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HYDROSTATICS:

Hull Geometric Calculations

Fundamental Hull Geometric C l l ti Calculations

Numerical methods are used in order to calculate the fundamental geometric properties of the hull The trapezoidal rule and Simpson's Rule are two methods of numerical calculation frequently used. Numerical Calculations involved such as Waterplane Area Sectional Area Area, Area, Submerged Volume Volume, LCF LCF, LCB and VCB Moreover, all hydrostatic y particulars will be calculated p using this approach.

Trapezoidal Method

The curve is Th i assumed dt to be represented by a set of trapezoids. trapezoids The area under the curve is the area of total trapezoid ABCDEF

Area=

Simpson Rule the most popular and common method being used in naval architecture calculations It is flexible, easy to use, its mathematical basis is easily understood, , greater g accuracy, y, and the result reliable. Its rule states that ship waterlines or sectional area curves can be represented by polynomials Using calculus calculus, the areas areas, volumes volumes, centroids and moments can be calculated from these polynomials With Simpson rules, the calculus has been simplified by using i multiplying lti l i f factors t or multipliers. lti li There are 3 Simpson rules, depending on the number and location of the offsets.

1.

Simpson 1st Rule U d when Used h th there i is an odd dd number of offset The basic multiplier for set of three offsets are 1, 4, 1 The multiplier p must begin g and end with 1 For more stations (odd numbers), b ) th the multipliers lti li become 1,4,2,4,24,1 This can be proved as follows:

where

y is a offset distance h is a common interval

Area= 1 h (multiplier offset ) 3

2.

Simpson 2nd Rule Only can be used when number of offsets = 3N+1 (N i is number b of f offset) ff t) The basic multiplier for set of four offsets are 1, 3, 3, 1 The multiplier also must begin and end with 1 For more stations , the multipliers become 1,3,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,1

Also the area is preferable to be written as: Area = 3 h ( multiplier l i li offset ff )

3. Simpson 3rd Rule Commonly known as the 5,8-1 rule. This is to be used when the area between any two adjacent ordinates is required, three consecutive ordinates being given given. The multipliers are 5,8,-1.

Obtaining Area Area is the first important geometry that need to be calculated. 2 common t types of f area, Waterplane W t l area, WPA and d Sectional Area, AS (or sometimes known as Station Area). Waterplane area, WPA has its centroid called longitudinal centre floatation (LCF) LCF need to be determined for various waterplane areas, WPA (at various waterlines)

Waterplane area, WPA

Sectional Area, AS

In overall overall, for applying the Simpson method method, it is more comfortable making a tables in solving the calculation

D Product P d Area Product Area

E L Lever

F Product P d 1st mmt Product 1st mmt

G L Lever

H Product P d 2nd mmt Product 2nd mmt

S i Station ordinate di SM

Waterplane area, WPA= 1/3 x product area x h 1st moment = 1/3 x product 1st mmt x h x h LCF = =

1 / 3 product d 1st mmt h h 1 / 3 productarea h


product1st mmt h productarea
mmt

e.g. for 1st Simpson Rule

, IL = ( (1/3 x p product 2nd 2nd moment,

x h x h2) x 2

*h = common interval (in this case, station spacing)

Lever is set accordingly to the desired reference point (datum point). It can be set either zero at aft, If reference point is set at Aft amidship p or forward of the ship. p Amidship For example; Forward
Station AP 1 2 3 4 5 FP ordinate 1.1 2.7 40 4.0 5.1 6.1 6.9 7.7 SM 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 Product Area 1.1 10.8 80 8.0 20.4 12.2 27.6 7.7 Product Area Option1 Lever 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Option 2 Lever -3 -2 -1 1 0 1 2 3 Option 3 Lever 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Product 2nd mmt Product 2nd mmt ( (Product Area x Lever) )

Exercise 1 For o a supe supertanker, a e , her e fully u y loaded oaded waterplane ae pa e has the following ordinates spaced 45m p apart: 0, 9.0, 18.1, 23.6, 25.9, 26.2, 22.5, 15.7 and 7.2 metres respectively. p y Calculate the waterplane area, WPA and waterplane p area coefficient, , Cwp. p

Exercise 2 plane of length g 270m and breadth 35.5m A water p has the following equally spaced breadth 0.3, 13.5, 27.0, 34.2, 35.5, 35.5, 32.0, 23.1 and 7.4 m respectively. ti l Calculate; 1.Waterplane area, WPA, and its coefficient, Cwp 2.Longitudinal Centre of Floatation, LCF about the amidships. id hi 3.Second moment of area about the amidships

Obtaining Volume Volumes, hence displacement of the ship at any draught can be calculated if we know either; i) Waterplane areas at various i waterlines t li up t to required draught, OR ii) Sectional areas up to the required draught at various stations Volume has its centroid, called longitudinal centre of y y (LCB) ( ) and vertical buoyancy centre of buoyancy (VCB)

WL 3 WL 2 WL 1

Waterplane areas at various waterlines

Sectional areas at various stations

A Station

B Station Area

C SM

D Product Volume Product Volume

E Lever

F Product 1st mmt

Product 1st mmt

Volume Displacement, (m3)= 1/3 x product volume x h Displacement, (tonne)= Volume Displacement x 1st moment = 1/3 x product 1st mmt x h x h LCB =
e.g. for 1st Simpson Rule

p product oduct1st mmt h productvolume

*h = common interval (in this case, waterline spacing)

Example

Sectional S ti l areas of f a 180 180m LBP ship hi up t to 5 5m draught at constant interval along the length are as follows Find its volume displacement and its LCB follows. from amidships.
Station Area ( 2) (m 0 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0

118 233 291 303 304 304 302 283 171

Example As ship p length e g o of 150m, 50 , b breadth ead 22m has as the e following waterplane areas at various draught. p volume and Find the volume, displacement vertical centre of buoyancy, VCB at draught 10m
Draught (m) 2 4 6 8 10

Waterplane area, WPA (m2)

1800

2000

2130

2250

2370

HYDROSTATICS (part II): Hydrostatics y Particulars and Curves

() This is the weight of the water displaced by the ship for a given draft assuming the ship is in salt water with a density of 1025kg/m3.
Displacement LCB

This is the longitudinal g center of buoyancy. y y It is the distance in feet from the longitudinal reference position to the center of buoyancy. The reference position could be the AP, FP or midships If it is midships remember that distances aft of midships. midships are negative.

VCB

This is the vertical center of buoyancy. buoyancy It is the distance in meter from the baseline to the center of buoyancy. Sometimes this distance is labeled KB. or Aw WPA or Aw stands for the waterplane area. The units of WPA are m2. It can be calculated using Simpson Rule
LCF WPA

LCF is the longitudinal center of flotation. It is the distance in from the longitudinal reference to the center of flotation. The reference position could be the AP, FP or amidships. If it is midships remember that distances aft of amidships are negative.

or TPC TPC stands for tonnes per centre meter or sometimes just called immersion. TPC is defined as the tonnes required to obtain one centre meter of parallel sinkage in salt water. P ll l sinkage Parallel i k i is when h th the ship hi changes h it its f forward d and d after drafts by the same amount so that no change in trim occurs.

Immersion

AW TPC SW 100

MCTC To show how easy a ship is to trim trim. The value in SI units would be moment to change trim one centre meter. Trim is the difference between draught forward and aft. The excess draught aft is called trim by the stern, while at forward is called trim by the bow

GM L MCTC 100 L

KML This stands for the distance from the keel to the longitudinal metacenter. For now just assume the metacenter is a convenient reference point vertically above the keel. KML= KB + BML I BM L LCF

I LCF I midship WPA( LCFmidship ) 2

KMT

This stands for the distance from the keel to the transverse metacenter. Typically, Naval Architects do not bother putting the subscript T for any property in the transverse direction. direction A B C D E
Station ordinate

KMT = KB + BMT

( ordinate)3

SM

Product 2nd mmt

IT BM T

Product 2nd mmt

IT 1 1 h p product 2 nd mmt 2 3 3
e.g. is applicable for 1st Simpson Rule

H d Hydrostatic t ti Curves C

All the geometric properties of a ship as a function of mean draft have been computed and put into a single graph for convenience. This graph is called the curves of form or Hydrostatic Curves. Curves Each ship has unique curves of form. There are also tables with the same information which are called the tabular curves of form form, or Hydrostatic Table Table. It is difficult to fit all the different properties on a single sheet because they vary so greatly in magnitude. The curves of form assume that the ship is floating on an even keel (i.e. zero list and zero trim). If the ship has a list or trim then the ships mean draft should be use when entering the curves of form.

H d Hydrostatic t ti Curves C (cntd..) ( td )

Keep in mind that all properties on the Hydrostatic curves are functions of mean draft and geometry. When weight is added, removed, or shifted, the operating waterplane and submerged volume change form so that all the geometric properties also change.

MTc 0.9

TPc 0.8 KML

0 0.7 KMt

0.6 D raft m

KB

0.5

LCF

LCB 0.4 WPA 0.3 Wet. Area

0.2

Disp. p

0.1

0 0 3 -1.2

2000 6 -1 0.6 10 15 -0.8 0.8

4000 9

6000 Displacement kg 12 15 Area m^2

8000 18 0 KB m 0.2 1.4 35 40 21

10000 24 0.4 1.6 45 50 0.6

12000 27 0.8 1.8 55 0.2

-1.4 0.4 5 0 0

-0.6 -0.4 LCB/LCF 1 25

-0.2 1.2

KMt m 30 KML m

20

0.1 Immersion Tonne/cm 0.02 0.04 0.06 Moment to Trim Tonne.m 0.08 0.1

0.12

0.9 Waterplane Area

0.8

0.7 Midship Area Draft m 0.6

0.5 Block 0.4

0.3

Prismatic

0.2

0.1 0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6 Coefficients

0.7

0.8

0.9

Tutorial 1

Tutorial 2 A vessel l of f length l h1 150m, 0 b beam 22 22m h has the h f following ll i waterplane areas at the stated draughts.
Draught (m) WPA (m2) 2 1800 4 2000 6 2130 8 2250 10 2370

If the lower appendage pp g has a displacement p of 2600 tonnes in water of density 1,025 t/m3 and centre of buoyancy 1.20m above keel, calculate at a draught of 10m the vessel vessel's s total displacement displacement, KB and Cb

Other Types yp of Curves


i.

Sectional Area Curve

The

calculated sectional areas (at each stations) also can be represented in curve view. After all the sectional areas are calculated at particular draught, they are plotted in graph. The Th graph hi is k known as S Sectional ti lA Area C Curve, showing h i th the curve of sectional areas at each station, particularly at Design draught g or design g waterline ( (DWL). ) Sectional Area Curve represents the longitudinal distribution of cross sectional areas at (DWL) The Th ordinates di t of f sectional ti l area curve are plotted l tt d i in di distancet squared units

Example: Sectional Area Curve at Waterline 5m

From the curve example, it is clear that the area under the curve represents the volume displacement at waterline li 5 5m (DWL) Also, displacement and LCB at DWL then can be determined

Exercise Sectional areas of a 180m LBP ship up to 5m draught at constant interval along the length are as follows. Base on the values, create a sectional area curve.
Station Area (m2) 0 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0

118 233 291 303 304 304 302 283 171

ii.

Bonjean Curves
The curves of cross sectional area for all stations are collectively called Bonjean Curves. It showing a set of fair curves formed by plotting of the areas of transverse sections up to successive waterlines At each station along the ships length, a curve of the transverse shape p of the hull is drawn. The areas of these transverse sections up to each successive waterline are calculated, and value is plotted on a graph graph. By convention, the Bonjean curves are superimposed onto the ships p p profile.

Any predicted waterline required can be drawn on the completed l t dB Bonjean j curve/profile / fil

One of the principal uses; to determine volume displacement of ship and its LCB at any draught level, at any trimmed condition A standard method used is by integrating transverse areas, as learned before. If the waterline in trim condition condition, the Bonjean Curves are particularly useful. In the case of trimmed waterline, the trim line maybe y drawn on the profile of the ship.

Then, drafts are read at which the Bonjean Curve are to be entered. By drawing a straight line across the contracted profile, the drafts at which the curves are to be read appear directly at each station. From there, the values of sectional areas are taken individually at the intersection of the line of drafts drawn and area curves. All the obtained sectional area values then can be integrated (eg: Simpson Method) in order to determine the volume of displacement.

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