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Wireless Data Technologies

Assignment 2 Antenna Basics Theory

Student: Trungu Xhani Student Id: 100 45 Computer Networking 3rd Year

Simulate the default monopole antenna provided with the application. What do you observe? What is the highest and the lowest frequency the antenna operates?

Figure 1

Figure 2

The Lowest frequency the monopole antenna can operate as we see in Figure 1 is 10 MHz up to the Highest frequency 600 MHz in Figure 2.

The E radiation pattern in space for the Highest frequency is :

Figure 3

The E radiation pattern in space for the Lowest frequency is :

Figure 4

In the antenna segments simulation we can see that in the Highest frequency of 600 MHz undesired side lobes are created, which means losses in current amplitude inside the source (monopole antenna), as shown in Figure 5. The Lowest frequency is of 10 MHz due to the fact up to that frequency we are already creating an antenna of 30 m Height (oversized antenna). The antenna theoretically operates up to 3 Hz frequency but it then should be of tremendous height, impossible to manufacture, due to impracticality and technological issues. The formula: c = * f => = c / f = (3*(10^8)) / (10^7) = 30 m.

Figure 5

Lowest frequency: 10 MHz. Highest frequency: 600 MHz.

What is the optimum monopole antenna size for f=300MHz? are there any changes for /2 antenna length?
The optimum monopole antenna size for f = 300 MHz is 1 m. C = * f => = c / f =>

= (3*(10^8))/ (3*(10^8)) = 1 m If the antenna length is /2 then it means it should be 0.5 m. In the formula the frequency f becomes: f = c / => f = (3*(10^8))/ 0.5 = 6*10^8 Hz. => f = 600 MHz.

Use the yagi-uda model yagi-uda-4.txt provided in the zip-files. Simulate the highest and the lowest operating frequencies that the antenna can operate without losing directivity.
In Figure 6 we can see the lowest operating frequency of Yagi-uda antenna: 100 MHz.

Figure 6

In Figure 7 we can see it operating at 150 MHz.

Figure 7

In Figure 8 we can see it operating at 200 MHz.

Figure 8

In Figure 9 we can see it operating at 250 MHz.

Figure 9

In Figure 10 we can see it operating at 300 MHz.

Figure 10

In Figure 11 we can see it operating at 350 MHz.

Figure 11

In Figure 12 we can see it operating at 400 MHz.

Figure 12

In Figure 13 we can see it operating at 450 MHz.

Figure 13

In Figure 14 we can see it operating at 500 MHz.

Figure 14

We are lead to conclusions that at the frequency of 500 MHz the Yagi-uda.4.txt model antenna loses its directivity and goes to the opposite side. Its far-field radiation moves on the opposite direction, and the on the front of the antenna the radiation field is very slow. So in conclusion, the highest frequency of operation suggested is up to 470 MHz as follows in Figure 15:

Figure 15

And if we use frequency of 480 MHz then it starts to change directivity, which is negative for the purpose of the antenna, where we need to point at certain direction. Lowest frequency: 100 MHz. Highest frequency: 470 MHz.

Repeat the process for the yagi-uda-6-GRID.txt model


I started the observations from 50 MHz. The specific antenna behaves in this operatig frequency as a monopole antenna. It produces the same radiation pattern probably due to the grid on the back which somehow causes the current phase and the amplitude phase to be on the same phase. In the Figure 16 is the simulation:

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Figure 16

Operating in a frequency of 100 MHz we can see that this antenna has an opposite directivity. Its far field is on the back of the grid so this means that it should be suggested to operate in greater frequencies. It is shown in the Figure 17 below.

Figure 17

In the frequency of 200 MHz we see that it creates a very good specific direction radiation pattern with no side lobes and losses in power. This means that at 200 MHz operation we would gain the best benefits of the bandwidth.

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Figure 18

Operating at 300 MHz we can observe that there is a small elevation in the radiation pattern created. This means that sides lobes are possibly going to be created if operating at greater frequencies, as also with much more anomalies on the pattern.

Figure 19

Operating at 500 MHz finally we can see that there Is indeed an obvious distortion on the radiation pattern of the antenna, with elevation on the Z-axes and increase in Azzimuth on X-axes on the both sides of the grid. Figure 20

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Figure 20

Increasing the frequency to 600MHz we see that the directivity of the radiation is beginning to change, and the far-field distance will decrease more and more if we increase the frequency. So probably the best Highest frequency to operate is at almost 500 MHz. And the Lowest frequency at 200 MHz or even at 50 MHz if we want to use it as a monopole antenna. Lowest frequency: 50 / 200 MHz. Highest frequency: 500 MHz.

What do you observe for c) and d)?


We observe that the antenna in question (c) was changing directivity negatively in higher frequencies, in contrast to the antenna in question (d), which gets the best directivity of radiation pattern at almost 500 MHz. This means that they operate reversely, the first operates better at lower frequencies and the latter operates better at higher frequencies.

Simulate the loop-antenna.txt model, again for the highest and lowest operating frequencies. Compare and contrast the E-Fields of the loop antenna and the monopole and suggest a scenario of usage.
In an operating frequency of 1 MHz we can see that the radiation pattern is almost perpendicular to the radiation pattern of a monopole antenna, as we saw above, Figure 21.

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Figure 21

Increasing the frequency we observe that the radiation pattern is similar to Isotropic antenna, but more like a donut shape without the hole in the middle. This means that we have a very good shaped far field with many benefits to gain without any loses in the center of the pattern. Figure 22.

Figure 22

At a frequency of 150 MHz we see that the pattern changes angle.

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Figure 23

At a frequency of 200 MHz we see that the radiation pattern goes back to its angle almost at 90 degrees relatively to X-axes and Y-axes.

Figure 24

In the figure 24 we see that the far-field is opened on the X-axes. We can contrast the Figure 24 with the Figure 3 now and see exactly at the high frequencies the differences of the E-fields of the Loop antenna and the monopole antenna.

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By using a Loop antenna one can accurately direction find signals provided that the antenna is properly balanced as described above. The general concept is that the deepest null will be in the direction of the signal being checked. You cannot use the Alt-azimuth feature; you must keep the loop perpendicular 90 degrees to the ground. An accurate compass and a marked 360 degree circle can be used to pin point the exact bearing that the signal is coming from. Mast radiator monopole antennas are used for broadcasting, for example AM radio stations who need to broadcast at Low frequencies and at great distances.

Simulate the uhftv.txt model for the provided frequency and the upper and lower UHF band frequencies. Comment on the antenna directivity properties.

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Figure 25 This is a UHF antenna for TV broadcasting.

Operating this antenna at the lowest frequency of UHF band at 350 MHz.

Figure 26

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Operating at 500 MHz UFH.

Figure 27

Operating at 650 MHz UHF.

Figure 28

Operating at 800 MHz UHF.

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Figure 29

We can observe that about in the middle from 450 MHz 650 MHz the radiation becomes narrower and uniformity relatively to the Z-axes so we have a little elevation of the E-field. This means that between these frequencies this type of antenna gives us the best quality of broadcasting, and as known from the old technology of analog signal of television the best quality of channels would be found among these frequencies.

Conclusions
In this assignment we learned about the basics of antenna theory. Antennas function by transmitting or receiving electromagnetic (EM) waves. Examples of these electromagnetic waves include the light from the sun and the waves received by your cell phone or radio. All electromagnetic waves propagate at the same speed in air or in space. The electromagnetic waves are electric fields that travel away from the source, and that every electric field is associated with a magnetic field, and the two make up an electromagnetic wave. The radiation pattern also expanded our knowledge and leads us to realize how an antenna (source) works and how the electromagnetic waves travel from the source. A radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a function of the direction away from the antenna. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is observed in the antenna's far field. Another feature of great importance is the directivity of an antenna. Directivity is a fundamental antenna parameter. It is a measure of how 'directional' an antenna's radiation pattern is. An antenna that radiates equally in all directions would have effectively zero directionality, and the directivity of this type of antenna would be 1 (or 0 dB). Through the understanding of directivity we could make this 19

assignment. In addition to directivity, the radiation patterns of antennas are also characterized by their beamwidths and sidelobe levels (if applicable). The main beam is the region around the direction of maximum radiation (usually the region that is within 3 dB of the peak of the main beam). The main beam in Figure 2 is centered at 90 degrees. The sidelobes are smaller beams that are away from the main beam. These sidelobes are usually radiation in undesired directions which can never be completely eliminated. The sidelobes in Figure 2 occur at roughly 45 and 135 degrees. By all these basics of antenna theory, we can understand the functionality of an antenna, for example loop antenna, Yagi-uda antenna, Monopole antenna or even dipole. Due to the fact that antennas exist around us we should be able now to distinguish the types of antennas, know how they function, and even give solutions to any problems relating to broadcasting and receiving.

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