Summer Training Report AT DOORDARSHAN

PRASAR BHARTI (INDIAS PUBLIC SERVICES BROADCASTER) DOORDARSHAN KENDRA: GORAKHPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would express my sincere gratitude to The training and placement officer , G L A ITM, Mathura for giving me formal permission for industrial training , an essential part of engineering study.

I am deeply grateful to MR, Rahul Singh , deputy director (engineering) to allow me to undertake the summer training in Doordarshan Kendra, Gorakhpur, a field unit of the largest public broadcaster , DD India . I am also thankful to MR. B.D Pandey for his valuable guidance and support and making me aware of the technical and practical aspect of Doordarshan studio setup, camera, lighting, transmitter and other peripheral equipment

PREFACE
This report is a brief introduction about Doordarshan including the topics that deal with various types of applications and the aspects related to new researches.

I hope, this report will be extremely expedient for grasping the basic knowledge of various fields of communication.

The suggestions and constructive criticism for the improvement of the report will be greatly acknowledge and appreciated for further improvements.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

TITLE
INTRODUCTION TO DOORDARSHAN INTRODUCTION TO DOORDARSHAN KENDRA GKP. INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION TRANSMISSION INTRODUCTION TO TV HPT CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMITTERS DESIGN EXCITER STAGE OF TRANSMITTER MAIN UNITS OF EXCITER MODULE GENERAL FUNCTIONING OF EXCITER STAGE TRANSISTORISED POWER AMPLIFIERS POWER AMPLIFICATION STAGES IN 10 KW NEC TX GENERAL FAULTS OF PA UNIT REASONS FOR FAILURE 2SK1543M CHANNEL COMBINER CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION TO DOORDARSHAN
Doordarshan is an Indian public service broadcaster, a division of Prasar Bharati. It is one of the largest broadcasting organisations in India in terms of the studio and transmitter infrastructure. Recently, it has also started broadcasting on Digital Terrestrial Transmitters. On September 15, 2009, Doordarshan celebrated its 50th anniversary. The DD provides television, radio, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and regional India, as well as overseas through the Indian Network and Radio India. For the London Olympics, live telecasts of the opening and closing ceremonies of the games were broadcast on its national channel. DD sports channel has provided round the clock coverage of sport events. Doordarshan had a modest beginning with an experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959, with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were separated from radio on April 1, 1976. Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the management of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan as a National Broadcaster came into existence. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on January 26, 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television

DOORDARSHAN KENDRA GORAKHPUR

Doordarshan is equipped with a 10KW High Power TV Transmitter for DD National which was inaugurated by the then Honourable Transport Minister Shri Z. R. Ansari on 30-08-1984 and 1 KW TV transmitter for DD News.The transmitter is situated at a distance of 20 Km on the Maharajganj Road and is at a distance of 18Km from the Doordarshan Center. The cultural, historical and regional important workarounds were kept in the mind and was taken to develop programmes in the regional language. The first regional transmission was done on 14-11-1984 and was handed over to the public addressal.

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
In TV broadcast both the sound signal and the video signal are to be conveyed to the viewer using radio frequency. These two signals have very distinct features. The audio signal is a symmetrical signal without continuous current but the frequency does not exceed 20 kHz.

The video signal consists of a logical component, the sync and the field sync and an analogue part according to the line picture scanning. This unsymmetrical signal thus has a continuous component. The frequency bandwidth also extends from 0 to 5 MHz. The two signals modulate the carrier waves whose frequencies and types of modulations are as per established standards. These modulated carriers are further amplified and then diplexed for transmission on the same line and antenna. This technique is used with High Power TV Transmitters. However for LPTs i.e. transmitters operating at sync peak power less than 1 kW, both the signals (video and audio) are modulated separately (In most of the present day TV transmitters the picture signal is amplitude modulated while the audio signal is frequency modulated) but amplified jointly using common vision and aural amplifiers. Both of these systems have merits and demerits. In the first case (separate amplification) special group delay equalisation circuit is needed because of errors caused by diplexer while in the second case inter modulation products are more prominent and special filters for suppressing them are required. Hence technique of joint amplification is suitable only for LPTs and not for HPTs. Though frequency modulation has certain advantages over amplitude modulation, its use for picture transmission is not permitted due to large bandwidth requirements, which is not possible due to very limited channel space available in VHF/UHF bands. Secondly as the power of the carrier and side band components go on varying with modulation in the case of FM, the signal with frequency modulation after reflection from nearby structures at the receiving end will cause variable multiple ghosts, which will be very disturbing. Hence use of FM for terrestrial transmission of picture signal is not permitted. Thus amplitude modulation is invariably used for picture transmission while frequency modulation is generally used for sound transmission due to its inherent advantages over amplitude modulation. As the picture signal is unsymmetrical, two types of modulation is possible i)Positive modulation Wherein the increase in picture brightness causes increase in the amplitude of the modulation envelope.

ii)Negative modulation The increase in picture brightness causes reduction in carrier amplitude i.e. the carrier amplitude will be maximum corresponding to sync tip and minimum corresponding to peak white. In television though positive modulation was adopted in initial stages, negative modulation is generally adopted (PALB uses negative modulation) now a days, as there are certain advantages over positive modulation. Advantages of Negative Modulation i)Impulse noise peaks appear only in black region in negative modulation. This black noise is less objectionable compared to noise in white picture region. ii)Best linearity can be maintained for picture region and any non-linearity affects only sync which can be corrected easily. iii) The efficiency of the transmitter is better as the peak power is radiated during sync duration only (which is about 12% of total line duration). iv) The peak level representing the blanking or sync level may be maintained constant, thereby providing a reference for AGC in the receivers. v) In negative modulation, the peak power is radiated during the sync-tip. As such even in case of fringe area reception, picture locking is ensured, and derivation of inter carrier is also ensured

INTRODUCTION TO TV-HIGH POWER TRANSMITTER

In TV Broadcasting Transmitter is meant to send the audio & video signals simultaneously to the viewers using radio frequency. The two signals (Video and Audio) modulates the RF Carrier Waves as per establish Standards and Techniques. The Modulated RF Carriers are combined for transmission on the same Feeder cables and antenna.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMITTERS
Transmitter is classified according to the following various characteristics:-

ACCORDING TO OUTPUT POWER:

VLPT, LPT, HPT, etc

ON BASIS OF OPERATION OF FREQUENCY BAND:

VHF (BAND - I & III), UHF (BAND- IV &V)

ON THE TYPE OF MODULATION USED:

AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter, Digital Transmitter(DTT)

ON THE BASIS OF APPLICATION:

Radio Tx (MW, SW), TV Tx, Microwave Tx, Wireless Tx, etc

Well known manufacturers of transmitters that are in operation by Doordarshan are: - BEL, NEC, HARRIS, THOMCAST, R & S, GCEL etc.The circuit design of transmitter varies according to the final output power of transmitter.The site for installation and type of a transmitter depends on service area to be covered and terrain condition.

POWER LEVEL OF VLPTs, LPTs, HPTs: VLPTs are operating on sync peak power less than 100 watt and installed at place having very less population. LPTs having sync peak power between 100 to 500 watt are installed to cover more area than VLPTs. HPTs having sync peak power from 1 Kwatt onwards and cover area more than 50 km radial distance from T/R ( if the area of interest is flat and having no obstacles like mountains and valleys).

DESIGN
All the TV transmitters have the same basic design. They consist of an exciter followed by power amplifiers which boost the exciter power to the required level.

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HPT TV TRANSMITTER

EXCITER STAGE OF TRANSMITTER It is the most important stage where the Video & Audio signals modulate the carriers
at IF after some necessary pre-correction & pre-distortions. The modulated IF is then Up Converted to desired VHF/ UHF Channel frequency. In High Power transmitter, the vision and aural modulated IF carriers are kept independent for further amplification to a required output level. Where as in LPTs the vision and aural modulated IF carriers are combined at the exciter stage. The circuit design of exciter stage varies according to the design of subsequent stages and final output power level. Exciter units consist of many interconnected modules and boards for ease of operation and maintenance.

MAIN UNITS OF EXCITER MODULE

1. AD/DA UNIT 2. DVC (Digital video correction) UNIT 3. VISION MODULATOR 4. IF CORRECTOR: 5. VHF MIXER UNIT: 6. AURAL MODULATOR 7. IM CORRECTOR UNIT 8. SYNTHESIZER UNIT: 9. EXCITER POWER SUPPLIES:

EXCITER OF NEC 10 KW TRANSMITTER:-

1. AD/DA UNIT:The AD-DA unit has a function that converts the video output signal supplied to exciter into PCM signal, and sends the PCM signal to a unit for digital correction. This unit converts the video PCM signal, after the digital correction, into analog video signal. Then, this unit supplies the analog video signal to a visual modulator unit. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AD/DA UNIT:-

2. DIGITAL VIDEO CORRECTION UNIT(DVC)

All corrections are using by DSP technology

 Automatic compensation of Non-linear distortion (Diff Gain, Diff Phase, Luminance linearity) Automatic compensation of linear-distortion ( Group delay characteristics, Receiver characteristics, Frequency response)

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DVC CARD:-

3. VISION MODULATOR: Visual modulator unit is intended to convert a base band video signal into modulated IF signal, with the ring modulator in which the IF carrier is also phase modulated by a

processed video signal in order to pre-correct the incidental carrier phase modulation (ICPM). The ring modulator is followed by a pin diode switching circuitry via the harmonic filter. When the signal passes through vestigial sideband filter (VSBF) which uses a surface acousticwave (SAW) filter to achieve the Nyquist shaping. FUNCTION Amplification of Vision IF at 38.9 MHz.
Linear amplitude modulation of Vision IF by video from the video processor in a balanced modulator.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VISION MODULATOR

IF AMPLIFIER:
IF is amplified to provide sufficient level to the modulator. It operates as an amplitude limiter for maintaining constant output.

MODULATOR:
A Balanced Modulator using two IS-1993 diodes is used in the Modulator.

BAND PASS AMPLIFIER:

Modulated signal is amplified to 10 mW in double tuned amplifier which provides a flat response within 0.5 dB in 7 MHz band.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VISION MODULATOR:

4. IF CORRECTOR:
Used for the correction of the non linear distortion generated in the PA stage. It corrects both V IF & A IF or V IF or A IF Correction in both Black & White regions each of which is composed of an Amplitude and Phase correction. This circuit synthesizes linear signals from non-linear signals and correction is carried by routing through the transistorized class- A, B, C amplifiers.

5.VHF MIXER UNIT:-

The IF signal is applied at the input is converted to an RF signal by a DBM and the RF signal is passed through filters ( BPF, BEF) to separate out only the specified band, which is amplified to obtain an RF signal of +20dB. By applying AGC to the IF signal, the output power of the transmitter is maintained at a constant level.

6. AURAL MODULATOR:BLOK DIAGRAM

Input circuitry consists of balanced to unbalanced transformation, preemphasis (50 microsec) and amplification PLL Oscillator for Aural IF APC to stabilize FM OSC (FM modulator) Deviation monitor circuitry is used to show deviation reading

7. IM CORRECTOR UNIT:
IM Correction for the dual sound It contains a low level and a high level correction ckt Each having correction ckts for amplitude and phase In low level correction can be done by non linear signal generated by class-B Phase combination of the linear with non linear produces gain compensation Difference phase combination in the rated phase difference produces phase Same way for high level using saturated class-A and class-B

8. SYNTHESIZER UNIT:
Reference crystal oscillator Reference signal circuit PLL oscillator for visual IF PLL oscillator for LOCAL Option for 5 MHz or 10 MHz ref signal Option for external reference freq V IF o/p freq: 38.9 MHz This unit consists of V IF Module Local Basic Module Local Module Reference Module

9. EXCITER POWER SUPPLIES: Stabilized DC supply which receives 200V AC (single phase) and supplies DC voltages +/- 15V, +/-12V, +/-5V DC Supplies I/P and O/P filter circuit: Suppresses external noise Rectifier circuit: Inrush current protection ckts Switching circuits using MOSFET: control ckts DC-DC circuits: overvoltage and overheating protection

General functioning of Exciter stage:Following are the functions among all exciters-

1. LPF: 1V peak to peak CCVS is input to low pass filter which limits input video signal
to 5 MHz

2. Delay equalizer: group delay introduced by the low pass filter is corrected. Pre
distorts video for compensation of errors introduced in the subsequent stages and diplexers.

3. Receiver pre-corrector: For compensation of group delay errors occurring in

receiver. Pre distortion of video signal is done in this stage.

4. Video processor:- DC restoration by clamping at back porch, amplification and

inversion of video signal.

5. Video modulation:-The IF at 38.9 MHz is modulated by video signal, using ring

modulator or balanced diode modulator. Modulation depth is maintained at 87.5%.

6. Synthesizer:- Generation of VIF, AIF & LO for vision and aural carriers. 7. VIF corrector:- Non-linearity and DG/DP correction generated in the subsequent
stages.

8. VSBF:- Shaping of modulated VIF using SAW filter for vestigial sideband format. 9. Band pass filter:- Passes only desired channel band width frequencies. Others are
rejected (upper and lower side).

10. Mixer/up conversion:- VIF & AIF are up converted to channel frequency by
mixing with LO frequency.

11. Aural modulator:- Incoming audio signal of +10 dBm level, after pre-emphasis at
50 micro second modulates IF at 33.4 MHz .The depth of modulation is + 50 kHz. The centre freq of 33.4 MHz is maintained by PLL to ensure the vision and aural IF carrier difference of 5.5 MHz all time. AIF is up converted to channel aural frequency.

12. DC power supply:- DC supply (+15,+12,+5) is generated and distributed to all

modules / boards within the exciter chassis.

TRANSISTORIZED POWER AMPLIFIERS

RF output level of both vision and aural carriers at exciter stage is too much low to be radiated. So the channel frequency is sufficiently boosted to the required power level through the power amplifier (PA) stage. Vision and aural carrier frequency are boosted to a required level independently in high power transmitter, because common amplification for both carriers generates intermodulation products which are difficult to suppress at large power level.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER AMPLIFIER STAGE

Received channel carrier frequency from exciter stage is input to the PA system where it is first amplified in Driver stage and given to the final PA stage to get the required output level. The amplification chain for both video and audio carrier is more or less same except that vision output is approximately ten times higher than aural, because the vision to aural power ratio is 10:1 in India.

POWER AMPLIFICATION STAGES IN 10 KW NEC TRANSMITTER

Each PA unit consists of following five stages in NEC 1. Drive PA-1 ` 2. Drive PA-2 3. Wilkinson 3 way divider

4. Final PA circuit 5. 6 way combiner and coupler 6. Alarm circuit

Block & DIAGRAM OF V1200GHIITRPA

DRIVE PA-1 The Drive PA-1 circuit comprises of 2 stages of power amplifier circuits. A PIN
attenuator, a phase shifter, RF limiter, hybrid IC MC5388, and FET 22SK1543.

The PIN attenuator is specifically used to adjust the gain of the unit. The PIN attenuator is specifically used to adjust the gain of the unit.

The Phase Shifter adjusts the phase between 2 units when the units run in parallel with the one another. The phase shifter can adjust the phase in a range within approximately +/- 40. RF limiter protects the unit from over drive. Hybrid IC MC5388 which is operated at class A have the gain of approximately 18dB. MOSFET 2SK1543M which is in class AB operation has a gain of approximately 18dB. The output from this MOSFET passes through an isolator and then is to the driver PA-2.

DRIVER PA-2 Driver PA-2 comprise of one stage of power amplifier having a 2SK1543M. Driver PA-2 is operated in class AB operation with a gain of approximately 16dB. The output from the driver PA-2 circuit passes through an isolator and then is to the
Wilkinson 3-way divider.

FINAL PA CIRCUIT It is the final stage amplifier circuit supplied with 6(six) 2SK1543MPs which use a
pair of characteristic matched 2SK1543M.

The final stage amplifier circuit operated in optimum class AB push-pull design and
has a gain of approximately 16dB and Maximum output of 250W.
Six outputs of the signals amplified at the final stage amplifier circuit are fed to a 6

way combiner, through a circulator.

6-WAY COMBINER AND COUPLER Each output of the 6 Final PAs, FPA1 to FPA6, is combined with the 6 way combiner. The combined visual signal forms the final output of the TR PA and is applied to
output terminal on the rear panel at the level of 60.8 dBm.

To monitor the output two directional coupler is provided. One of the output is
applied to the monitor terminal on the front panel.

2nd directional output of the directional coupler is applied to the alarm circuit board.

GENERAL FAULTS OF PA UNIT: Lower Output Failure of MOSFET 2SK1543 Malfunctions of Exciter Abnormal voltage of commercial power supply Voltage drop caused by faulty contacts of electromagnetic connector

REASONS FOR FAILURE 2SK1543M:

Accumulating the dust in cooling unit or on the track print of TRPAs Loss of the air pressure High refection from combiner Failure of circulator Transit due to switching surge Over-drive of the Pas

CHANNEL COMBINER
INTRODUCTION:
It is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to create new infrastructure whenever new channels are proposed to be added to the existing broadcast systems. But at the same time, especially due to the advent of new digital services, a demand has arisen for additional FM and TV channels. An economically viable and technically feasible solution to this problem will be to use existing antenna systems to transmit multiple channels, each channel operating on a different frequency in the same band. With modern technology, it is possible to combine outputs of several transmitters(all on different frequencies) into a common feeder and antenna system in the FM radio, VHF and UHF television bands, thereby eliminating the need for providing new transmitter site, mounting structure and antenna system for each new channel.

What is Channel Combiner?

An ideal combiner would take two or more signals into input ports and combine them into an output port without any losses. A practical channel combiner consists of frequency selective components such as filters, stretch lines and interconnecting elements like directional couplers, star points etc. and will result in some losses.

Adjacent Channel Combining:

The effect of a combiner on an analogue channel will depend upon the bandwidth allowed for digital channel, wider bandwidths resulting in more attenuation of components of the analogue TV signal. The RMS Error in the digital is reduced with increase of bandwidth. However, an optimum filter bandwidth of 6 MHz is considered acceptable particularly if the analogue channel occupies the upper channel. Moreover, the benefits of phase pre-correction can be availed by Active or Adaptive Equalisation.

CONCLUSION
Several analogue channels can be combined in the FM, VHF and UHF TV bands using an appropriate channel combiner. In addition, technological advances have made it possible to combine analogue and digital TV channels, even the adjacent ones using a new class of Cross Coupled filters at high powers; and with the help of active equaliser in the DTV transmitter.