Tính toán thiết kế hệ thống chưng cất ethanol với công suất 50000 m3/năm trong công nghệ sản xuất Bio─Ethanol từ sắn

n tt nghip
Mc lc
MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................ 1
DANH MC CC BNG............................................................................................... 5
DANH MC CC HNH ................................................................................................ 6
LI CM N .................................................................................................................. 8
M U .......................................................................................................................... 9
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BIOETHANOL V CNG NGH SN XUT
BIOETHANOL TRONG CNG NGHIP ................................................................ 10
1.1. Tng quan v BioEthanol. ......................................................................... 10
1.1.1. Khi nim v BioEthanol. .............................................................. 10
1.1.2. Lch s pht trin v ng dng ca BioEthanol. ............................ 10
1.2. Tng quan v Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol. ........................................ 11
1.2.1. Cc phng php sn xut Ethanol................................................... 11
1.2.2. Cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut BioEthanol. ................................ 12
1.2.3. S khc nhau gia cng ngh sn xut cn thc phm v
BioEthanol. .............................................................................................. 13
1.3. Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol t tinh bt. ............................................. 14
1.3.1. Gii thiu v nguyn liu tinh bt s dng ch yu Vit Nam. .... 14
1.3.2. Gii thiu v nguyn liu sn. .......................................................... 15
1.3.3. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol trn th gii....... 17
1.3.4. Cng Ngh sn xut BioEthanol hin ti Vit nam. ................... 26
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH CHNG LUYN .............................. 35
2.1. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh chng ct. ...................................................... 35
H S Chnh My v TB CN HC K52
n tt nghip
Mc lc
2.1.1. Khi nim v chng ct. ................................................................... 35

2.1.2. Khi nim v cn bng lng hi. ................................................... 36
2.1.3. Hn hp hai cu t. ........................................................................... 37
2.2. Cc phng php chng ct. ........................................................................ 37
2.2.1. Chng n gin. ................................................................................ 37
2.2.2. Chng bng hi nc trc tip. ........................................................ 39
2.2.3. Chng luyn lin tc. ........................................................................ 40
2.2.4. Cc phng php chng khc. .......................................................... 44
2.3. C s tnh ton cng ngh chng luyn lin tc hn hp hai cu t ........... 47
2.3.1. Cn bng pha. .................................................................................... 47
2.3.2. Cn bng vt liu............................................................................... 48
2.3.3. Ch s hi lu thch hp. ................................................................... 49
2.4. Quy trnh cng ngh h thng chng ct ethanol. ....................................... 52
CHNG 3: TNH TON CNG NGH THP CHNG LUYN.......................... 55
3.1. Cc thng s ban u. .................................................................................. 55
3.2. Cn bng pha lng hi h Ethanol water p sut lm vic. ................ 55
3.3. Cn bng vt cht. ........................................................................................ 57
3.3.1. Nng phn mol ca Ethanol trong thp. ...................................... 57
3.3.2. Sut lng mol ca cc dng. ........................................................... 58
3.3.3. Phng trnh ng lm vic cho on chng v on luyn. ........ 59
CHNG 4: TNH TON KT CU CHO THP CHNG LUYN ...................... 68
4.1. Chiu cao ca thp chng luyn. ................................................................ 68
4.1.1. S a l thuyt ca thp chng luyn. ............................................. 68
n tt nghip
Mc lc
4.1.2. S a thc t ca thp chng luyn. ................................................ 68

4.1.3. Chiu cao thp chng luyn. ............................................................. 70
4.2. ng knh ca thp. ................................................................................... 71
4.3. Thit k s b a v d on im sc a. ................................................ 75
4.3.1. Chn thit k s b a cho thp chng luyn. ................................. 75
4.3.2. D on im sc a. ....................................................................... 75
4.4. Tr lc ca a. ............................................................................................ 76
4.4.1. Tr lc ca a kh. .......................................................................... 76
4.4.2. Tr lc lp hn hp lng kh trn a. ........................................... 78
4.4.3. Tnh kim tra knh chy truyn lng. ............................................... 80
4.5. Tnh ton b dy thit b v cc chi tit khc. .............................................. 82
4.5.1. Tnh ton b dy thit b. .................................................................. 82
4.5.2. Tnh ton chn thp...................................................................... 89
4.5.3. Ca ni ng dn vi thit b v bch ni tng ng. ........................ 93
CHNG 5: TNH TON CC THIT B PH TR ............................................... 98
5.1. Thng s hai dng lu th. ........................................................................... 98
5.2. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b. ............................................................... 98
5.3. H s cp nhit cho tng lu th. ................................................................. 99
5.3.1. H s cp nhit cho hi nc bo ha kh ngng t. ..................... 100
5.3.2. H s cp nhit cho hn hp lng etanol nc. ........................... 101
5.3.3. B mt truyn nhit v ng gi di ng.................................... 102
5.4. Tnh ton kt cu cho thit b gia nhit y thp. ...................................... 104
5.4.1. B dy thit b gia nhit y thp.................................................... 104
n tt nghip
Mc lc
5.4.2. B dy y v np thit b gia nhit. ............................................... 106

5.4.3. Chn mt bch ghp ni thn y v np thit b......................... 106
5.4.4. B gin n nhit v b dy v ng. ................................................. 107
5.4.5. Tnh ton chn thit b gia nhit y thp. ................................. 107
5.4.6. Ca ni ng dn vi thit b v bch ni tng ng. ...................... 112
CHNG 6: QUY TRNH CH TO, LP RP V VN HNH THP CHNG
LUYN ........................................................................................................................ 115
6.1. Quy trnh ch to mt s chi tit ca thit b. ............................................ 115
6.1.1. Quy trnh ch to thn thp chng ct. ........................................... 115
6.1.2. Quy trnh ch to y v np thit b hnh elip. .............................. 116
6.1.3. Quy trnh ch to a van chuyn ng. ......................................... 117
6.2. Quy trnh lp rp thp chng ct. ............................................................... 119
6.2.1. Quy trnh lp t thit b. ................................................................ 119
6.2.2. Quy trnh lp t a van vo thn thit b. ..................................... 121
6.3. Quy trnh vn hnh thit b......................................................................... 122
6.3.1. Cng tc chun b............................................................................ 122
6.3.2. Cng tc vn hnh. .......................................................................... 123
6.3.3. Ngng h thng khi gp s c. ....................................................... 124
6.3.4. X l cc s c trong vn hnh....................................................... 125
KT LUN .................................................................................................................. 126
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 127
PH LC ..................................................................................................................... 129
n tt nghip
Danh mc cc bng
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. S khc nhau gia ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu ........................ 14
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn mt s nguyn liu cha tinh bt............................................... 14
Bng 2.1. iu kin vn hnh phn xng chng ct. .................................................. 54
Bng 3.1. Cn bng pha lng hi h Ethanol water 3,4 bar. ................................ 56
Bng 3.2. Cn bng pha ti cc a theo s a l thuyt............................................... 64
Bng 6.1. Quy trnh cc bc ch to thn thp chng ct.......................................... 115
Bng 6.2. Quy trnh cc bc ch to y v np thp chng ct. .............................. 116
Bng 6.3. Quy trnh ch to a van cho thp chng luyn ........................................ 118
Bng 6.3. X l cc s c trong vn hnh. .................................................................. 125
n tt nghip
Danh mc cc hnh
DANH MC CC HNH
Hnh 1.1. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca Vogelbusch. ............................ 18
Hnh 1.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca Praj Industries Limited ........... 21
Hnh 1.3. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca APTI (Delta-T) ....................... 26
Hnh 1.4. S khu vc chun b dch v tch ct. ....................................................... 28
Hnh 1.5. S khu vc h ha v nu. ........................................................................ 29
Hnh 1.6. S khu vc nhn men ging v ln men. .................................................. 31
Hnh 1.7. S khu vc chng ct. ............................................................................... 32
Hnh 1.8. S khu vc tch nc. ............................................................................... 33
Hnh 2.1. Cn bng pha cho trng hp chng n gin ............................................. 38
Hnh 2.2. S chng n gin ................................................................................... 38
Hnh 2.3. S chng bng hi nc trc tip. ........................................................... 40
Hnh 2.4. S chng nhiu ln .................................................................................... 40
Hnh 2.5. S chng nhiu ln ci tin. ...................................................................... 41
Hnh 2.6. S chng nhiu ln c hi lu .................................................................. 42
Hnh 2.7. S thp chng luyn. ................................................................................. 43
Hnh 2.8. S thit b chng luyn trch ly ................................................................. 45
Hnh 2.9. S thit b chng luyn ng ph .............................................................. 46
Hnh 2.10. th xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp. ..................................................... 51
Hnh 2.11. Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp kinh t nht. ........................................... 52
Hnh 2.12. S quy trnh cng ngh chng ct ethanol .............................................. 53
Hnh 3.1. th t-x,y h Ethanol water 3,4 bar . ..................................................... 57
Hnh 3.2: th x-y h Ethanol water 3,4 bar ......................................................... 59
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Danh mc cc hnh
Hnh 3.3. Mi quan h gia th tch thp v ch s hi lu. .......................................... 60

Hnh 3.4. th xc nh s a l thuyt. .................................................................... 62
Hnh 3.5. th xc nh s a l thuyt (phng to 00,1) ......................................... 63
Hnh 3.6. th xc nh s a l thuyt (phng to 0,6 0,9) .................................... 64
Hnh 3.7. S thay i nng %mol ca nc v etanol theo tng a. ...................... 66
Hnh 3.8. S thay i nhit theo tng a. ................................................................ 67
Hnh 4.1. Van ch cht................................................................................................... 75
Hnh 4.2. Bch ghp thn thp chng ............................................................................. 89
Hnh 4.3. Tr ca thp. ............................................................................................. 90
Hnh 4.4. Kch thc tr thp chng. ....................................................................... 93
Hnh 4.5. Bch ni ng dn ca thit b. ........................................................................ 94
Hnh 5.1. Thit b gia nhit y thp ng chm dng thng ng. ................................ 98
Hnh 5.2. M hnh hot ng ca thit b gia nhit. ...................................................... 99
Hnh 6.1. M hnh ch to a van ............................................................................... 117
Hnh 6.2. Van di ng hnh ch nht ........................................................................... 118
Hnh 6.3. M hnh cc l van theo v tr nh sn ........................................................ 119
Hnh 6.4. Phng php t thit b vo mng b tng ................................................ 120
Hnh 6.5. M hnh lp t a van. ............................................................................... 121
Hnh 6.6. Dy chuyn cng ngh chng ct etanol. .................................................... 123
n tt nghip
Li cm n
LI CM N
Em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh ti TS. Nguyn ng Bnh Thnh,
ngi trc tip hng dn em ht sc tn tnh, chu o v mt chuyn mn, ng
vin em v mt tinh thn em hon thnh bn n tt nghip ny.
Em xin gi li cm n ti tt c thy c gio trong b mn My v Thit b
Cng nghip Ha Cht, Vin K thut Ha hc, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
tn tnh dy d, ch bo em trong sut thi gian nm nm hc tp v rn luyn ti
trng.
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc anh ch phng K Thut cng ton th Cng ty
C phn Nhin liu Sinh hc Min trung cho php em thc tp ti Qu Cng ty, t
to tin cho em c th hon thnh bn n tt nghip ny.
Sau cng em xin gi li cm n ti gia nh, ngi thn v bn b lun ng
vin gip em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
cng nh trong thi gian thc hin n tt nghip.
H Ni, Ngy 02 Thng 06 Nm 2012

Sinh vin
H S Chnh
n tt nghip
M u
M U
Th gii hin nay ang phi ng u vi hai cuc khng hong ln s m
ln ton cu v gi c tng cao ca cc loi nhin liu khng ti to. Tuy nhin, c hai
vn ny u c mt gii php thng thng mt nhin liu thay th ngun nng
lng ti to v hn ch cc loi kh thi gy hin tng nng ln ton cu. Trn
phng hng , cc nh nghin cu v cc nh khoa hc trn th gii tm ra mt
ngun nhiu liu tt hn v thn thin vi mi trng Ethanol sinh hc. L mt trong
nhng ngun nhin liu thay th vi nhng li ch tuyt vi ca n, ng thi c
nh gi l ngun nhin liu tim nng vi nhiu nc trn th gii. Mc d c nhiu
thun li v kh khn khi sn xut ethanol sinh hc nhng hin nay ethanol sinh hc
c s dng nh l mt nhin liu ph mt s nc.
Trong nhiu nm qua, cng ngh sn xut ethanol sinh hc c pht trin,
i mi vt bc, em li hiu qu cao. Cng ngh c ch trng nht trong dy
chuyn l vic chng ct ethanol t gim chn sau khi ln men. V vy vn tnh ton,
thit k ci tin cng on chng ct cng nh ton qu trnh ni chung l iu tt yu.
Bn n ca em vi ti l:
Tnh ton thit k h thng chng ct ethanol vi cng sut 50000 m3/nm trong cng
ngh sn xut BioEthanol t sn
Trong gm cc phn chnh sau:
+ Chng 1: Tng quan v BioEthanol v cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol
trong cng nghip.
+ Chng 2: Tng quan v qu trnh chng luyn.
+ Chng 3: Tnh ton cng ngh thp chng luyn Ethanol.
+ Chng 4: Tnh ton kt cu cho thp chng luyn Ethanol.
+ Chng 5: Tnh ton cc thit b ph tr.
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Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BIOETHANOL V CNG

NGH SN XUT BIOETHANOL TRONG CNG NGHIP
1.1. Tng quan v BioEthanol.
1.1.1. Khi nim v BioEthanol.
BioEthanol (ethanol sinh hc) l ethanol c sn xut t cc loi nguyn liu
thc vt cha ng bng phng php ln men vi sinh hoc t cc loi nguyn liu
cha tinh bt v cellulose thng qua cc phn ng trung gian thy phn thnh ng.
Hin ny trn th gii, nguyn liu cha ng v tinh bt c s dng ph
bit hn do chi ph sn xut thp.
Xng sinh hc l hn hp c pha trn theo t l xc nh gia ethanol v
xng. Mt s loi xng sinh hc ang c s dng trn th gii nh E5, E10, E85.
Vit nam, ch mi a ra th trng loi xng E5 do Cty PV oil cung cp [1].
1.1.2. Lch s pht trin v ng dng ca BioEthanol.
T nhng nm 1973 tr v trc, BioEthanol khng c pht trin nhiu, v
ng thi, cng ngh Ha du rt pht trin, tr lng xng du cn ln, nn gi
thnh thp.
Sau nhng nm 1973, cuc khng hong du m trn ton th gii xy ra [2],
khin gi thnh xng du ln cao, nn cc nc pht trin nh M, Braxin v mt s
nc chu u bt u khi ng li cc nghin cu v BioEthanol. Sau ,
BioEthanol c pht trin mnh, a vo s dng thc t mt s nc nh M,
Braxin, Nht Bn
u th k 21, xng sinh hc tr thnh nhin liu c u tin hng u trong
xy dng chin lc v nng lng ti M, Ty u, Nht, Braxin
u im ca xng sinh hc l xng chy trit hn, loi b ph gia chng kch
n cha ch, gim pht thi CO2 ra khng kh ng k so vi xng thng.
10
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Nhc im ln nht ca xng sinh hc l do nng cao BioEthanol s lm

hng cc chi tit lng bng cao su, nha trong ng c.
Nhng loi xng sinh hc c s dng trn th gii [3]:
+ E5, E10: BioEthanol pha 5%, 10% th tch vo xng, c s dng thng
dng, khng nh hng n ng c xe.
+ E25: BioEthanol pha 25% th tch vo xng, ng c xe cn phi ci tin
mt s chi tit, i chnh thi gian phun nhin liu. Braxin l quc gia s dng nhiu
nht loi xng ny.
+E85: BioEthanol pha 85% th tch vo xng, ch s dng cho cc ng c
c ch to ring. Tiu biu l dng xe Ford focus sn xut M.
Thc t, ngi ta s khng pha BioEthanol vi xng theo t l trung bnh 40
n 60% v t l ny, xng sau khi pha s b phn lp rt nhanh trong qu trnh lu
tr.
Hiu qu khi dng xng sinh hc thay th:
+ Xng pha 5% BioEthanol s tit kim c 5% nhin liu so vi xng
thng.
+ Cng sut ca ng c ci thin hn
+ Khi thi CO v Hidrocacbon gim hn 10%
+ Kh nng tng tc ca ng c c tt hn.
1.2. Tng quan v Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol.

1.2.1. Cc phng php sn xut Ethanol.
Ethanol c th sn xut bng nhiu phng php khc nhau , trong c hai
phng php sau l ph bin v c bn nht.
+ Cng ngh sn xut ethanol tng hp:
11
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Tng hp ethanol c ngha l sn xut ethanol bng phng php ho hc, trn
th gii ngi ta sn xut ethanol bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Trong cng
ngh tng hp ho du ethanol c sn xut bng dy chuyn cng ngh hydrat ho
i vi kh etylen hoc cng ngh cacbonyl ho vi methanol.
Hydrat ho: CH2=CH2 + H2O
C2H5OH
Cacbonyl:
C2H5OH + H2O
CH3OH + CO + 2 H2
+ Cng ngh sn xut ethanol sinh hc:

Cng ngh ny da trn qu trnh ln men cc ngun hydratcacbon c trong t
nhin nh: nc ng p, ng, sn, mn, g...
(C6H10O5)n + n H2O
nC6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Q
Trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 cng on l cng

on ln men nhm sn xut BioEthanol c nng thp v cng on chng ct lm khan sn xut ethanol c nng cao phi trn vo xng.
Hin nay sn xut cn ch yu v ph bin l sn xut theo phng php sinh
hc.
1.2.2. Cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut BioEthanol.
Ngun nguyn liu sn xut BioEthanol ch yu t:
+ Cc loi nguyn liu cha ng: ma, c ci ng, tht nt
+ Cc loi nguyn liu cha tinh bt: sn, ng, go, la mch, la m
+ Cc loi nguyn liu cha cellulose
Tuy nhin, ty theo li th v ngun nguyn liu ca mi quc gia, ngi ta
chn loi nguyn liu c li th nht sn xut BioEthanol nhin liu. Vit Nam,
cc ngun nguyn liu thch hp c th sn xut BioEthanol l ma, sn, go, ng v
r ng.
12
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1.2.3. S khc nhau gia cng ngh sn xut cn thc phm v BioEthanol.
1.2.3.1. Mc ch s dng.
+ Cn thc phm:
Ngi ta sn xut cn thc phm l pha ch thnh ru v cc loi ung
c cn. Cc loi ung ny c dng trc tip cho con ngi nn trong thnh phm
ca cn thc phm ch bao gm ch yu l etanol. Cc loi cn u, du fusel, andehyt,
axit, este c hi cho sc kho phi cng t cng tt v khng c vt qu ngng
qui nh.
Ngoi ra, do phi pha long khi pha ch, nn khng bt buc phi sn xut ra
cn c nng rt cao.
+ Cn nhin liu:
Cn nhin liu c sn xut dng lm cht t. Khi sn xut cn nhin liu
ngi ta khng cn phi tch b cn tp v bn thn chng khi chy cng to ra nng
lng.
Tri vi cn thc phm, cn nhin liu bt buc phi tch nc trit , v nu
hm lng nc c trong cn cng cao th lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chy v nh
hng n ng c thit b, ng thi khi pha cn vo xng s dn n s phn tch
pha. Cng chnh v vy m khi sn xut cn nhin liu, ngi ta phi chn gii php
cng ngh thch hp loi b nc trong cn, to ra cn c nng rt cao.
1.2.3.2. S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin
liu.
S khc nhau trong cng ngh sn xut ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu
ch yu xy ra cng on cui: chng ct, tch nc [4]:
13
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Bng 1.1. S khc nhau gia ethanol thc phm v ethanol nhin liu. [4]
Cng on
Ethanol thc phm
Ethanol nhin liu
Phc tp hn do cn tch trit cc

Chng ct
cht c hi cho sc khe con ngi: Khng cn loi b cn tp

cn u, du fusel, adehyt
Tch nc
Khng cn phi tch nc nng Phi tch nc nng nng

nng ethanol
ethanol ln 99.8%
Ngoi ra, trnh s dng ethanol nhin liu cho cc mc ch khc, cn nhin
liu sau khi tch nc c bin tnh bng cch thm vo 1,96 5%v/v cht bin tnh.
Khi ethanol dng lm nhin liu c gi l ethanol bin tnh. Cht bin tnh c th
dng l xng khng ch, naphta.
1.3. Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol t tinh bt.

1.3.1. Gii thiu v nguyn liu tinh bt s dng ch yu Vit Nam.
C nhiu nguyn liu cha tinh bt nh sn, ng, go.Thnh phn ho hc
ca mt s nguyn liu cha tinh bt c th hin bng sau. Tnh theo % trung
bnh:
Bng 1.2. Thnh phn mt s nguyn liu cha tinh bt.[4]
14
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Sn:
Hin nay, din tch trng sn nc ta khong gn 500.000 ha v c phn b
ch yu Ty Nguyn v ng Nam b. Nng sut thu hoch sn ti nc ta trung

bnh l 15-20 tn/ha v tng u qua cc nm.[5]
Hm lng tinh bt trong sn ti nc ta khong 25-35%. C 2,3 kg sn ti
th c th thu c 1kg sn lt.[5]

Vi gi c hin nay th vic s dng sn sn xut xng sinh hc l kh thi nht.
Ng:
-
Nng sut ng ca nc ta thp, ch t mc 3.7 3.8 tn/ha. sn xut 1 lt
BioEthanol, chng ta cn 2,4 n 2,6 kg ng v gi ng hin nay l 4.100 ng/kg,

ng thi hng nm Vit Nam phi nhp khu khong 400 500 nghn tn ng Chnh
v vy, vic sn xut BioEthanol t ng trong giai on hin nay l khng kh thi v
gi ng qu cao so vi sn lt, mc d hm lng tinh bt thp hn (65%) [6].
V vy, ngun nguyn liu c chn la cho cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol
l sn.
1.3.2. Gii thiu v nguyn liu sn.
-
V c bn c sn gm 3 phn chnh: v, tht c v l i (ngoi ra cn c cung v r
c).
-
V sn gm c 2 phn l v g v v ci:
+
V g c tc dng bo v c v chng mt nc ca c, tuy nhin v g d b
mt khi thu hoch v vn chuyn.

+
V ci l mt lp t bo cng ph bn ngoi, thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza
ngoi ra cn c cha polyphenol, enzim, v linamarin.

+
Phn tht c c cha nhiu tinh bt, protein v cc cht du, mt t polyphenol,
c t v enzim.
15
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+
L i sn nm tm c dc sut chiu di,thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza. L i
c chc nng dn nc v cc cht dinh dng gia cy v c ng thi gip thot

nc khi phi hoc sy sn.
-
Thnh phn sn ti dao ng trong gii hn kh ln: tinh bt 20 - 34%, protein
0,8 - 1,2%, cht bo 0,3 - 0,4%, xenluloza 1 - 3,1%, cht tro 0,54%, polyphenol 0,1 0,3% v nc 60 - 74,2% [5]. Ngoi ra trong sn cn cha mt lng Vitamin v c
t. Vitamin trong sn thuc nhm B. Cc Vitamin ny s b mt mt phn khi ch bin
v nht l khi nu trong sn xut ru.
-
c t trong sn c tn chung l phazolunatin gm 2 glucozit Linamarin v
Lotaustralin. Cc c t ny thng tp chung v ci. Bnh thng phazolunatin

khng c nhng khi b thu phn th cc glucozit ny s gii phng axit HCN. Sn
ti thi lt v phi kh s gim ng k hm lng glucozit gy c k trn. c
bit trong sn xut ru, khi nu nhit cao pha long nc nn vi hm lng
t cha nh hng n nm men. Hn na cc mui xyanat khi chng ct khng bay
hi nn b loi cng b ru [5].
-
Tiu chun sn lt s dng cho cng ngh [4]:

+
Hnh dng lt sn: ng knh 30 70 mm, b dy: 20 30 mm
m: 12 14 %kl
Hm lng tinh bt: 70 75 %kg
Protein: 1,5 1,8 %kg
Hm lng tro: 1,8 3,0 %kg
Lipid: 0,5 0,9 %kg
x: 2,1 5,0 %kg
Cc tp cht khc: 3,0 %kg
16
n tt nghip
1.3.3. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol trn th gii.

Trn th gii, hin nay c rt nhiu nh cung cp cng ngh sn xut
BioEthanol nhin liu. C th k ra mt s cc nh cung cp cng ngh sn xut
BioEthanol nhin liu hng u trn th gii gm:
+
Lurgi AG, Frankfurt, c
Technip-Coflexip, Paris, Php
Delta-T Corporation, Virginia, M
Katzen International INC., Cincinnati, Ohio, M
Tomsa Destil. S.L, Madrid, Ty Ban Nha
Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o

Ngoi cc nh cung cp bn quyn cng ngh k trn, trong lnh vc sn xut
BioEthanol nhin liu cn c mt s cc nh cung cp cng ngh, thit b mua bn

quyn cng ngh ca cc hng nu trn ri t nghin cu pht trin cng ngh nh:
+
Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n
Alfa Laval (India) Limited, Pune, n
Filli impianti, Monteriggioni, Italia
Kolon Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd., Kyunggi-Do, Hn Quc
Changhae Engineering Co.Ltd, Jeonju, Hn Quc
Rushan Risheng Machinery Manufacture Co., Ltd, Trung Quc

Trong phm vi n tt nghip, em xin trnh by cc m hnh, dy chuyn cng
ngh ca cc nh cung cp cng ngh sau:

+
Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o
Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n
Delta-T Corporation, Virginia, M
17
n tt nghip
1.3.3.1. Cng ngh Vogelbusch.

Dy chuyn cng ngh Vogelbusch, o [7].
Hnh 1.1. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca Vogelbusch.[7]
18
n tt nghip
1. Cng on nghin.
Sn lt v n nh my bng xe ti c xung ph u tip nhn. Sau sn
c tch b tp cht kim loi ri n kho cha.
T kho cha, sn c lm sch s b v cp cho thng cha trung gian trc
khi vo my nghin ba.
Sn phm sau nghin c phn loi bng sng phn loi, y nhng sn
phm c kch thc cha t s c quay v li thng cha trung gian trc my
nghin, bt sn vi kch thc t yu cu c cha thng cha bt.
Bi sinh ra s c x l bng h thng lc c bit vi s h tr ca my thi
kh.
2. Cng on h ha ng ha.
Bt sn s c ha trn vi nc sch, hi ngng v dch hm long sau ly
tm. Tinh bt s c chuyn ha/ct mch thnh dextrin, ng a bi enzyme Alpha
amylaza nhit , p sut v pH thch hp.
Qu trnh nu s s dng s phun hi trc tip. Dch sau khi h ha s c lm
mt bi thit b lm lnh nhanh hot ng iu kin chn khng.
Dch sau khi lm lnh nhanh c cp cho thng ng ha. Ti y, mt phn
dch hm long sau ly tm cng c b sung, dung dch H2SO4 iu chnh pH v
enzyme Gluco-amylaza chuyn ha dextrin, ng a thnh ng Gluc.
3. Cng on ln men.
Vogelbusch s dng cng ngh ln men lin tc. Kt qu ca vic s dng cng
ngh nh vy s gim lao ng, gim lng dung dch CIP (kt qu l gim ha cht
v chi ph), cng sut ln men tng khong 130% so vi h thng ln men theo m v
lm tng sn lng ethanol.
Bn cht ca phng php ln men lin tc l ri u cc giai on ln men m
mi giai on c thc hin trong mt hoc nhiu thit b ln men c lin h vi
19
n tt nghip
nhau. Dng dch s ln lt chy qua cc thng ln men v gim chn c ly ra t

bn cui cng.
Trong thit k dy chuyn ny, qu trnh ln men c th thc hin gin on
bng cch ng cc van kt ni gia cc thng ln men cch ly cc thng vi nhau.
Khi tng thng s c np liu v ly gim chn ra mt cch c lp (ln men gin
on tng thng).
4. Cng on chng ct tch nc.
S dng cng ngh chng ct a p sut, h thng chng ct h thng chng ct
ny s dng nhit nng ti u hn v do gim lng hi tiu th.
H thng cc thp gm:
-
Thp ct I vi kh kh mt phn.
Thp ct II.
Thp kh Anehyt.
Thp ct tinh I.
Thp ct tinh II.

Cc thp hot ng mc p sut khc nhau cc thp c th c gia nhit
bi hi nh ca thp khc.
Cn t khu vc chng ct s c gia nhit siu tc nhm nng nhit ln
khong 115oC v ha hi hon ton. Sau hi cn s c tch nc bng ry phn
t 3A. Sn phm cn khan s c a i ngng t, lm mt v tn cha.
Sau mt thi gian hp ph, thp hp ph b bo ha v thp c ti sinh bng
mt phn dng hi cn khan i ra khi thp hp ph. Dng hi cn ti sinh c cha
nc s quay tr li khu vc chng ct.
20
n tt nghip
5. Cng on x l dch hm.

Dch hm thi t thp chng ct c a n my ly tm nhm tch b cc
thnh phn rn l lng. Dch hm long sau ly tm, mt phn s hi lu li qu trnh
cng ngh, phn cn li c a i c c bc hi.
B m tch ra t my ly tm s c trn vi phn cn y t thit b c c,
sau c a i sy lm thc n gia sc.
Hi sinh ra t thit b sy, c c s c thu hi v quay tr li qu trnh cng
ngh.
1.3.3.2. Cng ngh Praj.
Dy chuyn cng ngh Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n [8].
Hnh 1.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca Praj Industries Limited[8]
Qu trnh sn xut ethanol t sn lt da theo phng php chng ct bao gm
nghin, loi b ct , h ho, ln men, v chng ct - tch nc. X l nc thi theo
phng php gn lng, x l bio-gas nh l phng php x l c bn v xc kh nh
l phng php x l ln hai.
Khu cng ngh chnh c th c chia thnh 5 mc chnh nh sau:
21
n tt nghip
-
Nghin sn v tch ct: Trong khu vc ny, sn lt c lm sch, nghin v ho
bt to thnh dch bt sn (slury).

-
H ho: Trong khu vc ny, tinh bt c h ho khong 115oC vi s c mt
ca enzym.
-
ng ho v ln men HIFERM-NM: Trong khu vc ny, dch h ho u tin
c chuyn ho thnh ng, sau ng ln men c c ln men ng thi

bi nm men kh hot ng to thnh ethanol
-
Chng ct ECOFINE MPR: Trong khu vc ny, dch bt sau khi ln men c
chng ct trong hai h thng thp chng ct to thnh ethanol ngm nc 93%...
Trong trng hp cn tng nng ln 95% th s dng hi nhiu hn
-
Tch b v x l nc thi theo phng php x l methanol ECOMET XPD Dch
hm c sn xut nh l mt sn phm ph ca khu chng ct, c tch trong my

tch ly tm to thnh b m v dch hm long.
1. Cng on h ha.
Bt sn c x l trong khu vc x l s b sn to thnh dch bt. Ct
cng c loi b trong giai on x l ny. Dch bt ny c s dng lm nguyn
liu cho cng on h ha. Dch bt trong khu x l s b sn c ha vi dng ra
khi y thp tinh.
Dng dch hm tun hon v dch bt c ha trn trong thng chun b dch.
N c gia nhit n 105oC. Dch ny c a vo thng h ha u tin. Trong
thng h ha ny, dch bt c duy tr 85oC.
Enzym h ha c thm vo cng vi enzym gim nht. Sau khi h ha,
dch bt c lm mt v bm n khu vc ng ha v ln men.
2. Cng on ng ho v ln men.
Men ging c chun b trong bnh chun b men bi dch bt c tit
trng vi men kh hot ha. Nhit ti u c duy tr bng cch tun hon qua
22
n tt nghip
thit b lm mt bng nc. Cc thnh phn ca bnh chun b men c chuyn n

thng ln men s b.
Thng ln men s b c lm y dch bt v np cc cht ca thng nhn
men. Mc ch ca vic ln men s b c sc kh (aerated) cho php cc t bo nm
men pht trin nhiu hn v gim s nhi m khun ca thng nhn men. Khi cc cht
trong thng ln men s b c chuyn n thng nhn men chnh, nng ca nm
men cao v cn bn c th gim c thi gian tr lin quan n s pht trin
ca nm men trong qu trnh ln men.
Enzym ng ha c thm vo trong thng ln men. Chng s chuyn ha
tinh bt thnh ng. y c bn l s chuyn ha ca dextrin thnh dextroza. Mc
ch ca qu trnh ln men l chuyn cc cht c th ln men c thnh cn.
pH ca dch bt c iu chnh c bn l nh dch hm tun hon (cng l
cung cp cht dinh dng) hoc l thm axit vo. Nm men c hiu lc trong mt
lng va khi u qu trnh ln men nhanh v kt thc n trong vng 60 gi.
Ti giai on u ca chu k, thng ln men c np liu vi dch bt v cc
cht ca thng ln men s b. Ln men l qu trnh sinh nhit. Nhit sinh ra c loi
b bng cch tun hon lm mt trong thit b trao i nhit bn ngoi. Bm tun hon
cng c cung cp bm dch ln men (gim chn) n thng gim chn. Sau
thng ln men c lm sch vi nc v dung dch xt, v kh trng cho m tip
theo.
3. Cng on ra CO2.
CO2 rt ra trong sut qu trnh ln men s ko theo mt lng ethanol. CO2 ny
c a vo thit b ra CO2 bng nc v loi b lng ethanol b ko theo.
4. Cng on chng ct.
ECOFINE MPR l s cng ngh a p sut vi hai thp chng ct. Cc
thp ny bao gm cc dng:
23
n tt nghip
Thp th kt hp tch kh nh thp: vn hnh chn khng
Thp tinh: vn hnh p sut d

Dch sau khi ln men c gia nhit trong thit b gia nhit s b v a vo
nh ca thp tch kh nh ca thp th. Mt khu vc nh c cung cp nh ca

thp th gi l thp tch kh. Dm chn c a vo thp ny v dng i xung thp
th.
Hi nh thp th cha ethanol c chuyn n thp tinh sau khi ngng t.
Mt phn nh ca dng hi ny c np vo thp tch kh. Trong thp tch kh cc
kh ha tan cng vi mt s tp cht c tch ra nh ca thp. Hi ny c ngng
t trong thit b ngng t ca thp tch kh v thnh phn ngng t c a n khu
vc thp hn ca thp tinh thu hi ethanol.
Phn cn li ca dm chn tch ra khi dng ethanol i xung di thp th v
ly ra nh dng nc thi t y ca thp th. Thp th vn hnh chn khng m
bo nhit vn hnh thp. nhit thp, ha tan ca mui canxi cao hn nn
chng khng kt ta trong thp. V vy thp th t ng cn hn.
Thp tinh c vn hnh p sut tng. Hi c a vo thit b un si y
thp, c cung cp y thp.
Cn c lm giu i ra nh v c nng khong 95% v/v. Cn sau tinh
ch i ra khi thp v c a i lu tr.
Dng du fusel t thp tinh c a n thit b tch du fusel, ni m dng
ny c ho tan vi nc v lp giu du fusel c tch ra. Nc ra du fusel c
tun hon tr li thp.
Dng nc tch ra t y thp th mt phn c tun hon li khu vc ln men
nh l nc ho tan v phn cn li c a n phn xng x l nc thi.
24
n tt nghip
5. Cng on tch nc.

Qu trnh to thnh cn tinh ch thng qua lp ht m. Hai thp ht m c
cung cp cho php vn hnh lin tc: mt thp thc hin qu trnh hp ph trong khi
thp kia tin hnh ti sinh.
Nguyn liu l hi qu nhit ca thp tinh, c gia nhit siu tc m bo
nhit vn hnh, v tun hon n thp ry phn t 1 c gi nh l ang trong giai
on tch nc. Sau khi i qua thit b lm kh, hi c ngng t, lm mt v a
n b cha sn phm.
Mt phn nh ca hi sn phm c a n thp 2 ang trong giai on ti
sinh, p sut chn khng, tin hnh ti sinh.
Giai on ti sinh ht hi nc t cc mao qun ca ry phn t, gip cho thp
2 sn sng cho chu k k tip. Nng dng hi thu hi thp, c ngng t v tun
hon tr li thp tinh.
6. Cng on ly tm tch b.
Qu trnh tch c thc hin bi my tch ly tm lin tc tch b m. Dng
cht lng l dch hm long t thit b tch c a qua phn hu k kh, theo sau l
phn hu hiu kh.
1.3.3.3. Cng ngh Applied Process Technology International - APTI (Delta-T).
y l bn quyn cng ngh sn xut Bio Ethanol nhin liu c p dng i
vi Nh my sn xut BioEthanol nhin liu Min Trung. Cng ngh ny s c
trnh by chi tit phn tip theo.
25
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1.3.4. Cng Ngh sn xut BioEthanol hin ti Vit nam.

1.3.4.1. S khi cng ngh sn xut ethanol
Dy chuyn cng ngh ca Applied Process Technology International - APTI
(Delta-T) [4].
Hnh 1.3. Dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut ethanol ca APTI (Delta-T)[4]

Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol vi nguyn liu l sn lt (cassava chips), sn
lt c a n khu vc nghin, chun b dch v tch ct, y s to thnh dung
dch bt ng nht (cassava slurry). Tinh bt trong dung dch bt c chuyn ha
thnh ng c kh nng ln men da trn hot ng ca cc enzyme (cng on h
ha v nu) v sau ng c chuyn ha thnh Ethanol v CO2 bi hot ng ca
men (cng on ln men).
Kh CO2 th s c ra s b bng nc tch lng cn b cun theo, sau
CO2 c a n phn xng thu hi v ha lng CO2.
26
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Dch sau ln men (gim chn) c nng Ethanol thp (9 14%v/v), cn phi
loi b ti a lng nc bng phng php chng ct, tinh luyn. Tuy nhin do hin
tng im ng ph ca hn hp Ethanol v nc nn sau cng on chng ct
BioEthanol thu c ch t nng 95-96 %v/v. s dng lm nhin liu,
BioEthanol tip tc c a qua cng on tch nc t nng ti thiu 99,8
%v/v.
Dch hm thi ra t y ca hai thp chng ct th c a n Decanter (my
ly tm) tch cc thnh phn rn c trong dch hm. Cc bc x l tip theo l sy
b v x l nc thi c thu hi Methane.
Hiu sut ca cc cng on chnh:
-
Hiu sut ln men: 94%
Hiu sut chng ct: 99%
Hiu sut tch nc: 99,5%
Hiu sut tng ca nh sn xut chnh (t h ha n tch nc): 90,7%
27
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1.3.4.2. S dng ca khu vc chun b dch v tch ct.
Hnh 1.4. S khu vc chun b dch v tch ct.[4]

Bt sn sau nghin c ha trn cng vi dng dch t thng TK-1101 gm
nc cng ngh, dch hm long v dng dch Grits hi lu t nh h thng cyclone
cp 2 ca h thng cyclone tch ct. Dch bt sau c a n thng TK-1102. C
2 thng TK-1101 v TK-1102 u c trang b cnh khuy.
Dch bt t thng TK-1102 c gia nhit ln 40 - 50OC bng dng nc ngng
cng ngh ti E-1102 trnh tinh bt l lng trong nc. Sau c dn qua thit
b ng nht v n h thng cyclone 3 cp tch ct trit .
28
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1.3.4.3. S dng ca khu vc h ha v nu
Hnh 1.5. S khu vc h ha v nu.[4]

Dch bt t cm cng ngh chun b dch v tch ct tip tc c ha trn vi
nc ngng cng ngh ti thng ha trn dch TK-2101. Thng ny c duy tr
nhit khong 82oC. Thi gian lu ca dch trong thng l 30 pht. Enzyme Alphaamylaza c a vo nhm b gy tinh bt thnh ng c kh nng ln men. NH3
c thm vo iu chnh pH, ng thi cung cp dinh dng cho men. Mt phn
dch hm long c th c b sung vo thng ha trn.
Dch sau ha trn c bm n thng h ha TK-2201. Thi gian lu ca dch
thng h ha l 120 pht thi gian cho enzyme Alpha-amylaza tip tc b gy
nhng chui tinh bt thnh ng n. Sau dch c gia nhit bng hi ti thit b
trao i nhit nhm chuyn ha tinh bt trit v tit trng dng dch. H thng gm
3 ni nu dng ng c cung cp nhm to thi gian lu cn thit (15 pht) tit
trng. Sau khi nu, dch c lm lnh 2 cp bng gim chn v nc lm mt n
nhit 32OC v cung cp cho khu vc ln men.
29
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Dung dch H2SO4 c b sung ti u ra ca thng h ha nhm gim pH

xung thch hp cho qu trnh nhn men. Dng dch hm long cng c th b sung
vo v tr ny gim pH, iu ny s lm gim lng H2SO4 tiu th nhng s lm
tng thnh phn cht rn trong dch.
Trong thi gian di dng nh my, thng ha trn, thng h ha v cc ng
ng lin quan s c v sinh lm sch bng h thng CIP.
1.3.4.4. S dng ca khu vc nhn men ging v ln men.
H thng ln men gm 6 thng, trong thng u tin l thng nhn ging, 4
thng ln men cng kch thc v thng cha gim chn. Nh my s dng qu trnh
ln men theo m chuyn ha ng c kh nng ln men thnh Ethanol v CO2 da
trn hot ng ca men.
Qu trnh nhn men ging di n ra thng nhn men TK-3102. Thng nhn men
c trang b cnh khuy v c lm lnh bn ngoi bng bm tun hon v thit b
lm lnh.
Qu trnh nhn men theo m v ton b m nhn men s c cp cho thng ln
men khi hot ng ca men t c im ti u (c quyt nh bi nhn vin phn
tch), bnh thng thi gian lu dch trong thng nhn men l 12h/m. Sau mi m,
thng nhn men, thit b lm lnh v cc ng ng lin quan c v sinh lm sch
bng h thng CIP ngn nga nhi m khun.
Qu trnh ln men theo m vi hiu sut 94% v thi gian lu 48h/m. Qu trnh
ln men sinh nhit nn phi tun hon dch ang ln men qua thit b lm mt bn
ngoi duy tr nhit thng ln men khong 32OC.
Sau khi t thi gian ln men, gim chn c bm n thng cha gim
chn. Th tch thng cha gim chn bng 1,3 ln th tch thng ln men. Ti y gim
chn s c cung cp lin tc cho khu vc chng ct. thu hi nng lng, gim
chn trc khi n khu vc chng cp s c gia nhit s b 1 trong 2 thit b trao
i nhit m tc nhn gia nhit l dch sau nu.
30
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Hnh 1.6. S khu vc nhn men ging v ln men.[4]

Kh CO2 th s c ra s b bng nc tch lng cn b cun theo, sau
CO2 c a n phn xng thu hi v ha lng CO2. Kh CO2 sinh ra c th to
bt trong thng ln men, do mi thng ln men c trang b cc u phun cht
chng to bt khi cn.
Cc thng ln men v ng ng ln quan, cc thit b trao i nhit u c
kt ni vi h thng CIP lm sch v tit trng. H thng ln men c trang b vi
ng ng v iu khin cho php lm v sinh hay bo tr bt k thng ln men no
cng khng nh hng n vic cung cp gim chn lin tc.
31
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1.3.4.5. S dng ca khu vc chng ct.
Hnh 1.7. S khu vc chng ct.[4]

Chng ct l qu trnh lm bay hi ethanol c trong gim chn v c c n n
nng xp x 95 %v.
Ethanol trong gim chn c tch ra khi dch hm s dng h thng vi 3 thp
chng ct. Ba thp chng l thp th 1, 2 v thp tinh.
H thng chng ct gm ba thp, n s bao gm hai thp chng ct th v mt
thp chng ct tinh. Thp chng ct th 1 vn hnh p sut kh quyn. Thp chng
ct th 2 vn hnh p sut chn khng v thp tinh vn hnh p sut xp x l 3,4
bar.
Gim chn c chia ra v a n nh ca mi thp chng ct th vi t l
nh nhau. Sau khi gia nhit, gim chn i vo thp th 1 c nhit sp x l 88 oC
(190 oF), v i vo thp th 2 vi nhit sp x l 77 oC (170 0F). Sn phm y ca
thp th, hay gi l dch hm, c a i x l. Hi ethanol t nh ca cc thp th
32
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c ngng t v bm n thp tinh. Ti y n c c c, tng nng ln 95%.

Ethanol ra khi thp tinh c a sang h thng tch nc. Dng ra khi y thp
tinh ch yu l nc cng vi lng nh ethanol v cc cht hu c d bay hi c
quay li qu trnh cng ngh.
H thng chng ct c tnh ton hiu sut s dng nng lng l ln nht.
Phn ct ca nh thp tinh c s dng cung cp nhit cho cc thp th. Hi
ngng t c tun hon li thp tinh lm dng hi lu nh. axit ca sn phm
c iu khin bng cch loi b cc kh khng tan trong ethanol vi mt qu trnh
ring.
1.3.4.6. S dng ca khu vc tch nc.
Hnh 1.8. S khu vc tch nc.[4]
33
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Vic loi b nc, lm khan cn sn xut cn nhin liu c thc hin

trong h thng tch nc ry phn t. Ry phn t lm vic c bn l hp ph chn lc
pha hi. Trong trng hp ny, nc c hp ph trong cc mao qun trong khi
ethanol thot ra ngoi. Nc b hp ph s c loi b sut trong giai on ti sinh v
c a tr li h thng chng ct thu hi ethanol.
Qu trnh ti sinh t c khi s dng h thng chuyn i p sut. S gim p
sut t c nh h thng chn khng. Qu trnh hp ph thc hin p sut d trong
khi ti sinh thc hin p sut chn khng.
H thng gim axit c thit k loi b CO2 v axit cacbonic lm cho nng
axit cao. Phn ln dng cn khan sau khi ra khi thp tch nc c ngng t v
a vo thp kh axit. Mt phn nh hi ethanol khan c a vo y thp kh axit
tch kh CO2 cn lu li. Dng lng (sn phm cui cng) c thu nhn y ca
thp kh axit c lm mt v chuyn n b cha.
34
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Chng 2: Tng quan v qu trnh chng luyn
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH CHNG LUYN

2.1. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh chng ct.
2.1.1. Khi nim v chng ct.
Chng l phng php dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng cng nh
hn hp kh lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc
cu t trong hn hp (ngha l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ha ca cc cu
t khc nhau). Thay v a vo hn hp mt pha mi to nn s tip xc gia hai
pha nh trong qu trnh hp th hoc nh kh, trong qu trnh chng ct pha mi c
to nn bng s bc hi hoc ngng t [9, tr49].
S khc nhau gia chng v c c:

+
Chng: dung mi v cht tan u bay hi;
C c: ch c dung mi bay hi cn cht tan khng bay hi.
Khi chng hn hp 2 cu t [9, tr50]:

+
Sn phm nh gm cu t c bay hi ln v mt phn cu t c
bay hi b.
+
Sn phm y gm cu t c bay hi b v mt phn cu t c
bay hi ln.
Phn loi cc phng php chng:

Trong sn xut, thng gp cc phng php chng sau:
Chng n gin:
+
Dng tch cc hn hp gm cc cu t c bay hi rt khc nhau.
Thng dng tch s b v lm sch cc cu t khi tp cht.
Chng bng hi nc trc tip:

+
Tch cc hn hp gm cc cht kh bay hi v tp cht khng bay hi
Thng c dng trong trng hp cht c tch khng tan vo
nc
35
n tt nghip
Chng chn khng: Dng trong trng hp cn h thp nhit si ca cu
t (i vi cc cu t trong hn hp d b phn hu nhit cao hay c nhit

si qu cao).
Chng luyn: L phng php ph bin nht dng tch hon ton hn
hp cc cu t d bay hi c tnh cht ha tan mt phn hoc ha tan hon ton

vo nhau.
+
Chng luyn p sut thp dng cho cc hn hp d b phn hu
nhit cao.
+
Chng luyn p sut cao dng cho cc hn hp khng ha lng p
sut thng.
2.1.2. Khi nim v cn bng lng hi.
Cn bng lng hi l trng thi m ti pha lng v pha hi (pha kh) cn bng
vi nhau, tc bay hi bng tc ngng t mc phn t v lc , xem nh l
khng c s chuyn pha lng hi. Mc d, theo l thuyt, qu trnh chuyn pha lun
t n cn bng, nhng trn thc t, s cn bng ch c thit lp trong mt h tng
i kn, khi cht lng v hi ca n tip xc vi nhau trong thi gian di v khng
c s tc ng t bn ngoi hoc tc ng t t.
Nng ca pha hi khi tip xc vi pha lng ca n, c bit trng thi cn
bng, c c trng bi p sut hi, hoc p sut ring phn trong hn hp hi. p
sut hi cn bng ca mt cht lng thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit . trng
thi cn bng lng hi, mt pha lng vi nhng cu t c nng nht nh s c
pha hi cn bng, trong nng hay p sut ring phn ca cc cu t hi s t gi
tr khng i, ph thuc vo nng ca cc cu t trong pha lng v nhit . Ngc
lai, nu pha hi c nng cc cu t hay p sut ring phn khng i th trng thi
cn bng, pha lng ca n c nng khng i, ph thuc vo nng pha hi v
nhit .
36
n tt nghip
Nng cn bng ca mi cu t trong pha lng thng khc vi nng hay

p sut hi ca n trong pha hi, nhng gia chng c s tng quan. Nng cn
bng lng hi thng c xc nh qua thc nghim cho hn hp lng hi c
nhiu cu t. Trong mt s trng hp, cc s liu ca cn bng lng hi c th c
xc nh nh nh lut Raoult, nh lut Dalton hay nh lut Henry.
Cn bng lng hi c ng dng nhiu trong vic thit k thp chng ct, c
bit l thp a.
2.1.3. Hn hp hai cu t.
Phn loi hn hp hai cu t:
Dung dch l tng [9, tr52]: l dung dch m lc lin kt gia cc
phn t cng loi v lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi bng nhau, khi cc cu
t ha tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no. Cn bng gia lng v hi hon ton tun
theo nh lut Raoult.
Dung dch thc [9, tr52]: l nhng dung dch khng hon ton tun theo
nh lut Raoult, s sai lch vi nh lut Raoult l dng nu lc lin kt gia cc

phn t cng loi ln hn lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi, ngc lai, sai lch l
m nu lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng loi nh lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc
loi. Trng hp lc lin kt gia cc phn t khc loi rt b so vi lc lin kt gia
cc phn t cng loi th dung dch s phn lp, ngha l cc cu t khng ha tan vo
nhau hoc ha tan khng ng k.
Cn c vo mc ha tan, c th chia dung dch hai cu t thnh cc loi sau:
+
Cht lng ha tan vo nhau theo bt c t l no
Cht lng ha tan mt phn vo nhau
Cht lng khng ha tan vo nhau.
2.2. Cc phng php chng ct.

2.2.1. Chng n gin.
Nguyn tc v s chng n gin:
37
n tt nghip
Trong qu trnh chng n gin hi c ly ra ngay v cho ngng t. Ta c th

xem di n bin ca qu trnh trn th t-y-x (hnh 2.1):
Hnh 2.1. Cn bng pha cho trng hp chng n gin

Lc u dung dch c thnh phn biu th im C, khi un n nhit si hi
bc ln c thnh phn ng vi im P, v trong hi khi no cng c cu t d bay hi
hn trong lng nn trong thi gian chng ct thnh phn lng s chuyn dn v pha
cu t kh bay hi. Cui cng ta c cht lng cn li trong ni chng vi thnh phn l
Cn v thu c hn hp hi P, P1, P2, ..., Pn, thnh phn trung bnh ca hn hp hi
biu th im Ptb [9, tr118]
S chng ct n gin biu di n trn hnh 2.2: dung dch u c cho vo
ni chng 1, y dung dch c un bc hi, hi to thnh i vo thit b ngng t lm lnh 2. Sau khi c ngng t v lm lnh n nhit cn thit, cht lng i va
cc thng cha 3. Thnh phn cht lng ngng lun lun thay i. Sau khi t c
yu cu chung, cht lng cn li trong ni c tho ra. Nh vy qu trnh l gin
on. Ta cng c th tin hnh chng lin tc c, khi thnh phn sn phm khng
thay i.
1. Ni chng
2. Thit b ngng t
3. Thng cha sn phm
Hnh 2.2. S chng n gin.[11]

38
n tt nghip
Chng n gin thng ng dng cho nhng trng hp sau:
Khi nhit si ca hai cu t khc nhau xa.
Khi khng i hi sn phm c tinh khit cao.
Tch hn hp lng ra khi tp cht khng bay hi.
Tch s b hn hp nhiu cu t.
2.2.2. Chng bng hi nc trc tip.
Nguyn l:
Nu c hai cht lng A v B khng ha tan vo nhau th khi trn ln, p sut ca
chng trn hn hp khng ph thuc vo thnh phn ca A v B v p sut chung bng

tng p sut hi bo ha ca cc cu t cng nhit [9, tr60].
S chng ct bng hi nc trc tip

Khi chng bng hi nc trc tip ngi ta phun hi nc qua lp cht lng
bng mt b phn phun. Hi nc c th l bo ha hay qu nhit. Trong qu trnh tip

xc gia hi nc v lp cht lng, cu t cn chng s khuch tn vo trong hi. Hn
hp hi nc v cu t bay hi c ngng t v tch thnh sn phm [9, tr61].
Qu trnh chng bng hi nc trc tip hp l nht l ch dng tch cu t
khng tan trong nc ra khi tp cht khng bay hi, trng hp ny sn phm ngng
s phn lp: cu t bay hi v nc, chng ta ly sn phm ra mt cch d dng. u
im ca qu trnh chng bng hi nc trc tip l gim c nhit si ca hn
hp ngha l ta c th chng nhit si thp hn bnh thng. iu ny rt c li
vi cc cht d b phn hy nhit cao cng nh i vi cc cht c nhit si
qu cao m khi chng ct gin tip i hi dng hi p sut cao. Chng bng hi nc
trc tip c th tin hnh gin on hay lin tc (hnh 2.3). Trong c hai trng hp
ngi ta u phi dng cch t gin tip un bc hi hn hp. Lng hi nc
trc tip i vo hn hp ch c nhim v mang cu t d bay hi ra m thi [9,p62].
39
n tt nghip
Chng gin on
Chng lin tc
Hnh 2.3. S chng bng hi nc trc tip.[11]
Cn c vo trng thi hi nc i ra khi thit b ngi ta phn bit [9,p62]:
Chng bng hi nc qu nhit nu p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong
hn hp i ra khi thit b b hn p sut hi nc bo ha cng nhit .
Chng bng hi nc bo ha nu p sut ring phn ca hi nc trong
hn hp hi i ra khi thit b bng p sut hi nc bo ha cng nhit .

2.2.3. Chng luyn lin tc.
Phng php chng n gin
khng cho php ta thu c sn phm
c tinh khit cao. Mun thu c
nhng sn phm c tinh khit cao
ngi ta phi tin hnh chng nhiu
ln, s chng ct th hin trn hnh
2.4 [9, tr71].
Hn hp u lin tc i vo
ni chng th nht. Mt phn cht
Hnh 2.4. S chng nhiu ln.[11]
lng bc hi thnh sn phm nh, ng

tho sn phm nh ng thi l ng duy tr mc cht lng trong ni khng i. hi
40
n tt nghip
C trong trng thi cn bng vi lng B. Hi C thu c ngng t li thnh cht

lng D v i vo ni chng th hai. Trong ni chng th hai ta thu c hi F v cht
lng E. tng t nh th qu trnh lp li ni th ba. mi ni c b phn t trong
ring bit. Kt qu l ta thu c cc sn phm y B, E, H v sn phm nh I cha
nhiu cu t d bay hi [9, tr71].
Ngi ta thay i s sn xut trn ch thu c mt sn phm y c
cha nhiu cu t t bay hi. t c mc ch ta cho sn phm y ca ni th
hai tr v ni th nht v sn phm y ca ni th ba tr v ni th hai, D nhin l
trng thi cn bng trong cc ni khng ging nh s trn na. Nu ta khng ch
qu trnh t nng tt th ta c th lin tc v n nh thu c sn phm nh I v sn
phm y B.
Ta cng c th lp thm mt ni hay nhiu hn vo trc ni th nht vi
nguyn liu u vo l sn phm y B ca ni th nht, thc hin qu trnh chng ta
thu c sn phm y K cha nhiu cu t kh bay hi.
Thit b lm vic nh th c th thu c sn phm c tinh khit cao nhng
cng c nhc im l tn hi t qu nhiu.
Hnh 2.5. S chng nhiu ln ci tin.[11]

Nhn vo th ca hnh 2.5 ta thy hi ca ni trc c nhit cao hn nhit
ca cht lng ca ni sau. ng no th hi ny cng c ngng t thnh lng
i vo ni sau, v th khng cn thit phi ngng t trong thit b ngng t gin tip
41
n tt nghip
v tit kim hi t cng nh gim bt cc thit b ngng t ngi ta cho hi ca

ni trc trc tip i vo ni sau qua b phn phun. Phng php ny cho php ta tit
kim c hi t rt nhiu, v tr ni th nht ra th tt c cc ni cn li u c
un trc tip t hi bc ra t cc ni chng. Mt vn t ra l ly lng u cho
vo cc ni pha sau ni cho hn hp u vo. Ch c mt cch duy nht l sau khi
ngng t hi ni trn cng ta cho mt phn cht lng ngng quay li ni trn cng
. Lng cht lng ny gi l lng hi lu [9, tr72].
Trng thi cn bng trong cc ni chng th hin th hnh 2.6.
Hnh 2.6. S chng nhiu ln c hi lu.[11]

Tuy nhin s thit b nh vy vn c nhc im l ch to phc tp v cng
knh. Ngi ta n gin h thng bng cch thay bng mt thp gi l thp
chng luyn v qu trnh chng nhiu ln nh vy gi l qu trnh chng luyn.
S thp chng luyn (hnh 2.7): thp gm nhiu a, mi a ca thp ng
vi mi ni ca cc s trn. y thp c b phn un bc hi. Nguyn tc lm
vic ca thp: hi i t di ln qua cc l ca a, lng chy t trn xung theo cc
ng chy chuyn. Nng cc cu t thay i theo chiu cao ca thp, nhit si
cng thay i theo tng ng vi s thay i nng .
Trn a 1 cht lng cha cu t d bay hi nng x1, hi bc ln t a c
nng cn bng vi x1 l y1 > x1, hi ny qua cc l i ln a 2 tip xc vi cht
42
n tt nghip
lng . Nhit a 2 thp hn a 1 cho nn mt phn hi c ngng li, do

nng x2 > x1. Hi bc ln t a 2 c nng cn bng vi x2 l y2 > x2, hi ny i
ln a 3 tip xc vi cht lng v nhit a 3 thp hn a 2, mt phn hi
c ngng li, do cht lng trn a 3 c nng x3 > x2.
Hnh 2.7. S thp chng luyn.[11]

Trn mi a xy ra qu trnh chuyn khi gia pha lng v pha hi, mt phn
cu t d bay hi chuyn t pha lng vo pha hi v mt phn t hn chuyn t pha hi
vo pha lng, lp li nhiu ln bc hi v ngng t nh th hay ni cch khc, vi mt
s a tng ng, cui cng trn nh thp ta thu c cu t d bay hi dng nguyn
cht v y thp ta thu c cu t kh bay hi dng nguyn cht.
Theo l thuyt th mi a ca thp l mt bc thay i nng : thnh phn hi
i ra khi a bng thnh phn cn bng vi cht lng khi i vo a. Do theo l
thuyt th s a bng s bc thay i nng . Thc t th trn mi a qu trnh
chuyn khi gia hai pha thng khng t cn bng.
Qu trnh chng luyn c thc hin trong thit b loi thp lm vic lin tc
hay gin on.
43
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2.2.4. Cc phng php chng khc.

2.2.4.1. Chng luyn trch ly v chng luyn ng ph.
i vi nhng hn hp gm cc cu t c nhit si gn ging nhau hoc rt
gn nhau hay gm nhng cu t to thnh dung dch ng ph ta khng th dng
phng php chng luyn thng thng nh nghin cu trn tch chng ra
dng gn nh nguyn cht c d cho c dng nhng thp v cng cao vi lng hi
lu rt ln. tch cc hn hp y chng ta phi dng cc phng php chng luyn
c bit, thng thng ngi ta hay dng phng php chng luyn trch ly v chng
luyn ng ph.
1. Chng luyn trch ly.
Phng php ny da trn c s thm mt cu t mi vo hn hp a trn
cng ca thp, cu t gi l cu t d phn ly c bay hi b, n c tc dng lm
thay i bay hi ca cc cu t khc trong hn hp. Tt nhin ta phi chn cu t
phn ly lm sao khi thm vo hoh cn chng th n lm tng bay hi ca cc cu
t trong hn hp.
Nu hn hp to thnh dung dch ng ph, im ng ph s mt i khi thm
cu t phn ly vo.
V d ta c hn hp gm hai cu t A v B c nhit si gn nhau to thnh
hn hp ng ph, khi thm cu t phn ly R vo th ng ph mt i trong hn hp
ABR v cho ta kh nng tch cu t d bay hi A dng nguyn cht (tng i). Sn
phm y thp l R+B. Ta c s chng luyn trch ly biu di n trn hnh 2.8: R v B
c bay hi khc xa nhau nn ta tch chng d dng theo phng php chng luyn
thng thng.
44
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Hnh 2.8. S thit b chng luyn trch ly.[11]

Qu trnh chng luyn trch ly gn ging nh trch ly: cu t phn ly R ko cu
t B i v gii phng cu t A; v vy qu trnh ny gi l chng luyn trch ly.
2. Chng luyn ng ph.
Phng php ny cng da trn nguyn tc thm vo mt cu t phn ly. Qu
trnh ny khc vi chng luyn trch ly l y cu t phn ly phi c bay hi ln
hn bay hi ca cc cu t trong hn hp. Tc dng ca n cng tng t nh trong
trng hp chng luyn trch ly, ngha l lm thay i bay hi tng i ca cc
cu t trong hn hp. Thm vo n to thnh vi cu t d bay hi (hay c hai cu
t) dung dch ng ph c bay hi ln. Nh th trong kt qu chng luyn sn phm
nh thp s l hn hp dng ph v sn phm y l cu t dng n guyn cht.
Phng php ny tin li v tit kim trong trng hp cu t phn ly khng tan vo
cu t d bay hi.
V d ta xem s chng luyn ng ph hn hp hai cu t A, B vi cu t
phn ly S. Cu t phn ly S to vi cu t A dung dch ng ph i ln nh. Sau thit
b ngng t hn hp ng ph c phn lp: mt lp l cu t phn ly S cho tr v
thp v lp kia gm phn ln l cu t A c a sang thp chng luyn khc
tch A. Hn hp ng ph AS cng i ln nh qua ngng t ri vo thit b phn lp.
Cu t B thu c dng nguyn cht trong sn phm y ca thp th nht.
45
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Hnh 2.9. S thit b chng luyn ng ph.[11]

3. So snh chng luyn trch ly v chng luyn ng ph.
Khi chng luyn trch ly khng cn phi bc hi cu t phn ly, v th lng hi
t s tn t hn. Trong c hai trng hp yu cu ca cu t phn ly l phi lm tng
bay hi ca cu t trong hn hp. i vi chng luyn trch ly th yu cu bay
hi ca cu t phn ly cng b cng tt v ngc li i vi chng luyn ng ph th
bay hi ca cu t phn ly phi ln.
2.2.4.2. Chng luyn nhiu cu t.
H thng gm ba cu t tr ln gi l h nhiu cu t. H nhiu cu t c th
chia lm hai loi: loi th nht l hn hp cha nhng cu t tun theo nh lut Raoult
gi l hn hp l tng (hn hp cc hydrocarbon); loi th hai l hn hp cha nhng
cu t khng tun theo nh lut Raoult, gi l hn hp thc (hn hp ru).
C hai cch chng hn hp nhiu cu t:
Chng sao cho trong c hai sn phm nh v y u c mt tt c cc cu
t, ch dng cch ny tch s b
Chng sao cho mt hoc nhiu cu t khng c mt trong sn phm
Khi chng luyn mi thp ch c hai sn phm, v th tch hn hp nhiu cu

t ta cn nhiu thp. Theo nguyn tc th tch c n cu t ta cn c (n-1) thp.
Trong thc t tch n cu t ngi ta thng ghp nhiu thp li thnh mt.
46
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2.3. C s tnh ton cng ngh chng luyn lin tc hn hp hai cu t

2.3.1. Cn bng pha.
Thnh phn cn bng ca cc pha trong h lng hi bo ha i vi dung dch
l tng nhit thp hn nhit ti hn c xc nh bi nh lut Raul: p sut
ring phn ca mi cu t trong pha hi bn trn dung dch bng tch s ca p sut hi
bo ha ca cu t ( cng nhit ) vi nng phn mol ca cu t trong
dung dch. [11, tr 143].
p pbh .x
Trong : p p sut ring phn ca cu t phn b trong pha hi bn trn cht lng
trong iu kin cn bng; pbh p sut hi bo ha ca cu t cng nhit ; x
nng phn mol ca cu t trong dung dch.
Mt khc, p sut ring phn cn c xc nh theo phng trnh:[11, tr143]
ycb
p x. pbh
P
P
Nu h gm hai cu t A v B, theo nh lut Dalton, ta c p sut chung l:

P p A pB
Hay: P p Abh .x pBbh .(1 x )

Thay vo phng trnh trn, ta c vi cu t A:
y Acb
Trong :
p Abh .x
pAbh .x pBbh .(1 x)
pA, pB l p sut ring phn ca cu t A v B
p Abh , pBbh l p sut hi bo ha ca cu t A v B.

Gi:
pAbh
l c bay hi tng i ca cu t A trong hn hp, ta c:
pBbh
47
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y Acb
.x
1 x.( 1)
Phng trnh trn gi l phng trnh ng cn bng i vi cu t d bay hi

A v ng biu di n n gi l ng cn bng. Phng trnh ny dng cho dung dch
l tng. i vi dung dch thc, s liu cn bng thng c xc nh bng thc
nghim.[11, tr144].
2.3.2. Cn bng vt liu.
K hiu cc i lng nh sau:
GF - lng nguyn liu u, kmol/s;

GD - lng nguyn liu nh, kmol/s;
GB - lng nguyn liu y, kmol/s;
xF - nng phn mol cu t d bay hi trong hn hp u.
xD - nng phn mol cu t d bay hi trong sn phm nh.

xB - nng phn mol cu t d bay hi trong sn phm y.
Phng trnh cn bng vt liu ton thp: [11, tr144]
GF G B G D
i vi cu t d bay hi: GF .xF GD .xD GB .xB
xF xB
)
xD xB
Lng sn phm nh:
GD GF .(
Lng sn phm y:
GB GF GD
Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca on luyn c dng: [11, tr144]
Rx
x
.x D
Rx 1
Rx 1
48
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Trong :
y nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong pha hi i t a di ln a.
x nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trog pha lng chy t a xung
a di.
Rx
Gx
ch s hi lu.
GD
Gx lng lng hi lu v thp, kmol/s.

Trong phng trnh trn i vi mi trng hp c th Rx v xD l nhng i
lng khng i, v th phng trnh trn c dng ng thng.[11, tr 144]
y A.x B
Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca on chng c dng:[11, tr158]
Trong : L
Rx 1
L 1
.x
.xB
Rx L
L Rx
GF
GD
Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca on chng cng c dng ng

thng:
y A.x B
2.3.3. Ch s hi lu thch hp.

Ch s hi lu ti thiu ca thp chng luyn [11, tr158]:
Rx min
Trong :
xD yF*
yF* xF
yF* nng cu t d bay hi tron pha hi cn bng nng trong pha
lng xF trong hn hp u.
49
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Ch s hi lu lm vic thng c xc nh qua ch s hi lu ti thiu [11,

tr158]:
Rx b.Rx min
Trong : b h s d.
Vn chn ch s hi lu thch hp rt quan trng, v khi ch s hi lu b th
s bc ca thp lp nhng tiu tn hi t t, ngc li khi ch s hi lu ln th s bc
ca thp c t hn nhng tiu tn hi t li ln.
Trong tnh ton cng nghip, ty theo yu cu ca mc chnh xc ta c ba
cch xc nh ch s hi lu sau y [11, tr158]:
+ tnh gn ng ta c th ly ch s hi lu lm vic bng [11, tr159]:
Rx (1, 2 2,5) Rx min

Hay
Rx 1,3Rx min 0,3
+ Xc nh ch s hi lu t iu kin th tch thp nh nht ( khng tnh n cc
ch tiu kinh t vn hnh). Trong trng hp ny ta cn thit lp quan h gia ch s

hi lu v th tch ca thp Rx V [11, tr 159].
Cng d dng thy rng, th thch lm vic ca thp t l vi tch s mx ( Rx 1)
hay tch s m y ( Rx 1) , trong mx hay m y l s n v chuyn khi.
Vn l phi xc nh cc tr s ca mx hay m y ng vi gi tr Rx khc nhau
thit lp quan h ph thuc gia Rx hay mx ( Rx 1) trn th. im cc tiu ca
ng cong v c s cho ta gi tr th tch thit b nh nht v ng vi im s c
ch s hi lu thch hp.
50
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Hnh 2.10. th xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp.[11]

V d i vi Rx1 Rx min ta v ng lm vic ca hai on thp ( hnh 2.10), t
ta xc nh s n v chuyn khi m x1 bng phng php th thch phn theo
cng thc:
mx
xD
xB
dx
x xcb
Cho ln lt cc gi tr Rx khc nhau ta s thu c cc gi tr mx tng ng.

Quan h ph thuc Rx mx ( Rx 1) c biu th bi th hnh 2.10. im cc tiu l
iu ng vi ch s hi lu thch hp Rxth m ta cn tm.
+ xc nh chi s hi lu chnh xc nht ta phi tnh n ch tiu kinh t. Mun
th ta phi xc nh ton b chi ph cho sn xut ca h thng vi nhiu gi tr chi s

hi lu khc nhau. Tng chi phi sn xut ca h thng bao gm: khu hao gi thnh
thit b A, tiu tn sa cha P, tiu tn vn hnh T.
51
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Quan h gia chi ph sn xut v ch s hi lu biu th hnh 2.11. im cc

tiu ca ng tng chi ph ng vi ch s hi lu thch hp v tng chi ph b nht.
Hnh 2.11. Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp kinh t nht.[11]
2.4. Quy trnh cng ngh h thng chng ct ethanol.

Ethanol l mt cht lng tan v hn trong nc, nhit si l 78,30C
760mmHg, nhit si ca nc l 1000C 760mmHg: hi cch bit kh xa nn
phng php hiu qu thu ethanol c tinh khit cao l phng php chng ct.
Trong trng hp ny, ta khng th s dng phng php c c v cc cu t
u c kh nng bay hi, v khng s dng phng php trch ly cng nh phng
php hp th do phi a vo mt cu t mi tch, s lm cho qu trnh phc tp
hn hay qu trnh tch khng c hon ton.
52
n tt nghip
S quy trnh cng ngh chng ct h ethanolnc:
Hnh 2.12. S quy trnh cng ngh chng ct ethanol.[4]

Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:
Mc ch ca phn xng chng ct l phn tch ethanol ra khi gim chn (dch
sau ln men) v nng nng ethanol trong sn phm ln 95%tt.
Phn xng chng ct c thit k theo tiu ch s dng nng lng tit kim
nht. Cc thit b chnh ca phn xng chng ct bao gm:
- 02 thp ct th: 01 thp C-4101 hot ng p sut thng (thp th 1), 01 thp
C-4102 hot ng p sut chn khng (thp th 2);
- 01 thp ct tinh C-4201 hot ng p sut d (thp tinh).
iu kin vn hnh ca phn xng chng ct:
53
n tt nghip
Bng 2.1. iu kin vn hnh phn xng chng ct.[4]

Thng s
Thp th 1
Thp th 2
Thp tinh
0.97
0.21
3.4
89.5
53.7
112.3
p sut (bar)
o
Nhit ( C)
Gim chn trc khi vo thp th c gia nhit s b chui thit b thu hi
nhit. Nhit gim chn i vo thp th 1 t khong 88oC v nhit gim chn i
vo thp th 2 t khong 75oC.
Trong thp ct th, cn c tch ra khi gim chn qua cc khay ca thp, c
thit k chng cu cn c trong dch bia bm trn b mt. Sn phm y ca cc thp
th l dch hm c thu gom v Stillage Tank chun b cho qu trnh lng gn v
sn sut DDFS.
Hn hp ethanol - nc thot t nh cc thp th c ngng t v a vo phn
gia thp tinh. Sn phm y ca thp tinh ch yu l nc c a v thng ha bt.
Hi ethanol thot ra nh thp ct tinh c nng khong 95% tt (ethanol bn luyn)
c ngng t v cp vo h thng tch nc bng ry phn t.
Nng lng cung cp cho cc thp c cung cp bi cc b gia nhit lp y
thp. Tc nhn gia nhit ca thp ct th 2 l hi bc t nh thp ct th 1. Tc nhn
gia nhit ca thp ct th 1 l hi bc t nh thp tinh. Tc nhn gia nhit cho thp ct
tinh l hi bo ha t phn xng l hi-pht in.
54
n tt nghip
Chng 3: Tnh ton cng ngh thp chng luyn
CHNG 3: TNH TON CNG NGH THP CHNG

LUYN
3.1. Cc thng s ban u.
Nng sut nhp liu: GF 22625(kg / h)
Nng nhp liu: xF 50% (m3 /m3 )
Nng sn phm nh: xD 95% (m3 /m3 )
Nng sn phm y: xB 0,005% (m3 /m3 )
Khi lng phn t ca Ethanol: M E 46 , ca nc M W 18
Nhit nhp liu: TF 112,30 C
Nhit sn phm nh sau khi lm ngui: TB 350 C
Nhit sn phm y sau khi lm ngui: TD 350 C
Trng thi nhp liu l trng thi hi.
Cc k hiu:
+
G F , F: sut lng nhp liu tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
G B , B: sut lng sn phm y tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
G D , D: sut lng sn phm nh tnh theo kg/h, kmol/h.
+ L : sut lng dng hon lu, kmol/h.

+
xi , xi : nng phn mol, phn khi lng ca cu t i.
3.2. Cn bng pha lng hi h Ethanol water p sut lm vic.

p sut lm vic: Plv 3,4 bar 340.000 N/m2
S dng phn mm DDBST 2006 [18], tra cu c bng s liu cn bng lng
hi h Ethanol water p sut 3,4 bar:
55
n tt nghip
Bng 3.1. Cn bng pha lng hi h Ethanol water 3,4 bar.[18]

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
X
0.00000
0.01000
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.11000
0.12000
0.13000
0.14000
0.15000
0.16000
0.17000
0.18000
0.19000
0.20000
0.21000
0.22000
0.23000
0.24000
0.25000
0.26000
0.27000
0.28000
0.29000
0.30000
0.31000
0.32000
0.33000
0.34000
0.35000
0.36000
0.37000
0.38000
0.39000
0.40000
0.41000
0.42000
0.43000
0.44000
0.45000
0.46000
0.47000
0.48000
0.49000
Y
0.00000
0.09336
0.16353
0.21780
0.26081
0.29561
0.32429
0.34830
0.36869
0.38625
0.40154
0.41501
0.42700
0.43778
0.44756
0.45650
0.46476
0.47243
0.47962
0.48640
0.49283
0.49896
0.50485
0.51052
0.51602
0.52137
0.52660
0.53172
0.53675
0.54171
0.54662
0.55148
0.55630
0.56110
0.56589
0.57066
0.57543
0.58019
0.58497
0.58976
0.59456
0.59938
0.60422
0.60909
0.61399
0.61891
0.62387
0.62886
0.63389
0.63896
T[K]
410.94
407.80
405.30
403.28
401.62
400.24
399.08
398.10
397.25
396.52
395.88
395.32
394.82
394.37
393.97
393.60
393.27
392.96
392.67
392.41
392.16
391.92
391.70
391.49
391.29
391.10
390.91
390.73
390.56
390.39
390.23
390.07
389.92
389.77
389.63
389.48
389.34
389.21
389.07
388.94
388.81
388.69
388.56
388.44
388.32
388.20
388.09
387.98
387.87
387.76
STT
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
(Azeo)92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
X
0.50001
0.51001
0.52001
0.53001
0.54001
0.55001
0.56001
0.57001
0.58001
0.59001
0.60001
0.61001
0.62001
0.63001
0.64001
0.65001
0.66001
0.67001
0.68001
0.69001
0.70001
0.71001
0.72001
0.73001
0.74001
0.75001
0.76001
0.77001
0.78001
0.79001
0.80001
0.81001
0.82001
0.83001
0.84001
0.85001
0.86001
0.87002
0.88002
0.89002
0.90002
0.91002
0.92002
0.93002
0.94002
0.95002
0.96002
0.97002
0.98002
0.99002
Y
0.64407
0.64922
0.65441
0.65965
0.66493
0.67026
0.67564
0.68107
0.68655
0.69209
0.69767
0.70332
0.70902
0.71478
0.72060
0.72648
0.73242
0.73843
0.74450
0.75065
0.75686
0.76315
0.76951
0.77596
0.78248
0.78909
0.79578
0.80257
0.80945
0.81643
0.82351
0.83070
0.83801
0.84543
0.85299
0.86067
0.86850
0.87648
0.88462
0.89292
0.90141
0.91010
0.91899
0.92811
0.93747
0.94709
0.95700
0.96721
0.97776
0.98868
T[K]
387.65
387.54
387.44
387.34
387.24
387.15
387.05
386.96
386.87
386.78
386.69
386.61
386.53
386.44
386.37
386.29
386.22
386.15
386.08
386.01
385.94
385.88
385.82
385.76
385.71
385.66
385.61
385.56
385.51
385.47
385.43
385.39
385.36
385.33
385.30
385.28
385.26
385.24
385.22
385.21
385.21
385.20
385.21
385.21
385.22
385.24
385.26
385.29
385.32
385.36
56
n tt nghip
3.3. Cn bng vt cht.

3.3.1. Nng phn mol ca Ethanol trong thp.
xF 0, 240673
xD 0,857594
xB 0,000159
T bng s liu 3.1 ta xy dng c th t-x,y cho h Ethanol water.
Hnh 3.1. th t-x,y h Ethanol water 3.4bar [18].

Do ta chn trng thi nhp liu vo thp chng ct l trng thi lng si nn t
th 3.1 trn, ti xF 0, 240673 ta ni suy ra nhit thp chng ct l TF 391, 277
Ni suy theo ph lc 3, ta c: W 944, 42 kg/m3.
57
n tt nghip
Ni suy theo ph lc 4, ta c: E 693,81 kg/m3.

Suy ra khi lng ring ca hn hp khi nhp liu vo thp theo cng thc I.2tr 5- [10].
1
xF
1 xF
0, 240673 1 0, 240673
1,156.103
693,81
944, 42
(3.1)
F 865,07 kg/m3.
Ta c: M F xF .M E (1 xF ).MW 0,240673.46 (1 0,240673).18 24,739
(kg/kmol)
Nn: F
GF
22625
914,554 (kmol/h)
M F 24,739
3.3.2. Sut lng mol ca cc dng.

Phng trnh cn bng vt cht cho ton thp, theo cng thc 3.12-tr 143-[12]:
F DB
F .xF D.xD B.xB
(3.2)
Th cc gi tr vo ta c h phng trnh sau:

D B 914,554
0,857594.D 0,000159.B 914,554.0, 240673
B 658,018 kmol/h
D 256,536 kmol/h
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp ti nh v y l:

M D xD .M E (1 xD ).MW 0,857594.46 (1 0,857594).18 42,013
(kg/kmol)
M B xB .M E (1 xB ).MW 0,000159.46 (1 0,000159).18 18,004
(kg/kmol)
58
n tt nghip
Suy ra:
GD D.M D 256,536.42,013 10778 kg/h

GB B.M B 568,014.18,004 11847 kg/h
3.3.3. Phng trnh ng lm vic cho on chng v on luyn.
T bng 3.1 ta xy dng th cn bng pha ca h Ethanol water p sut
3.4 bar.
Hnh 3.2: th x-y h Ethanol water 3,4 bar [18]
59
n tt nghip
Vi xF 0, 240673 ni suy c yF* 0,515380

T s hi lu ngoi thp ti thiu theo cng thc 3.32- tr 154- [12]:
Rmin
xD yF* 0,857594 0,51538
1, 237596
yF* xF 0,51638 0, 240673
(3.3)
Dng thut ton pascal (xem ph lc 1), xc nh ch s hi lu t iu kin th

tch thp nh nht ( khng tnh n cc ch tiu kinh t vn hnh). Thit lp quan h
gia ch s hi lu v th tch ca thp Rx V , s dng vng lp vi R 0,05 .
Kt qu tnh ton c ghi li chi tit ph lc 2, m t mi quan h gia th
tch thp V v ch s hi lu. Mi quan h ny c th hin trn hnh 3.3
Hnh 3.3. Mi quan h gia th tch thp v ch s hi lu.

60
n tt nghip
T kt qu tnh ton cho ta gi tr t s hi lu ngoi thp thch hp:

R 3,1826
Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn chng theo cng thc 3.19b- tr 145- [12]:
y
RF /D
1 F / D
.x
. xB
R 1
R 1
(3.4)
Mt khc theo cng thc 3.13b- tr 143- [12]:
F xD xB
3,565
D xF xB
(3.5)
Thay s vo phng trnh 3-4 ta c phng trnh ng lm vic ca on chng:

y 1,613257.x 0,0001
(3.6)
Phng trnh ng lm vic ca phn luyn theo cng thc 3.17- tr 144- [12]:
y
R
1
.x
. xD
R 1
R 1
Thay s c: y 0,760914.x 0, 205038
(3.7)
(3.8)
T cc ng lm vic trn, ta dng th ng lm vic tnh s a l thuyt.

Qua vic v s bc thay i nng ca tng on chng v on luyn, ta thu c
kt qu ( th 3.3):
S a l thuyt on luyn: 16
S a l thuyt on chng: 5
61
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.4. th xc nh s a l thuyt.
62
n tt nghip
SP y
Hnh 3.5. th xc nh s a l thuyt (phng to 00,1)
63
n tt nghip
SP nh
Hnh 3.6. th xc nh s a l thuyt (phng to 0,6 0,9)

Bng 3.2. Cn bng pha ti cc a theo s a l thuyt.
x
PT ng lm
y=0.760914x+0.205038
vic on luyn
D
0.857594
0.866608
385.26
0.846005
0.857594
385.29
0.834435
0.848776
385.32
64
n tt nghip

3
0.822655
0.839972
385.35
0.810431
0.831008
385.39
0.797464
0.821707
385.44
0.783434
0.811840
385.50
0.767941
0.801165
385.57
0.750437
0.789375
385.66
0.730158
0.776056
385.76
10
0.705997
0.760626
385.90
11
0.676290
0.742242
386.11
12
0.638356
0.719637
386.38
13
0.587632
0.690772
386.80
14
0.515705
0.652176
387.48
15
0.405987
0.597446
388.74
16
0.236255
0.513960
391.36
PT ng lm
y=1.613257x-0.0001
vic on chng
F 16
0.240673
0.516380
391.28
17
0.240673
0.388170
391.28
18
0.091256
0.147121
396.44
19
0.017662
0.028395
405.88
20
0.003041
0.004809
409.98
B 21
0.000515
0.000734
410.78
65
n tt nghip
T kt qu trn, ta xy dng c hai th biu di n quan h: nng %mol

ph thuc vo s a v nhit ph thuc vo a.
Hnh 3.7. S thay i nng %mol ca nc v etanol theo tng a.
66
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.8. S thay i nhit theo tng a.
67
n tt nghip
Chng 4: Tnh ton kt cu thp chng luyn
CHNG 4: TNH TON KT CU CHO THP CHNG

LUYN
Trong chng 3, chng ta cp n cn bng vt cht trong thp chng
luyn, t tnh ton c s a l thuyt ca thp. Trong phn ny, em s tin hnh
tnh ton cc kt cu c kh ca thp chng luyn. Do yu cu bi ton t ra thit k
thp vi nng sut cao, hiu sut cao, cn khong lm vic rng, nn em chn loi a
thit k thp l loi a van chuyn ng.
4.1. Chiu cao ca thp chng luyn.

4.1.1. S a l thuyt ca thp chng luyn.
Theo th 3.3 ta c s a l thuyt ton thp l: 21 a, trong c:
+ S a l thuyt on luyn: 16
+ S a l thuyt on chng: 5
4.1.2. S a thc t ca thp chng luyn.

Phng php chn xc inh s a thc t l phng php xc nh s a
thc t theo hiu sut trung bnh theo cng thc IX.59- tr 170- 11:
Ntt
Trong :
Nlt
(4.1)
tb
N lt l s a l thuyt.
N tt l s a thc t.
tb l hiu sut trung bnh ca thit b theo cng thc IX.60- tr 171- 11.
tb
1 2 3
3
(4.2)
1 , 2 ,3 l hiu sut ca a ti v tr nh, nhp liu, y thit b.

V tr nh thp:
68
n tt nghip
Nng phn mol: xD 0,857594 ; yD 0.866608 ; TD 385, 26 K

bay hi tng i theo cng thc IX.61- tr 171- 11:
yD 1 xD
.
1,079
1 yD xD
(4.3)
Ni suy theo ph lc 3: E 0,3008 mPa.s

Ni suy theo ph lc 4: W 0, 2571 mPa.s
nht ca hn hp ti v tr nh thp theo cng thc I.12- tr 84- 10.
lg hh xD .lg E (1 xD )lg W
Suy ra:
hh 0, 2942 mPa.s
Tch s:
.hh 1,079.0, 2942 0,3174
(4.4)
Tra theo hnh IX.11- tr 171- 11, ta c: 1 65%

V tr nhp liu ca thp:
Nng phn mol: xF 0, 240673 ; yF 0,516380 ; TF 391, 28 K
yF 1 xF
.
3,369
1 yF xF
Ni suy theo ph lc 3: E 0, 2978 mPa.s

lg hh xF .lg E (1 xF )lg W
Suy ra:
hh 0, 2897 mPa.s
Tch s:
.hh 3,369.0, 2897 0,9760

V tr y thp:
Nng phn mol: xB 0,000159 ; yB 0,001484 ; TB 410,89 K
69
n tt nghip
yB 1 xB
.
9,348
1 yB xB
Ni suy theo ph lc 3: E 0, 2978 mPa.s

lg hh xB .lg E (1 xB )lg W
Suy ra:
hh 0, 2128 mPa.s
Tch s:
.hh 9,348.0, 2128 1,989

Hiu sut trung bnh ton thp l:
tb
65 49 42
52%
3
S a thc t ca thp l:
Ntt
Nlt
tb
21
40,38 a
0,52
Chn: N tt 41 a, trong :
NttC
NttL
NC
5
9,62 a, chn: NttC 10 a.
0,52
NL
16
30,77 a, chn: N ttL 31 a.
0,52
tb
tb
4.1.3. Chiu cao thp chng luyn.

Chiu cao ton thp chng luyn tnh theo cng thc IX.54- tr 169- 11:
H Ntt .( H d ) (0,8 1) (m)

Trong :
(4.5)
H d l khong cch cc a. Chn: H d 0,5 (m)
l chiu dy ca a. Chn: 0,003 (m)
70
n tt nghip
H 41.(0,5 0,003) 0,8 21, 423 (m)
Vy:
4.2. ng knh ca thp.

ng knh thp c xc nh theo cng thc 7.2- tr 6- 13.
D
Trong :
4.Vmax
.v .U v
(4.6)
Vmax - lu lng hi ti a ca pha hi (kg/s).
v - khi lng ring ca pha hi (kg/m3).

U v - tc ti a cho php ca pha hi tnh theo tit din ngang ca ton
thp (m/s).
ng knh ca thp s c tnh theo phng php d on sc a do cun tia
lng theo kh.
Lu lng dng hi i trong on luyn:
V D.( R 1) 256,536.(3,1826 1) 1072,99 (kmol/h)
Lu lng dng lng i trong on luyn:

L R.D 3,1826.256,536 816, 45 (kmol/h)
H s gc ca ng lm vic on chng ( phng trnh 3.6) l:

L'
1,613
tg
1,613
'
V
1
Do:
V ' L' B L' 658,018
Suy ra:
'
V 1073,44 kmol/h
'
L 1731,46 kmol/h
y thp, ti p sut 3,4 bar, tra cu theo Data of Aspen c:

+ Khi lng ring ca hi: V' 1,79 kg/m3.
71
n tt nghip
+ Khi lng ring ca lng: L' 927,51 kg/m .

3
+ Khi lng phn t: M B 18,004 kg/kmol.

+ Sc cng b mt: ' 0,0509 N/m.
nh thp, ti p sut 3,4 bar, tra cu theo Data of Aspen c:

+ Khi lng ring ca hi: V 4,63 kg/m3.
+ Khi lng ring ca lng: L 702,79 kg/m3.
+ Khi lng phn t: M D 42,013 kg/kmol.
+ Sc cng b mt: 0,0202 N/m.
Thng s dng khng th nguyn theo cng thc 7.17- tr 36- 13.
FLG
L
. V
V L
0,5
(4.7)
on chng: FLGC
L'
V'
V' 1731, 46 1,79
0,071
L' 1073, 44 927,51
on luyn: FLGL
L
V
V 816, 45
4,63
0,062
L 1072,99 702,79
Thng s nng sut tnh theo cng thc 7.18- tr 40- 13.
Csbf 0,0105 8,127.104.( H d )0,755 .exp[1,463.( FLG )0,842 ]
(4.8)
y thp:
Csbf 0,0105 8,127.104.5000,755.exp[1,463.0,0710,842 ] 0,0862
nh thp:
Csbf 0,0105 8,127.104.5000,755.exp[1,463.0,0620,842 ] 0,0875
Tc hi ti a cho php i qua din tch t do ca a theo cng thc 7.19- tr 40- 13.
0,2
.103 L V
U nf Csbf .
.
20 V
0,5
(4.9)
on chng: U nfC 2,363 (m/s)

72
n tt nghip
on luyn: U nfL 1,077 (m/s)

Tc lm vic ca dng hi, ta chn tc lm vic bng 85% tc hi ti a:
on chng: UVC 0,85.U nfC 0,85.2,363 2,009 (m/s)
on luyn: UVL 0,85.U nfL 0,85.1,077 0,916 (m/s)
Lu lng th tch hi ln nht ca dng hi:
on chng: Vmax C
V ' .M B
1073, 44.18,004
2,999 (m3/s)
'
V .3600
1,79.3600
on luyn: Vmax L
V .M D
1072,99.42,013
2,705 (m3/s)
V .3600
4,63.3600
Din tch lm vic thc ca a:

on chng: AnC S NC
Vmax C 2,999
1, 493 (m2)
UVC
2,009
on luyn: AnL S NL
Vmax L 2,705
2,953 (m2)
UVL
0,916
Din tch tit din ngang ca thp, chn din tch knh chy chuyn lng l 12%. Khi
, din tch tit din ngang ca a:
on chng: STC
S NC
1,493
1,697 (m2)
(1 0,12) 0,88
on luyn: STL
S NL
2,953
3,359 (m2)
(1 0,12) 0,88
ng knh ca thp:
on chng: DC
STC .4
1,697.4
1, 470 (m)
3,14
73
n tt nghip
on luyn: DL
STL .4
3,359.4
2,068 (m)
3,14
Chun ha ng knh: DT 2200 mm.

Vn tc pha hi trong thp theo thc t:
on chng: UVC
4.Vmax C 4.2,999
1,737 (m/s)
.DT2
3,14.2, 2
on luyn: UVL
4.Vmax L 4.2,705
1,566 (m/s)
.DT2
3,14.2, 2
Tnh chn m hnh dng lng trn a:
DT 2200 mm 7, 22 ft
Lu lng dng lng ti a trn a:
Lmax
L' .M B
1731, 46.18,004
9,34.103 (m3/s)
'
3600. L
3600.927,51
(4.10)
Lmax 148 (gal/min)

Tra theo bng 7.1- tr 10- 13: ta chn m hnh dng lng trn a l m hnh n
gin.
Hnh 4.1: M hnh dng lng n gin.

74
n tt nghip
4.3. Thit k s b a v d on im sc a.
4.3.1. Chn thit k s b a cho thp chng luyn.
ng knh ca thp:
DT 2200 mm.
Tra theo bng 7.28- tr 198- 13, ta c cc thng s ca a van chuyn ng nh sau:
Tit din t do ca thp:
Ac 3,80 m2
Din tch lm vic ca a: Aa 2,76 m2

Chiu di ngng chy trn: LC 1,74 m
Din tch chy chuyn lng: Ad 0,52 m2
Din tch thc ca a:
Bc van:
An 3, 28 m2
t 50 mm
S lng van: 432

S dy van theo ng i ca lng: 22
Hnh 4.1. Van ch cht.[20]
4.3.2. D on im sc a.
Vn tc ca dng hi iu kin thit k, theo din tch t do ca a An .
L.M
3600.. An
(4.11)
L' .M B
1731, 46.18,004
1, 475 (m/s)
on chng: U C
'
3600.V . An 3600.1,79.3, 28
on luyn: U L
L.M D
816, 45.42,013
0,628 (m/s)
3600.V . An 3600.4,63.3, 28
Yu t C c tnh theo cng thc 7.4- tr 29- 13.
75
n tt nghip
C U.
(4.12)
L V
on chng: CC U C .
on luyn: CL U L .
V'
1, 475.
1,79
0,065
927,51 1,79
0,628.
4,63
0,051
702,79 4,63

'
L
'
V
L V
Nhn thy gi tr yu t C 80%.Csbf ti im sc. Nn thp vi thng s

chn hon ton thch hp vi cc iu kin lm vic theo yu cu t ra.
4.4. Tr lc ca a.
Tr lc ca a c nh hng ti cng sut ca thit b un si y thp, thit b
to p v ti trng cn thit ca thp. V vy, trong thc t lun cn cc gii php
gim tr lc ca a n mc thp nht.
Tr lc ca a gm cc hp phn sau theo cng thc 7.27- tr 52- 13.
ht hd hL
Trong :
(4.13)
hd - tr lc ca a kh (do cc van kh ca a to ra), mm ct cht lng
hL - tr lc do lp hn hp lng kh to ra, mm ct cht lng

4.4.1. Tr lc ca a kh.
Tr lc ca a kh c tnh theo phng trnh chuyn ng ca kh qua van,
cng thc 7.28- tr 52- 13:
hd K . V
L
Trong :
2
.U h
(4.14)
U h - tc dng kh qua rnh van, m/s.

K - h s.
76
n tt nghip
Tc dng kh vo thi im van bt u m theo cng thc 7.33- tr 54- 13:
R
U hc 1,14. tv . vw . M
Kc V
Trong :
tv -
0,5
(4.15)
chiu dy ca van, chn tv 2 mm.
Rvw - t s khi lng ca van c chn trn van khng c chn, tra theo
bng 7.8- tr 57- 13, c: Rvw 1 .
K c - h s l khi tt c cc van u ng, tra theo tr 54- 13, ta c:

K c 1683 (mm.s2/m2).
V - khi lng ring ca kh
M - khi lng ring vt liu ch to tan, chn vt liu ch to l thp

ko g 304 (AISI/SEA), M 8000 (kg/m3).
on chng: U hcC
R
1,14. tv . vw . M'
Kc V
on luyn: U hcL
R
1,14. tv . vw . M
Kc V
0,5
0,5
1 8000
1,14. 2.
.
1683
1,79
1 8000
1,14. 2.
.
1683
4,63
0,5
2,639 (m/s)
0,5
1,641 (m/s)
Tc dng kh khi tt c cc van u m tnh theo cng thc 7.34- tr 54- 13:
K
U ho U hc c
Ko
Trong :
0,5
K o - h s l khi tt c cc van u m, tra theo tr 54- 13, ta c:

2,64
Ko 254,5.
tt
Vi:
(4.16)
0,5
(4.17)
tt - chiu dy a, chn tt 3 mm.
77
n tt nghip
Vy:
2,64
K o 254,5.
0,5
238,7
on chng: U hoC
1683
2,639.
238,7
on luyn: U hoL
1683
1,641.
238,7
0,5
7,007 (m/s)
0,5
4,357 (m/s)
Tr lc ca a kh khi tt c cc van u m:
V' 2
1,79
.7,007 2 22,618 mm
on chng: hdC K o . ' .U hoC 238,7.
927,51
L
on luyn: hdL K o . V
L
2
4,63
.4,357 2 29,853 mm
.U hoC 238,7.
702,79
4.4.2. Tr lc lp hn hp lng kh trn a.

Tr lc do lp hn hp lng kh trn a to ra c tnh theo cng thc 7.38tr 55- 13.
hL .hds
Trong :
(4.18)
h s sc kh (khng th nguyn)
hds - chiu cao tnh ton ca lp cht lng sch kh, mm.
Yu t sc kh :
Yu t F, vi vn tc dng hi U tnh theo tit din t do ca a An c tnh
theo cng thc 7.3- tr 29- 13:
F U.
(4.19)
on chng: FC U C . V' 1, 475. 1,79 1,973 (kg1/2/m1/2.s)
78
n tt nghip
FC 1,619 (lb1/2/ft1/2.s)
Tra theo th 7.26- tr 56-13, ta c: C 0,56
on luyn: FL U L . V 0,628. 4,63 1,351 (kg1/2/m1/2.s)
FL 1,108 (lb1/2/ft1/2.s)
Tra theo th 7.26- tr 56-13, ta c: L 0,6
Chiu cao tnh ton ca cht lng sch kh hds :

c xc nh theo cng thc 7.40- tr 55- 13:
hds hw how 0,5.hhg
Trong :
(4.20)
hw - Chiu cao ngng chy trn, mm ct cht lng.

how - chiu cao lp bt pha trn ngng chy trn, mm ct cht lng.
hhg -
gradien thy lc theo phng ngang ca a, mm ct cht lng.
Chiu cao ngng chy trn, chn hw 50 mm.

Chiu cao lp bt pha trn ngng chy trn hnh vin phn tnh theo cng
thc7.41- tr 56- 13:
Q
how 664
Lw
2/3
(4.21)
on chng: howC
L' .M B
664
'
3600. L .Lw
on luyn: howL
L.M D
664
3600. L .Lw
2/3
2/3
1731,46.18,004
664.
3600.927,51.1,74
816,45.42,013
664.
3600.702,79.1,74
2/3
20,351
2/3
26,097
79
n tt nghip
Ring gradien thy lc theo phng ngang ca a thng kh nh nn c th

b qua.
Vy tr lc do hn hp lng kh trn a to nn, kt hp cng thc 4.18 v
4.20 ta c:
hL .(hw how )
(4.22)
on chng: hLC C .(hw howC ) 0,56.(50 20,351) 39,397 (mm.ccl)

on luyn: hLL L .(hw howL ) 0,6.(50 26,097) 45,658 (mm.ccl)
Tr lc tng cng ca a:
on chng: htC hdC hLC 22,618 39,397 62,015 (mm.ccl)
on luyn: htL hdL hLL 29,853 45,658 75,511 (mm.ccl)
4.4.3. Tnh kim tra knh chy truyn lng.
Chn khong cch gia mp di knh chy truyn lng v mt a:
hap hw 10 50 10 40 (mm)
Din tch lng i qua pha di knh chy truyn:

Aap hap .Lw 0,04.1,74 0,0696 (m2)
Do din tch ny ln hn din tch knh chy truyn ( Aap Ad 0,52 m2) nn ta
chn din tch ny tnh tr lc ca knh chy truyn theo cng thc 7.44- tr 64- 13:
Q
hda 165, 2.
Ad
(4.23)
on chng:
2
hdaC
L' .M B
1731,46.18,004
165,2.
165,2.
2,972 (mm)
'
3600.927,51.0,0696
3600. L . Ad
80
n tt nghip
on luyn:
2
hdaL
L.M D
816,45.42,013
165,2.
165,2.
6,268 (mm)
3600.702,79.0,0696
3600. L . Ad
2
Chiu cao mc lng trong knh chy truyn c tnh theo cng thc 7.20a- tr
42- 13:
hdc (hw how ) ht hda
(4.24)
on chng: hdcC hw howC htC hdaC 50 20,351 62,015 2,972 135,338

on luyn: hdcL hw howL htL hdaL 50 26,097 75,511 6, 268 157,876
Kim tra khong cch cc a theo cng thc:
hdc
Xt:
1
(khong cch gia cc a + chiu cao ngng chy trn)
2
1
hdcC 0,135338 (0,5 0,05) 0, 275 Tha mn.
2
1
hdcL 0,157876 (0,5 0,05) 0, 275 Tha mn.
2
V vy, khong cch a 0,5m chn ban u tha mn tnh ton.

Kim tra thi gian lu ca lng trong knh chy truyn:
Ad .hdc . L Ad .hdc . L .3600
Lm
L.M
(4.25)
on chng: t C
Ad .hdcC . L' .3600 0,52.0,135338.927,51.3600
7,538 3
L' .M B
1731, 46.18,004
on luyn: t L
Ad .hdcL . L .3600 0,52.0,157876.702,79.3600
6,055 3
L.M D
816, 45.42,013
Tra theo bng 7.6, thy thi gian lu tnh c tha mn iu kin thi gian lu
nh nht.
81
n tt nghip
4.5. Tnh ton b dy thit b v cc chi tit khc.

4.5.1. Tnh ton b dy thit b.
4.5.1.1. B dy thn thp.
Thit b chng luyn ang thit k l thit b hnh tr dng v mng, chu p
sut trong. B dy thn thp s c tnh ton thit k theo phng php thit k b
dy thit b chu ti trng tng hp. Ngoi ti trng do p sut lm vic, cn phi xem
xt cc ti trng chnh do:
+ Trng lng tnh ca thit b v cc b phn bn trong thit b.
+ Gi
+ ng t
+ Cc ti trng ngoi do cc ng ng ni v cc thit b lin quan to ra.
Trong bi ton ca ra, ta ch xt n ti trng do p sut lm vic, ti trng do

tng trng lng thit b v ti trng do gi gy ra.
1. p sut lm vic v vt liu ch to.
p sut lm vic: P 3, 4 bar 0,34 (N/mm 2 )
Nhit lm vic ti a: tmax 410K 137o C
Chn p sut thit k ln hn p sut lm vic 10%:
Pt 1,1.P 1,1.0,34 0,374 (N/mm2)

Chn vt liu ch to l thp khng g 18Cr/8Ni (SUS304), tra bng 8.2, tr 47513, ta c:
+ bn ko: T 510 (N/mm2)
+ ng sut thit k: f 135 (N/mm2)
Chn kiu mi hn kp ni nh, vi mc siu m kiu tra l 100%, tra bng

8.3- tr 476- 13, ta c h s hn: J 1
82
n tt nghip
2. H s b sung chiu dy thit b.

H s b sung chiu dy thit b c tnh theo cng thc 2.23- tr 74- 14:
C C1 C2 C3 (mm)
Trong :
(4.26)
d n mn, vi tui th thit b l 20 nm, chn C1 2
C1 -
C2 - d b cho sai s ch tao, gia cng, chn C2 1

C3 - d do n mn ha cht, mi cht khng n mn nn C3 0
C C1 C2 C3 3 (mm)
Vy:
3. Chiu dy thn thit b.

Chiu dy nh nht thn thit b c tnh theo cng thc 8.36a- tr 478- 13:
S
Trong :
Pt .Dt
C
2.J . f Pt
(4.27)
Dt - ng knh trong ca thit b, Dt 2200 (mm)

S
Vy:
0,374.2200
3 6,052 (mm)
2.1.135 0,374
Chiu dy thn thp s phi ln hn nhiu so vi chiu dy nh nht c th

chu c ti trng do gi v trng lng ca thp gy ra.
Chn chiu dy thp bt u vng lp tnh chn chiu dy thch hp l:
S 10 (mm)
4. Trng lng tnh ca thit b.
Trng lng ca thn thp:
Chn h s:
Cv 1,15 i vi thp chng ct

Dm Dt S 2210 mm
83
n tt nghip
H v 21, 423 m
Khi trng lng thp theo cng thc 8.54a- tr 495- 13:
Gv .M .g.Cv .Dm. Hv 0,8.Dm .S
(4.28)
Gv 3,14.8000.9,81.1,15.2,21. 21,423 0,8.2,21.10.103 144987 N
Gv 145 (kN)
Trng lng ca a
Din tch ca a:
Sp
.Dt2
4
3,14.2, 22
3,78 (m2)
4
Trng lng ca 1 a (bao gm c dm v cc ph kin) c tnh gn ng

theo cng thc 8.54c- tr 495- 13:
GP1 1, 2.S P 1, 2.3,78 4,536 (kN)

Trng lng ca ton b a:
GP Ntt .GP1 41.4,536 186 (kN)

Trng lng ca lp cch nhit
Khi lng ring ca si khong: 130 (kg/m3)
Chn b dy lp cch nhit:
tin 50 (mm)
Th tch gn ng lp cch nhit:
Vin .(Dt 2S ).Hv .tin 3,14.(2,2 2.0,01).21,423.5.103 0,745 (m3)

Trng lng lp cch nhit:
Gin Vin . .g 0,745.130.9,81 950 (N) 0,95 (kN)

Tnh c phn ph kin cho lp cch nhit chn:
84
n tt nghip
Gin 2.0,95 1,9 (kN)

Trng lng lng trong thp
Trng lng tnh ti a ca thp s xut hin khi thp cha y lng, ly vi
cht lng c khi lng ring ln hn l nc, tra theo ph lc 4, 958 (kg/m3)
GL
.Dt2
4
.H v . .g
3,14.2, 22
.21,382.958.9,81 763180 (N)
4
GL 763 (kN)
Tng khi lng ca thit b:
G Gv Gin GP GL 145 1,9 186 763 1095,9 (kN)

5. Ti trng gi.
Chn p sut do gi to ra bng: Pw 1280 (N/m2) (tng ng tc gi 160
km/h).
ng knh ngoi ca thp (bao gm c lp cch nhit):
Def Dt 2.(S tin ) 2,2 2.(10.103 50.103 ) 2,32 (m)
Ti trng gi tnh theo mt n v chiu di c tnh theo cng thc 8.64- tr

503-13:
Fw Pw .Def 1280.2,32 2967 (N/m)
(4.29)
Mmen un ti y thp c tnh theo cng thc 8.60- tr 501- 13:

W .x 2 Fw .H v2
M M v
2
2
(4.30)
2967.21, 4232
M M v
678241 (N.m)
2
6. Phn tch ng sut.
85
n tt nghip
Ti mt y ca thp:
ng sut p sut theo chu vi v theo hng trc c tnh theo cng thc 8.5 v
8.6- tr 466- 13:
h 2
Pt .Dt 0,374.2200
41,14 (N/mm2)
2.S
2.10
(4.31)
L 1
Pt .Dt 0,374.2200
20,57 (N/mm2)
4.S
4.10
(4.32)
ng sut do tng trng lng ca thp gy ra (ng sut nn) c tnh theo
cng thc 8.67- tr 507- 13:
G
1095,9.103
15,79 (N/mm2)
.( Dt S ).S 3,14.(2200 10).10
(4.33)
ng sut un (nn hoc cng) s c tnh theo cng thc 8.68- tr 507- 13:
b
Trong :
M v Dt
S
Iv 2
(4.34)
M v - mmen un tng cng ti mt ang xt.

Iv -
mmen th cp ca din tch tit din ca thp ti mt tc dng
ca mmen un v c tnh theo cng thc 8.69- tr 508- 13:

Iv
D
64
4
0
Dt4
3,14
(22204 22004 ) 4, 24.1010 (mm4) (4.35)
64
678241.103 2200
b
10 17,76 (N/mm2)
10
4, 24.10 2
ng sut tng hp theo hng dc trc:
z L w b
(4.36)
y, w l ng sut nn nn c gi tr m.
86
n tt nghip
Khi gi thi hng ln trn:
z L w b 20,57 15,79 17,76 22,54 (N/mm2)

Khi gi thi hng xung di:
z L w b 20,57 15,79 17,76 12,98 (N/mm2)

Do khng c ng sut xon nn cc ng sut chnh s l ng sut tip tuyn
theo chu vi h v ng sut tng theo hng dc trc z .
i vi thp, ng sut theo hng knh c tnh gn ng theo cng thc 8.70tr 508- 13:
r 3
Pt 0,374
0,187 (N/mm2)
2
2
(4.37)
C gi rt nh nn ta b qua ng sut ny.

Theo l thuyt v ng sut ct cc i p dng cho thit k thp, th gi tr ln
nht ca cc ng sut ti im ang xt sau y s c s dng cho mc ch thit k:
max max 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 3
(4.38)
Trong trng hp ang xt, hiu s ln nht ca cc ng sut chnh s t c

trong trng hp gi thi xung di:
max 41,14 (12,98) 54,12 (N/mm2)
max f 135 (N/mm2)

ng sut ct cc i tha mn yu cu thit k ca thp khng g SUS304
7. Kim tra bn n hi.
ng sut un n hi ti hn c tnh theo cng thc 8.72- tr 509-13:
S
Dt
c 2.104.
4 10
2
2.10
90,91 (N/mm )
2200
(4.39)
87
n tt nghip
ng sut nn tng cng:
ct w b 15,79 17,76 33,55 (N/mm2)

Nhn thy, ct c nn iu kin v bn n hi tha mn yu cu thit k.
Vy vi S 10 (mm) l gi tr b dy thp nh nht nn chn, ta tha mn
iu kin thit k, nn dng vng lp tnh ton v kt lun S 10 (mm) l b dy ca
thit b.
4.5.1.2. B dy y v np thit b.
y v np thit b s dng vt liu ch to nh thn thit b, thp khng g
SUS304. Hnh dng y v np thit b chn l hnh elip tiu chun, c g. Tra theo
bng XIII.10- tr 382- 11, vi Dt 2, 2 m, ta c:
H 550 mm
h 60 mm
Chn chiu dy y v np: S 10.103 (m).
Kim nghim bn cho y v np thit b theo cng thc 2.33- tr 94- 14:
Pt . Dt2 2.H . S C
8.H . S C .J
T
1,2
(4.29)
ng sut vi chiu dy thit b tnh pha trn:
0,374.106 2, 22 2.0,55.(10.103 3.103 )

3
8.0,55.(10.10 3.10 ).1
58,86.106 (N/m2)
515.106
429.106 (N/m2)
1, 2
1, 2
Nhn thy:
T
1,2
nn chiu dy tnh ton bn trong c khi kim tra thy
lc. Chiu dy chn tha mn.
88
n tt nghip
4.5.1.3. Chn mt bch ghp ni thn y v np thit b.

Chn bch ghp lin kiu I theo bng XIII.27- tr 417- 11, theo ng knh trong
ca thit b Dt 2, 2 m v p sut lm vic P 3, 4 bar 0,34.106 N/m 2 , ta c:
Kch thc bch ni:
D 2360 (mm)
Db 2300 (mm)
D1 2260 (mm)
D0 2215 (mm)
Hnh 4.2. Bch ghp thn thp chng[11]
Bu lng: M27
Z 56 (ci)
h 40 (mm)
m bo bt kn, s dng m bt kn bng amiang dy 3 mm, ng knh
trong l 2230 mm, ng knh ngoi l 2260 mm.
4.5.2. Tnh ton chn thp.
Chn chn thp kiu tr , theo phng php hn phng vi v thit b. Tr
dng tr ( gc s 90o ) v vt liu ch to l SUS304 c:
+ ng sut thit k:
f 135 (N/mm2)
+ M un Young :
E 200000 (N/mm2) theo [15].
Chn chiu cao tr l:
3 (m)
Trng lng tnh ti a ca thp. G 1095,9 (kN)

4.5.2.1. Chiu dy tr .
1. Ti trng do gi to ra.
89
n tt nghip
Mmen un ti chn y tr theo cng thc 8.56- tr 496- 13:

Ms
Fw 2 2967
.H
(21, 423 2) 2 811056 (N.m)
2
2
(4.30)
Hnh 4.3. Tr ca thp.[13]

2. Phn tch ng sut.
Ln tnh u tin ca vng lp, chn chiu dy tr t 10 (mm)
ng sut un c tnh theo cng thc 8.46- tr 490- 13:
bs
4.M s
.( Dt t ).t.Dt
(4.31)
4.811056.103
bs
21, 25 (N/mm2)
3,14.(2200 10).10.2200
ng sut do trng lng ti a to ra tnh theo cng thc 8.47-tr 490- 13:
ws
G
.( Dt t ).t
(4.32)
90
n tt nghip
ws
1095,9.103
15,79 (N/mm2)
3,14.(2200 10).10
ng sut nn ln nht theo cng thc 8.45- tr 490- 13:
s max (nen) bs ws 21, 25 15,79 37,04 (N/mm2)
(4.33)
ng sut cng nh nht theo cng thc 8.44- tr 490- 13:
s max (cang ) bs ws 21, 25 15,79 5, 46 (N/mm2)
(4.34)
Tiu chun kim tra thit k theo 8.48 v 8.49- tr491- 13:
s max (cang ) 5,46 f .J .sins 135.1.sin90o 135 Tha mn

s max (nen) 37,04 0,125.E.
t
.sin 90o 113,64 Tha mn.
Dt
Nhn xt: c hai tiu ch trn u c tha mn vy chiu dy tr l:
t 10 (mm)
4.5.2.2. Vng chu ti y tr v cc bu lng inh v.
Chn gn ng ng knh vng trn tm cc l lp bu lng:
Db Dt t 50.103 2,2 10.103 50.103 2,26 (m)

Chu vi ca ng trn tm cc l lp bu lng:
Cb .Db 3,14.2, 26 7,096 (m)

Chn bc bu lng: Pb 0,3 (m)
S bu lng cn thit nh v:
Nb
C 7,096
23,6
Pb
0,3
Chn s bu lng l bi s chung gn nht ca 4: N b 24

Chn vt liu ch to bu lng l thp ccbon, tra bng 8.2- tr475- 13, ng sut
thit k l:
f b 135 (N/mm2)
91
n tt nghip
Din tch tit din ngang ca bu lng c tnh theo cng thc 8.50- tr 491- 13:
Ab
1 4.M s
G
N b . fb Db
Ab
1 4.811056
1095,9.103 104,81 (mm2)
24.135 2, 26
(4.35)
Chn bu lng M24 c din tch Ab 353 (mm2). (Kch thc bu lng ti thiu
nh v tr thit b).
Ti trng nn tng cng tc dng ln vng y ca tr ( tnh theo mt n v
chiu di) tnh theo cng thc 8.51- tr 492- 13:
Fb
4.M s
G
2
.Db .Db
Fb
4.811056 1095,9.103
356716 (N/m)
3,14.2, 262 3,14.2, 26
(4.36)
Chn p sut ti a tc dng ln nn mng b tng: f c 5 (N/mm2)

Chiu rng vng y tr tnh theo cng thc 8.52- tr 493- 13:
Lb
Fb
356716
71,34 (mm)
3
f c .10
5.103
(4.37)
Chn cc kch thc thit k tr theo bng 8.20- tr 494- 13:

Bu lng
M24
Tit din
353
A
45
B
76
C
64
D
13
E
19
F
30
G
36
Chiu rng thc t ca vng y tr:
Lb B t 50 76 10 50 136 (mm)
p sut thc t tc dng ln mng b tng:
f c'
Fb
356716
2,62 (N/mm2)
3
3
Lb .10 136.10
92
n tt nghip
Chiu dy nh nht ca vng y tr tnh theo cng thc 8.53- tr 493- 13:
3. f c'
3.2,62
tb B.
76.
18,34 (mm)
fb
135
Chn: tb 20 (mm).
Hnh 4.4. Kch thc tr thp chng.[13]

4.5.3. Ca ni ng dn vi thit b v bch ni tng ng.
4.5.3.1. ng nhp liu.
Lu lng ca hn hp: GF 22625 (kg/h)
Chn loi ng ni cm su vo thit b.
Khi lng ring hn hp lng, ni suy theo ph lc 3 v 4, ta c:
E 693,81 (kg/m3)
W 944, 42 (kg/m3)
Theo cng thc I.2- tr 5- 10:
hh
xF
1 xF
93
n tt nghip
Vy: hh 868,89 (kg/m3)

Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vF 1 (m/s)
ng knh trong ca ng ni:
DF
4.GF
4.22625
0,096 (m)
3600. F . .vF
3600.868,89.3,14.1
Chn: DF 0,1 (m) = 100 (mm)

Chn bch lin bng kim loi en, kiu 1 tra bng XIII.26- tr 409- 11:
DF
Dn
Dt
D1
100
108
205
170
148
14
Bu lng
db
M16
Hnh 4.5. Bch ni ng dn ca thit b.

4.5.3.2. ng hi i ra nh thp.
Lu lng ca hn hp: GD 10777,75 (kg/h)
Khi lng ring hn hp hi: V 4,63 (kg/m3)
Chn vn tc cht hi chy trong ng ni l: vD 25 (m/s)
94
n tt nghip
DD
4.GD
4.10777,75
0,182 (m)
3600.V . .vD
3600.4,63.3,14.25
Chn: DD 0, 2 (m) = 200 (mm)

Chn bch lin bng kim loi en kiu 1, tra bng XIII.26- tr 409- 11:
DD
Dn
Dt
D1
200
219
290
255
232
16
Bu lng
db
M16
4.5.3.3. ng hon lu nh thp

Lu lng ca hn hp: GD 10777,75 (kg/h)
E 694,81 (kg/m3)
W 949,37 (kg/m3)
xD
1 xD
Vy: D 702,79 (kg/m3)

Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vLD 1 (m/s)
DLD
4.GD .Rth
4.10777,75.3,1826
0,131 (m)
3600. D . .vD
3600.702,79.3,14.1
Chn: DLD 0,15 (m) = 150 (mm)

95
n tt nghip
DLD
Dn
Dt
D1
150
159
260
225
202
16
Bu lng
db
M16
4.5.3.4. ng lng i ra y thp.

Lu lng ca hn hp: G 11847, 25 (kg/h)
Do s dng thit b gia nhit un si li 50% gia nhit y thp nn lu
GB 150%.11847, 25 17771
lng dng thc t l:

E 693,81 (kg/m3)
W 927,64 (kg/m3)
xB
1 xB
Vy: B 927,51 (kg/m3)

Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vB 1 (m/s)
DB
4.GB
4.17771
0,082 (m)
3600. B . .vB
3600.927,51.3,14.1
Chn: DB 0,1 (m) = 100 (mm)

DB
Dn
Dt
D1
100
108
205
170
158
14
Bu lng
db
M16
z
4
96
n tt nghip
4.5.3.5. ng hi i vo y thp.
Lu lng ca hn hp:
G 11847, 25 (kg/h)
Sau khi qua thit b gia nhit y thp, hi lu 50% lu lng gia nhit cho
hn hp y, nn lu lng dng hi thc t l:
GVB 50%.11847, 25 5924 (kg/h)

Chn vn tc cht hi chy trong ng ni l: vVB 25 (m/s)
DVB
4.GVB
4.5924
0, 216 (m)
3600.V . .vVB
3600.1,79.3,14.25
Chn: DD 0, 25 (m) = 250 (mm)

DVB
Dn
Dt
D1
250
273
370
350
312
22
Bu lng
db
M16
12
4.5.3.6. Ca ngi nh thp v y thp.

Chn ca ngi ng knh 600 mm. Ca ngi c thit k 2 ci, mt trn
nh thp, mt di y thp.
Chn bch lin bng thp kiu 1, tra bng XIII.27- tr 417- 11:
Dn
Dt
D1
600
740
690
650
611
20
Bu lng
db
M20
20
97
n tt nghip
Chng 5: Tnh ton cc thit b ph tr
CHNG 5: TNH TON CC THIT B PH TR

Thit b ph tr chn la tnh ton cho n l thit b gia nhit y thp dng
ng chm thng ng.
Hnh 5.1. Thit b gia nhit y thp ng chm dng thng ng.[21]
5.1. Thng s hai dng lu th.

Lu th lnh: dung dch hn hp etanol nc nhit Tl 410,89 K v p
sut Pl 0,34.106 (N/m2) c gia nhit cho bay hi hon ton ti cng iu
kin.
Lu th nng: l hi nc bo ha kh nhit Tn 442,75 K v p sut

Pn 0.8.106 (N/m2) nhng nhit thnh hi bo ha m ti cng iu kin.
Chn lu th nng i ngoi ng, lu th lnh i trong ng.
5.2. Cn bng nhit lng cho thit b.

Nhit lng m hn hp etanol nc nhn l:
98
n tt nghip
Q GVB .rl
Trong :
(5.1)
GVB - lu lng hn hp etanol nc, kg/s.

GVB 5924 (kg/h) 1,646 (kg/s)
rl -
n nhit ha hi hn hp etanol nc ti nhit Tl 410,89 K

v p sut Pl 0,34.106 (N/m2), tra theo data of Aspen vi nng
phn mol ca etanol xB 0,000159 ta c:
rl 2302 (kJ/kg)
Vy:
Q 1,646.2302.103 3,79.106 (W)
5.3. H s cp nhit cho tng lu th.

Thit b gia nhit y thp gia nhit lm bay hi hn hp etanol nc hot
ng nh hnh 5.2. Phn thn thit b c chia thnh hai phn vi cng dng tng
ng. on BC ng vi vic gia nhit hn hp etanol nc ti nhit si ca hn
hp. on CD gia nhit ha hi hn hp etanol nc.
Hnh 5.2. M hnh hot ng ca thit b gia nhit.[21]

99
n tt nghip
5.3.1. H s cp nhit cho hi nc bo ha kh ngng t.

Nhit lng cung cp cho thit b c ly t qu trnh ngng t hi nc bo
ha bn ngoi thnh ng thng ng.Ta chn b tr ng tam gic, sole t hiu qu
tra i nhit ln.
Chn vn tc hn hp etanol nc i trong ng (on CD) vi vn tc:
wgt 10 (m/s)
Chn kch thc ng:
d 30X2 (mm)
d N 0,03 (m)
dT 0,026 (m)
dtb 0,028 (m)
S ng trong thit b c tnh theo cng thc 2.98- tr 81- 16:
m
4.GVB
.dT2 .V' .wgt
4.1,646
173,3 (ng)
3,14.0,0262.1,79.10
(5.2)
Lm trn: m 173 (ng)

Chn s ngn: N 1
S ng trong thit b: n N.m 1.173 173 (ng)
Tra theo bng V.11- tr 48- 11 chn theo chun: n 217 (ng)
Vi s ng xuyn tm: z 17
S ng hnh vin phn: 24 ng
Tng s ng l: 241 ng
100
n tt nghip
H s truyn nhit ca hi nc ngng t 1 c tnh theo cng thc V.101- tr

28- 11:
1 2,04. A. 4
Trong :
rn -
rn
(W/m2.K)
t1.H
(5.3)
n nhit ngng t ca hi bo ha ti iu kin lm vic
Pn 0.8.106 (N/m2), tra bng I.251- tr 314-10: rn 2057 (kJ/kg)

A-
h s tra theo bng 1.64- tr 40- 17, c: A = 198.
t1 6, 2 (K)
Chn:
H 10 (m)
Gii bi ton cn bng nhit bng cc gi thit chiu di ng, chiu di ng s
c tnh li sau khi tm c din tch truyn nhit. Nu t sai s b hn 3% th s
dng vng lp vi mt gi tr chiu di ng khc.
1 2,04.198. 4
Vy:
2057.103
5451 (W/m2.K)
6, 2.10
Nhit ti ring ca hi nc ngng t:
q1 t.1 6, 2.5451 33799 (W/m2)

5.3.2. H s cp nhit cho hn hp lng etanol nc.
V cht lng chy trong ng l cht lng t nhit si, nhim v ca thit
b gia nhit l gia nhit cho cht lng si. Chn ch si ca hn hp lng l ch
si si bt. H s cp nhit s c xc inh theo cng thc gn ng V.93- tr 26- 11:
2 780
Trong :
q2 -
1,3 . L' 0,5 .V' 0,06 .q20,6

'0,5 .r 0,5 .o0,66 .C p 0,3 . 0,3
(5.4)
Nhit ti ring ca hn hp etanol nc.
101
n tt nghip
q2 q1 48370 (W/m2)
r-
n nhit ha hi ca hn hp etanol nc tra theo data of Aspen

ti iu kin lm vic, r 2302.103 (J/kg)
nht ca hn hp etanol nc tra theo data of Aspen ti iu

kin lm vic, 0, 213.103 (N.s/m2)
C p - Nhit dung ring ca hn hp etanol nc tra theo data of Aspen
ti iu kin lm vic, C p 4228 (J/kg.K)
o - Khi lng ring ca hi p sut 9,81.104 (N/m2), tra theo data

of Aspen, o 0,52 (kg/m3)
H s dn nhit ca hn hp etanol nc c tnh theo cng

thc I.32- tr 123- 10:
4, 22.10 8.C p . L' . 3
L'
(5.5)
MB
4, 22.108.4228.927,51. 3
927,51
0,616 (W/m.K)
18,004
0,6161,3.927,510,5.1,790,06.337990,6
Vy: 2 780
31724
0,05090,5.(2302.103 )0,5 .0,520,6642280,3.(0, 213.103 )0,3
5.3.3. B mt truyn nhit v ng gi di ng.
Nhit tr do bm cn thnh ng tra theo bng V.1- tr 4- 11:
Hi nc:
r1 0,464.103 (m2.K/W)
Etanol nc:
r2 0,116.103 (m2.K/W)
Chn vt liu ch to ng l thp khng g SUS304 c h s dn nhit tra theo

bng I.125- tr 127-10:
102
n tt nghip
16, 4 (W/m.K)
Tng nhit tr ca thnh ng l:
r r r
1
r 0,464.10
(5.6)
0,002
0,116.103 0,702.103 (m2.K/W)
16,4
Vy: tt q1. r 33799.0,702.103 23,73 (K)
t2 t t1 tt 31,86 6, 2 23,73 1,93 (K)

Tt1 T1 t1 442,75 6, 2 436,55 (K)
Tt 2 T1 t1 tt 442,75 6, 2 23,73 412,82 (K)
B mt truyn nhit
Q 3,79.106
112,14 (m2)
q
33799
(5.7)
Chiu di thc t ca ng:
F
112,14
10,043 (m)
.n.dtb 3,14.127.0,028
(5.8)
nh gi sai s:
H tt H 10,043 10
0, 43% 3% Tha mn yu cu.

H
10
Thc t, tnh c kt qu vi sai s chnh xc nh trn, bi gii s dng

phng php lp tm kt qu hp l nht gm cc yu t:
+ Chiu di ng l b nht.
+ Hiu nhit gia hn hp etanol nc v thnh ng phi ln hn 0.
103
n tt nghip
Cc s liu chi tit ca phng php lp c tnh ton r trong file excel km
theo (sheet: phu tro) hoc ph lc 5.
5.4. Tnh ton kt cu cho thit b gia nhit y thp.

5.4.1. B dy thit b gia nhit y thp.
5.4.1.1. ng knh trong ca v thit b.
Theo cng thc V.140- tr 49- 11:
D t ( z 1) 4.d N
Trong :
t -
(5.9)
bc ng, mm.
t (1, 2 1,5)d N (1, 2 1,5).30 (36 45) (mm)

Chn: t 45 (mm)
Vy:
D 45(17 1) 4.30 840 (mm)
Tra bng XIII.6- tr 359- 11, chn ng knh theo chun:
Dt 900 (mm)
5.4.1.2. p sut lm vic v vt liu ch to.
p sut lm vic ly theo p sut ln hn l p sut ca hi nc bo ha kh:
P 8 bar 0,8 (N/mm 2 )
Nhit lm vic ti a: tmax 442,75K

Chn p sut thit k ln hn p sut lm vic 10%:
Pt 1,1.P 1,1.0,8 0,88 (N/mm2)

Chn vt liu ch to l thp khng g 18Cr/8Ni (SUS304), tra bng 8.2, tr 47513, ta c:
+ bn ko: T 510 (N/mm2)
104
n tt nghip
+ ng sut thit k: f 135 (N/mm2)
Chn kiu mi hn kp ni nh, vi mc siu m kiu tra l 100%, tra bng

8.3- tr 476- 13, ta c h s hn: J 1
5.4.1.3. H s b sung chiu dy thit b.
H s b sung chiu dy thit b c tnh theo cng thc 2.23- tr 74- 14:
C C1 C2 C3 (mm)
Trong :
C1 - d n mn, vi tui th thit b l 20 nm, chn C1 2
C2 - d b cho sai s ch tao, gia cng, chn C2 1

C3 - d do n mn ha cht, mi cht khng n mn nn C3 0
Vy: C C1 C2 C3 3 (mm)
5.4.1.4. Chiu dy thn thit b.
Chiu dy nh nht thn thit b c tnh theo cng thc 8.36a- tr 478- 13:
S
Trong :
Vy:
Pt .Dt
C
2.J . f Pt
Dt - ng knh trong ca thit b, Dt 900 (mm)

S
0,8.900
3 5,675 (mm)
2.1.135 0,8
Chiu dy thn thp s phi ln hn nhiu so vi chiu dy nh nht c th

chu c ti trng do gi v trng lng ca thp gy ra. Chn:
S 7 (mm)
105
n tt nghip
5.4.2. B dy y v np thit b gia nhit.

y v np thit b s dng vt liu ch to nh thn thit b, thp khng g
SUS304. Hnh dng y v np thit b chn l hnh elip tiu chun, c g. Tra theo
bng XIII.10- tr 382- 11, vi Dt 900 mm, ta c:
H 225 mm
h 50 mm
Chn chiu dy y v np: S 7.103 (m).
Kim nghim bn cho y v np thit b theo cng thc 2.33- tr 94- 14:
Pt . Dt2 2.H . S C
8.H . S C .J
T
1,2
ng sut vi chiu dy thit b tnh pha trn:
0,8.106 0,92 2.0, 225.(7.103 3.103 )

3
8.0, 225.(7.10 3.10 ).1
90, 2.106 (N/m2)
515.106
429.106 (N/m2)
1, 2
1, 2
Nhn thy:
T
1,2
nn chiu dy tnh ton bn trong c khi kim tra thy
lc. Chiu dy chn tha mn.

5.4.3. Chn mt bch ghp ni thn y v np thit b.
Chn bch ghp lin kiu I theo bng XIII.27- tr 417- 11, theo ng knh trong
ca thit b Dt 900 mm v p sut lm vic P 8 bar 0,8.106 N/m 2 , ta c:
Dt
Db
D1
Do
900
1060
1000
960
913
35
Bu lng
db
M27
28
106
n tt nghip
m bo bt kn, s dng m bt kn bng amiang dy 3 mm, ng knh

trong l 913 mm, ng knh ngoi l 960 mm.
5.4.4. B gin n nhit v b dy v ng.
5.4.4.1. B gin n nhit.
Do hiu nhit gia hai dng lu th: t 31,86 40 K v vt liu ch to
ca v thit b v h thng ng l cng mt loi (SUS304) nn ta b qua s sai lch
gin n nhit gia v thit b v h thng ng.
5.4.4.2. B dy v ng.
V ng c c nh vo thit b bng phng php kp cht gia hai mt bch
v thit b v np, y thit b
ng c c nh vo v ng bng phng php hn.
Chn b dy v ng: Sv 30 mm.
5.4.5. Tnh ton chn thit b gia nhit y thp.
Chn chn thp kiu tr , theo phng php hn phng vi v thit b. Tr
dng tr ( gc s 90o ) v vt liu ch to l SUS304 c:
+ ng sut thit k:
f 135 (N/mm2)
+ M un Young :
E 200000 (N/mm2) theo [15].
Chn chiu cao tr l:
1 (m)
5.4.5.1. Trng lng tnh ca thit b gia nhit y thp.

Trng lng ca thn thit b:
Chn h s:
Cv 1,15 i vi thit b c nhiu b phn bn trong

Dm Dt S 907 mm
107
n tt nghip
H v 10 m
Khi trng lng thp theo cng thc 8.54a- tr 495- 13:
Gv .M .g.Cv .Dm. Hv 0,8.Dm .S

Gv 3,14.8000.9,81.1,15.0,907.10 0,8.0,907 .7.103 19298 N
Gv 19,3 (kN)
Trng lng ca cc ng trong thit b
GP n.
. d N2 dT2 .H
4
3,14.(0,032 0,0262 ).10

. M .g 241.
.8000.9,81 33258
4
G p 33, 26 (kN)
Trng lng ca lp cch nhit

Khi lng ring ca si khong: 130 (kg/m3)
Chn b dy lp cch nhit:
tin 50 (mm)
Th tch gn ng lp cch nhit:
Vin .(Dt 2S ).Hv .tin 3,14.(0,9 2.7.103 ).10.5.103 0,1435 (m3)

Trng lng lp cch nhit:
Gin Vin . .g 0,1435.130.9,81 527 (N) 0,53 (kN)

Tnh c phn ph kin cho lp cch nhit chn:
Gin 2.0,57 1,14 (kN)

Trng lng lng trong thp
Trng lng tnh ti a ca thp s xut hin khi thp cha y lng, ly vi
cht lng c khi lng ring ln hn l nc, tra theo ph lc 4, 958 (kg/m3)
108
n tt nghip
GL
.Dt2
3,14.0,92
.H v . .g
.10.958.9,81 59757 (N)
4
4
GL 59,76 (kN)
Tng khi lng ca thit b:
G Gv Gin GP GL 19,3 1,14 33, 26 59,76 113, 46 (kN)

5.4.5.2. Chiu dy tr .
1. Ti trng do gi to ra.
Chn p sut do gi to ra bng: Pw 1280 (N/m2) (tng ng tc gi 160
km/h).
ng knh ngoi ca thp (bao gm c lp cch nhit):
Def Dt 2.(S tin ) 0,9 2.(7.103 50.103 ) 1,014 (m)
Ti trng gi tnh theo mt n v chiu di c tnh theo cng thc 8.64- tr

503-13:
Fw Pw .Def 1280.1,014 1298 (N/m)
Mmen un ti chn y tr theo cng thc 8.56- tr 496- 13:

Ms
Fw 2 1298
.H
(10 2) 2 93456 (N.m)
2
2
2. Phn tch ng sut.

Ln tnh u tin ca vng lp, chn chiu dy tr t 10 (mm)
ng sut un c tnh theo cng thc 8.46- tr 490- 13:
bs
4.M s
.( Dt t ).t.Dt
bs
4.93456.103
14,54 (N/mm2)
3,14.(900 10).10.900
109
n tt nghip
ng sut do trng lng ti a to ra tnh theo cng thc 8.47-tr 490- 13:
ws
ws
G
.( Dt t ).t
113, 46.103
3,97 (N/mm2)
3,14.(900 10).10
ng sut nn ln nht theo cng thc 8.45- tr 490- 13:
s max (nen) bs ws 14,54 3,97 18,51 (N/mm2)

ng sut cng nh nht theo cng thc 8.44- tr 490- 13:
s max (cang ) bs ws 14,54 3,97 10,57 (N/mm2)

Tiu chun kim tra thit k theo 8.48 v 8.49- tr491- 13:
s max (cang ) 10,57 f .J .sins 135.1.sin90o 135 Tha mn

s max (nen) 18,51 0,125.E.
t
.sin 90o 113,64 Tha mn.
Dt
Nhn xt: c hai tiu ch trn u c tha mn vy chiu dy tr l:
t 10 (mm)
5.4.5.3. Vng chu ti y tr v cc bu lng nh v.
Chn gn ng ng knh vng trn tm cc l lp bu lng:
Db Dt 2(t 50.103 ) 0,9 2.(10.103 50.103 ) 1,02 (m)

Chu vi ca ng trn tm cc l lp bu lng:
Cb .Db 3,14.1,02 3, 2028 (m)

Chn bc bu lng: Pb 0,3 (m)
S bu lng cn thit nh v:
Nb
C 3, 2028
10,676
Pb
0,3
110
n tt nghip
Chn s bu lng l bi s chung gn nht ca 4: N b 12

Chn vt liu ch to bu lng l thp ccbon, tra bng 8.2- tr475- 13, ng sut
thit k l:
f b 135 (N/mm2)
Din tch tit din ngang ca bu lng c tnh theo cng thc 8.50- tr 491- 13:
Ab
Ab
1 4.M s
G
N b . fb Db
1 4.93456
113, 46.103 156, 2 (mm2)
12.135 1,02
Chn bu lng M24 c din tch Ab 353 (mm2). (Kch thc bu lng ti thiu
nh v tr thit b).
Ti trng nn tng cng tc dng ln vng y ca tr ( tnh theo mt n v
chiu di) tnh theo cng thc 8.51- tr 492- 13:
Fb
4.M s
G
2
.Db .Db
(4.36)
4.93456 113, 46.103

Fb
114465 (N/m)
3,14.1,022 3,14.1,02
Chn p sut ti a tc dng ln nn mng b tng: f c 5 (N/mm2)
Chiu rng vng y tr tnh theo cng thc 8.52- tr 493- 13:
Lb
Fb 114465
22,89.103 (m)
6
fc
5.10
(4.37)
Chn cc kch thc thit k tr theo bng 8.20- tr 494- 13:

Bu lng
M24
Tit din
353
A
45
B
76
C
64
D
13
E
19
F
30
G
36
Chiu rng thc t ca vng y tr:
Lb B t 50 76 10 50 136 (mm)
111
n tt nghip
p sut thc t tc dng ln mng b tng:
f c'
Fb
114465
0,84 (N/mm2)
3
3
Lb .10 136.10
Chiu dy nh nht ca vng y tr tnh theo cng thc 8.53- tr 493- 13:
tb B.
3. f c'
3.0,84
76.
10,83 (mm)
fb
124
Chn: tb 12 (mm).
5.4.6. Ca ni ng dn vi thit b v bch ni tng ng.
5.4.6.1. ng lng i vo y thit b gia nhit y thp.
Thit b gia nhit ch un si li 50% gia nhit y thp nn lu lng dng
thc t l:
GB 50%.11847, 25 5924

Khi lng ring hn hp lng: B 927,51 (kg/m3)
Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vB 1 (m/s)
4.GB
4.5924
0,048 (m)
3600. B . .vB
3600.927,51.3,14.1
Chn: D 0,05 (m) = 50 (mm)

DB
Dn
Dt
D1
50
57
140
110
90
12
Bu lng
db
M12
z
4
112
n tt nghip
5.4.6.2. ng hi i ra nh thit b gia nhit.

Lu lng hi bc hi trong thit b gia nhit y thp:
GVB 50%.11847, 25 5924 (kg/h)

Chn vn tc cht hi chy trong ng ni l: vVB 25 (m/s)
DVB
4.GVB
4.5924
0, 216 (m)
3600.V . .vVB
3600.1,79.3,14.25
Chn: DD 0, 25 (m) = 250 (mm)

DVB
Dn
Dt
D1
250
273
370
350
312
22
Bu lng
db
M16
12
5.4.5.3. ng hi bo ha i vo thit b.
Lu lng ca hi bo ha:
GH
Q 3,79.106
1,8425 (kg/s)
rn 2057.103

Khi lng ring ca hi nc bo ha ti p sut 8bar: Vn 4,075 (kg/m3)
Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vVn 20 (m/s)
113
n tt nghip
4.GH
4.1,8425
0,169 (m)
Vn . .vVn
4,075.3,14.20
Chn: D 0, 2 (m) = 200 (mm)

DF
Dn
Dt
D1
200
219
310
270
242
24
Bu lng
db
M20
5.4.5.4. ng nc ngng i ra thit b.

Lu lng ca nc ngng:
Q 3,79.106
GH
1,8425 (kg/s)
rn 2057.103
Khi lng ring ca nc ngng ti p sut 8bar: Ln 927,56 (kg/m3)
Chn vn tc cht lng chy trong ng ni l: vLn 1 (m/s)
4.GH
4.1,8425
0,50 (m)
Ln . .vLn
927,56.3,14.1
Chn: D 0,05 (m) = 50 (mm)

DF
Dn
Dt
D1
50
57
160
125
102
18
Bu lng
db
M16
114
n tt nghip
Chng 6: Quy trnh ch to, lp rp v vn hnh
CHNG 6: QUY TRNH CH TO, LP RP V VN

HNH THP CHNG LUYN
6.1. Quy trnh ch to mt s chi tit ca thit b.
6.1.1. Quy trnh ch to thn thp chng ct.
Phng php ch to: hn t thp tm
Vt liu ch to: thp khng g SUS304
Kch thc thp tm t mua: 7000x3000x10 (mm).
Ch to thn tr bng cch hn cn ch nhng im sau:
-
Tng chiu di cc mi hn l b nht, v vy cn chn thp tm c kch thc

hp l: Chiu di ph hp vi chu vi thit b (6,91 m), chiu rng ln nht c
th t mua (3 m).
Thn c cun theo chiu ngang ca tm thp
Mi hn dc hoc mi hn ngang cn phi l hn gip mi, hn t ng, c

kim tra bng siu m (mc siu m 100%).
Bng 6.1. Quy trnh cc bc ch to thn thp chng ct.
STT
Nguyn cng ch to
Phng tin gia cng
Thp tm 7000x3000x10
t mua
Ct thnh kch thc

6910x3000x10
My ct chuyn dng
Lm sch tm thp
My phun hi p sut cao
Hn kn cc tm thp theo b
di tm thp vi nhau
Hn t ng
Cun tm thp thnh tr trn
My cun chuyn dng
115
n tt nghip
Hn dc thn thit b
Hn t ng
Khoan ct ca ngi, l hon

lu nh thp v hi i vo
y thp, l nhp liu
My khoan ct chuyn
dng
Hn bch hai u thn thit b
Hn t ng
Hn bch cho ca ngi v

cc l
Hn t ng
10
Hn vnh a vo trong
thn thit b
Hn tay
11
Lm sch thn thit b
12
Kim tra mi hn
Siu m
6.1.2. Quy trnh ch to y v np thit b hnh elip.

Phng php ch to: hn t thp tm
Bng 6.2. Quy trnh cc bc ch to y v np thp chng ct.
STT
Nguyn cng ch to
Phng tin gia cng
Thp tm 3000x3000x10
t mua
Ct thnh kch thc

2670x2670x10
My ct chuyn dng
Lm sch tm thp
Dp, v y v np thit b
My v chm cu
Ct vin
My ct
116
n tt nghip
Lm sch
Khoan ct l hi ra nh thp
v l lng i ra y thp
My khoan ct chuyn
dng
Hn bch cho y v np thit

b
Hn t ng
Hn bch cho cc l
Hn t ng
10
Lm sch thit b
11
Kim tra mi hn
Siu m
6.1.3. Quy trnh ch to a van chuyn ng.

Phng php ch to: phn a thnh 8 phn v knh chy chuyn nh hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.1. M hnh ch to a van
117
n tt nghip
Bng 6.3. Quy trnh ch to a van cho thp chng luyn

STT
Nguyn cng ch to
Phng tin gia cng
Thp tm 7000x3000x3
t mua
Ct thnh kch thc ph hp

vi tng phn
My ct chuyn dng
Lm sch tm thp
4
5
c cc l van (hnh 6.3)

theo v tr nh sn
Khoan cc l bt bu lng c
inh cc tm vi nhau
My chuyn dng
My khoan
Lm sch
Ch to van bng phng

php c (hnh 6.2)
c theo khun
Ghp van vo cc l van
Ghp bng tay
10
Lm sch thit b
Kim tra vn ghp van
Kim tra bng tay
Hnh 6.2. Van di ng hnh ch nht.[20]

118
n tt nghip
Hnh 6.3. M hnh cc l van theo v tr nh sn[4]
6.2. Quy trnh lp rp thp chng ct.

6.2.1. Quy trnh lp t thit b.
Thit b gm ba phn ln: np thit b, thn thit b, y thit b km theo tr
c hn lin c lp t theo cc bc trnh t sau:
t thit b nm trn mt bng thi cng, ghp thn vo y thp bng mt bch,
ghp np vo thn thp bng mt bch.
119
n tt nghip
b tng mng cho thp, o c chnh xc, cm bu lng nn vo b tng

mng trong khi b tng.
S dng 2 cn cu, mt trn mt di, a thp vo v tr b tng mng, lp
ghp chnh xc vi bu lng mng. Sau khi t ng v tr, kim tra li v tr , gc
t. Khi hon chnh, bt u xit bu lng mng, gi thp. (hnh 6.4).
Hnh 6.4. Phng php t thit b vo mng b tng.
120
n tt nghip
6.2.2. Quy trnh lp t a van vo thn thit b.

a van c lp vo thit b theo hng t di ln trn, mi a gm 8 phn
v knh chy chuyn. a van c c nh vo thit b bng cch s dng cc dng bu
lng, ai c, m lt, lin kt gia cc tm vi nhau v lin kt vi vnh ( hn
vo thn thit b). Th t lp rp ln lt cc phn ca a s l 1, knh chy chuyn, 2
v 7, 3 v 6, 4 v 5, 8.
Phng php lp t c m hnh ha chi tit trong hnh 6.5.
Hnh 6.5. M hnh lp t a van.

Cc chi tit nh bu lng, ai c, m lt s c t mua vi lng d l 5%
cho mi a.
121
n tt nghip
6.3. Quy trnh vn hnh thit b.

6.3.1. Cng tc chun b.
1. Qun l xem xt an ton trc khi khi ng h thng chng ct.
2. m bo tt c thi b trong khu vc an ton v cc khu vc dch v sn sng bao
gm phng tm, khu vc ra mt, cha chy, thit b dng c h hp v dng bo
h c nhn.
3. m bo tt c cc kha, nhn, khu vc hn ch, ni c nhit cao v ng dng
cc thit b ghi li c hon tt. Cc th, nhn v kha c g b.
4. Kim tra cc thng cha ha cht, ng ng, trang thit b v dng c c nguyn
vn ti h thng chng ct.
5. m bo cc bm c bi trn v lp bo v ph hp.
6. m bo cc bm c chuyn sang ch t hnh hoc ang ngng.
7. m bo s lng ha cht v cc cht ph gia khc cung cp cho h thng.
8. m bo dch beer t thng cha sn sng bm vo hai thp chng th.
9. m bo cc h thng b tr sn sng khi ng h thng chng ct nh: h
thng ra kh, khu vc nc lm mt v nc lnh su, hi nc v nc ngng, h
thng tim acid sunfuric, h thng chn khng cho chng ct.
122
n tt nghip
6.3.2. Cng tc vn hnh.
Hnh 6.6. Dy chuyn cng ngh chng ct etanol.[4]

1. Khi ng h thng chng ct, chy vi 50% cng sut .
2. Khi ng bm, bm dch beer vo hai thp th C-4101 v C-4102
3. M cc van gia bm v thit b gia nhit ri khi ng bm PC-4101 v PC-4102
to ng lc cho thit b gia nhit y E-4101 v E-4102 hot ng.
4. Khi ng h thng to chn khng (gm hai bm chn khng ) to p sut lm vic
cho hai thp th.
5. M dng lng t y thp tinh C-4201 vo thit b gia nhit y bng hi nc bo
ha E-4201.
6. M dng hi t inh thp tinh C-4201 v gia nhit cho thit b gia nhit y cho
thp th C-4101 l E-4201.
123
n tt nghip
7. M dng hi t nh thp th C-4101 v gia nhit cho thit b gia nhit y thp th
C-4102 l E-4102
8. M dng nh ca hai thp th sang thit b ngng t ri a sang thp tinh C-4201.
9. o nng ti y cc thp th v tinh, khi t nng yu cu. Khi ng bm
PC-4105, PC-4106 bm b hm quay v thng cha dch sau ln men. Khi ng bm
PC-4201 sn phm y thp tinh v khu vc nc ngng.
10. Kim tra nh k nng nh thp tinh C-4201, iu chnh dng hi lu nh tho
t nng yu cu, sau m dng hi a qua thit b ngng t ri sau a
sang khu vc tch nc bng xc tc.
11. Kim tra n nh cc thng s k thut ca cc dng, t yu cu th bt u
nng cng sut ln dn, ti khi t 100% cng sut.
6.3.3. Ngng h thng khi gp s c.
1. Ngng cp beer t thng cha dch beer sang hai thp th.
2. Ngng cc bm PC-4105, PC-4106,PC-4201.
3. Ngt dng t nh 2 thp th a sang thp tinh.
4. Ngng cp hi cho E-4201.
5. Ngng dng t thp tinh v gia nhit cho thp th C-4101.
6. Dng bm PC-4101
7. ng van ngt dng t thp th C-4101 v gia nhit cho thp th C-4202.
8. Dng bm PC-4102
9. Dng h thng to chn khng.
124
n tt nghip
6.3.4. X l cc s c trong vn hnh.

Bng 6.3. X l cc s c trong vn hnh.
STT
S c
Mt in, mt hi
X l
Dng khn cp ton khu vc, van iu khin t ng
chuyn sang ch an ton.
Mt kh nn, van mt
Dng khn cp ton khu vc, van iu khin t ng
iu khin
chuyn sang ch an ton.
Mt nc lm mt
Dng bnh thng.
Bm t ngng
Nhanh chng chy bm d phng
Van t ng iu chnh
i sang thao tc bng tay, lin h vi i sa cha
khng nhy
sa cha hoc thay th
Tn tht cn y 3
Do hiu qu trao i nhit ca cc thit b TDN ca
thp chng cao hn so
cc thp km v bm bn. V sinh cc thit b trao
vi thit k
i nhit.
Chn khng thp th th Do thit b trao i nhit cho cm chn khng trao
7
2 khng t 0.2 bar theo
i nhit km, khin nhit cao. V sinh thit b
thit k
trao i nhit cm chn khng.
Mt nc lm mt su
Gim cng sut hoc dng chng ct
Thit b trao i nhit

dng ng b tc
Do chng ct cng sut thp gy ng dch. Lm

sch bng cch phun nc p sut cao trn nh
xung. V chng ct ng cng sut.
125
n tt nghip
Kt lun
KT LUN
Qua thi gian lm n tt nghip em rt ra c nhng kt lun sau:
1. nghin cu, tng hp c cc ti liu lin quan n cng ngh sn xut etanol
t ngun nguyn liu l tinh bt trong nc v trn th gii.
2. tm hiu, nm bt c k thut phn tch hn hp hai hoc nhiu cu t, c
bit l phng php chng ct lin tc.
3. tnh ton c cc thng s v cng ngh:
Cn bng lng hi ca hn hp etanol nc p sut lm vic
Ch s hi lu thch hp cho qu trnh chng luyn.
Chn loi a van chuyn ng ph hp vi cc yu cu v nng sut, nng ...
S a l thuyt xc nh theo phng php v th.
4. tnh ton c cc thng s v c kh:
Hiu sut ca thit b, t suy ra c s a thc t
Chiu cao ca thit b
B dy ca thit b
Cc chi tit ph tr khc
5. tnh ton c cng ngh v kt cu thit b gia nhit y thp.
6. Nu c quy trnh ch to, lp rp thit b chng luyn, a ra c phng php
vn hnh cng nh x l s c cho dy chuyn cng ngh.
Nhng vn gii quyt cha tha ng:
1. Tnh hiu sut thit b bng phng php hiu sut trung bnh, y l phng php
c sai s ln.
2. Phn quy trnh ch to, lp rp v vn hnh thit b cha tht s k cng v kinh
nghim thc t ca em cn cha nhiu.
126
n tt nghip
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] http://www.pvoil.com.vn/vi-vn/default.aspx, truy cp cui cng ngy 20/03/2012.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis, truy cp cui cng ngy 20/03/2012.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-ethanol, truy cp cui cng ngy 20/03/2012.
[4] Thuyt minh thit k c s ( Design feasibility story) d n BioEthanol Dung
Qut, 2009.
[5] http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFn, truy cp cui cng ngy 20/03/2012
[6] http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4, truy cp cui cng ngy 20/03/2012.
[7] http://www.vogelbusch-biocommodities.com/en/, truy cp cui cng ngy
24/03/2012.
[8] http://www.praj.net/default.asp, truy cp cui cng ngy 24/03/2012.
[9] GS. TSKH. Nguy n Bin, Cc qu trnh, thit b trong cng nghip ha cht v thc
phm, tp 4, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, 2008.
[10] B mn qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht, S tay qu trnh v thit b cng
nghip ha cht, tp 1, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, 2006.
[11] B mn qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht, S tay qu trnh v thit b cng
nghip ha cht, tp 2, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, 2006.
[12] Nguy n Hu Tng, K thut tch hn hp nhiu cu t, tp 1, Nh xut bn Bch
Khoa, 2010.
[13] Nguy n Hu Tng, K thut tch hn hp nhiu cu t, tp 2, Nh xut bn Bch
Khoa, 2010.
[14] H Hu Phng, C s tnh ton thit b ha cht, Nh xut bn Bch Khoa,
1976.
[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young's_modulus, truy cp ln cui ngy20/5/2012.
127
n tt nghip
Ti liu tham kho
[16] Bi Hi, Dng c Hng, H Mnh Th, Thit b trao i nhit, Nh xut bn
Bch Khoa, 1996.
[17] Phm Xun Ton, Cc qu trnh, thit b trong cng nghip ha cht v thc
phm, tp 3, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 2008.
[18] http://www.ddbst.com/en/products/Products_Explorer.php, truy cp ln cui vo
ngy 20/5/2012.
[19] Data of Aspen plus v7.2,
http://www.aspentech.com/products/aspen-plus.aspx, truy cp ln cui vo ngy
20/05/2012.
[20]http://www.sulzerchemtech.com/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid1102/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1102/1601_read-2649/, truy cp ln cui vo ngy
20/05/2012.
[21] Robert W. Serth, Process heat transfer: Principles and applications, Texas A&M
University Kingsville, 2007.
[22]http://www.sulzermetco.com/de/etracker.aspx/raid-74841/tabid-1548/gidDocuments.13.16132/, truy cp ln cui vo ngy 20/05/2012.
128
n tt nghip
Ph lc
PH LC
Ph lc 1: Thut ton Pascal thc hin ni suy tm t s hi lu thch hp.
Program chungluyen_1;
uses crt;
Type
mX=array [1..1000] of real;
mXX=array [1..1000] of integer;
Var
T,X,Y,RR,VV:mX;
NN,NNC,NNL:mXX;
F,P,W,xF,xP,xW,R,Rmin,Ropt,V,Vmin,deltaR:real;
xs,ys,yF,yFCB:real;
NLT,NLTC,NLTL,NLTLeff,NLTCeff,NLTeff,n,i,j,k:integer;
Procedure NOISUY(xs:real; var ys:real; Y,X:mX);
Var k:integer;
Begin
k:=0;
Repeat
k:=k+1;
Until (xs<x[k]) or (k>=1000);
if k>= 1000 then
writeln('so lan tim kiem qua lon');
ys:=y[k-1]+(y[k]-y[k-1])*(xs-x[k-1])/(x[k]-x[k-1]);
End;
Function DLVL(xs:real):real;
Begin
DLVL:=R*xs/(R+1)+xP/(R+1);
End;
Function DLVC(xs:real):real;
Begin
DLVC:=(R+F/P)*xs/(R+1)+(1-F/P)*xW/(R+1);
End;
Procedure NLTR(R:real; var NLT:integer);
Begin
ys:=xP;
129
n tt nghip
Ph lc
NLTL:=0;
Repeat
NOISUY(ys,xs,X,Y);
ys:=DLVL(xs);
NLTL:=NLTL+1;
Until xs<=xF;
{Xac dinh so dia ly thuyet doan chung}
ys:=DLVC(xF);
NLTC:=0;
Repeat
NOISUY(ys,xs,X,Y);
ys:=DLVC(xs);
NLTC:=NLTC+1;
Until xs<=xW;
{Xac dinh tong so dia ly thuyet toan thap}
NLT:=NLTL+NLTC;
End;
{Chuong trinh chinh}
BEGIN
clrscr;
{Nhap cac so lieu dau}
{write ('Nhap so diem thuc nghiem can bang pha, n = ');readln(n);
For i:=1 to n do
Begin
write ('X[',i,'] = ');readln(x[i]);
End;
For i:=1 to n do
Begin
write ('Y[',i,'] = ');readln(y[i]);
End;}
n:=101;
X[1]:=0;X[2]:=0.01;X[3]:=0.02;X[4]:=0.03;X[5]:=0.04;
X[6]:=0.05;X[7]:=0.06;X[8]:=0.07;X[9]:=0.08;X[10]:=0.09;
X[11]:=0.1;X[12]:=0.11;X[13]:=0.12;X[14]:=0.13;X[15]:=0.14;
X[16]:=0.15;X[17]:=0.16;X[18]:=0.17;X[19]:=0.18;X[20]:=0.19;
X[21]:=0.2;X[22]:=0.21;X[23]:=0.22;X[24]:=0.23;X[25]:=0.24;
X[26]:=0.25;X[27]:=0.26;X[28]:=0.27;X[29]:=0.28;X[30]:=0.29;
130
n tt nghip
Ph lc
X[31]:=0.3;X[32]:=0.31;X[33]:=0.32;X[34]:=0.33;X[35]:=0.34;
X[36]:=0.35;X[37]:=0.36;X[38]:=0.37;X[39]:=0.38;X[40]:=0.39;
X[41]:=0.4;X[42]:=0.41;X[43]:=0.42;X[44]:=0.43;X[45]:=0.44;
X[46]:=0.45;X[47]:=0.46;X[48]:=0.47;X[49]:=0.48;X[50]:=0.49;
X[51]:=0.50001;X[52]:=0.51001;X[53]:=0.52001;X[54]:=0.53001;X[55]:=0.54001;
X[56]:=0.55001;X[57]:=0.56001;X[58]:=0.57001;X[59]:=0.58001;X[60]:=0.59001;
X[61]:=0.60001;X[62]:=0.61001;X[63]:=0.62001;X[64]:=0.63001;X[65]:=0.64001;
X[66]:=0.65001;X[67]:=0.66001;X[68]:=0.67001;X[69]:=0.68001;X[70]:=0.69001;
X[71]:=0.70001;X[72]:=0.71001;X[73]:=0.72001;X[74]:=0.73001;X[75]:=0.74001;
X[76]:=0.75001;X[77]:=0.76001;X[78]:=0.77001;X[79]:=0.78001;X[80]:=0.79001;
X[81]:=0.80001;X[82]:=0.81001;X[83]:=0.82001;X[84]:=0.83001;X[85]:=0.84001;
X[86]:=0.85001;X[87]:=0.86001;X[88]:=0.87002;X[89]:=0.88002;X[90]:=0.89002;
X[91]:=0.90002;X[92]:=0.91002;X[93]:=0.92002;X[94]:=0.93002;X[95]:=0.94002;
X[96]:=0.95002;X[97]:=0.96002;X[98]:=0.97002;X[99]:=0.98002;X[100]:=0.99002;X[101]:=1.00002;
Y[1]:=0;Y[2]:=0.09336;Y[3]:=0.16353;Y[4]:=0.2178;Y[5]:=0.26081;
Y[6]:=0.29561;Y[7]:=0.32429;Y[8]:=0.3483;Y[9]:=0.36869;Y[10]:=0.38625;
Y[11]:=0.40154;Y[12]:=0.41501;Y[13]:=0.427;Y[14]:=0.43778;Y[15]:=0.44756;
Y[16]:=0.4565;Y[17]:=0.46476;Y[18]:=0.47243;Y[19]:=0.47962;Y[20]:=0.4864;
Y[21]:=0.49283;Y[22]:=0.49896;Y[23]:=0.50485;Y[24]:=0.51052;Y[25]:=0.51602;
Y[26]:=0.52137;Y[27]:=0.5266;Y[28]:=0.53172;Y[29]:=0.53675;Y[30]:=0.54171;
Y[31]:=0.54662;Y[32]:=0.55148;Y[33]:=0.5563;Y[34]:=0.5611;Y[35]:=0.56589;
Y[36]:=0.57066;Y[37]:=0.57543;Y[38]:=0.58019;Y[39]:=0.58497;Y[40]:=0.58976;
Y[41]:=0.59456;Y[42]:=0.59938;Y[43]:=0.60422;Y[44]:=0.60909;Y[45]:=0.61399;
Y[46]:=0.61891;Y[47]:=0.62387;Y[48]:=0.62886;Y[49]:=0.63389;Y[50]:=0.63896;
Y[51]:=0.64407;Y[52]:=0.64922;Y[53]:=0.65441;Y[54]:=0.65965;Y[55]:=0.66493;
Y[56]:=0.67026;Y[57]:=0.67564;Y[58]:=0.68107;Y[59]:=0.68655;Y[60]:=0.69209;
Y[61]:=0.69767;Y[62]:=0.70332;Y[63]:=0.70902;Y[64]:=0.71478;Y[65]:=0.7206;
Y[66]:=0.72648;Y[67]:=0.73242;Y[68]:=0.73843;Y[69]:=0.7445;Y[70]:=0.75065;
Y[71]:=0.75686;Y[72]:=0.76315;Y[73]:=0.76951;Y[74]:=0.77596;Y[75]:=0.78248;
Y[76]:=0.78909;Y[77]:=0.79578;Y[78]:=0.80257;Y[79]:=0.80945;Y[80]:=0.81643;
Y[81]:=0.82351;Y[82]:=0.8307;Y[83]:=0.83801;Y[84]:=0.84543;Y[85]:=0.85299;
Y[86]:=0.86067;Y[87]:=0.8685;Y[88]:=0.87648;Y[89]:=0.88462;Y[90]:=0.89292;
Y[91]:=0.90141;Y[92]:=0.9101;Y[93]:=0.91899;Y[94]:=0.92811;Y[95]:=0.93747;
Y[96]:=0.94709;Y[97]:=0.957;Y[98]:=0.96721;Y[99]:=0.97776;Y[100]:=0.98868;Y[101]:=1;
T[1]:=410.94;T[2]:=407.8;T[3]:=405.3;T[4]:=403.28;T[5]:=401.62;
T[6]:=400.24;T[7]:=399.08;T[8]:=398.1;T[9]:=397.25;T[10]:=396.52;
T[11]:=395.88;T[12]:=395.32;T[13]:=394.82;T[14]:=394.37;T[15]:=393.97;
131
n tt nghip
Ph lc
T[16]:=393.6;T[17]:=393.27;T[18]:=392.96;T[19]:=392.67;T[20]:=392.41;
T[21]:=392.16;T[22]:=391.92;T[23]:=391.7;T[24]:=391.49;T[25]:=391.29;
T[26]:=391.1;T[27]:=390.91;T[28]:=390.73;T[29]:=390.56;T[30]:=390.39;
T[31]:=390.23;T[32]:=390.07;T[33]:=389.92;T[34]:=389.77;T[35]:=389.63;
T[36]:=389.48;T[37]:=389.34;T[38]:=389.21;T[39]:=389.07;T[40]:=388.94;
T[41]:=388.81;T[42]:=388.69;T[43]:=388.56;T[44]:=388.44;T[45]:=388.32;
T[46]:=388.2;T[47]:=388.09;T[48]:=387.98;T[49]:=387.87;T[50]:=387.76;
T[51]:=387.65;T[52]:=387.54;T[53]:=387.44;T[54]:=387.34;T[55]:=387.24;
T[56]:=387.15;T[57]:=387.05;T[58]:=386.96;T[59]:=386.87;T[60]:=386.78;
T[61]:=386.69;T[62]:=386.61;T[63]:=386.53;T[64]:=386.44;T[65]:=386.37;
T[66]:=386.29;T[67]:=386.22;T[68]:=386.15;T[69]:=386.08;T[70]:=386.01;
T[71]:=385.94;T[72]:=385.88;T[73]:=385.82;T[74]:=385.76;T[75]:=385.71;
T[76]:=385.66;T[77]:=385.61;T[78]:=385.56;T[79]:=385.51;T[80]:=385.47;
T[81]:=385.43;T[82]:=385.39;T[83]:=385.36;T[84]:=385.33;T[85]:=385.3;
T[86]:=385.28;T[87]:=385.26;T[88]:=385.24;T[89]:=385.22;T[90]:=385.21;
T[91]:=385.21;T[92]:=385.2;T[93]:=385.21;T[94]:=385.21;T[95]:=385.22;
T[96]:=385.24;T[97]:=385.26;T[98]:=385.29;T[99]:=385.32;T[100]:=385.36;T[101]:=385.41;
{write ('Nhap luu luong vao F = ');readln(F);}F:=914.553647;
{write ('Nhap ham luong long xF = ');readln(xF);}xF:=0.240673;
{write ('Nhap ham luong SP dinh xP = ');readln(xP);}xP:=0.857594;
{write ('Nhap ham luong SP day xW = ');readln(xW);}xW:=0.000159;
{Xac dinh Rmin}
NOISUY(xF,yFCB,Y,X);
Rmin:=(xP-yFCB)/(yFCB-xF);
writeln('Chi so hoi luu toi thieu Rmin = ',Rmin:4:2);
{write ('Nhap chi so hoi luu R = ');readln(R);}
{Tinh toan can bang vat lieu cho toan thap}
P:=F*(xF-xW)/(xP-xW);
W:=F-P;
{Xac dinh so dia ly thuyet doan luyen}
deltaR:=0.05;
Vmin:=1e15;
R:=1.40*Rmin;
j:=0;
Repeat
j:=j+1;
writeln('so lan lap j = ',j);
132
n tt nghip
Ph lc
R:=R+deltaR;
writeln('R = ',R:8:4);
{readln;}
NLTR(R,NLT);
writeln('NLT = ',NLT);
{readln;}
V:=NLT*(R+1);
RR[j]:=R;
VV[j]:=V;
NNC[j]:=NLTC;
NNL[j]:=NLTL;
NN[j]:=NLT;
writeln('V = ',V:8:4);
If V<=Vmin then
Begin
Vmin:=V;
Ropt:=R;
NLTCeff:=NLTC;
NLTLeff:=NLTL;
NLTeff:=NLT;
End;
writeln('NLT = ',NLT);
Until (R>=5*Rmin) or (j>=500);
{In ket qua}
writeln ('So dia ly thuyet doan luyen NLTL = ',NLTLeff);
writeln ('So dia ly thuyet doan chung NLTC = ',NLTCeff);
writeln ('So dia ly thuyet toan thap NLT = ',NLTeff);
writeln ('Chi so hoi luu thich hop Ropt = ',Ropt:8:4);
readln;
For i:=1 to j do
Begin
write('V[',i,'] = ',VV[i]:8:4,' NLT[',i,'] = ',NN[i]);
write(' NLTC[',i,'] = ',NNC[i],' NLTL[',i,'] = ',NNL[i],' R[',i,'] = ',RR[i]:8:4);
writeln;
if (i mod 10) = 0 then readln;
End;
readln; END.
133
n tt nghip
Ph lc
Ph lc 2: Bng kt qu ni suy chn ch s hi lu thch hp.

Stt
V
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
NTL
1082.4448
277.5982
201.7844
167.1602
149.1317
136.4685
126.3880
119.0401
114.5748
109.9096
108.3269
106.6443
101.4790
99.5464
97.5138
95.3811
93.1485
94.4485
92.0659
93.3159
90.7832
91.9832
89.3006
90.4506
91.6006
88.7180
89.8180
90.9180
87.8353
21
88.8853
89.9353
90.9853
92.0353
88.6527
89.6527
90.6527
91.6527
92.6527
93.6527
94.6527
90.8701
91.8201
92.7701
93.7201
94.6701
R
389
98
70
57
50
45
41
38
36
34
33
32
30
29
28
27
26
26
25
25
24
24
23
23
23
22
22
22
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
1.7826
1.8326
1.8826
1.9326
1.9826
2.0326
2.0826
2.1326
2.1826
2.2326
2.2826
2.3326
2.3826
2.4326
2.4826
2.5326
2.5826
2.6326
2.6826
2.7326
2.7826
2.8326
2.8826
2.9326
2.9826
3.0326
3.0826
3.1326
3.1826
3.2326
3.2826
3.3326
3.3826
3.4326
3.4826
3.5326
3.5826
3.6326
3.6826
3.7326
3.7826
3.8326
3.8826
3.9326
3.9826
Stt
V
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
NTL
95.6201
96.5701
97.5201
98.4701
94.1874
95.0874
95.9874
96.8874
97.7874
98.6874
99.5874
100.4874
101.3874
102.2874
103.1874
104.0874
104.9874
105.8874
100.8548
101.7048
102.5548
103.4048
104.2548
105.1048
105.9548
106.8048
107.6548
108.5048
109.3548
110.2048
111.0548
111.9048
112.7548
113.6048
114.4548
115.3048
116.1548
117.0048
117.8548
118.7048
119.5548
120.4048
114.1222
114.9222
115.7222
R
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
16
4.0326
4.0826
4.1326
4.1826
4.2326
4.2826
4.3326
4.3826
4.4326
4.4826
4.5326
4.5826
4.6326
4.6826
4.7326
4.7826
4.8326
4.8826
4.9326
4.9826
5.0326
5.0826
5.1326
5.1826
5.2326
5.2826
5.3326
5.3826
5.4326
5.4826
5.5326
5.5826
5.6326
5.6826
5.7326
5.7826
5.8326
5.8826
5.9326
5.9826
6.0326
6.0826
6.1326
6.1826
6.2326
134
n tt nghip
Ph lc
Ph lc 3: Tnh cht vt l ca etanol theo nhit (ti p sut 3,4 bar) [18]
T
373.15
374.15
375.15
376.15
377.15
378.15
379.15
380.15
381.15
382.15
383.15
384.15
385.15
klr
(mPa.s)
708.30
0.3481
707.22
0.3438
706.13
0.3396
705.03
0.3355
703.93
0.3314
702.83
0.3274
701.72
0.3235
700.60
0.3196
699.48
0.3158
698.36
0.3121
697.22
0.3084
696.09
0.3048
694.94
0.3012
135
n tt nghip
Ph lc
Ph lc 4: Tnh cht vt l ca nc theo nhit (ti p sut 3,4 bar) [18]

T
373.15
375.15
377.15
379.15
381.15
383.15
385.15
387.15
389.15
391.15
393.15
395.15
397.15
399.15
401.15
403.15
405.15
407.15
409.15
klr
(mPa.s)
958.96
0.2837
957.41
0.2790
955.85
0.2744
954.27
0.2700
952.68
0.2656
951.08
0.2614
949.46
0.2573
947.83
0.2533
946.19
0.2494
944.53
0.2456
942.87
0.2419
941.19
0.2383
939.50
0.2348
937.81
0.2313
936.10
0.2280
934.38
0.2247
932.65
0.2215
930.92
0.2184
929.17
0.2154
136
n tt nghip
Ph lc
Ph lc 5: Bng tnh ton cn bng nhit thit b gia nhit y thp.

T2
T1
T1-T2
Ho (m)
5
5
5
5
5
410.89
442.75
31.86
T1 (K)
9
10
11
12
12.5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
10.4
433.8
432.8
431.8
430.8
1 q1 (W/m2)
5906
5753
5617
5496
53155
57526
61788
65955
429.8
428.8
427.8
426.8
425.8
435.8
434.8
433.8
432.8
5387
5288
5198
5115
5038
6009
5812
5643
5496
70036
74038
77970
81837
85644
42062
46493
50786
54962
432.4 5443 56603
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8.9
7
8
8
8
8
Tt1 (K)
0.000702
3790000
430.3 5440 68005
13
14
15
16
17
7
8
9
10
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
r
Q
431.8
430.8
429.8
428.8
427.8
441.8
440.8
439.8
438.8
437.8
436.8
435.8
434.8
5367
5251
5147
5053
4966
9404
7908
7146
6650
6289
6009
5782
5592
59035
63016
66915
70740
74496
9404
15816
21437
26600
31445
36053
40472
44735
433.9 5445 48459
10
1
2
3
4
432.8
441.8
440.8
439.8
438.8
5288
9096
7648
6911
6432
52885
9096
15297
20733
25726
2
41627
43648
45561
47381
48259
49118
50784
52385
53929
55421
36173
38413
40504
42471
43227
44332
46102
47793
49414
50972
14725
20115
24141
27477
30380
32977
35346
37535
39380
41500
14433
19716
23662
26933
Tt (K) T2 (K) Tt2 (K)
37.31
40.38
43.38
46.30
47.74
49.17
51.98
54.74
57.45
60.12
29.53
32.64
35.65
38.58
39.74
41.44
44.24
46.97
49.66
52.30
6.60
11.10
15.05
18.67
22.07
25.31
28.41
31.40
34.02
-14.45
-18.52
-22.52
-26.44
-28.38
-30.31
-34.12
-37.88
-41.59
-45.26
-4.67
-8.78
-12.79
-16.72
-18.28
-20.58
-24.38
-28.11
-31.80
-35.44
24.26
18.76
13.81
9.19
4.79
0.55
-3.55
-7.54
-11.06
396.44
392.37
388.37
384.45
382.51
380.58
376.77
373.01
369.30
365.63
406.22
402.11
398.10
394.17
392.61
390.31
386.51
382.78
379.09
375.45
435.15
429.65
424.70
420.08
415.68
411.44
407.34
403.35
399.83
F (m2)
71.30
65.88
61.34
57.46
55.73
54.12
51.19
48.61
46.31
44.25
90.11
81.52
74.63
68.96
66.96
64.20
60.14
56.64
53.58
50.88
403.00
239.63
176.79
142.48
120.53
105.12
93.65
84.72
78.21
Ht (m) Sai so(%)
6.386
5.900
5.493
5.146
4.991
4.847
4.584
4.353
4.148
3.963
8.070
7.301
6.683
6.176
5.997
5.750
5.386
5.073
4.798
4.556
36.093
21.461
15.834
12.761
10.794
9.415
8.387
7.588
7.004
37.13 -15.27 395.62 71.67 6.418

6.39 24.47 435.36 416.68 37.318
10.74 19.12 430.01 247.76 22.189
14.55 14.31 425.20 182.80 16.371
18.06
9.80 420.69 147.32 13.194
27.71
18.01
9.87
2.93
-0.18
-3.07
-8.31
-12.93
-17.05
-20.74
34.50
21.68
11.39
2.93
-0.06
-4.17
-10.23
-15.46
-20.03
-24.06
415.61
206.58
126.19
82.30
54.20
34.50
19.81
8.39
0.06
-8.31
366.47
177.37
104.64
64.92
137
n tt nghip
Ho (m) T1 (K) Tt1 (K)
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
*
10
10
10
10
Ph lc
1 q1 (W/m2)
Tt (K) T2 (K) Tt2 (K)
6 436.75 5812
34869 32324
7 435.75 5592
39143 34645
7.8
434.95 5443 42452
36374
9 433.75 5251
47262 38794
10 432.75 5115
51148 40677
1 441.75 8832
8832 14180
2 440.75 7427
14853 19371
3 439.75 6711
20132 23248
4 438.75 6245
24980 26461
5 437.75 5906
29531 29256
6 436.75 5643
33858 31757
6.9
435.85 5449 37599
33819
8 434.75 5251
42011 36147
9 433.75 5099
45891 38114
10 432.75 4966
49664 39965
1 441.75 8602
8602 13958
2 440.75 7233
14467 19067
3 439.75 6536
19609 22883
4 438.75 6083
24330 26046
5 437.75 5753
28763 28797
6 436.75 5496
32977 31260
6.1 436.65 5474
33389 31493
24.48
27.48
29.80
33.18
35.91
6.20
10.43
14.13
17.54
20.73
23.77
26.39
29.49
32.22
34.86
6.04
10.16
13.77
17.08
20.19
23.15
23.44
6.2
23.73 1.93
436.55 5451 33799

6.3
7
8
9
436.45
435.75
434.75
433.75
5430
5288
5115
4966
34207
37019
40919
44698
31724
31953
33505
35580
37517
1.38
-2.62
-5.74
-10.32
-14.05
24.66
19.43
14.73
10.32
6.13
2.09
-1.43
-5.63
-9.36
-13.00
24.82
19.70
15.09
10.78
6.67
2.71
2.32
F (m2)
Ht (m) Sai so(%)
412.27 108.691
408.27
96.824
405.15 89.276
400.57
80.191
396.84
74.098
435.55 429.137
430.32 255.166
425.62 188.259
421.21 151.723
417.02 128.342
412.98 111.939
409.46 100.800
405.26
90.215
401.53
82.587
397.89
76.313
435.71 440.591
430.59 261.977
425.98 193.283
421.67 155.772
417.56 131.767
413.60 114.927
413.21 113.511
9.734
21.68
8.671
8.39
7.995 -0.06
7.182
-10.23
6.636
-17.05
38.433
327.03
22.852
153.92
16.860
87.34
13.588
50.98
11.494
27.71
10.025
11.39
9.028 0.31
8.080
-10.23
7.396
-17.82
6.834
-24.06
39.459
294.59
23.462
134.62
17.310
73.10
13.951
39.51
11.801
18.01
10.293
2.93
10.166
1.66
412.82 112.135
10.043 0.43
24.01 1.55 412.44

25.99 -1.13 409.76
28.72 -4.86 406.03
31.38 -8.52 402.37
110.797
102.379
92.623
84.792
9.923
9.169
8.295
7.594
-0.77
-8.31
-17.05
-24.06
138

Tính toán thiết kế hệ thống chưng cất ethanol với công suất 50000 m3/năm trong công nghệ sản xuất Bio─Ethanol từ sắn

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Tính toán thiết kế hệ thống chưng cất ethanol với công suất 50000 m3/năm trong công nghệ sản xuất Bio─Ethanol từ sắn

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n tt nghip

2.1.1. Khi nim v chng ct. ................................................................... 35

4.1.2. S a thc t ca thp chng luyn. ................................................ 68

5.4.2. B dy y v np thit b gia nhit. ............................................... 106

Hnh 3.3. Mi quan h gia th tch thp v ch s hi lu. .......................................... 60

H Ni, Ngy 02 Thng 06 Nm 2012

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BIOETHANOL V CNG

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

Nhc im ln nht ca xng sinh hc l do nng cao BioEthanol s lm

1.2. Tng quan v Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol.

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

+ Cng ngh sn xut ethanol sinh hc:

Trong qu trnh sn xut ethanol sinh hc c th phn thnh 2 cng on l cng

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

Ethanol thc phm

Ethanol nhin liu

Phc tp hn do cn tch trit cc

cht c hi cho sc khe con ngi: Khng cn loi b cn tp

Khng cn phi tch nc nng Phi tch nc nng nng

1.3. Cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol t tinh bt.

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

ch yu Ty Nguyn v ng Nam b. Nng sut thu hoch sn ti nc ta trung

th c th thu c 1kg sn lt.[5]

Nng sut ng ca nc ta thp, ch t mc 3.7 3.8 tn/ha. sn xut 1 lt

BioEthanol, chng ta cn 2,4 n 2,6 kg ng v gi ng hin nay l 4.100 ng/kg,

V c bn c sn gm 3 phn chnh: v, tht c v l i (ngoi ra cn c cung v r

V g c tc dng bo v c v chng mt nc ca c, tuy nhin v g d b

mt khi thu hoch v vn chuyn.

V ci l mt lp t bo cng ph bn ngoi, thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza

ngoi ra cn c cha polyphenol, enzim, v linamarin.

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

L i sn nm tm c dc sut chiu di,thnh phn ch yu l xenluloza. L i

c chc nng dn nc v cc cht dinh dng gia cy v c ng thi gip thot

Thnh phn sn ti dao ng trong gii hn kh ln: tinh bt 20 - 34%, protein

c t trong sn c tn chung l phazolunatin gm 2 glucozit Linamarin v

Lotaustralin. Cc c t ny thng tp chung v ci. Bnh thng phazolunatin

Tiu chun sn lt s dng cho cng ngh [4]:

Hnh dng lt sn: ng knh 30 70 mm, b dy: 20 30 mm

Hm lng tinh bt: 70 75 %kg

Protein: 1,5 1,8 %kg

Hm lng tro: 1,8 3,0 %kg

Lipid: 0,5 0,9 %kg

x: 2,1 5,0 %kg

Cc tp cht khc: 3,0 %kg

Chng 1: Tng quan v Bio-Ethanol

1.3.3. Cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut BioEthanol trn th gii.

Lurgi AG, Frankfurt, c

Technip-Coflexip, Paris, Php

Delta-T Corporation, Virginia, M

Katzen International INC., Cincinnati, Ohio, M

Tomsa Destil. S.L, Madrid, Ty Ban Nha

Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o

BioEthanol nhin liu cn c mt s cc nh cung cp cng ngh, thit b mua bn

Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n

Alfa Laval (India) Limited, Pune, n

Filli impianti, Monteriggioni, Italia

Kolon Engineering & Construction Co. Ltd., Kyunggi-Do, Hn Quc

Changhae Engineering Co.Ltd, Jeonju, Hn Quc

Rushan Risheng Machinery Manufacture Co., Ltd, Trung Quc

ngh ca cc nh cung cp cng ngh sau:

Vogelbusch GmbH, Vienna, o

Praj Industries Limited, Pune, n