Powder Technology 118 2001. 7989 www.elsevier.

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Further work on pulse-jet fabric filtration modeling

Jun Ju ) , Min-Sen Chiu, Chi Tien
Department of Chemical and Enironmental Engineering, National Uniersity of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore

Abstract Further results of the performance of pulse-jet fabric filtration based on a recently developed model were presented. These results include filtrate rates, the built-up of particle cakes over filter surfaces and their coverage and the extent of filter cleaning from cycle to cycle until a steady state is reached. In addition, a simplified procedure of calculating the steady state filter performance was proposed. The applicability and limitations of the simplified procedure were established by comparing the results from the simplified procedure with those based on the more complete model. q 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Keywords: Fabric filtration; Filter model; Pulse-jet; Filter cleaning; Filter performance

1. Introduction As an engineering practice, fabric filtration is widely used for particulate emission control. The nature of dust deposit built-up and its practical limit in fabric filtration require that fabric filtration be conducted cyclically; filtration followed by filter cleaning and then repeating. Because of this operating mode, fabric filters are often categorized according to their method of cleaning. Among the various types of fabric filters, those which employ pulse air jets for cleaning are the most commonly used systems, especially in utilities and power plants because of their high efficiency, compactness and the ability of on-line cleaning. Modeling fabric filtration and pulse-jet fabric filtration in particular is a subject of study, which has attracted attention of a number of investigators in the past. Earlier investigators, for example, Crawford w1x focused on the filtration aspect of the operation by assuming complete dust cake removal in filter cleaning. Subsequent studies have covered both filtration and filter cleaning. A summary of the modeling work before 1985 was given by Leith and Allen w2x. De Ravin et al. w3x presented a detailed study on particle adhesion on filter surfaces and particle removal by pulse air jets. They obtained an empirical relationship that can be used in conjunction with jet jump characteristic curve to estimate the extent of filter cleaning as a function of cake thickness and the operating pressure.

Experimental results of residue flow rate vs. pressure drop were found to agree with the so-called steady state model proposed previously by De Ravin w4x although the model of De Ravin does not provide a complete filter performance prediction. More recently, the present authors w5x presented a pulsejet fabric filtration model that incorporates the filter cleaning results of De Ravin, but is not limited to the steady state assumption De Ravin used. The model predicts filter performance from cycle to cycle and accounts for the non-uniformity of dust deposit thickness. It was shown from model simulations that as the cycle of operation increases, a steady state might be established. Explicit expressions of steady state filter performance were also obtained. The purpose of the present work is twofold. First, we present based on this recently proposed model, some detailed performance results including the evolution of dust cake coverage of filter surfaces and their removal, which were not given in the earlier publication. Secondly, we devise a procedure of calculation of the simplified model of De Ravin w4x and compare results of these two models. Through comparisons, we extend the capability of the simplified model as well as demonstrate its limitations.

2. Pulse-jet fabric filtration The basic element of fabric filtration is a woven or felt material in a shape of tube or envelop structure i.e. a filter bag.. A large number of bags arranged in regular patterns

Corresponding author.

0032-5910r01r$ - see front matter q 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S 0 0 3 2 - 5 9 1 0 0 1 . 0 0 2 9 7 - 2

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J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

where a is the local specific cake resistance and is a function of the compressive stress, ps . ps . max is the maximum compressive stress across the cake, which is present at the cakebag interface and equals to D p .c , the pressure drop across the cake. D p .c is given as:

D p . c s D p . y k 1W .

4.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of pulse-jet fabric filtration system A. filtration, and B. filter cleaning.

may be contained in a single chamber or compartment. A schematic diagram of a pulse-jet fabric filtration system is shown in Fig. 1. Dusty gas flows radially inward through the bags held open by metal cages placed within them. Consequently, particles retained by bags form cake deposit on the outside bag surfaces and cleaned gas flows out the top of each bag to a plenum. Filter cleaning is carried out row by row when sufficient cake deposits are formed. It is accomplished by injecting a momentary pulse of compressed air at the outlet of each of the bags of a given row. The pulse motion snaps the bags outward, causing the break-off of the cake deposits. The cleaning process lasts only a fraction of a second. Pulse-jet fabric filtration is therefore a cyclic process with each cycle consisting of a filtration phase and a cleaning phase. Since the duration of the former is much greater than that of the latter, the filtration time can be taken as the cycle time. The conventional cake filtration theory can be used to characterize the relationship between the total pressure drop across a filter bag, D p, and the filtration velocity, , as: D p s ma W q m R m ,

In other words, the total pressure drop, D p, is made of two parts, the pressure drop across the cake and that across the bag fabric. As stated before, for pulse-jet fabric filters, filter cleaning is effected by applying a burst of compressed air to provide sufficiently large acceleration to bags in order to dislodge cake deposits formed on bags surfaces. With pulse of air jet entering into a bag, the bag expands outward quickly as the pressure inside the bag increases and exceeds the operating pressure drop. The bag expansion is stopped by the bags tensile properties and the bag experiences a deceleration. The resulting dislodgement force, Fdisl per unit filter area can be approximated as: Fdisl s Dmax W ,

5.

1a .

where Dmax is the maximum deceleration. If the cakes cohesive force is greater than the cakerfiber adhesive force, filter cleaning occurs if the dislodgement force induced by air jet exceeds the cakerfabric adhesive force. As adhesive force of a given system is often not a fixed value but covers a range of values, for a given Fdisl applied, filter cleaning may be incomplete. Repeated filtration and filter cleaning lead to the presence of deposits of different thickness over bag surface. This is a common feature of fabric filtration. The distribution of the cakerfabric adhesive force can be approximated by a log-normal distribution functions w3x. Accordingly, corresponding to a specific value of Fdisl , the fraction of the deposit of a fixed thickness or cake mass, W . which is removed, , is:

where is the instantaneous filtration velocity, m , the gas viscosity, R m , the medium filter bag. resistance, a , the average filter cake resistance and W the cake mass. In fabric filtration, Eq. 1a. is often written as: D p s w k 1 q k 2W x , where k1 s m R m , k 2 s ma .

Ho

Fdisl `

f Fad . d Fad s

1b . 2a . 2b .

Ho
where ys

f Fad . d Fad

'2p

Hy`e

y1 r 2 . u 2

du,

6.

log Fdisl y log F50 log s

7.

Generally speaking, cakes formed in fabric filtration are compressible; in other words, the specific cake resistance varies with the local compressible stress. The average specific cake resistance, a , may be expressed by: 1 1 s

ps . max

Ho p

s . max

d ps

3.

Fad is the adhesive force and f Fad ., the probability density distribution function of Fad . F50 is the median value of Fad and s , the standard deviation. For a particular particlerfabric system, these quantities can be determined from standard measurements. The dislodgement force, Fdisl , on the other hand, can be estimated from Eq. 5.. In applying this equation, the value

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

81

of Dmax must be known. An empirical expression relating Dmax and the over pressure, D pover , is available w3x. The over pressure can be determined from the characteristic curve of the jet pump used in filter cleaning and the flow ratepressure drop relationship prevailing at the end of filtration as described before w3,5x. Filter cleaning, as considered by De Ravin et al. w3x is dichotomous; cake deposit is either completely removed or not at all. Accordingly, for constant pressure filtration beginning with a bag free of cake deposits, at the end of filtration, the bag surface is covered with a uniform deposit of mass W1. After cleaning, part of the surface is free of deposits and the other part with deposits of W1. Thus, for the second cycle, at the end of filtration, the surface is now covered with deposits of W1 and W2 ; and after cleaning, one part of the bag surface is free of deposits while the others with deposits of W1 and W2 . In general, for the i th cycle of operation, at the beginning, the bag surface is covered with deposits of thickness being Wo s 0., W1 , W2 . . . Wiy 1. At the end of filtration, these deposits grow to W1 , W2 . . . Wi and after cleaning, the surface is covered with deposits of Wo s 0., W1 , W2 . . . Wi . Detailed knowledge of filtration includes the fractions of bag surface area covered with different types of cake deposits, the time history of the permeation velocity across different parts of the bag and the extent of cleaning for different types of deposits.

3.2. Second cycle f 2 Wo . W1 s

T
in s 1 ,

f 2 W1 .

in s 1 y 1 ,

9a . 9b .

Ho c d t ,
o

D p s k 1 q k 2 W1 q V2 s o f 2 Wo .

Ho c d t
1

1 ,
in ,

9c . 9d .

in q 1

f 2 W1 .

where 1 is the fraction of cake deposit of W1 removed by filter cleaning, 1 is the permeation velocity across a surface coverage initially with a deposit of W1. The subscript A2B refers to the 2nd cycle and V2 is the instantaneous filtration velocity during the 2nd cycle. 3.3. nth Cycle
ny 1

f n Wj .
in in

f n Wo . f n W1 . f n W2 . . . .

in

s s s

1y

js 1

in

f ny 1 . Wo . f ny 2 . Wo . . . .

1 y 1 .
2 js 1

in

1 y j . , in

ny 1

f n Wny 1 . 3. The JuChiuTien pulse-jet fabric filtration model The recent modeling study of Ju et al. w5x consists of two parts. The first part of the work gives a detailed cycle to cycle calculation for constant pressure operation. Beginning with a fresh bag, the governing equations are listed in the following. 3.1. First cycle f 1 Wo .
in s 1,

in

f 1 . Wo .

in

1 y j .
js 1

10a. 10b.

Wi s Wiy 1 q

Ho c

iy 1 d t ,

D p s k 1 q k 2 Wny 1 q
ny 1

Ho c

ny 1d t

n y 1 ,

10c. 10d.

Vn s

j
js 0

f n Wj .

in

8a .
t
o

D p s k1 q k 2

Ho c d t

o ,

8b .

where w f 1Wo .xin denotes the fraction of bag surface covered with cake deposit of Wo s 0.. The subscripts A1B and AinB refer to the first cycle and the initial state. o is the gas permeation velocity through a surface which is covered initially with a cake deposit of Wo s 0. and c, the influent particle concentration. Since one begins with a fresh bag, and the deposits formed over the bag are uniform throughout the cycle. The instantaneous filtration velocity of the first cycle, V1 , is: V1 s o .

Because of the dichotomous nature of filter cleaning, deposit coverage of filter bag surfaces becomes increasingly non-uniform as the cycle of operation increases. On the other hand, since filter cleaning is more complete as the deposit mass increases see Eq. 5.., the state of surface coverage may become invariant as the cycle num-

Table 1 List of conditions used in sample calculations Case A. D p s 1.5 kPa, k 1 s 10 kPa s my1 , k 2 s 450 kPa s m kgy 1 , c s 0.0275 kg my 3 , T s 60 s, Dma x s 26.46 q29.33 D pover q245.7 D pover . 2 D p s 1.2 kPa, k 1 s 10 kPa s my 1 , k 2 s 300 kPa s m kgy 1 , c s 0.02 kg my 3 , T s 75 s, Dma x s 26.46 q29.33 D pover q245.7 D pover . 2

Case B.

8c .

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J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

Fig. 2. Sample calculation results of Case A. of Table 1. a. Deposit coverage of filter surface at the beginning and end of the first six cycles and the steady state values of W in kg my2 . b. Fraction of surface covered with deposit after cleaning vs. cycle number. c. Permeation velocity vs. time. d. Spatially averaged filtration velocity vs. time.

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

83

Fig. 2 continued ..

ber increases. The steady state solution obtained by Ju et al. w5x is given as follows: f` Wo . 1
in s

jy 1

V` s

is 0

f` Wi .

in i ,

11e.

jy 1

11a.

1q f` W1 .
in s

pi
is 1

with the index j taken on the condition of pj being less than an arbitrarily small number and
i

p1
jy 1

11b.

pi s 1 y j . ,
js 1

11f.

1q f` W2 .
in s

pi
is 1

p2
jy 1

11c.

1q f` Wjy 1 . s in

pi
is 1

pjy 1
jy 1

11d.

1q

pi
is 1

where the subscript, `, refers to the steady state. To demonstrate the predictive capability of the model described above, results of some sample calculations are presented. The conditions used are listed in Table 1. Fig. 2a presents the extent of cake surface coverage at the beginning and end of the filtration phase from cycle to cycle of Case A. of Table 1. As shown in this figure, starting with a clean bag, the bag surface has no cake at the beginning of the first cycle and is covered with a uniform deposit of W1 s 0.085 kg my2 . at the end of

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J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

filtration. Corresponding to the conditions used, the fraction of deposit removed by air jet pulse is 1 s 0.46 according to Eqs. 5. and 6. and the empirical relation between D pover and Dmax . Thus, at the beginning of the second cycle, 46% of the bag surface is free of deposit while the remaining 54% is covered with deposit of W1 s 0.085 kg my2 .. Across the part which is free of deposit initially, filtration takes place in the same manner of that of the 1st cycle and leads to the presence of a deposit of W1 s 0.085 kg my2 . at the end of filtration. The cake deposit covering the other part increases its thickness to W2 s 0.13 kg my2 . at the end of filtration. The fractions of removal of these two types of deposits are 1 s 0.46 same as that of the first cycle. and 2 s 0.89. The increase in value results directly from the increase in the value of W to which the dislodgement force is directly proportional see Eq. 5...

The same pattern of deposit formation and break-off continues. At the beginning of any cycle say i th cycle., part of the bag surface is free of deposit while the remainder is covered with i y 1. types of deposits corresponding to W1 , W2 , . . . Wiy 1 in the ascending order of their values. Since the dislodgement force is directly proportional to W , a steady state is reached if the newest formed deposit is totally removed. This behavior is displayed in Fig. 2a. For this particular case, the steady state commences at the beginning of the 6th cycle when the fraction of removal reaches unity for W5 s 0.21 kg my2 . Concerning the surface coverage after cleaning at the end of each cycle as shown in Fig. 2a, at the end of filtration of the first cycle, the bag surface is covered uniformly with cake deposit of 0.085 kg my2 . Since 1 s 0.46, the fraction of cake coverage after cleaning is 1 y 0.46 s 0.54. For the second cycle, at the end of filtra-

Fig. 3. Sample calculation results of Case B. of Table 1. a. Fraction of surface covered with deposit after cleaning vs. cycle number. b. Permeation velocity vs. time. c. Spatially averaged filtration velocity vs. time.

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

85

tion, 46% of surface is covered with deposit of 0.085 kg my2 and the other 54% with deposit of 0.13 kg my2 . The respective values are 1 s 0.46 and 2 s 0.89. Accordingly, the fraction of bag surface covered with cake after cleaning is 0.46.1 y 0.46. q 0.54.1 y 0.89. s 0.3078. The same procedure can be used to calculate the deposit coverage after cleaning of other cycles as well. The results are given in Fig. 2b. As shown in this figure, the cake coverage becomes invariant rather quickly. In cake filtration, the resistance to gas flow consists of the resistances of the filter bag fabric and the filter cake. The cake resistance increases with the increase of cake thickness. Accordingly, the gas permeation velocity depends on the initial cake coverage and decreases with time. This behavior is shown in Fig. 2c in which the time histories of the permeation velocity across filter area initially covered with deposits as found in Case A. of Table 1 are displayed. As shown in this figure, the permeation velocity corresponding to Wo s 0 is much greater than those of the other four cases, demonstrating the importance of the degree of cleaning to filter performance. The instantaneous filtration velocity, which is a composite value of the various permeation velocities see Eq. 10d.., is given in Fig. 2d. For constant pressure operations for a given bag, the filtration capacity decreases with time. However, for a given system consisting of a large number of bags, by properly arranging the cleaning sequence, the throughput of the system can be maintained at a constant as discussed previously w5x. Similar results of a different case, i.e. Case B. of Table 1, are given in Fig. 3 with the cake coverage fraction, the time histories of the different permeation velocities and the instantaneous filtration velocity shown in Fig. 3a, b and c, respectively. The differences in the operating conditions of these cases have compensating effect on filtration performance. For example, both a higher value in pressure and a lower value in k 1 increase the permeation velocity. The extent of deposition is directly proportional to the permeation velocity and the particle concentration. Both Figs. 2 and 3 display the same trend characteristic of fabric filtration.

cleaned filter bag. in order to validate the pulse-jet filter cleaning results in the earlier modeling study w3x. However, the proposal of De Ravin did not yield a predictive capability of fabric filtration. In the present work, we extend De Ravins idea to formulate a model that is predictive and develop appropriate calculation procedures. The simplified model is for the steady state applications. Let Wdep denote the amount of particles detained or deposited. during a cycle of operation, by definition: Wdep s

Ho Vcd t ,

12 .

where V is the instantaneous spatially averaged filtration velocity over the entire bag. The meanings of the other symbols are the same as defined before. At the steady state, the amount of particulate retained during filtration equals the amount removed, by filter cleaning, or: Wdep s Wf ,

13 .

where Wf is the mass of the cake deposit formed at the end of filtration in terms of the JuChiuTien model, Wf is the average of W0 , W1 . . . Wjy 1 with f i Wk . k s 1, . . . j y 1 as the weighting factors.. Assuming that Eq. 1b. is applicable on an overall basis, at the end of filtration, one has: Vf s Dp k 1 q k 2Wf ,

14 .

where Vf is the filtration velocity at the end of filtration. The resistance to gas flow immediately after cleaning is termed the residue resistance. The residue resistance, R r , is given as: 1 s Rr k1

1y k 1 q k 2Wf

15 .

The corresponding filtration velocity, Vr , which is velocity at the beginning of filtration is given as: Vr s Dp Rr .

16 .

4. Simplified steady state model From the model results given above, it is clear that the JuChiuTien model is capable of providing all the features of fabric filtration dynamics. On the other hand, the model is computationally demanding and may not be suitable for preliminary design calculations or used for process control. Because of these considerations, a simplified steady state model was developed. The model is presented below. The simplified model was based on the idea proposed by De Ravin w4x. De Ravins idea was used to estimate the so-called residue-flow rate namely, flow rate through

Eqs. 13. 16. can be used to estimate the residue flow rate as a function of the amount of deposition, Wdep . For calculating the residue flow rate, one begins with Eq. 13., which relates Wdep and Wf or . implicitly since is a function of Wf . The calculation may proceed according to any one of the following procedures. 1. For a given value of Wdep , a value of Wf is assumed. Based on the assumed Wf , can be calculated from Eqs. 5. and 6. with Dmax estimated from the empirical correlation between Dmax and D pover which, in turn, is calculated from the assumed Wf . Once is known, a new value of Wf can be obtained and this procedure is repeated until the desired convergence is reached.

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J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

Table 2 Comparison of the results of the JuChiuTien model and those of the simplified steady state model Quantity JuChiuTien model Simplified steady state model Procedures 1. and 2. Procedure 3.

Case (1): k 1 s 10 kPa s m y 1 , k 2 s 450 kPa s m kg y 1, c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 , T s 150 s (not required for the simplified model) D p s 0.3 kPa Wdep s kg my2 . 49.01 = 10y 3 Fail 0.758 0.801 Wf kg my2 . 62.55 = 10y 3 61.19 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 8.03 = 10y 3 8.0 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 24.81 = 10y 3 25.62 = 10y 3 D p s 0.4 kPa Wdep s kg my2 . 61.73 = 10y 3 0.857 0.879 0.879 Wf kg my2 . 71.23 = 10y 3 70.22 = 10y 3 70.22 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 9.64 = 10y 3 9.64 = 10y 3 9.64 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 35.42 = 10y 3 36.32 = 10y 3 36.32 = 10y 3 D p s 1.2 kPa Wdep s kg my2 . 125.44 = 10y 3 Same 0.965 0.9675 Wf kg my2 . 129.88 = 10y 3 129.64 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 17.60 = 10y 3 17.56 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 116.45 = 10y 3 116.67 = 10y 3 D p s 2.4 kPa Wdep s kg my2 . 151.32 = 10y 3 Fail 0.6246 0.686 Wf kg my2 . 222.59 = 10y 3 220.56 = 10y 3 y 1 y 3 Vf m s . 22.51 = 10 21.97 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 162.94 = 10y 3 171.54 = 10y 3 Case (2): k 1 s 10 kPa s m y 1 , D p s 1.5 kPa, c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 , T s 150 s (not required for the simplified model) k 2 s 200 kPa s m kgy 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 202.08 = 10y 3 0.9839 0.9846 Wf kg my2 . 205.36 = 10y 3 205.24 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 29.42 = 10y 3 29.38 = 10y 3 y1. y3 Vr m s 148.06 = 10 148.14 = 10y 3 k 2 s 800 kPa s m kgy 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 105.40 = 10y 3 0.8842 0.8964 Wf kg my2 . 118.50 = 10y 3 117.59 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 14.49 = 10y 3 14.41 = 10y 3 y1. y3 Vr m s 134.36 = 10 135.95 = 10y 3 k 2 s 1200 kPa s m kgy 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 86.85 = 10y 3 0.8132 0.834 Wf kg my2 . 101.60 = 10y 3 100.5 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 11.59 = 10y 3 11.49 = 10y 3 y1. y3 Vr m s 124.25 = 10 127.00 = 10y 3 k 2 s 1600 kPa s m kgy 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 70.44 = 10y 3 Fail 0.7509 Wf kg my2 . 91.40 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 9.84 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 115.24 = 10y 3 Case (3): D p s 1.5 kPa, k 2 s 600 kPa s m y 1 , c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 , T s 150 s k 1 s 1 kPa s my 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 137.89 = 10y 3 0.9507 0.9539 Wf kg my2 . 144.90 = 10y 3 144.54 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 17.15 = 10y 3 17.10 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 1.4269 1.4316

Same

Same

Same

0.7796 90.36 = 10y 3 9.70 = 10y 3 115.06 = 10y 3

Same

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989 Table 2 continued . Quantity JuChiuTien model
y1 y3

87

Simplified steady state model Procedures 1. and 2. Procedure 3.

Case (3): D p s 1.5 kPa, k 2 s 600 kPa s m , c s 0.0275 kg m k 2 s 15 kPa s my 1 Wdep s kg my 2 . 114.65 = 10y 3 0.9012 Wf kg my2 . 126.63 = 10y 3 y1. Vf m s 16.66 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 91.81 = 10y 3 y1 k 2 s 60 kPa s m Wdep s kg my 2 . 67.27 = 10y 3 0.6801 Wf kg my2 . 92.20 = 10y 3 y1. Vf m s 13.22 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 21.51 = 10y 3

, T s 150 s Same 0.9119 125.72 = 10y 3 16.59 = 10y 3 92.65 = 10y 3

Fail

0.743 90.53 = 10y 3 13.12 = 10y 3 21.94 = 10y 3

Case (4): D p s 1.2 kPa, k 1 s 10 kPa s m y 1 , k 2 s 450 kPa s m kg y 1 , c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 T s 30 s Wdep s kg my2 . 33.68 = 10y 3 Fail 0.4508 Wf kg my2 . 68.68 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 30.72 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 68.86 = 10y 3 T s 60 s Wdep s kg my2 . 61.61 = 10y 3 Fail 0.6577 Wf kg my2 . 88.01 = 10y 3 Vf m sy 1 . 24.88 = 10y 3 Vr m sy 1 . 88.19 = 10y 3

0.471 71.51 = 10y 3 28.45 = 10y 3 70.59 = 10y 3

0.7114 86.60 = 10y 3 24.50 = 10y 3 92.44 = 10y 3

2. Similar to 1., for an assigned Wdep , a value of is assumed based on which an estimated value of Wf is calculated. A new value of can then be obtained based on this calculated Wf . The procedure is repeated until a convergence in is reached. 3. Contrary to 1. wor 2.x, which considers Wdep as the independent variable, one may begin with a specified value of Wf and based on which can be estimated. The corresponding value of Wdep can then be found from Eq. 13.. By carrying out calculations like this a few times, the value of Wf corresponding to a specified value of Wdep can be obtained by interpolation. Once and Wf are known, Vf and Vr can be calculated from Eqs. 14. and 16.. Sample calculation results from these two models are given in Table 2. These results were obtained for a specified type of cake, i.e. fixed values of k 1 and k 2 , and appropriate adhesion and filter cleaning results., operating at a given pressure drop. By specifying the duration of filtration, the values of Wdep , , Wf , Vf and Vr were obtained from the JuChiuTien model. Corresponding to the value of Wdep obtained, values , Wf , Vf and Vr were obtained from a simplified steady state model. That comparisons were made in this particular manner is due to the fact that the simplified model cannot be used to predict

Wdep as a function of filtration time. We will return to this point in a latter section. The results of Table 2 can be summarized as follows. Both models yield very similar results. Among the three procedures of calculation proposed, procedures 1. and 2. were found to work if the value of is greater than 0.75. In contract, procedure 3. was found to work for all cases even though it is more cumbersome to apply than procedures 1. and 2.. The limitation of the simplified model is that it does not relate the performance of filtration i.e. W . with filtration time. Eqs. 11a. 11f. cannot be used to obtain a relationship between Wdep and T since only the values of V at the beginning and end of filtration i.e. Vr and Vf . are known. However, it is possible to rewrite Eq. 12. as: Wdep s VcT or Vs . 17 . cT Since the spatially averaged instantaneous filtration velocity, V , decreases monotonically with time, and has a value between Vr and Vf . We may therefore write: V s x Vr q Vf . . Wdep

18 .

88 Table 3 Numerical values of x for a number of cases T s. Vf =10 3 m sy 1 . Vr =10 3 m sy 1 .

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

V =10 3 m sy 1 .

tion was established. With this approximate expression, all estimates of the essential features of fabric filtration can be made in a simple and straightforward manner. Nomenclature c particle concentration maximum deceleration Dmax dislodgement force Fdisl median value of adhesion force F50 f fad . probability density function of adhesion force f i Wj . fraction of area occupied by deposit of Wj at the i th cycle k 1 , k 2 constants defined by Eqs. 2a. and 2b., respectively compressive stress ps ps . max maximum value of ps pi defined by Eq. 11f. cake filtration resistance at the end of filtration Rf fabric medium resistance Rm residue case filtration resistance Rr T cycle time t time instantaneous filtration velocity at the end of filVf tration instantaneous filtration velocity of the i th cycle Vi residue flow rate Vr V average filtration velocity permeation velocity across filter surface initially i covered with deposit of Wi W mass of cake deposit amount of particles retained per cycle Wdep cake areal mass of the i th type Wi value of W at the end of filtration Wf y defined by Eq. 7.

Group 1: k 1 s 10 kPa s m y 1 , k 2 s 450 kPa s m kg y 1 , c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 , D p s 1.2 kPa 90 21.590 105.888 0.2750 110 20.015 111.261 0.2551 120 19.324 113.144 0.2468 150 17.559 116.671 0.2265 180 16.159 118.349 0.2111 Group 2: k 1 s 10 kPa s m y 1 , k 2 s 450 kPa s m kg y 1 , c s 0.0275 kg m y 3 , D p s 0.9 kPa 90 18.566 79.463 0.3004 110 17.245 83.532 0.2802 120 16.119 86.077 0.2640 150 15.156 87.613 0.2506 180 13.956 88.844 0.2343

35.06 33.49 32.69 30.40 28.39

29.45 28.24 26.98 25.75 24.09

Combining Eqs. 17. and 18., one has:

xs

Wdep Tc Vr q Vf .

19 .

By comparing the results obtained from the two models, values of x of different cases can be calculated. A summary of the x values from a number of cases is given in Table 3. The results of Table 3 indicate that x of Eq. 19.. has a value ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 and decreases with the increase of T . As an approximation, x can be expressed as:

x s 3.53 = 10y6 T 2 y 0.0017T q 0.41.

20 .

Assuming that the above approximate expression is applicable in general, together with Eqs. 13. 16., they constitute a complete set of equations that can be applied to predict the performance of pulse-jet fabrication.

5. Conclusions 1. A steady-state model of fabric filtration was presented and a general method of calculation developed. In its basic form, the model has only limited predictive capability. 2. Detailed information on the dynamics of pulse-jet fabric filtration based on a recently developed model, valid for both transient and steady-states, are presented and compared with predictions based on a simplified steady state model. 3. Based on the comparison of results from these two models, an approximate expression that estimates the average filtration velocity over a cycle time from the instantaneous filtration velocity at the beginning and end of filtra-

Greek letters a specific cake resistance a average specific cake resistance Dp total pressure drop pressure drop across filter cake D pc fraction of cake deposit removed fraction of the i th type deposit removed i m gas viscosity s standard deviation x defined by Eq. 18.

Acknowledgements The financial support of the National Science and Technology Board and the Academic Research Fund, National University of Singapore are greatly acknowledged.

J. Ju et al. r Powder Technology 118 (2001) 7989

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