these

various brick its is


an

properties
has
every
as a

as

applied

to to

brick:

as

used

to-day,
assert

opportunity burnt-clay
same

ingly interestits

character inherent

product;
in is

durability

quality, the
its
mass,

ancient
tional, excep-

times, to-day
for
even

and of

always; heavy

adaptability
of
may

effects

delicate

detail, and readily be

of

mere

surface

decoration

equally

obtained. Of
to texture

and

colour

enough
builder these

was

said

above

to

gest sug-

the

prospective
in both

the

present-day

bilities possi-

of brick In

particulars.
brick has certain for other
ries. armo-

point

of It

stylistic suitability

limitations.

is, of

course,

a
a

universal wide

material of

schools, types
of It church

hospitals,

clubs

and

variety

large, permanent
is of the material

buildings,
above all

including
to
use

others Certain
use

in

Romanesque
house of
**

design.
demand the American

types

of

English
as

country types country.


a

of

brick,

as

well in

certain
or

early

house,

either

town

Independence
a

phia, Hall,*' in Philadel-

is
stone

model wood
upon.

for

style of
for French
was

city building
type,
has
never

in

brick,
been built brick brick and

and

which,
The

its

improved

chateau,
very

if built

not of

entirely of dressed
with dressed
stone

stone,

often and

quoins, copings
with

trim, the
charm the the

portion
interest.

usually
In the
was

handled Italian

remarkable

villa, however,

flat stucco fact that and

wall-surface Renaissance evident

prevalent,
showed material
"

despite
marked
in many

architects

ability
of their

pleasure

in

the

city

buildings.
in

(McKim,
American

Mead

White,
of
several

in

fact, ushered
Renaissance

their

great

reviv^

Italian

architecture
structures

by
in the

designing
Italian
manner

important

city

of brick

building.)

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

293

Considering
be This remembered is

the that

aspect
brick of

of is
most

local
not

suitability, it always

must

appropriate.
in New

especially
brick for of

true

localities

Engscarce

landy where
and used

has

always
but

been

comparatively
By
reason

little else extensive and

chimneys.

of the

presence

local

clayfields, Pennsylvania,
the
course, of

New the

Jersey
brick

Maryland although,
other

make of

natural there

habitat
are

of

house,
in many

many

brickyards
Of the

parts
of

the
as

country.
a

expressiveness
was

brick

building
sketch

rial, mateof the of


use

enough
* '

said work the

in
' '

the
to

foregoing
suggest
the

evolution

of brick which

great

range

expression
of brick The
may
as

intelligent appreciation
to

and

work items deduced

lays
of

open

the
cost

architect. and

inherent from Table

comparative
must

cost

be

D, and
in

be

recognised
The the

varying

considerably
builder of
' '

different

localities.

prospective
greater
total
an

is

again
' '

reminded,

also, of
a

cost

special
may

face-bricks, which
to
a

restricted
use as

expenditure

confine for

little interior The item

excellent

material is

fireplaces.
with

of

local

availability
or a

closely linked
with

the be

cost

tions, considerathat
"

they
house

it, and Trenton,

it must New

remembered will
at

brick

near

Jersey,
brick house

figure
Marble-

'*

very

differently
Massachusetts.

from

the

same

head,
A

large

part
of

of

the

cost

of

brick is

house,

after in

the the

inherent structural builds


up

cost

the
to

material the fact

figured, brick,
the
a

lies small

cost, due slowly


and calls unusual

that with

unit,
tile

(as compared
for skilled
or

large hollow especially


are

units),
effects In
one

labour, jointing

where for. lies

of the the

pattern
or

called

upkeep,
most

maintenance and

consideration,
undeniable
recommen-

of

conspicuous

i'i

i
"

THE

USE

OF
msy
u

STICCO
be

AS

AN

EXTERIOR rendend
in
u

FINISH
"tucco
"

in
or

KVersl
IlaliBD

itylca origiD,
type

ucfplably
u

notably

tboa

"h
o

well

sucb

bouKI

Ihe

Bbove.

derived

frODi

EnsliHb

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

295

the and

Philadelphia charming
The
use

architects

such

thoroughly

colloquial

building
of
stone

material.
from much
or

old of
more

walls it has

is

highly
been

to

be

recommended,
dressed
are

because
a

roughly
the faces
case a

perhaps
to

century
a

ago,

so

that In

weathered which

fine

colour

of

grey.

any

stone

will

naturally

split into
it will
up

comparatively lay in
very
even,

thin

pieces is desirable, because


courses,

tal horizon-

and in

may

be

laid

with

little mortar in

appearing

the is

joints.
the wall

The of
as

abomination round
a

rough

stone-masonry obviously
of

cobble-stones,
for the
use

calling for
the

mortar

necessity
an

bility staa

wall, and
which

forcing
could
stone

into
never

unnatural
have
a

building
use.

material ideal of
no

natural
to
or

The

rough

wall,
is the has
not to
*'

according dry- wall,**


been for used. house for The skill
on

the
wall

technique
in such which
a

stone-masonry,
mortar course,

whatever would much

While
tion, construc-

wall, of

do

it is

possible posts
calls
as

and for
a

be

desired

porch

or

pergola

and for

garden

walls. of local

dry-wall,
the

obviously,
of

high
as

degree
the
to

part
of
a

the

mason,

well will slate

for

availability
courses.

ledge-stone
stone

which

split
will

lay in flat
found
very

Any
in

resembling
respect.

be

adaptable

this

The

desideratum,
is the
nearest

then, in the possible

wall

of

rough-dressed
in appearance,

stone,
to

approach,

the The

dry-wall. interesting
for
a

expedient
of
a

of

using house,

great

deal

of the
' '

mortar

the

walls

stone
or

and
a

giving
' '

whole

coat

of whitewash

white

paint is
intended

special

type
recall which

of

rough-dressed
very

stone

work,

to-day
farm-houses

to

the
were

early
in

American this
manner.

colonial

treated

Here,

however,

296

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

are

involved

considerations than and of


to
more

of historical

or

antiqnarian

aspect, rather
Further the house

structural.

specific points
stone
as

in connection be in

with
out

rough-dressed
its

may

brought
Table C.

by

reference Of the

properties

listed of

physical
be said.

properties
Its full character of
as

rough-dressed
is

stone,
ing interestand

little need and


there

peculiarly
and

naturally
be
no

diversity
to stone vary,

variety,

need
as

question
to

its

durability.
be

Adaptor
in
a

bility
fixed
to

applied
because
some a

rough

cannot

stated

rule

stones

geologically,
more

according
than
use.

locality,

proving proving
and neither in select

far

adaptable impossible
stone to

others, and
In
no

few

actually

point of

texture

colour, rough
art
nor

work has The


so

has far ful skilof

competitor,
upon

for

science

improved

Nature will

these the

particulars.
stones

stone-mason texture
a

with

thought
and and
create

and which
to

colour will
eye, age

constantly
be
a

in

his

mind,
delight

wall

permanent

faction satisand

the with

becoming
and

increasingly
of is vines.

beautiful

charming
When

growth

stylistic suitability
certain stone
as

considered,
for

there the
use

come beof

apparent

definite
a

limitations material
every

rough-dressed Primarily,
material farm and in of
'*

building
in

it has the

proved

respect
of

an

ideal

for

present
in

day
the

revivals

early American
of

houses, general
any

notably
it is
an

vicinity
choice
or

Philadelphia,
for the the
to
or can
**

admirable

ing render-

bungalow,
No any

cottage

house

of suited

esque picturstruction con-

type.
of

material house

is better in
mountain
no

the

seashore
possess

surroundings,
stronger
values

and,
of

obviously,
local in

material

suitability.
of

Expressiveness

buildings

rough-dressed

stone-

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

297

work of the that which best the

will

depend

largely
upon to

upon

the

physical
skill It the

properties
by

stone, and engaged

the

technical the walls.


to

possessed
will be

mason

lay
are

found

few

brick-layers
a

equal
of

undertaking,
where
to

requires
results
are

great

deal and

experience,
best
course

the

desired,

the

pursue

is to institute
every

inquiries

in the

neighbourhood. building
a

In stone local

ally virtuis to
mason, stonea

locality where
a

suitable will

be

found,

short
a

search
*'

disclose
' *

usually remarkably through the. kind


he years of

character, artisan,

but
a

nearly
man

always

skilful of

and

experienced laying
up to

local which

*'job work'*
exists such be found
every
an

in the

just
which nically techstone

stone

in

locality

is native.

Obviously
will

artisan, although
to

untrained,
wall and called sidewalls
"

lay

up

the

best

^he is familiar restriction


upon to

with the

peculiarity, possibility
he has
so

of build folk

material into

long

been and

diimneys,

foundations He
may

for

the

of the the

neighbourhood.
contractor.

be

employed

directly

by

Confronted,
inherent Table the and

now,

by

the

cost

consideration,
is

both
to

comparative,
the

reference builder be would


near

again

made

D, and governing

prospective
here

will item be

realise
or

that local if the


to
a

factor

will

**c,'*

availability.
no

Cost, building
its
use

obviously,
stone
were

prohibitive
the site of

suitable unless
or

existed

house,

restricted, perhaps,
be

fireplace
that and
any
a

chimney.
stone

It should

remembered,
a

ever, howone,

rough

is, of all materials,


and
to

local choice

naturalistic in
a

one,

hence which
a

poor

for

building
use

locality
stone,
in

it

is

not

native.
an

The

of

rough

such

case,

becomes

fectatio af-

instead and structural

of

an

expression

of

rugged

sincerity

honesty.

298

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

The
vary

working-cost
the
nature

of of

rough
the

stone

will with be In

be

fonnd
the
iidvan-

to

with

stone, and
which
can

tageousness
aforenoentioned
cost of

of the

bargain

struek
any

with
case,

the
the

local and

stone-mason.

handling being upkeep,


house for is
all

laying

up

rough
of brick.

stone,

all

other

things
In
stone

equal, exceeds
or a

that

maintenance, permanent
and

it is obvious substantial
most stone

that affair
"

the
^a

dwelling
in

time.
are

Many

of the

ancient
"

houses

this

country
material

of in

rough-dressed
every

^a

splendid
use

building
to

instance

where

its

is the

be

regarded

as

logical and
forth
on

possible
C.

according

to

considerations Our reached house


we are

set

in

Table

conunentary
the of

building
type

materials in Table

has
D
"

now

last, or
**

seventh

listed

^the here

actual

half- timber'*
a

construction,
which differs but used. discussion
to

and

considering
respect
to to

building
materials in which with

from rather

others in
spect re-

not

in

the

used, they
a are

the

manner

Before
actual

proceeding

brief

of

the

half -timber which is not


so

house,

it is necessary

speak

of the

house

of half -timber called. It has the add its

construction,
been

although
to tects, archi-

thoughtlessly
for
of of
some

apparent
decorative
to
cost

years, work

that could while


*'

purely greatly
actual

aspect

half-timber the small

the

appearance

house,
The

would

render of half-

it

prohibitive. work,

patterns*'
in

characteristic

timber
were

especially
as so

the

gable

ends

of

houses, design by
no

appreciated
of

highly
the
* '

effective

from
was

the

point
a

view,

and

effect fake.
' *

only

produced,

perfectly

out-and-out
to

There

is, perhaps,
the
"

serious

charge
there is

be
no a

brought
intent decorative
to

against
deceive

practice,
so

so

long
work

as

exists

long
and

as

the
a

obviously

makeshift,

not

OU3E

OF thi

ACTUAL
fnnie
"re

HALF-TIMBER
of (be houH
"

CONSTBLCTION

houae.

eipciKd.
TOtk

and

Ibe

apBro

belwee

filled

la

vilb

brick

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

299

structural real remind the The


most
' '

deception. house,

One but

would

prefer,
to

of Table

course, D

half -timber the

reference
that

will

prospective type

builder of

he

is

considering
there of listed.

expensive
' '

construction work

imitation
a

of half -timber exterior

consists thin

ing, applyboards the

on

stucco

wall-surface, arranged developed


in
more

(usually
posts
and

stained braces

brown)
which
were

to to

represent
form

and

natural work. the tion imita-

structural

patterns
this reason, house

actual

half-timber

There
*'

is, for

palliation for
wherein
mere

half -timber**
* *

superficial
which do

* *

patterns

are

contrived,

than

for

the

imitation which

attempts
not

to

represent

structural

members

exist. The real and half-timber house the is


a

thing of architectural
that frank
an

merit
an

beauty

for

reasons

it expresses
manner,

in
struction, con-

entirely logical and


and because and in

perfectly
it affords
not

its

opportunity

for

marked but in In made be

diversity
the
an

interest which of

only in its materials,


are

manner

these this

used.
some

earlier this

part
of

book,

mention

was

of

type
in

construction, chapter.
members

but In

repetition
the actual what front
are

may

pardoned

the the

present
wooden

halfpears apof

timber

house,
to

forming
the

be

''pattern,'*
shown timbers and in of

(as
the the
comer

in

garden

Tangley
actual

Manor, framing

frontispiece) building
braces. in the with

the
"

exposed
The actual brick

^its

posts,
between timber which show with

sills, studding
these

spaces half-

structural
are

members,

house,
is
as a

filled

(or ''nogged*')
in

work,
to

either

arranged
or more

interesting

patterns,
be concealed

brick,
coat

plainly built

in, to

of

stucco.

It is obvious

that

here

exists

at

once

an

opportunity

300

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

and in

task

"

an

opportunity by
means

to

show of

interesting rough-hewing
as

texture

the

wood-work,
visible marks

it and to
or

leaving
endless colour The masonry, than the

of the

the

adze,

well

as

show

diversity
in the
stucco

in

brick

**nogging,*'

subtle

coat.

carpentry
are

involved,
items which

as

well
up

as

the

skilful

the

moxmt

the

cost, rather

actual of and

materials is the item


are

used. best wood for


cost"

Oak,

course,

the is

posts
a

and

braces,
because free The

in

this

^'inherent

factor,
ably reason-

heavy
from

pieces
defects

required,
any

and

pieces

of

kind. under
to

half-timber in Table

house,

considered found chief

the

several
a

points listed degree


of

C, will be
with its

possess

high

desirability,
the
every cost

drawback

sented repretive, compara-

by
and Half and the

considerations,
item of cost.

inherent,

other work

-timber ancient
to

possesses of

by all England

means,

character,
Continent it this of

buildings durability.

and of

the

testify
should
case

its

In

point
skilful

adaptability,
in

be real

self-evident

that

artisanship,
wonders

craftsmanship, ingenuity.

can

perform

structural Half
use

-timber

work,
will

like be

any

other rich

frank in values

and
of

sincere
texture

of

materials,

found

and

colour. The
to

stylistic suitability of half -timber


derivations
as

work

is

fined con-

of the the
town

Elizabethan houses of the

English

country

house,
in the

well

as

period, though
either exclude
of

latter, modem
or

city fire laws


a

will

the

type

necessitate Half -timber

fire-proof
work of
was

''effect" also

halfused the
are

timber in low the

work. mediaeval

largely
and these

buildings
but American

France,

Germany
of

countries,

derivations

MATERIALS

AND

CONSTRUCTION

301

by

way

of could

being
cite

architectural several

curiosities^ examples.
exclude
same

albeit

the

writer

interesting
course,

Local
.

suitability, of
houses in
many

would the of less


we

the

half-

timber would have

America,
other

but

consideration which into


we our

exclude thrown

types
or

buildings thought)
therefore

(with

greater

architectural it in this

melting

pot, and

will

ignore

instance.
no

Certainly
could

type

of

construction,
or more

or

no

use

of

terials, ma-

possess

greater

directly obvious

qualities of expressiveness.
The first four items have listed been in Table discussed
may

under earlier

**

nomic Eco"

Properties'* last,
or

^the missed dis-

maintenance

consideration,
to

quickly

be

by reference
of

the and

ancient sound
were

half -timber after centuries Oak

buildings
ence of existdoes
not

Europe,
as

as

staunch the time

in in

they
and

built.

decay

centuries,
members The obvious
are

the

'*nogging''

between and the

the
manent. per-

structural

is, of

course,

impervious
for the and

accompaniments

half-

timber second

house

casement

windows,
roof -line

overhanging quaint
house and the neys. chimis
an

story, the

picturesque
toto, the

Taking undertaking
for

it in the and
must

half -timber

experienced,
is
a

scholarly
house with
a

native imagipective pros-

architect,
builder increase six other In
a

type

of

which the of

expect

only
over

inevitable
any

in cost, kinds

throughout,
enumerated this
on

house D.

of

the

in

Table

concluding
observations in
an one

chapter,
the
"

it remains of
upon

only
two

to
or

offer
more

few

mingling
^a

materials has been of

building

question

which

there
on

extraordinary
and

diversity
alike.

of

opinion

the

part

architects

amateurs

302

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

The is

most

important
combined
in

general
use

admonition,
and

perhaps, able imperishwith second slate


or

against

the

of

perishable
as

materials first of

the

same

house,
or

in

structure

story

of

stone, brick
A

hollow

tile,and

the

frame
a

construction. frame exist. house

fire-proof
be

roof, of

tile,on
instances

should

palpably

absurd,

but

Broadly
materials second dressed

speaking,
are

most

combinations

of the
or

impervious
hollow of tile

permissible,
on a

notably:
of brick

story
stone. must

base

story

rough-

Bough-dressed
be handled with of

stone
a

and

brick, used degree examples

together,
of
may

considerable

architectural be
seen

ingenuity,
from time remarked of the
to

which
as

striking
well earlier
as

time,
in
an

lamentable

failures.
much

It of the

was

chapter

that

charm
to
a

modem

English
use

country
of varied blended
to

house

is due

colloquial and skilfully and interesting

idiomatic

building
create

materials,
and

informally
effects. leads in

charming
like

Variety,

originality, inevitably
if
real

to

tectural archi-

disaster

it

is

made sincere
from

an

end

itself, and
If
a

pursued portion
to
a

without
of
a

and
seems,
a

design.

certain

building
use

its structural

nature,

call for

the

of

certain

material,
otherwise
tour

variety becomes
it is
as

logical factor
as

in the

design"

less worth-

any

other
be

architectural that and

de

force.
tions observa-

It

must upon

remembered

the

foregoing
of certain

the

properties
materials While
to

uses are

commonly apply only

employed
to

building
work. be

intended of the
same

to

exterior
may

many

tions considerathat the

applied

interior in
every

work,

it is obvious within

there

is greater
so

latitude
a

direction,
involve

house,

that

discussion

would

extensive

MATERIAI^

AND

CONSTRUCTION

303

reference

to

interior be taken be

decoration,
up
as a

furniture

and

the

like,

properly
It
can

to

separate
that
a

study.*
certain the of should

only
should of

observed be

degree
exterior and

of

consistency
interior

apparent
The exterior house

in

any

building. imposing
nor

architecturally
not

pretentious
mean

or

conceal house

interiors,
its walls

should

the

humble

cottage
elaborate the realm
or

within

disproportionately
Here well best of
one

nificent mag* *

interiors. taste in
'

invades of rules

of

good

in

general,
and

as

as

architectural which value could

propriety
be lated formu-

particular,
would

the

not

prove

as

great

as

an

ounce

of

common

sense.

In several be

the

following

chapter
aspects
as

there of the

will

be

considered house of the which tectural archi-

important regarded style


in been of that

proposed

may

existing
it is

irrespectively designed,
as or

which chosen

of

the

materials for the

which

have

most

appropriate

rendering

style.

"""The

Practical

Book

of

Interior

Decoration"

la

already

in

advanced

preparation

and

will

be

issued

in

1917.

CHAPTER

IV

PLANS
DIFFERENT METHOD DETAILS. ETC. KINDS OF

AND
PLANS.
IN ON

DETAILS
IMPORTANCE
DEVELOPING OF BOTH A

OF
PROCEDURE

DEFINITE
PLANS AND WAYS, STAIR-

NOTES

WINDOWS,
INTERIOR AND IN WHICH

DOORS,

CHIMNEYS,
TRIM AND

WOODWORK,
LIGHTING MANNER

FINISH,
ETC. MENT FULFIL-

HARDWARE,
THE BEST OF

PLUMBING
TO

FIXTURES,
INSURE
THE

REQUIREMENTS

IT
in

i"i the

purpose

of

this
to

chapter
the and

to

offer

few

general
matters
to

suggestions relating
stimulate which
a

prospective
detail
"

builder

to

plan

^suggestions
seen,

designed study
the

observation
may attract

of

houses attention

and

of
pages

houses of these

through
be

magazine. suggestions

And
are

it
not

should
to

kept
sarily, neces-

in

mind

that
as

be

taken,
every

recommendations,
different

because and of the

nearly

house ing Havever, how-

involves

problems
to
some

requirements. following
be

given
the
to

thought

points,

prospective
them and with

builder his

will

better Advice

equipped
which of
a

discuss

architect. in The
a

is

didactic often

specific, especially
its
own

the

design

house,

defeats read
to

end. that
the

prospective
certain

builder,
is
tial, essen-

having

somewhere

point
in his

fails case, it may

recognize
not

fact

that,

particular
mental. detrihe of is the

only

be

unessential,
**on
or

but

actually

Having
inclined architect has
**

it, however,
the

authority,'^
the

to

doubt advises

ability against
in

integrity

who made of

it. this In

Considerable
book this in

allusion the the

been

elsewhere one^s
many

regarding
last

advice"

friends. instances

chapter
**

writer,
304

recalling

which

friendly,"

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

305

but

absolutely
a

ignorant

or

prejudiced impelled
one

advice
to

has this

wrecked
one

building
of

project, feels
it. It is the has and his
to to

make

last

mention the his in the

most

distressing
with client in has the
to

factor

which of with does

architect

contend the

practice
contend Nor of

profession,
formulating
writer wish

which ideas.

commit

the that

same

offence
tive prospecas

officiousness, and
builder

would the

far

prefer

the

regard
think
*'

following
and to
not

paragraphs
as

**

things

to

about,'*
*'

advice. what the is

The
one

thoughtless
man's meat

adviser

is apt
man's

forget that
and
one

is another which

poison,

that house

very

suggestion entirely
without that The his whose is

might
another.
or

vastly improve
To
the

might builder,
same
"

blight

prospective
is the

experience
friends he and

training^ all advice


of the makes his

of his mistake doubts

and

popular
is in

magazine failing
"

articles.
to
man

usually
fears

lay all
for he

before

architect and

the

trained
a

professional

opinions

guidance

paying
Certain

fee.
features

of

plans

exist

irrespective
other features

of

the
are

style

of

the

house, style
on or

while

certain
some

influenced

by

by

other

factor. be stated will that


govern
or

Proceeding
for the

this

fact, it might family


or

vision pro-

individual's be it

needs

the

plan in

any

case,

large
which the times

small, regular
he

lar. irreguwill

Certain be the

features for whether


or

personally

desires
or

provided
cost

style be English
that the
very amount.

Italian,

$10,000

ten

Beyond
may

this, however, by the


occupy.
a

basis

of the

the

plan
or

be

dictated site it is to

historic A

style of
of

house,
balanced

by the design
be

house

formal,
even a

would

ill-grace
carried

rocky

hill-top,
such

if it could site should

practically

out, whereas

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

307

observed

"

^if he
cannot

wishes

picturesque within,
a

and

irregular
and

exterior^ he
axial

expect,
dreams of

symmetrical
about
a

plan

if his

have

centred

quaint,
ries, vagabling resem-

rambling
he
a

plan, full
must

unexpected
all

architectural of

dismiss

thought
exterior.

anything

classic

Georgian
the entire actual it. And

Governing
should which results builder with
nursery

proposition

of

the of
secure

ever, plan, howthe

be

the

practical needs
in order
to

family
the best

is to from

occupy the at

architect's the of

work,

the

prospective
the A architect studio
f
a or

should,
every
or

outset,
the
T
a

acquaint
needs.
T

detail

family

play-room

music-room
must

study
basis

library?
the

"

^these

requirements
house is to be

form abode

the of

of

plan, if the

an

permanent

satisfaction.

The
few its

plan

of

the

large
site and
to

house is

presents
the

comparatively expenditure
finds it
a

difficulties. erection is

Its

ample,

for tively relahis

ample,
matter

the include

architect due

simple
client's The
every

provision

for

need of the

and small

requirement.
house itself is
a

plan

very
a

different
test

mat-

ter, the

problem

resolving
The is

into be
"

of

tural architecditure expen-

ingenuity. undoubtedly
is to in

site may restricted

restricted, the
the

architect's

task abode

develop
of

pleasing, convenient
restrictions.
say in

and

adequate

spite

these
to

It is safe house

that lack
up

the of

usual

mistake

in the

the
result

small is
a

plan

lies

foresight, and
of
a

cramped
The

plan,
of

made

number

of is

small intended
out In

rooms. as

plan

any

small should

house be

which

permanent
view it is
to

abode,

definitely laid
and addition.

with this
way

future

enlargement
to
commence

possible

building

operations

with

308

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

smaller
necessary,

amonnt

of
to

capital
the

than
house

wonld in with
a

otherwise

be

and

develop
It will

perfectly logical
charming
possess

and

natural the

way.

express

ness directfor all

growth
degree
in of
no

of

the

family,
and

and

will

time be

symbolism
other
way.

meaning

which

could

attained In
any

consideration

of kind
the

planning,
interior of
some

due

thought
as

should
may
or

be

given

to

the

of

desired,
of the

this

materially
the

affect of
to

shapes

rooms,

layout
be

the the

stair-hall.

Consideration,
whether be this selected is

too,

should
in the

given

furniture,
or

already
the

owner's is built.

possession

is to

after

house If

the

first is the furniture


"

case,

and

the
govern

furniture the

is of character

good
of

design,
the

the

should

interiors should

an

appropriate
If the

architectural second dictate considered


to occupy.

ment environcase,

be of
"

created. interiors the

is the the

the of

character
the to

the

should

choice

furniture the

and

furniture

in relation As
a

architectural

setting it is
of
any

prao-

tical

detail, dimensions
should
proper
save

large

pieces
so

of he of

wallmay

furniture

be

given
in

the the

architect, plans.

that bit
a

provide
may

places

This
or a

sight fore-

expensive
In
a

alteration,
of

distressing
word
or

incongruity
architect
a

later. such of

point
as

style,

to

the

on

detail

either

possessing,
architectural and
as

ing, desirfor

set

Chippendale
insure the

dining-room
proper

furniture,

example,
The should the

will

setting. furnishings

relationship always
the be

between visualised

architecture
as

vividly
or

possible, for
the less

greater
the should

variance will

in

style

character,

harmony
It
on

house be

possess.

remembered,
furniture

in will

studying
make all

dimensions
the
rooms

the

plans,

that

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

309

seem

smaller^
room, te

and the

some

thought

should

be

given,

in

each and

possibilities of furniture
which will result. be
An

placement,
extra set

the

effects

of the of in

blueprints, others,
the with inch be
as a

indeed, might
set

well

kept
*'

apart
the

from

of

**

furniture in The each

plans,
room

location
sketched of

principal yellow
to

pieces
crayon.

being
of

scale the

one-quarter
are

an

the

foot
so

(at which
that in the

plans

drawn)
of wall for inch

should
spaces

followed,
be feet

actual

dimensions
A

would four the

known

advance. be

bureau,
an

example,
wide
on a

wide,
With should

would these

sketched

plans.

notations,
had with the

fully worked architect, who

out,
may may,

conference

be

suggest
with
a

some

better data

placement him,
in

of the find the

furniture,
How arisen
a

or

this

before

it advisable

to

make
a

few

slight alterations
has is
"

plans.
has ^what
to

often
^ ^

house there

been

built, and
our

the

lament
"

But

no

place for
no

big sofa
was

stupid
fact

tect" archithe
^ '

^and had He

thought
never

given
that

the

that
a

architect sofa."
not
a

been
many

told

there
among

existed them

big
is

has

abilities, but

he

clairvoyant.
the

Beyond relationship
we

important

question
to

of

considering
vice of
an

the

of architecture

furniture, and
on

versa,

are,

perhaps,

trespassing
will in the form

the

field

rior inteentire

decoration,
book in

which

the

subject of
series. which
to

itself, issued
to

present
in

Reverting
be that
^ '

the

provision needs,

planning
it is
well

should

made herein

for

individual lies
* '

remember the

an

important
and the

difference house In for the which the the


**

between is

ready-made

house,

specially
"

and

intelligently
there will be the

designed.
no

ready-made

house,
for the

studio
or

artist, no
There

study
will

writer,

doctor

lawyer.

310

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE for the


or

be
man

no

nursery, who finds

or

play-room,
his relaxation

and

no

workshop

in

craftsmanship

carpentry.
There the is
an

interesting
in

tendency

at

present
if

to

porate incor-

garage

the

house and lot

which, itself,
convenient
"

skilfully
small

compassed,
suburban his be
own

is

advantageous
on

in the of

house chauffeur. of

small The

the

owner,

course,

fire-hazard,
the ultra-careful features the
a

however,
man.

should

thought Among

by all but

desirable
**

plan
are

which
rear

might
or

be side
or

listed
entrance

as

reminders*'
the

following:

for

children,
coat-closet

downstairs

wash-room with
a

lavatory,

ample

(preferably
a

dow), win-

back-stairs main closets bath-room stair

(or
of the

at way

least

stair

which

joins the

part

up), laundry for)


if
"

chute, broomall,
is
a a

(easily provided
"

and

above It

large

two
even

of in

them,
the

possible.
house well

curious have
small it
a

thing
notion

that that

modern
may

people
occupy any

the

bath-room
in

left-over should features with be

space

the
as

second-floor
one

plan,
the
most

whereas

regarded
the second

of

important
as
a

of

floor, and
and

planned

room,

ample Despite

windows the

ample

floor-space.
at the
ever
**

time-honoured if his looks

jokes plans
at any

expense

of the. closets.
' '

architect, it is doubtful
The
woman

omitted

usually
she

the

closet-room feature
and
concern
"

in

plan
should

before

considers
not to to

other zeal other


or

^but

she

remember
cause

let her

in this which of
are

direction

her

overlook Whether of the

things
as a

quite

as

important.
accusation
a

not

result client

the

reiterated

feminine of
are

anent

closets, it is

fact
to

that

the

architect which
for

to-day

is

more

likely than
"

not

plan

closets

actually

nificent mag-

really large

enough

dressing-rooms,

and

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

311

often air
an

provided light,

with
the

small with dark

window.
a
*'

For is
* ^

purposes

of
means

and

closet the

window

by all
its

advance in
not

over

poke-hole,
never

contents

lost it is
than

Egyptian
fonnd size

darkness,
possible
it is well
to to

and

ventilated. closets small of


more

If

make

the
a

usual is

provide
when

store-room.

This

sometimes the the

feasible

larger

closets

would

largely disturb
In

plan. plan
should be from
no

general,

studied
room

to to
or

possess
veniently con-

good

circulation, good
located
"

access

room,

bath-rooms,
aim
one room

narrow

dark of

ways hall"

and

it should of

to

make which

the is of

most to

vistas

of

the

glimpse
or

be

had is most will

from portant imlead

another,

from the

the

hall. of

This,
the

course,

in
to
a

planning

first

floor, and

careful

consideration

of too

abruptly

mixing

ent differ-

period
An and
'' *'

styles. reception
room,*'
may
**

Adam

Jacobean

library'*
other of
a a

Georgian
rooms"

dining-room
as

all the is in

dwell, with ample danger


the roof of

period

well, beneath
but there

palatial

country
effect in

house,
such when

tressing dis-

catholicity

small

house,

which
An

is at

its best

it is consistent. of and
upon

American
'*

innovation

increasing
in
to

popularity
the

is

the

sleeping
is in
a

porch,"
called the

its

introduction his and

architect

usually making
harmonious is the
**

exercise wide

keenest

ingenuity openings
innovation sometimes
to

necessarily
part
of the
or a

unbroken Another which is

exterior.

solarium,"
than but
a

sun-parlor,

nothing
air in summer,

more

glassed-in porch, opened


made
a

the

is often
^^

distinct
a

room

in and

itself,permanently
often
an
on

solarium,"
semi-outdoor tiles
on

with

fireplace,
of

attractive the

treatment the

^Hreillage"

walls, and

floor.

312

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

Two

other in

plan-features,
the
"

however, dwelling
the
a

have
to
a

not

been of

developed
their

American the
course,

fraction

possibilities

patio and
suggests

terrace.

The
or a

patio,
very

of

moderately

large,

large

house,
houses

though
have
or

many

comparatively
built about three it.

small sides One if and

Califomian of
can a

been

garden

court,
attractive

entirely
introduction with
a

surrounding
of the
in

visualise

patio, winter,

reasonably taking
makes
the for

small, covered place of the


an

glass roof
A
a

solarium.

bly patio invaria-

interesting
rooms

plan, and
have

plan

in

which both

virtually sides,
as

all well

the
as

may

lighting
from fountain the

from

charming patio

glimpses
of
a

windows,
or a

especially
besides
In

if the

boasts

pool,

its floral

embellishment. of the
terrace
as a

speaking
reference but rather unroofed

neglected large

tunity, opporrace, termore

is not
to

made

to

the

garden

the

terrace

which

is
on

really little
the shade it is
eastern

than of
the

an

porch. always

If

placed
be in and

side the
to

house,
part
the of

it will

the if

during planned
will

latter

the

afternoon,
tall
au

adjoin
an

dining-room,
stroll

French
or

windows
a are

invite
retreat

after-dinner after-dinner
the

plein air,
Porches darkens otherwise for
of

pleasant
often

for

coffee. roof

omitted
room

because

porch
it

the be

adjoining
very

within,
to have

although
greater
or a

might

desirable of
a

provision
prospect
if it need

the

enjoyment
And while

did splenopen
sun

view,
terrace,
upon

the

garden.

the the

even

be

occupied
and

is

it, may
two
or

be

attractively

practically
or

enlivened

by
with

three
or

large umbrella-awning painted-wood


not be

canopy

tables,

wicker
It

chairs.
to enumerate

would of
a

possible
house

all

the

features

set

of

plans

which

might

prove

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

313

desirable
are

or

attractive, because
infinite
are

conditions

and The

ences prefer-

in

their

variety. rather,
of
to

foregoing
a

paragraphs
the
more

intended^
features
or

suggest
are

few
rent appa-

of

pleasing
**

plans which

not

in

ready-made*^ well, that


many

ill-designed
of these

houses,
may set

and

to

suggest
and while
In

as

features
in
a

easily
of

inexpensively they
the
are same on

be
**

incorporated
* '

plans

in

formative and

state.

manner,

with will

the
now

same

intention, presented.
it said
to

few

notes

special details
architectural
are

be

Begarding
that
we we

details, be America,
look for
too

in
too at

eral genservative; conour

inclined, in
are

be

inclined before but


we

to

much

neighbours
is

'

houses

build the

ourselves. of
a

sistency Conlittle

admirable,
may
save

expression
from inside

individuality
into

consistency
details both

degenerating
and
out most

monotony.
houses
no

In

American reflect

show

very

little The that


a

imagination,
same even

and of

specific personality.
seems

is the

true

plans. passer-by
American
are

It

unfortunate be
to

casual
average

should

able,
know modern

from

glance
how

at

the
rooms

house,

exactly

the

within is full of

arranged.

The

English
if
to

dwelling

architectural

surprises"
are

anything,
extremes

individuality
which
are

and
times some-

irregularity
not

carried

entirely desirable.
to
our

Reverting
builder if he remembers and divided of

subject in hand,
avoid
a

however,

the

pective pros-

will

certain
are

amount two

of confusion of detail
"

that

there

kinds
these

exterior

interior, and
into
two

that

both details

details

are

again
details Good
one

kinds"

of

design,

and

material.

procedure reasonably

in

deciding
with

upon

certain

details, if pictures

be

familiar

them

through

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

315

others

he
so

may

be

pleasantly
as

surprised always
attempt
builder

to

find

are

not

nearly
The detail
"

expensive

he

had

supposed.
to

following
in which

lists

cannot

include

every

every

prospective
merely
well be
to

might
form to

be
in

ested interwhich
as

^itis intended lists

show

the and

such

might
certain

prepared,
which
are

offer

reminders until
upon

details

frequently
attention the
house.

looked over-

too

late, in general
be
to

concern

and of

directed These the their into


pective pros-

the

more

aspects
or

lists,then,

may

curtailed fit his their

amplified
case
"

by

builder fixed essential and of

particular form,
or

only
details into

being
details and

division each of

exterior details The

interior,
details of

and

these

design

material.

style of the
of the

house, plan,
as

its

general

material,
are

and assumed

the

disposition
to

stated before be
seen

above,
the
upon

have

been detail

decided lists.

upon

preparation
a

of the

these

It will that

survey

of

following
consideration the other.

details of

certain and

of them

involve
one

coincident

design

material,

influencing

ExTBBioB

Details

"

^Desion

Moulded Ironwork.
Weather-yaneB Shutters. Windows:

brick,

terra-cotta,

tiles.

Exterior

ornament!

Plasterwork.
and

sun-dials.

Carving.

Chimneys
Gutters

and and and

chimney
rain-leaders.

poti.

Bays,
windows.

casements,

and

French

Screens

awnings.

Walks.
etc. its Terraces Fountains and and and

Porch,
Front

door-hood,
door and

courtyards. pools.
trellises.

hardware.

Lanterns.
Potted

Treillage bay-trees.

Flower-boxes.

Pergolas.

316

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

ExTEBioB

Details

"

^Matisbial

Moulded
Roof-tilea Thatched

brick,
and

terra-ootta,
slates. effects.

tiles.

Paint walls.

or

stein

for

trim

and

aide-

roof
face and
or

Gutters,

flashings
"

and

leaders.

Special
Texture Paint ters.

brick.

Copings
of

^terra-cotte,

stone,

slate.

color
for

stucco.
and shut-

tile.

stein

trim

Walks, Tile,

terraces,

courtyards,
cement.

brick,

flag,

Before interior value


comments. to

presenting
details of

similar and

dnal

list it
a

of

certain be of

design
the

material,
list with

might
few

amplify

above

brief

Many
even

exteriors

may

be

given
from

added the

interest

by

slight departures
effects

in detail been of

commonplace.
in brick for and such

Interesting
stucco

have the
use

obtained

houses
as

by

moulded
windows

bricks

details
or

the

divisions and

between other

(mullions),
courses. or

for

window-sills

horizontal

Moulded
**matf may

terra-cotta,

also, either red, white


introduced
or

unglazed polychrome
in in and the the

with in

surface, and
often
or

color,

be

happily lunettes,

panels,
stucco

friezes,
house.

spandrils
Here is to

especially
be such

great

interest

may any

added,

only caution
in certain about.

concentrate

embellishment

places

rather

than for of

have

it scattered
may

confusingly
be enlivened
or a

Window-heads,
introduction coloured the frieze

instance,

by
gorgeous

the

coloured
may
eaves.

terra-cotta,
be In

well

placed
some

up

in

the

shadow it may
cement

of be

overhanging
or even

instances,
to

permissible
casts in
a

commendable

introduce
or

of
wall

ornamental of of

placques,
or

cartouches
not

bas-reliefs
a

stucco,whether
brick work.
are

there derived

is also from

certain

amount
or

Houses the
most

Spanish
for such

Italian

types

appropriate

embellishment.

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

317

Tiles structural each


most

are

of and
may

several tiles

kinds, broadly
decorative. of the tile
uses

divided
the

into

tiles

Despite
of the the used the

division,
The tile

kind

partake
structural
quarry

other. red

familiar
**

is

square

(called square).
for the such
in

tile,'* from
is

French
as sun-rooms a

carre,

This

tile

usually

seen

flooring
and

terraces,

court-yards,
other

roof-gardens,
uses

like, though
as

effective

have

"been

evolved,
inlaid

quarry-tile
walls
to

window break

sills,or
the

quarry-tiles
of

stucco

monotony

uniform

surface. Decorative varieties


of
are

tiles, of which
made

great
find
stucco

many
an

fascinating equal variety Spanish


its the
sive exten-

to-day,
uses

may

equally

fascinating

in

houses.

architecture,
use

especially, is characterised tiles,which


one

by
in

of

decorative

bespeak,

ings buildof
the

of Moorish

old

Castile,

of

the

most

conspicuous

influences. iron
to

Exterior

work

is of
on a

to

be

considered
stone
or

as

priate appro-

only place
an

houses

brick,
wooden

stucco.

To

iron

railing

house

is

obviously

incongruous. Many peculiarly interesting


effects
may

be
at

obtained
tively compara-

by the judicious
small

introduction

of iron iron

work,

expense.
one

Delicate of the
as

railings and
features

iron of

grilles form Spanish though


has also

most

charming
as

architecture,
to
a

well

of Italian

architecture,
architecture which adds

lesser

extent.

Brick

Georgian
iron work

an

associated
to

type
in this

of

remarkably Thought
into house
"

design

style.
and sun-dials the

of
a

weather-vanes
at of
**

(built

tically ver-

wall) suggest
it is

once

English

country
of such

and

by virtue

the

introduction

seemingly

inconsequential

architectural

incidents'*

318

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

that

the

English
much of

country
that

house, both
of
to the

early and picturesque

modem,
which

attains
we

quality (in vain)

sometimes The

seek of

emulate.

design

shutters
of any

is of of the

special importance
* '

in
' '

modem

adaptations
of

American

Colonial
houses

types
solid

dwelling.
for the
or

The

earliest

American for
as a

had

shutters

all their

windows,
later,
first

actual
sort

tion protecing survivhad


or

against
custom

Indians,

and the
upper

of

habit, only
while Certain
cut to

floor

windows had
none,

solid

shutters,
ones.

the

windows
were

lighter
for
the

designs
in

used

as

patterns
and these there monds, dialocal little

apertures

the

solid

shutters,

varied
were

according

locality and hearts,


clubs.
acorns, In

period.
trees,

Notably shields,
house there of is

half-moons,
spades
and

the

simple

stone,

or

of

white-painted
for

clapboards,

opportunity
have

interesting

detail, and

charming
of
a

effects

been and

obtained
resource

by the application
in

little old

ity ingenu-

the

revival

of
and

these

shutters,

with Of the
**

their window

quaint

hinges,
there

stops

latches.
to be

design
is too

is much
as
a

said
to

"

^indeed
as
a

question

important,

whole,
may

class

detail."
as

Bay-windows,
details,
In
as

however,
well
the
as

properly
and
or

be

regarded
windows. windows

casement

French
of
more

general,
be

grouping
on

massing
of

is

to

recommended,
exterior

grounds
well
seem as

pleasing
Three
more

appearance,

as

interior.
to

windows

together,
to create
same an

furthermore, impression
three windows

admit
space

light, and
a room

of

greater separated

in

than

the

by

wall-space.
The
in many

story

of

the

casement

window has

has

been after
one

written
years

magazine

articles, and
a

become,
familiar

of

misunderstanding,

reasonably

to

the

lND ,"HED

wENnows UWKJ.i.lNG

r,i\E

chakactkr

to

THE

TWO

TYPICAL

EXAMPLES

OF

THE

MODERN

ENGI

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

319

prospective
window,
most

builder. whether of

No of

one

can or

deny metal,
It

that is

the

ment case-

wood

by far
one

the of the
dows, win-

picturesque
most

all windows.

is, in fact,

the
charm

important
of the

single details
country
little but
more even

contributory
Casement
to

to

English
are a

house.

perhaps,
double

difficult this unit

clean

than

hung

windows,
is
overcome

comparatively
is

slight objection
an

if each limit. Not

kept

within

eighteen-inch
but
a

width

only

for

practical
desirable
to

reasons, to
mass

in

point

of
of

design
small

it is far
casement to

more

number

units
to

fill each

large
casement

window

opening,

than

attempt
wide.
casement

make

awkwardly
use

large and
of the

The been
casement

and

popularity by
and

windows

has of

largely

increased

yearly

improvement
in that
no

hardware,
casements.

by the
Suffice

manufacture it to
say

ica Amerone

of metal the

of

objections
should

commonly'put
be

forward
as

against by

casement

windows

regarded
them of will
a

valid
a

anyone

who

really wishes
The in

to

install

in

house.

introduction

French be
sense

windows,
to

which
a

are,

fact, glass doors,


of

found
of

add

noticeable
to any

degree
room,

light and

spaciousness
access

besides
terraces.

affording
French

convenient
may

to

porches perfectly
'*

and
secure

windows with
or

be

made

by
from

equipment
a

"Cremorne

bolts,
as
a

which

operate
metal of the The

knob lock

handle into

(placed
in

door-knob)
head

rods

which

pockets

the

sill and

window-opening. porch,
in of
course, and

should the
or

be

very

carefully
builder
upon to

sidered con-

detail,
much

prospective
observation
doors in

cannot

direct kinds

too

study
and he

various determine-

of

porches
what

front wishes.

order

exactly

type

Certain

styles of house

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

321

often

feature

of the and

'modernist^ often
one

houses

of the
most

ican Amer-

Middle details. unhistorical

West, Here,
and

of their motifs while


are

attractive

however,

the

intentionally
more tive conservaa

unprecedented,
are

possibilities
of modern
A very

to

be

discovered

through

study

English important
which There and itself. which this be is
no

work. detail make endless


or

of
mar

exterior the

design
whole

is

the

chimney,
aspect.

may
are

exterior

possibilities for
of
sure,

picturesque
material
a

proportion
the house

detail, regardless
A

the is
a

of

chimney, nothing
why
to of
any
more

to be

utilitarian

feature

is

than

smoke-stack,
treatment

though
should

reason

its architectural level of has


may
' *

keyed

down

the

the its

commonplace.
characteristic made

Every
type
of

historic

type
and
*'

building chimney

chimney,
The

be

highly
in all

interesting. English
intended the

chimney-pots,
from the of

so

familiar

buildings,
to

are,

practical point of view,


each the flue chance effect

aid

the and

drafts

by
of
an

narrowing
downward

top aperture
of wind
"

lessening
which

gusts

^besides the

they
blunt and

agreeable

termination In

to

otherwise

chimney-top.
rain-leaders,
these with
was

considering
of

gutters
has
as

little

expression
of

design

characterised

fittings
those of
on

the

American Much metal

house

compared

England.
architectural

interesting work,
from
' *

design especially
late

lavished

in and

lead,

in

the

English
times

country

house The

Tudor
^ '

Elizabethan
two
or

pnward.

leader-head,
one

where
were

more

gutters

converged
detailed
reason,

into

rain-pipe,
ornament,

often
or

very

elaborately
devices. One

with
no

dates has
our

heraldic

doubt,

which in

discouraged
own

great

elaboration

of

leader-heads

country

322

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

houses,
zinc like
or

is

the

fact

that
are

these

are

ordinarily
not

made

of

painted heavy

tin, and
lead work

consequently
of

permanent

the The

England.
will find it well of
to

prospective
consideration
at
an

builder
to

devote and

little

the of

question
his house

screens

awnings

early avoiding
of

stage
later

design,
and
to

by this
later

forethought
introduction

complications,
which will fail

equipment
the that

conform is

harmoniously
necessary to

with
say

entire
every

building.
door and

It window

hardly
in the

house

should

be terraces

screened.
and

Walks,

court-yards
in
as

might
of

all and

be

sidered con-

together,
In house Even front
a

both

questions
these

design English

rial. mate-

such

details excels

the

country
house.
to

usually
short

the

American
from
a
a

country
entrance

paved
may

walk made

street

the

door

be been

charming
and

and
as

interesting
a

detail, if it has
the house.

studied

treated

part

of

Although
under architect's will for
do

fountains the head of of the

and

pools

may

come

more

erly prop-

garden

design
the

than

under

the

part
to

work,
the

prospective
in advice. this

builder

well will be it

consult
much

architect

connection,
If
or
a

he

receive

excellent

pool
of
a

or

fountain

part

of be

the

design
as

of
a

patio,
part
of

race, ter-

should and
are

regarded

the

house Most

design,
architects

definitely referred
the
a

to

the this be

architect. kind of

best

judges

of

garden
in the and
were

detail, and
architect's
more

if

pool, for
it will
to

example, naturally
the house

included
a

design,

have than

closer if it'
*

effective
out

relation

carried
In

later

by another
of

designer. house,
or

'^

the

design

the

stucco

of

the

%liitemay

painted

clapboard

house,

treillage and

trellises

be

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

323

made

highly

significant part
and attain
as a

of

the

scheme,

adding
even

detail, colour
before vines

interest

to

bare

wall-surfaces, Treillage,
has in
a

effective decorative

growth.

garded re-

purely recently
come

device,
appreciated
with

but this number


very

very
try, coun-

to

be

properly

although
admirable

the

writer

is familiar

of tively effec-

examples, employed.

skilfully designed Many houses,

and

too, have
if

been these

quite
have leaves

transformed been and and

by
for
cover

flower-boxes,

especially
or

provided
tendrils

trailing plants large


wall

vines, whose

spaces.

Flower-boxes for detail houses

curiously

shaped
formed

jardinieres,
a

intended

trailing
in of the the

plants, have designs


Middle The several
are

very

conspicuous

of West above

many

of the

the Pacific

^'modernist" Coast.

and

paragraphs,
listed
* *

taking
Exterior
in

up

individually
of

the
' '

details

as

Details what
manner

Design,
the the

intended

only

to

suggest
most

pective pros-

builder

may

effectively design.
in be such

study

sidiary sub-

parts
would
the

of

his than
must

house useless

Rules,

obviously,
where

be best

worse

matters,

procedure

always
cost is

dictated

by personal
and if the tect's archithe
to

fancy, stylistic suitability, advice, prospective


notice and in and and
a

limitation

service will feel and he of


to

performed

only

builder
observe

impelled
similar

intelligently
in

these which

details

pictures

houses

with

is familiar.

Among

exterior of choice

details relative

material,
roof

there

will

arise

questions
moulded

-tiles and

roof-slates,
tiles. of
or

brick,
roof

terra-cotta

and

structural

If

shingle
asbestos there

is called

for, the
be
a

several

types
"

fireproof perhaps
in
more
an

shingles
may

should for

investigated shingle
roof will be

be

desire

devised found

effect

of

thatch.

This, of

course,

324

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

expensive recognized
One
on

than
at

plain
start.

shingle

roof, and

should

be

so

the

of

the

most

important
of material
to

selections
may

and relative
many

decisions
to

exterior of

detail

be The

the

kind of

**f ace-brick**
''

be

used. of

varieties colours and and self himor

special
are

texture" at

bricks,
various will
as

special
per to

shapes,
the

quoted

prices
do in the well
an

thousand,
familiarise

prospective
with them

builder either

used in the

actual architect's is

house,

by
It

comparison might
be

from remembered of his


a

samples
that

office.

architect
to

always

able,

by virtue
to

specifications,
section and of The of the

require
**on to

the

contractor

lay

up
on

small

wall
owner

approval,*'
insure such and

to

be

passed

by himself
as

cific spe-

details of
to

colour

mortar,
entire

and

width

nature

mortar be built
same

joints.
in strict is
or

house,
with

then, is specified sample.

accordance of
a

this

The hollow the which


owner's

true
on

stucco, whether
wall
one

applied
wire and lath. of

on

tile wall

frame be

with colour

Here

detail
may

question
be and

will

of

texture,
with it doubt the is
or

obtained architect's

to

conform

exactly

requirements,
house itself.

before If any builder's


or

applied

to

any

part
exists

of the in the the

uncertainty
either
as

prospective
he
a

mind,
the
tractor's con-

regards ability
to

effect

wishes,

produce
are

specific effect
insured

he

has

in

mind,
this
means

exact

results of

most

certainly
and

through by

expedient
of In the
a

experiment
of

demonstration wall.

small house
or

section of

^'specimen"
or

brick,

stone

stucco, the
in
are

question
with

of the

painting
trim and in

staining

arises
as

only
these colour

connection the

shutters,
design,
attention.

but

only wooden
receive of slate the
or

details
most

the

their If

should is not

careful

the

roof

jf

mudvl

villtxcs

uid

APPLICATION

OF

ARCHITECTURE UTILITARIAN CHARACTER


u

TO

BllLDIKGS

OF

STRICTLY

arem

here

that

"uch

buildings bBRUly
as

thii
n

power-houH
of

may

b"

made

ediBcee

of

dinin"

well

practieal

utility

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

325

tile, there
it is intended dark black. The is
a

will
to

be

the

question shingles
to
a

of

shingle
to

stain, unless
silver
grey,

let the

weather

grey

and

finally

colour

nearly

approaching

material for

for

gutters, flashings and


at
an

rain-leaders

point

consideration
^s

early

stage

of

the

prospective
tin is the

builder least

study

of and

detail. also

Heavily
the iron least
possess

painted
durable.
more

expensive,
tin
or

Zinc, galvanised durability, material, replacement


of
at very
or

galvanised
cost. but

little

greater

Copper likely
to

is last

the

ideal

expensive,

without The
use

repair,
lead
as

as

long

as

the

house. metal

heavy

sheet

for in

these

necessary

trimmings
rare are

of every

house,
In

England,
entire

is

exceedingly
of lead

in this often
hibitively pro-

country.
seen
"

Europe,
means an

roofs

^by all

enduring
all

material,
uses.

though

expensive
If brick detail several
"

for of

ordinary
a

the
or

house

is

such
or

character which
up

that

there

are

stone

gable ends, again

walls

require
the form

coping,
of and the tile

of

material

comes

in

possibilities of terra-cotta, usually


in

stone, slate

^the choice used

dictated itself. and for

by style and

by the

rials mate-

the

house

Brick,
themselves of walks here
a
or

tile,
as

cement

irregular
choice in and of

flag-stones
the

offer

materials

construction and be of the

the the factor


will

paving
general
in be

of terraces character

court-yards,
the house this
'^

again,

may

distinct

the found

selection,
very

and

detail
to

material*'

closely

related

question
After other
to may

of
a

design.
tabulation of the and

study
and the
to

of of

these, and
as

many

details, both
exterior of

design

material

related builder
to

the

house, ready

prospective
his

consider

himself

direct

attention

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

327

advertising,
and

it

contains

wealth

of
as

valuable

mation infordata for

instruction,

offering,

well,

comparison* And,
on

having

studied

all such

catalogues
and

and

booklets the
pective pros-

various

building
builder has

materials
at

equipment,
the benefit

his and able

service actual
to may

of of

the his

professional
architect,
which of who the

knowledge
will several be

experience
and best
or

advise be

recommend
most
nomically eco-

details in

incorporated
house. The
entrance

the

specifications

of

the

vestibule

and in

entrance

hall
or

may,

haps, per-

have studied this


to

been the
as a

duly

studied
are

the
"

plans,
^it is it may

left

to

be in

when

plans
**detair*
to

drawn because

spoken
be

of

chapter

intended

floor of

it with
coat

tile,or
closet
or

devise

some

special arrangement
connection with with it.

lavatory
be

in

The has and

entrance

hall, too, might


been used
success.

floored

tile,which
purpose,

recently
with The

considerably

for

this

admirable

stairway
for
success

will the

usually
amateur

prove

to

be

the
and

most

cult diffino

problem
very

planner,
attend least

while

great
a

will for

probably
it, it is at
and

his well

efforts
for him
to

at

making
have

drawing
some

to the

devoted

thought

observation

subject. ''Special
among

rooms,*'

while

not

strictly

to

be

classed

details, nevertheless
and

involve in the

special considerations
matter

special equipment

of

hardware
This
any
room

lighting fixtures, mantel-pieces


particularly
which
true of

and
rooms,

the
or

like. of

is

''period'*
a

departs

from

"typical**

character.

328

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

It

should
are

be

apparent
of

that detail

fireplaces
upon

and

pieces mantelthe
pective pros-

questions
should

which

builder

have

fairly definite
of the actual and
to

ideas.
mason

The

fireplace
will involve
to

itself, consisting
considerations kind of fuel
may
or

work,
ing accord;

of width is
not

depth,
be used

the

which
may

likely
for

and

its and will The the of

construction

call

stock

throats

ash-dumps
be found
to

of be

cast-iron.

The

architect, however,
on

fully informed
is the

these

points.
frame for

mantel-piece, fireplace, is design


extent,
and and

which
to

architectural considered
as

be

dually
each

question
to to
some some

material,
the the of whole

influencing being
or

the

other

design style

influenced of

degree
as

by
as

general
the
room

character
any

the

house

well

in which

given

mantel-piece

is to be At

constructed. this
"

point might
either is
so

come

some

consideration
or

of

the

furniture after
may

already built, and

owned,
while carried scale the

to

be

acquired placement
can

the
not

house be

study
out
as

of it

accurately

be

on

the least
rooms

working
take
to

quarter^nch
the form of
a

blueprints,
up

it may various While also

at

list, made
listed

of

the

be is

furnished, being
as

each

separately.
rugs

furniture

thus
as

itemised,
any

might

be
or

thought important
better be
are

of,

well

large family
proper

portraits
may

paintings,
made in

since

provision drawings.

thus the

the

working
it is in
a an

While
to

plans
two

being
for there them in of

drawn,

easy

matter

place
each
space

doors,
that

example,
will be

such

relationship

with

other between the space

perfectly
to

proportioned large
an

which the
a

hang
is

painting.

If the

placement
will either

painting permanently

afterthought,

be

inharmouioue

setting

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

329

for

the

painting,

or

its alteration
on

to

fit will
or

necessitate

troublesome

changes
in the actual

the

drawings

expensive

changes

building. suggested
the attention
to

Pursuing
of doors
next

the

list of

details, the
of the

question

engages

prospective
or

builder, and
doors that
are

it will which

be will

well be

list the

bed-room

room bathknow which is


an

full mirror

doors, and
in stock mirror

to

these

may
means

be

had, ready expensive.


for the small

made,
The
room

sizes door

by

no

excellent the
space

adjunct
of of
a

especially, saving
increasing
the
parent ap-

cheval the
room.

glass, besides
And
even no

size without inside


a

guest-room

should
on

be
the

mirror
a

door,
door. of

if the

glass be placed

of

closet

Another
most

type

mirror

door
no means

is of

familiar

use

in for door

modem
uses

hotels, but
in
a

by

inappropriate
"

certain divided

private
panes

dwelling

the

mirror called

into This

small

(the divisions
door may

^'mun-

tins*^.
used

type

of mirror with clear

be

very

cleverly
are a

in connection into where the


upon to
a

glass doors
Let
us

which

also

divided
room,

small

panes.

suppose

diningglass,
similar
are

pair of small-paned
room a

doors,

of clear other There


as

separate
doors other door of

from

the
or

hall, and

give

porch

sun-parlor.
as

still

doors,
to

closets, perhaps,
Here similar door of door mirrors detail

well
may

the used

service

the

kitchen.

be

instead
panes

clear

glass, the
a

of

the

small for

fecting efwhole

harmonious

equipment
is not
to

the

room.

This
must

type
detailed would doors

be

had

ready-made,,
not
**

but

be

by the architect, and, if necessarily throughout


or

thought
extra.'* of

of in For

advance,
the other

constitute
the

an a

house,

variety

excellently built

**stoQk''

ready-made

doors

wilj b^

330

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

found the

"

the

merit

of their which

design
has

increasing
all
^'

yearly, with
stock" ing build-

same

advance

marked

equipment,
While also
come

including
the

furniture. of and if

studying
under

question

doors, windows thought


any,

will be

consideration,
which
"

should be of

given
**

regarding
nature

windows,
casement

will French

special"
or

as

windows,
panes,
or

dows, win-

windows
panes, or,

with in

leaded

small

diamondwhich is
a

shaped

fact, any
regular
and

type
stock

of

window

departure
the

from

the

double-hung factory."
whether

window,

product
Wood

of the

**sash
in any

blind

panelling
should and list, the

of the be

rooms,

simple
* *

or

elaborate,
detail
' '

obviously
should be

included
up

in the with the

rior inte-

taken and

tect archifor the

early
house.

in

plan-drawing
is
an

estimating
detail

While
expense
so

panelling
than
as

interior

involving
no

greater
means

the

plain plaster-finish, it is by prospective


and builders

expensive

many
rooms

pose, sup-

especially in small
The

hallways.
been

English
in with

type

of

figured plaster ceiling has


and
use

increasing together plaster


effective excellent

popularity
the

in

this

country,
or a

and,

figured

plaster
prove

frieze,
an

figured
and Some
in

beam-treatment,
detail in certain

may
rooms

important
house.

of
are

the

figured plaster ceilings accurately


cases

obtainable

stock while

designs
in
to

based architect

on

fine will

historic

models,
a

other
meet

the

design

special ceiling

special

requirements.
and other

With

these,
with the

points

of

detail

listed

for of

cussion discost

architect, and
the

for

investigation
builder
may

and

practicality,
interior the of matter

prospective
of

make

his

list of In

details of

equipment
he will find
on a

hardware,
**

remarkable the

variety

really good

stock"

designs

market.

PLANS

AND

DETAILS able
are case

331

and

these

designs

he

will

be

to

study

in
to

elaborately
architects,

illustrated and he will

catalogues
be able in his

which
every

supplied
to
secure

samples

on

approval cheap,
the and

through cheap

architect. is not
to

Good

hardware
so
a

is not for

hardware builder
as

good,
as

it is well
^^

prospective

make

liberal lower

hardware

appropriation^^ cheap
medium"
in

possible.
be dear
at

The
any

grades

of

hardware and the

would

price, while
may

**high
be
a garded re-

**high" light
of

grades
an

of

hardware

investment,
to

giving
besides

manent per-

additional far

value in

the

house,

giving

greater
The
same

satisfaction facts
are

utility and
of the

appearance.

true
mar

lighting
effect of

fixtures, which,
of
^ '

if

poorly

chosen,
interior.
as

may

an

otherwise
' '

pleasing fixtures,
advance last
ten

And
as

in the of
'*

field

stock

lighting
a

well

stock" has

hardware,
been made of
**

great
in the

in

meritorious
so

design
the fixture

years,
or

that

consideration is

special"
met

hardware with.

lighting

exceedingly

rarely

Plumbing
which
even

fixtures the than *4ower the the

are

made

in

several
are

grades,
ably considerago,

of

medium" best best for of

to-day twenty
years

better

and
to

of be

which,
regarded
is

however,
as

grades
installation

to-day

are

not

too

good
with

in the

house There

which is
an

being

built

ample
items

expenditure.
now

excellent

variety
and of the

in the its home

offered
in the it

for

bath-room
and of
venience con-

equipment,

importance
should

comfort
a

make of any

detail whether

prime large
dr

importance
or

in the Kitchen in
on

planning
and

house,
the

small.

laundry
of

equipment,

whether should

not

entirely
its
a

the the

province

architect,

have involve

place
certain

preliminary
which

detail should

list,as
be

it will

expenditure

approxi-

332

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OP

ARCHITECTURE

mately

established
for of of

in

advance/ and

The

aim is
' '

of

modem the

equipment
development
a

kitchen
* *

laundry efficiency,
as

toward

household

and

comprises
as

variety
**

electrical
cabinets" and be be
other

inventions,
and devices in the and the for

well

labourartificiat
"

saving

kitchen

like, and
the

drying
which,

closets if
one

laundry

all of detail

thorough

compilation duly listed.


taken
up

of

lists,may
with
cannot

well
not

investigated
least

Last, but

(and

usually
is the

very

ously seriwhich

the

architect),
too
or

heating
or

system,

receive it makes

much

thought
the this the

careful of

attention,
the

since house.

destroys

comfort

whole be

Special
to
seem

study,
and
to

in
to

connection, heating
difficulties
two
room or
"

should
any
rooms rooms

given
which
over

exposures

of

likely
or

present

built of the kind


open every the

porches,
are

in

wings
walls. if
to

where

three of this

walls should

outside

Every possible,

be

provided,

with

an

ample
and avoid

fireplace in addition possible


'*

the

general
be has
as

heating,
to

precaution
cold"
room

should which
"

taken
so

always
a

greatly
many
a

distressed

many

householder roof. be

and,

well,

guest

neath be-

his It should

remembered,
some

however,
abnormal be

that

it is

always
that

possible
the and best

to

encounter
can

condition, expected
of

and

which is

reasonably thorough
and

architect

builder of
every out

conscientious involved in

tion considera-

knowable

point

specifying,

laying
It

and be

installing the heating


found
upon
are as was

system. acquaintance
involved that with
graph para-

will of
of

study
often

and

details
details

material

inseparably
in and
a

design,
to

suggested

foregoing
the
same

relating
of
many

mantel-pieces,
as

is true

other

details

well.

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

333

Floors, however,
rather than of

involve and

consideration
it will this be be well of his

of for

material the
pective pros-

design,
to

builder from the

acquire

part
in
a

information
to

architect, who
and

will various

position
Not

present
are

samples
there for

data kinds each


use

on

woods.

only
as

several

of wood kind in

ordinarily
in of

used

material

floors, but
for

is marketed kinds be

varying

grades,
The

intended architect's
on on

different should

buildings.

specification
the

absolutely
be

definite

this
cost

point, and
and As

client

should of the of

given
of

his

choice,

durability
in most
and may

basis,

kind

flooring he

will is be

buy.

questions
well
prove

detail, specific advice misleading.


It should

dangerous, remembered,

however,
in to any

that

floors
are

are an

an

exceedingly
unwise tion direcbe

important
in
necessary.

detail which

house, and
economy,

practise

if economy

Woods

for

general

interior the

trim like
"

"

door
a

and

window for such


a

frames,

base-boards

and

form

subject
of

special
native

study
American

in

themselves. woods
as

Distributors
cypress,

red

gum,

pine, fir, interesting


are

California booklets forth the for

redwood,
the

etc., have

prepared
wherein

prospective properties
interior

builder,
of
"

set
monly com-

various for
as

the

several

woods

used

finish various
to

their
ways

possibilities and
in which the

limitations,
be stained
or

well

as

they
of

may

and
may

finished
prove

preserve
as
a

effect for

the
or

grain,
enamel.

suitable

base

paint

Information

derived and his if value

from
to

such

sources

will

prove

of

great interest
has last

the

prospective
to go to
as

builder, who
a

always
resort,
in the

architect
too

to

whom has In

court

of
fusion con-

much of

data choice.

led any

mental the

matter

case,

pros-

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

336

as

indefensible
work
"

as

the
old look

once

popular
of

practice painting

of

painting

brick We

the
not
once

deception
far
to

wood-grains.
ples exam' '

need

find

still in existence
art to

of this which
a

highly

esteemed

of

* *

graining,
in
a

by

dexterous kind of

painter
artistic
your

(taught

excel

this few

ticular parful skil-

knavery)
soft oak
a

could, with
door
as

strokes,
and

make

pine
or

of

strangely
walnut
"

wonderfully

figured
and this

Circassian forever. the

thing of monstrosity by
with
or

crime

Encouraged painters
on

their

success

in

direction,
rare

(often plaster
But
we

misguided

skill) fabricated
these for from the
**

marbles

wood,
not

quarrying
blame them
even

their

paint-pails.
of

must

them,
to

architects^'

that
we

time
are

allowed
to suppose,

do

these

horrible them.
recent

things, and,

encouraged
finish of
' '

An so-called finished''

interior
**

development
for
use on

is
**

the

plaster-paint, plaster
walls exist
are

intended
no

sandto

where
in many

wall-paper

is

be

hung.

The

finishes

varieties, and
acceptance
of

in harmonious in the
pective pros-

colours, and
interiors
of the

finding wide
homes

American should

to-day.
of

The

builder
are

decide and with

which what

his

rooms, and

if any, should All

to

be

papered,

paper,

make such

similar

decisions

regarding
and

plaster-paints.
resolved of
at

questions
will

duly

studied the

the the

ning beginpletely com-

increase

certainty

securing

satisfactory
The that
or

house.
to

writer

wishes of

repeat
and

an

earlier

statement

the

questions
mentioned taken
every
as

plan
in the

detail

briefly discussed paragraphs


any
sense are prising com-

merely
to

foregoing
a

not

be

constituting
of detail house. and

list in

point
of

whichSuch

will
a

arise

in

the

contemplation
would be both

every

list,obviously,
It has been

involved

dangerous.

336

THE

PRACTICAL

BOOK

OF

ARCHITECTURE

the

intention,
on

rather^
part
of

to

outline

plan

of

systematie
"

thought

the

the
to

prospective perform
and
a

builder
the

matic systevice ser-

thought
of observation much

designed
his detail
as

valuable his

defining
of

ideas in

directing
way to
as

personal
as

such

to

eliminate for

oversight
in

possible,
preliminary

and

make

greater
the

effectiveness architect.

conferences

with

Everyone problem conformity


or

about
is

to

build

house

is confronted

by

which with

personal

and and

individual,
observances

despite
of
mon com-

its

certain

rules

general
writer
' '

application.
has the
to

The
* ^

always
part

considered of the

as

distinctly
* *

dangerous

greater

definite in
no

advice and

' '

usually magazine
allowed of
every

offered

prospective
the
reason

builders,
that arise be

books latitude

articles, for
for

is

special conditions project.


outline
may do
a

which It should method


own

in

the

course as

building
value builder
to

regarded
each

of

greater

by

which

pective pros-

his
and him

thinking,
his
own

sharpen

his

own

observation,
than
to

widen

define with
a

knowledge,
dictum follow

rather

present
which
to

general
to

sibly (posblindly

applicable)
and An without
ounce

he

is directed

regard
of

specific individual understanding


of
and

conditions.

personal
a

intelligent
it is with builder

thought
this should He

is worth
in

ton

arbitrary
every

rule, and prospective

conviction

mind
his

that

approach
should
are

problem.
when

know best

his

own

preference
should
when

and

ment judgby
the

his of

guidance,
he
has

and

know,
he

exercise
turn

what

learned,

had advice

better and

toward

experienced

professional

judgment.
It

has

been

the

consistent

intention

of

this

book

to

PLANS

AND

DETAILS

337

treat
to

of

the it make

subject
from it the

of

architecture reahn in of

in

practical
and vital A will

way

"

remove

mystery respect,
one a

technicality,
and esting inter-

and

to

seem,

every
every

part
with doors

of

the

life

of

of

us.

familiarity
open many

architecture,
of which

even

if will

it

be

slight,
that

interest,
is

and

enrich
known

intellectual liberal

ment equipeducation.

generally
any

as

Whether

or

not

individual

contemplates advisory
connection architecture back the of into

building,
with

or

assuming building
open

any

responsible
let him

any

project,
its

look

upon

as

an

book,

chapters being
upon

stretching
written the efforts in

the and

past,
its and

its future

development dependent
an

present,
our

architects,
and

upon

ever-increasing
the

understanding
the

tion apprecia-

on

part

of

public. requiris
.
. .

**8i

monumentum

cirtMmspice/'

INDEX
Architrave, Abaciu, Adam, 74,
76
R. and "Art

74-76

Nouveau,"
206

21,

103,

199,

202,

Brothers, 86,
in modem of 284 286

J., 22,
178

84,

203-206,

87,

90,

140,

142,
217

Assyria,
Atrium, Atterbury,
Attributes.
"

architecture
of

of, 32-33
architecture

hotel,

summary 277 36

of, 44

Adaptability,
of of of

materials,

wood, stucco,

Grosvenor,
81, End."
83 136 111

147

rough-dressed
of 327

stone,

296

Audley

Advertisings
326
"

building
161,

products,
163,
336

Austin

Hall,

Availability, misleading,
304-306, 226,
of of

local,
293

279

Advice,"
233,

bricks, rough
322

23"-236,
63

stone,

297

Alberti,
American

Awnings,
Architecture, Colonial, Axis, 96,

97

etc., Amiens,
'"

173,

202

B Cathedral
191 189

of,

66

AndalusU,"

Bagatelle,
Baillie-Scott, 69,
Bar

Chateau
146 199 78-81 63 310-311 331

de,

82

Anglo-Pennsylvania,
Anne, 84,

Queen,
140 76

style,

so-called,

Harbor,
70,

Baroque, Bartolommeo, house,


48 Roman
use

Annulets, Apartment

the,

218-220

Bath-room,

Apse,
Arch,

42, 30,

equipment,
of, 41; 48;
use

37,

77;

Bay-trees,
Beaux

formal,
French

320

Byzantine,
44; 62; 66,
66

recessed,
Gothic

ian, Assyrman, Nor-

Arts,
des,
outline

Ecole
84

Nationale

pointed,

81,

82,
94-96

Renaissance,

of,

64,

of,

teachings
the, without, 227;
232-233

of, 96-98

Architect,

proceeding

detail,
influence

98-100

of, 101-107
of,
102-106 168-169

employment
selection architectural 240 selection

of, 233 of,


239

examples
aims
239-

of, 97-111,
of Grand 221

partnerships,
of,
for 241 242

facade

Central

R.

R.

Terminal,

public

ings, build-

Bellevue-Stratford, Bidlake,
Bids,
146

(see
272

Hotel)

etc.,
"

specialists,"
of,
et

269-261,
167

status 244

and 264

dealings
work,
246-247

with,

"

Biltmore/'
Chateau

seq.,
on

Blois, with^

de,
267

67

time

spent
rorms

Blue-prints,
Boston Public

l^gal
Architect, Architecture,

of

agreement

Library,
of, 171
169 136

160

264-267 the

courtyard
landscape,
definition 270

Bramante, 16-16;
ciation appre-

63,

of, 17-19;

''Bramhall," Brick,

understanding
of,
19; 24;

of,

Egyptian,
32-33
use

30,

44

evolution

in,

20; 24;

Assyrian, Byzantine,
German in

expressive,
structure, of

appropriate,
mass,

of, 46
use

detail,
28

28;

types

Gothic,

of,

69

building,

Romanesque,

revival,
839

112

340

INDEX

Brick,

English,

domestic

use

of" 136
289-^90

Centennial,

Philadelphia,
161 in

106

"Harvard/'

180-181, 184,

Century
Character,
in

Club, brick,
296

burnt,

180-181 290 213

materials, 292;
in

275-277

early American, patterns


^
on

rough

stone, 254,
257

blank

mils,

special," 291-293 building in, 288-294


painted,
288,
291

Charges,
Chartres, ChAteaux,
French

246-246,
Cathedral

248-249, of, 56 57;

Blois,

Langeais,
67

67

pattern
moulded, colour,
house 293

in, 290
316-322

Renaissance,

291, of,

292

de Bagatelle, 82 166; adapted,

life,
51

166-167,
216

cost,

etc,

276,

281

172;

in

modem

hotel,

Chimeras,
324 324

Gothic,

60,

samples,
face, texture,

321 Chimney-pots, Chimneys, design 323 68

290-292, hall, 03,


169

Chinese, Church,

influence

of, 321 of, 23, 79, 142


40;
St.

Bruges, Bryn

town

early
Mark's,
45;

Christian,
40;

Brunelleschi,
Mawr

Byzantine,
47; Norman,
64

41,
62

College,
Charles, 198,
200-202

122 of S.

Gk)thic,
68 della

Bulfinch,

177-178

Malines,
Maria

Bungalow,

Salute, 109;
St.

Burgos,
Buttress,

Cathedral
Earl

of, 67
of,
137 129

Trinity Square,
113

(Newport),
(Boston), 113;

179;

ity Trin-

BurUngton,
48,

140-141

Madison

49,

Joseph's,
Los
geles, An-

flying, 30, 48, 67, Architecture, Byzantine,


summary conflict of with

etc., 38-44 44 architecture,


Gothic
in

First,

Christ

Scientist,
New

113;

England
can Ameri-

lUly,

61

type,
"Gloria Cincinnati
111

179-180;

early
179-180,
187 of

"Revival,"

106-114

village,
Dei,"
Chamber

230;

Commerce,

Ca'd'Oro, Cambridge, Companwe,

Palazso 122 211

della, 61

City house,
modem 210

208-210

developments
176, 281,
285

of,

209-

Capitals,
49;
76

Byzantine,
74;

41,

46; 76;

Gothie,
ian, Corinth-

Clap-boards,
Classic

Doric,

Ionic, of, 96,


190

ideal,
105 and

origin

of, 34,

36,

73-

Caracalla, Carolinas, Cartouche,

Baths

160

nature in

meaning
85

of, 73

The,
99,
Flemish

England,
310,
311 Gothic

103

Closets, Renaissance, 326, 327;


334 67

Caryatid,
Com,
172

Collegiate College of
122

(see

Gothic)
of New

the

Cily

York,

Catalogues,
331;

etc.,

ware, hard-

woods,

333,

Colonial, 47; 56;


NOtre

Georgian,
of

173-183; Dutch,

Dutch,
180-187

Cathedral, Durham,
Rheims,

typical
52; 56; 56;

plan,

etc.,

183"187

Chartres,

adaptability
Southern, 193-196,
"

Amiens,
59;

56;

190-19?;

Spanish,
108,
196

2857318
88-89,

Dame, Milan, Mark's,

Burgos,
St.

Toledo, 69;

59;
St.

Colonnade

Row,"
77

101;
107

PauFs,

Colosseum, Colour,

Ceilings,
138;

Tudor,

137; 142;

Elizabethan,

of, 31 use Egyptian Greek, 41; Byzantine,


Italian

46

Adam,
330

flgured

plaster,

in in

Gothic,

61

326,

brickwork,

181, 290-292

INDEX

341

Colour,
in

Dutch

Colonial, 275,

186 278

Cremome

bolts,
French

319 and

materials,
278 284

Creoles,
285

Spanish,
185,

their

local,
of Columbia 113

architecture,

175,
of New

192-193,
98

wood,

University,
and

Chapel

of,

Customs

House

York,

Columns, Greek,
Roman,

lintel, 29
30,
44

Egyptian,

33-35,

44-45,
37

74-78

Davanzat^ Dawber, Decoration,

The,
143

64

36,
49

Byzantine,
Gothic, Doric, Ionic, Renaissance,
74

41, 45 64, 66, 72

Egyptian,
44 45 46

31,

44

Assyrian,
Greek, Roman,
75

75

Corinthian,
of wood,
284

46 Byzantine, 46 Romanesque, Go^ic, Spanish

69

241-242 Competitions, 83 Compidffne, 77 Order, Composite Wyngates," Compton


"

Gothic, Fresco,
64
*'

72

Renaissance,
66

65,

72

Sgraffito, 65, 72,


Secessionist,"
270-271

158,

161

Connecticut, Console,
Contractor,
"

178 103

205

99,

Decorator, 264,
136 248-260

Consultation,
Coombe

247,
259-264

Delaware, Dentils,

l74,
Ionic,
76

190

Abbey,"
325

Corinthian, Derivations, Roman, 70, 87; 112;


23 28

76 of

Copinff,
Corinthian

importance

study

of,

Order,
76-77

35;

Greek, Cornice, Cost,

Classic, 73-106
70;
76-77

Doric,
275

Ionic,

Byzantine,
Gothic,

Romanesque
10(^-131 and

and

Corinthian, 250,
283

English,
of

early

modem,
147-156

132-

comparative,
inherent,
of in of of 279 293

materials,

281-

166 modem

English,
French,
167-166
166-169

Itolian,
172

Spanish,

157-

brick, building
rouffh

materials,
297 298

181

Italian, French,

stone,

half-timber,

Spanish,
of, 63-56
era

169-172
197

Country-house,
Gothic

origin
08,
133

of,

Elizabethan,
English History
146

136

scale,
130-131

267 267-268 102 and

derivation,

full-size,

type,
of

De^"radelles, English,
134-

the

Details,

exterior and

interior,
313 with

313

design
139-140
141-142 discussion 314

material, of,

Jacobean,

architect,

Anglo-Classic, 144-156 modem English, of English type, summary


location,
materials
224-303

exterior,
166

design,
material,

list, 316 Ust,


316

exterior,
interior interior

material,
and

site, 225-248 oonstruction,


304-334

design,
material,

list, 326 list, 326


326

interior

plans

and

details,
325 198-200

Directoire,

eauiproent, list, period of the, 82


.of, 61 41,
45

Courtyards,
"

322,

Doges,
Dome,

Palace

Craftsman,"

Byzantine,

INDEX

343

German

Gk)thic,
Classic

58,^50,
02-93 138

72

Hardware,
331
"

Dutch, Hall," house,


64

187, 326, 134-136,

320,
139

330-

revival,

Gibbons, Gibbs,
"

Grinling,
86,
Dei 161 140
''

Hardwick

Harvard, Church,
187

Gloria

Gorham, Gothic,

38;

origins
and

of, 43
outline

102-112 University, 180-181 style, for city house, 208

analysis
71

of, 47H}2,
"

brickwork,
Hatfield

289-290 136

House,"
332 136

English,
Norman,
"

62-66,
62;

71

Heating,
62 62

''decorated," (Scholastic),
121-122 61

"Holdenby,"
Holland,

Perpendicular,"
66,

184-186 208-209 the

"Collegiate"
61, 114, French, crockets, 66-68,
67

66,

city architecture,
Hotel,
modern

American,
214

Waldorf,
theatrical
"

Flamboyant, Belgian,
German, Italian, Italian, compared
Victorian 143

66, 67 68,
72

qualities
rooms,"
217 216

of, 214,
210

216

special

Flemish, 68-69,
60-62

61
,

Bebevue-Stratford,
Ritz-Carlton, Vanderbilt"
217

secular,
with

61,

62 23

Hudson, 91, 114,


"

183

Classic, 90,

revival,
91

"carpenters,"
"military,"
nature

114,
114-116

122-124

Independence Inscriptions, Egyptian,


of
on

Hall,"
Roman
44
use

179

of, 37
the

of,

Institute

Architects,
242

can, Ameri241

symbolism
"commercial,"

in, country
334 336 des

116-121 124-129 for 137

competitions, charges,
268

iniormation,

English
Grain,
of

house,

minimum

wood,

owner-architect

agreement,
264-267

cial offi-

imitation,
Grand Palais
103

form,

Champs-Elys^es,

owner

contractor

agreement^
261

102,
Grant's

official
106

form, written, 36,

Tomb,
of

Instructions, of,
33-36

246,
76

260-261

Greece,
46

architecture

Inwood, of, 44Ionic, Iron-work,

90

summary

architecture

Order,
317

76,

Groin,
60-61, 102;

vaulting, 67, 99, 321,

43

Grotesque,

Byzantine,
72;
103 325 modem 129

41;

Gothic, French, Jacobean, 66,

J
69,
136-141

Woolworth,

Japanese
Jardinieres,

influence,
323

196,

206

Guilloche, Gutters,

terra-cotta, Thomas, 69, 18, 191 86,


136

320

modernist, Jefferson,
H

Jones,
138 66

Inigo,

Hacienda,
"

170

Haddon

Hall," Gothic,
278,

134,

Half-timber,
French

Medisval, 137-138,
301 300

Kamak, Kauffmann,
197,

30,
134

94

67, 61 209,

Angelica,
86,
140

86

Elizabethan,
276,
cost

"Keep,"
Kent, Kitchen,
Knickerbocker

William,

of, 281, The,


134

equipment
Trust 136

of, 331-332

imitation,
"

298-299

Building,

161

Hall,"

"Knole,"

344

INDEX

Masque,
Material,
"

81,
275

102 in choice

restrictions

of,

La

Granffe

Terraoe," of, 67
87

88-89,

196

274,

Ch"teau Langeais, Batty, Langley, Lantern,


179

properties
colour,

of, physical
275-278

and

thetic, ba-

Laundry,
Leaders,

equipment
321,
267

of, 331-332
325

275,

278,

279 231

local

suitability,
231

322,
for
331

field-stone, door,
320

Lighting,

fixtures, interior, Lindeberff, Linenfold, Lintel,


*'

front

properties
character

of, 275 in, 276


277

H.

T., 147 137,


45 253 Mellor 138

durability,

panelling,
33, 35,
226

277 adaptability, 301-302 mingled,

29,

44,

Medici,

the,
and

64

Local

conditions,"

235,

Meigs,

147

Location,
Loft

Buildings, 208, 212-213 159, 161, 170, 171, Loggia, 183 Island, Long
Loms in Louis in Louis

185

76 Metopes, Metropolitan Metropolitan Middle

Museum, Tower, 321,


322

98

113,

211

West,
Cathedral Gothic doors

XIV,
modem

70, 70, 70;

79

Milan,
214

of, 61
(see (see

hotel,
79

Military
Mirror

Gothic) 230-231,
287

XV,
modem

Doors) 200,

hotel,
formal outline

214

Mission, Models, Modemist, Modillions,


208 Mohawk "Montacute
"

194-195, 227, 228,


202,

XVI,
of in in

details,
modem modem

phase, 81; and analysis


96,
167-169

272-273 321 76

style, 81,
city 175, the,
146 monument 79 192

82,

Ionic,

house,
214

Corinthian,

76,
183

77

hotel,

Valley,
18,

Louisiana, Louvre,

Mouse,"
191 134

136

Monticello,"
Public

Lut^ens,

''Moreton

Hall," William,

Lysicrates,

of, replica, 89

Morgan
Morris, Mosaic,

Library,
144, 41,
45 45

158

199,

200,

205

Mc

Byzantine,
Greek, 112,
139 139

Mclntyre,
McKim, McKim, 159,

Samuel,
Charles
Mead and 292

177, Follen,

178,
160

185

Moulding,
Mullion,
168,

White,

111,

Muntin,

196,

Napoleon,
Nave,
Madison 42,

83 47 82 82

Square
178,
frame brick 198 280

Church,

113

Neo-CIassic, Neo-Grec,
New

Maine,
of of of of

Maintenance,

England,
229-230

Georaian,

86;
suitable

native

house, house,
stucco

286 293

types, 175-183;
298 301 New New

style,

rough

house, house,

field-stone,

231 188 192-193

half-timber

Jersey,
Orleans,

174,

Church (Malines, " Mabnaison,"

of, 58
83

185,

Manor,
Mansard

34

Newport, Trinity
92 New New Notre York York Dame

167-168, Church, (State),


Public de

197;
179 174

Casino,

198;

roof,
J.

80,

Mansart,

H.,
328

79, 80
103

Library,
Paris, cathedral,

98

Mantelpiece, 100, Marquise,

Cathedral
56

of,

grotesque,

51;

INDEX

345

Plans,
"Ochre Office

"

reminders,"
rooms

310

Court,"

167

"special"
val, revi-

(period,
164

etc.)"

buildings,
113 Gothic

Romanesque,

311, Piatt,

327

Charles,
322

A.,

derivations,
211-212 the

124-120, 35;
man, Ro-

Plumbing
Pools, Porch,

fixtures, 184,
185

234,

331

208, Orders,
74-78

Classic, 3^37;

three, 77;

74,

Greek,

45,

sleeping, 311 design of, 319


Portico,
Post

Oxford,

122

85,

190 195 York

Colonial, (New of, 122

Postroffice
Pacific

City),

98

Coasts
324

193-195,
335

Princeton

198,

200 School

University,
Beaux-Arts, La,
57

Graduate

Paint,

plaster-painty
Palladian, Palladio,
Pan-American
86

Projei,
"

95,

272

Psalette,"

63,

141,
Union

159

Building,
137-138

171

Panelling,
Patio,
-

330

Quarry Quoins, 169, 171,


Railroad
312
.

tiles, 317
176

"linen-fold,"

origin
170,
171

of,

36;

Spanish, Building,

of

Pan-American

172;

Creole,

193

terminals, 160,
208,

Pennsylvania,
221,
220-222 220-221

possibilities of the, 255 Payments, 76, 85, 99, Pediment,


curved, 103,
176

220,

Grand
100

Central,

Pennsylvania, Percentages,
Percier,
83 320

174,
/257-258

187-190

221-222 Ramp, Park," "Raynham Real-estate houses, 243

136

155,
38

156,

242-

Renaissance,

35,
5(1*

37,

Pergola,
Persian,
207

English,
on

influence

Modernists,

dates,

39
*

Florentine, 63,
of 159 179 ''La

Milanese,

Venetian,

Peruzzi, PiUsters, 77;


Placement

Roman,

39 39

PhiladelphU,
Renaissance,

"High,"
Psalette," 72;
176 111 summary,
otti

57;

"Late,"

39 55,
and

65-66, 138,
furniture
Court of

Roman,

English,
outline

68-70,

136,

137

Jacobean,

analysis,
72

62-71

Pittsburgh 308, Plans,


309

House,

plan,

origin
French,

and

nature,
63

62-63

expression, consideration,
305-313

preliminary
23^237

67

drawing
kinds

of, 266, of, 305,


306

summary

of, 72
67

Flemish,
summary

of, 306 development to relationship style, 306 307 needs, practical 307 special requirements, 307 large, small, 309,
307 to

of, 72
67

German,
summary

of,
67

72

Spanish,
aummary

of,

72

Italian, furniture,

summary
with

of,

72
7S

relationship
328

308^*

comparison flexibUity

Classic,

of, 157

346

INDEX

Renaisflance,
208 in Revett

for

modem

city house,
218

Samples,
of

of

stucco,

324

paints, stains^
24

varnishes, 100,
101

334

modern

hotel,
Stuart)

Scale,
00

(and
in in in

/87,
35,

meaning
78
in in Woolworth tall

of, 25,

Revival,

Classic, France, England, America, of,


Louis

34,
78-84
84-85

60,

Building,

128-120 212

building
drawings,

design,
265-267 100-110

86, 88-00
in

working Montgomery, Schuyler,


00-^2

decline in

England,
02-04

Screens,

322

Germany,

Sculpture,
70-82,
105 modem

architectural,
French,
100

Roman,

45

under

XVI,
140-141 106-114

Georgian,
Romanesoue,
nature

Secessionist, 202,
111 205-207

American,
254

108,

100,

6i, Romanesque,
Cathedral

Services,
Sever

architect's, 111,
112

Rheims,
Rhode

of, 56 170, H.,


107

Hall,

Island,
H.

Sewage
158 161

Richardson,
Robinson Rockfaced

104-114,

Sgraffito,
Shaw,

disposal, 227 decoration,


145 284

65,

72,

158,

House, 70, 78-81,


modern

177

(masonry)
103 216

Norman,

Rococo,
in Roman

Shingles,
stain,

275-281,
325

hotel, Rome)

(see

Shutters,
etc., 38of, 46 Site, Solarium,

315,

318

Romanesque,
44 summary influence

architecture,
of
on

227-228,
210,
100

230,
311

236,

253

architecture

Spandril,
Stain,
324,

Gothic

in

Italy, 61

Specifications,
Staircase,
details

233,
334

240,

261-265

revival,

106-114 107 100 111

325,

characteristics, Richardsonian,
nature

Elizabethan, of, 327


183 and

138

of

revival,
in modem

Staten

Island,

expression
113

church,

Stevenson

Wheeler,

147

Stone,

city house,
country
Rome, architecture
summary

200 208 114

rough-dressed, early

275,

281,

204-

house,
of

of, 36-38
architecture

Stonelnasonry,
of, 45
107 Stuart

Pennsylvanian,
87, 170,
00 172

188, Stucco,
on

204-208

Roofs,

tile, 67,
176 183

160,

104,

(and

Revett),
44,

gambrel,
Dutch, Mansard,

Egyptian,
hollow

tile, 275, of, 320

281,

285,

80,
176
on

02

287,

323

shingle,
chAteau,
details

samples
modern

hotel,
323 57

216

Style, 17, 21-24,


Sub-contracts,

227,

230-231,

236

of

material,
de 188

263-264

Rouen,

Palais

Justice,

SuiUbility,
of of of frame

local, 278,
278

286

"Roughcast,"
Ruskin, John, Rustication,

stylistic,
108,
104 106

OO-Ol, 80, 00,


S

construction,
203

285

brick,

rough-dressed
half-timber,
317 301

stone,

206

of Sun

dial, parlor

Sainte Salem

Chapelle
(Mass.),
240-250 brick and

Church,

56

Sun

(see

Solarium) architect, 245-247,

doorways
brickwork,

of,

86, 87

Supervision,
256, 258, 227,

by
250 255

Samples,
of

324

Survey,

INDEX

347

Symmetry,
"

96,
Old

97

Trusses,
Dei

137

Swedes,"
187

(Gloria

Church),

Tudor,

arch,

the,
house,

53,
54,

56,

137 134,
137

country

68,

Swedish,
St.
St Ste. 40

early

colonists,
113 122

187

collegiate
61

architecture,

55,

56,

Joseph's
Louis Maria

Church,

University,

collegiate
Church

derivation,
136 321

122

della Salute,
Church

of,

ceilings,
Tuscan,

leader-heads, Mark's,
Paul's

St.
St. St.

of, 40,
09

107

Order,

36,

77

CatSiedral,

Peter's, Basilica

of, 64

U United
States

SI

Sophia,

Mosque

of,

107

Realty
161

Building,
191

126

University University Tangley


Manor,
137 Massachusetts Institute

aub,
of

Virginia,

Greats

136, 299

Tapestries, Technology,
of,
102

Vanderbilt

(see

Hotel) Romanesque, 41-43,

Temples,

Egyptian,
44'
30

29,

30,

44

Vault,

vaulting,
46

Assyrian,
rock-cut, Greek, Roman,

rib, Beni-Hassan,
31

42-43 42 43 48

Proto-Doric,
35,
36

barrel,

"gjroin,"
Gothic,

37, 40
85

garden,
Terraces, Terracotta,

English
312, 322,
316 320 127-128 325

Gothic,
53,
72

52 62

228,

fan-vaulting,
Renaissance,

112,

128,
etc.,

jardinieres,
Woolworth

Veranda,

201 54

Building,
277, 278,
effects
136

Verge-boards,
Versailles,
Victorian
Gothic 146

Texture, Thatch,
"

275,

292, in, 323

296

79, Era,

167,
84,

168 90

shingle
HalV
161

Thorpe

revival,

90-91,

114,

143,

Tiffany,
Tile,

Assyrian, Byzantine,
Roofs, hollow, 67,
172,

33,
45

44

Vignola,
Villa, 194,
323 286-288

74,

77 29

Pompeian,
37

169,

Roman,

215,
327

281,

Italian,

22,

161-166,

172,

221,

flooring, 317,
structural and 317

^87
317 190 Virginia, University

decorative,
of,
126

"quarry,"
Times
use Spanish Building,

of,

191

317

Vitruvius, Volutes,

15

spiral, 75
145

Toledo,

Cathedral 47

of, 59

Voysey,

Transept,
TreiUage, Trianons,

311, The,

322, 82, 83

323

W Wainscot,
137 The

76 Triglyphs, Building, Trinity

126

Waldorf,
109 179 147

(see
325 227 317

Hotel)

Trini^
Trinity Trowbridge

Church

(Boston),

Walks,
Water

322,

Church and

(Newport),
Ackerman,

supply,

Weather-vanes,

348

INDEX

Welah,
West,
207 Westminster

early
Middle

colonists,

197,

188

Windows,
dormer.

bay,
.159
136

137,

138

(Chicago),

198-199,

"Wollaton,''
Abb^,
190 53

Woods,
for

building,
interior

283, trim,

285 333

"Westover,"
West

Point

Military
136

Academy,

Woolworth

Building,
126,
211

detailed

sis, analy-

"Westwood," White, "Whitehall,"


William
and

Stanford,
190

168,

180,

197

Working
World's

drawings
Fair Sir 140 Frank of

(see 1893,
196

Brawingv)

Mary,
casement,

69,

140

Wren,
150330 137

Christopher,
179

69"

185,

136-

Windows, 151, oriel,

136-137, 280, 818-319,

175,
137

Wright, "Wynnestay,"

Lloyd,
188

199,

207

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