Are L Functions Able To Solve Diophantine Equations

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-functions and Diophantine equations

The function eld case
Classical Iwasawa theory
Non-commutative Iwasawa Theory
Are -functions able to solve Diophantine
equations?
An introduction to (non-commutative) Iwasawa theory
Otmar Venjakob
Mathematical Institute
University of Heidelberg
CMS Winter 2007 Meeting
Otmar Venjakob Are -functions able to solve Diophantine equations?
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L-functions
Diophantine Equations
The analytic class number formula
Leibniz (1673)
1
1
3
+
1
5

1
7
+
1
9

1
11
+ =

4
(already known to GREGORY and MADHAVA)
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L-functions
Special values of L-functions
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L-functions
N 1, (Z/NZ)
units of ring Z/NZ.

Dirichlet Character (modulo N) :
: (Z/NZ)
extends to N
(n) :=
_
(n mod N), (n, N) = 1;
0, otherwise.
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L-functions
Dirichlet L-function w.r.t. :
L(s, ) =
n=1
(n)
n
s
, s C, '(s) > 1.
satises:
- Euler product
L(s, ) =
p
1
1 (p)p
s
,
- meromorphic continuation to C,
- functional equation.
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L-functions
Examples
1 : Riemann -function
(s) =
n=1
1
n
s
=
p
1
1 p
s
,
1
: (Z/4Z)
= 1, 3 C
,
1
(1) = 1,
1
(3) = 1
L(1,
1
) = 1
1
3
+
1
5

1
7
+
1
9

1
11
+ =

4
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L-functions
Examples
1 : Riemann -function
(s) =
n=1
1
n
s
=
p
1
1 p
s
,
1
: (Z/4Z)
= 1, 3 C
,
1
(1) = 1,
1
(3) = 1
L(1,
1
) = 1
1
3
+
1
5

1
7
+
1
9

1
11
+ =

4
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L-functions
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L-functions
Conjectures of Catalan and Fermat
p, q prime numbers
Catalan(1844), Theorem(MIH

AILESCU, 2002):
x
p
y
q
= 1,
has unique solution
3
2
2
3
= 1
in Z with x, y > 0.
Fermat(1665), Theorem(WILES et al., 1994):
x
p
+y
p
= z
p
, p > 2,
has no solution in Z with xyz ,= 0.
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L-functions
Conjectures of Catalan and Fermat
p, q prime numbers
Catalan(1844), Theorem(MIH

AILESCU, 2002):
x
p
y
q
= 1,
has unique solution
3
2
2
3
= 1
in Z with x, y > 0.
Fermat(1665), Theorem(WILES et al., 1994):
x
p
+y
p
= z
p
, p > 2,
has no solution in Z with xyz ,= 0.
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L-functions
Factorisation over larger ring of integers
m
primitive mth root of unity
Z[
m
] the ring of integers of Q(
m
),
e.g. for m = 4 with i
2
= 1 we have in Z[i ] = a +bi [a, b Z :
x
3
y
2
= 1 x
3
= (y +i )(y i )
and for m = p
n
we have in Z[
p
n ] :
x
p
n
+y
p
n
= (x +y)(x +
p
n y)(x +
2
p
n y) . . . (x +
p
n
1
p
n
y) = z
p
n
.
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L-functions
The strategy
Hope: Use unique prime factorisation to conclude a
contradiction from the assumption that the Catalan or Fermat
equation has a non-trivial solution.
Problem: In general, Z[
m
] is not a unique factorisation domain
(UFD), e.g. Z[
23
]!
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L-functions
The strategy
Hope: Use unique prime factorisation to conclude a
contradiction from the assumption that the Catalan or Fermat
equation has a non-trivial solution.
Problem: In general, Z[
m
] is not a unique factorisation domain
(UFD), e.g. Z[
23
]!
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L-functions
Ideals
Kummer: Replace numbers by ideal numbers:
For ideals(=Z[
m
]-submodules) 0 ,= a Z[
m
] we have unique
factorisation into prime ideals P
i
,= 0 :
a =
n
i =1
P
n
i
i
Principal ideals: (a) = Z[
m
]a
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L-functions
Ideal class group
Cl (Q(
m
)) : = ideals of Z[
m
]/ principal ideals of Z[
m
]
= Pic(Z[
m
])
Fundamental Theorem of algebraic number theory:
#Cl (Q(
m
)) <
and
h
Q(
m
)
:= #Cl (Q(
m
)) = 1 Z[
m
] is a UFD
Nevertheless, Cl (Q(
m
)) is difcult to determine, too many
relations!
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L-functions
The L-function solves the problem
How can we compute
h
Q(i )
?
It is a mystery that
L(s,
1
)
knows the answer!
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L-functions
The L-function solves the problem
How can we compute
h
Q(i )
?
It is a mystery that
L(s,
1
)
knows the answer!
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L-functions
The cyclotomic character
Gau:
G(Q(
N
)/Q)

N
=
//
(Z/NZ)
with g(
N
) =
N
(g)
N
for all g G(Q(
N
)/Q)
N = 4 :
1
is character of Galois group G(Q(i )/Q)
L(s,
1
) (analytic) invariant of Q(i ).
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L-functions
Analytic class number formula for imaginary quadratic number
elds:
h
Q(i )
=
#(Q(i ))
N
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4 2
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4
L(1,
1
) = 1 (by Leibniz formula)
Z[i ] is a UFD.
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L-functions
elds:
h
Q(i )
=
#(Q(i ))
N
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4 2
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4
L(1,
1
Z[i ] is a UFD.
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L-functions
elds:
h
Q(i )
=
#(Q(i ))
N
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4 2
2
L(1,
1
)
=
4
L(1,
1
Z[i ] is a UFD.
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L-functions
A special case of the Catalan equation
Since L(s,
1
) knows the arithmetic of Q(i ), it is able to solve
our problem:
Claim: x
3
y
2
= 1 has no solution in Z.
In the decomposition x
3
= (y +i )(y i ) the factors (y +i ) and
(y i ) are coprime (easy!)
y +i = (a +bi )
3
for some a, b Z
taking Re() and Im() gives: y = 0, contradiction!
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L-functions
Regular primes
Similarly (s) knows for which p
Cl (Q(
p
))(p) = 1
holds! Then the Fermat equation does not have any non-trivial
solution. But 37[h
Cl (Q(
37
))
!
Iwasawa:
Cl (Q(
p
n ))(p) =? for n 1.
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Number elds versus function elds
Q F
l
(X) = K(P
1
F
l
)
K/Q number eld K(C)/F
l
(X) function eld
C P
n
F
l
smooth, projective curve, i.e.
K(C)/F
l
(X) nite extension
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Counting points on C
N
r
:= #C(F
l
r ) cardinality of F
l
r -rational points
: C C Frobenius-automorphism
x
i
x
l
i
Lefschetz-Trace-Formula
N
r
= #Fix points of C(F
l
) under
r
=
2
n=0
(1)
n
Tr
_
r
[H
n
(C)
_
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-function of C, WEIL (1948)
C
(s) : =
x |C|
1
1 (#k(x))
s
, s C, '(s) > 1,
= exp
_

r =1
N
r
t
r
r
_
, t = l
s
=
2
n=0
det(1 t [H
n
(C))
(1)
n+1
=
det(1 t [Pic
0
(C))
(1 t )(1 lt )
Q(t )
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Riemann hypothesis for C
C
is a rational function in t and has
poles at: s = 0, s = 1
zeroes at certain s = satisfying '() =
1
2
.
Can the Riemann -function also be expressed as rational
function?
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
Tower of number elds
Studying the class number formula in a whole tower of number
elds simultaneously:
Q F
1
. . . F
n
F
n+1
. . . F
:=
_
n0
F
n
.
with F
n
:= Q(
p
n ), 1 n ,
Z
p
= lim
n
Z/p
n
Z Q
p
:= Quot(Z
p
),
: G := G(F
/Q)
=
//
Z
p
,
g(
p
n ) =
(g)
p
n
for all g G, n 0
F
F
n
Q
G
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
Z
p

= Z/(p 1)Z Z
p
, i.e. G = with
= G(F
1
/Q)
= Z/(p 1)Z and

= G(F
/F
1
) = < >
= Z
p
.
Iwasawa-Algebra
(G) := lim
G open
Z
p
[G/G
= Z
p
[][[T]]
with T := 1.
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
p-adic functions
Maximal ring of quotients of (G) : Q(G)
=
p1
i =1
Q(Z
p
[[T]]).
Z = (Z
1
(T), . . . , Z
p1
(T)) Q(G) are functions on Z
p
: for n N
Z(n) := Z
i (n)
(()
n
1) Q
p
, i (n) n mod (p 1)
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
Analytic p-adic -function
KUBOTA, LEOPOLDT and IWASAWA:
p
Q(G) such that for k < 0
p
(k) = (1 p
k
)(k),
i.e.
p
interpolates - up to the Euler-factor at p - the Riemann
-function p-adically.
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
Ideal class group over F
IWASAWA: #Cl (F
n
)(p) = p
nrk
Z
p
(X)+const
where
X := X(F
) = lim
n
Cl (F
n
)(p) with G-action,
Z
p
(1) := lim
p
n with G-action,
X
Z
p
Q
p
, Q
p
(1) := Z
p
(1)
Z
p
Q
p
nite-dimensional Q
p
-vector spaces with operation by .
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
Iwasawa Main Conjecture
MAZUR and WILES (1986):
p

det(1 T[X
Z
p
Q
p
)
det(1 T[Q
p
(1))
mod (G)
i
det(1 T[H
i
)
(1)
i +1
mod (G)
analytic algebraic p-adic -function

Trace formula
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p-adic -functions
Main Conjecture
The analogy
function eld number eld
F
l
= F
l
() F
= Q((p))

C G
m
C

p
Pic
0
(C) X= Pic(F
)
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Non-commutative
Iwasawa Theory
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From G
m
to arbitrary representations
up to now:
coefcients in cohomology: Z
p
(1)
G
m
, (p)
33
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
,,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
tower of number elds: F
= Q((p))
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Generalisations
: G
Q
GL(V)
(continuous) representation with V

= Q
n
p
and Galois-stable lattice T

= Z
n
p
.
coefcients in cohomology: T
33
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
**
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
tower of elds: K
= Q
ker()
Example: E elliptic curve over Q,
T = T
p
E = lim
n
E[p
n
]
= Z
2
p
, V := T
Z
p
Q
p
.
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p-adic Lie extensions
F
such that
( := G(K
/Q) GL
n
(Z
p
)
is a p-adic Lie group
with subgroup H such that
:= (/H

= Z
p
K
H
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
F
Q
G
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Philosophy
Attach to (, V)
analytic p-adic L-function L(V, K
) with interpolation
property
L(V, K
) L(1, V )
for : ( GL
n
(Z
p
) with nite image.
algebraic p-adic L-function F(V, K
).
Problem: (() in general not commutative! Non-commutative
determinants?
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Non-commutative Iwasawa Main Conjecture
COATES, FUKAYA, KATO, SUJATHA, V.:
There exists a canonical localisation (()
S
of ((), such that
F(V, K
) exists in
K
1
((()
S
).
Also L(V, K
) should live in this K-group.

Main Conjecture:
L(V, K
) F(V, K
) mod K
1
((()).
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Non-commutative characteristic polynomials
M (()-module, which is nitely generated (H)-module
BURNS, SCHNEIDER, V.:
(()
S
(H)
M
1
=
//
(()
S
(H)
M
induces det(1 T[M) K
1
((()
S
).
Main Conjecture over K
:
Trace formula" in K
1
((()
S
) mod K
1
((()):
L(K
, Z
p
(1)) det(1 T[H
(K
, Z
p
(1)))
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New Congruences
If (

= Z
p
Z
p
and coefcients: Z
p
(1)
KATO: K
1
((())

//
i
O
i
[[T]]
K
1
((()
S
)
//
i
Quot(O
i
[[T]])
L(K
/Q)

//
(L
p
(
i
, F
))
i
Existence of L(K
/Q) congruences between L

p
(
i
, F
)
Main Conjecture /K
Main Conjecture /F
for all
i
Similar results by RITTER, WEISS for nite H.
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A theorem for totally real elds
F totally real, F
cyc
K
totally real,
(

= Z
p
Z
p
MAHESH KAKDE, a student of Coates, recently announced:
Theorem (Kakde)
Assume Leopoldts conjecture for F. Then the non-commutative
Main Conjecture for the Tate motive (i.e. for = G
m
) holds over
K
/F.

Are L Functions Able To Solve Diophantine Equations

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-functions and Diophantine equations

units of ring Z/NZ.

= Z/(p 1)Z and

analytic algebraic p-adic -function

) should live in this K-group.

/Q) congruences between L

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