Solutions Manual

5.1

The power dissipated by each resistor is

2

2
V in
V out
[ ( GAIN ) V in ]
------- = 25
------ and ---------= -----------------------------------= 25GAIN
-----------------------R
R
RF
RF
RF

To be able to use 1/4 W resistors, the following must be true:

25
------ < 0.25 or R > 100
R
2

25GAIN
------------------------ < 0.25 or R F > ( GAIN 2 ) 100
RF
(a)

for GAIN=1, RF > 100

(b)

for GAIN=10, RF > 10k

(a)

V + = IR 1

5.2

R
R
V o = 1 + -----3- V + = 1 + -----3- R 2 I

R
R
4

(b)

V+ = V- = Vo
V
V
I 1 = I 2 = ------+- = ------o
R2
R2
V+ + I1 R1 = Vo + I3 R3
so
R1
R1
I 3 = ------ I 1 = ------------- V o
R3
R2 R3
R1
1- + -----------I = I 1 + I 3 = V o ----R

R
R
2
2 3
so
R2 R3
V o = ------------------- I
R1 + R2

5.3

34

With RF replaced by a short, the op amp circuit becomes a buffer so the gain is 1.

Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems

Solutions Manual

5.4
(a)

R2
V - = V + = ------------------- V 1 = 5V
R1 + R2
V out = V - + V 2 I 3 R 3
but I3 = 0, so
V out = V - + V 2 = 10V

(b)
5.5

same as (a)

V+ = V- = Vi
R
V 4 = 1 + -----3- V +

R
2

R2 + R3
V
I 4 = ------4 = ------------------- V i
R2 R4
R4
5.6

If VA denotes the voltage at the output of the first op amp,

V A = V - = V + = 0V
and from Ohms Law, the current from voltage source V1 is
V
V1 VA
- = ------1
I 1 = ------------------R
R
If VB denotes the voltage at the inverting input of the second op amp,
VB = V- = V+ = V2
and from Ohms Law,
V
V 2 V out
V
V B V out
- = ---------------------I 4 = ------B- = ------2 and I 2 = ----------------------R
R
R
R
where I4 is the current through the vertical resistor and I2 is the current through the feedback
resistor of the second op amp. From this,
V out = V 2 I 2 R
Now applying Ohms Law to the resistor between the op amps gives
V
VA VB
- = ------2
I 3 = -------------------R
R
where I3 is the current through the resistor.

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Solutions Manual

From KCL, the current out of the first op amp is

V V
1
I out 1 = I 3 I 1 = ------2 ------1 = ---- ( V 1 + V 2 )
R
R
R
The negative sign indicates that the current is actually into the op amp.
From KCL,
V V
2- V
I 2 = I 3 I 4 = ------2 ------2 = --
R
R
R 2
Therefore,
2V
V out = V 2 ---------2- R = 3V 2
R
5.7

V o V i because of positive feedback.

5.8

Applying Ohms Law to both resistors gives

V
V
I 1 = ------1 and I 2 = ------2
R1
R2
From KCL,
IF = I1 + I2
Since V o + I F R F = 0 ,
V
V
V o = R F ------1 + ------2
R
R 2
1
For R1 = R2 = RF = R,
Vo = ( V1 + V2 )

5.9

Applying Ohms Law to both resistors gives

V1 V3
V2 V3
I 1 = ------------------ and I 2 = -----------------R1
R2
From KCL,
IF = I1 + I2
Since V o + I F R F = V 3 ,
V 1 V 3 V 2 V 3
V o = V 3 R F ------------------ + ------------------ R
R
1

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Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems

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For R1 = R2 = RF = R,
V o = V 3 ( V 1 V 3 + V 2 V 3 ) = 3V 3 ( V 1 + V 2 )
5.10

From voltage division,

RF
V - = V + = ------------------- V 2
R F + R 2
From Ohms Law,
( V1 V- )
I 1 = -----------------------R1

The output voltage can be found with:

RF
V ------------------ V
1

R F + R 2 2
R
F
V o = V - I 1 R F = ------------------- V 2 -------------------------------------------------- R F
R F + R 2
R1
Simplifying gives
R1 V2 ( V1 ( RF + R2 ) RF V2 )
V o = --------------------------------------------------------------------------R1 ( RF + R2 ) RF
V2 ( RF + R1 ) V1 ( RF + R2 )
V o = -------------------------------------------------------------------R1 ( RF + R2 ) RF
For R1=R2=R,
RF
V o = ------ ( V 2 V 1 )
R

5.11

RF
R
V outin = 1 + -----F- V in and V outref = ------ V ref

R
R
RF
R
V out = V out in + V out ref = 1 + -----F- V in ------ V ref
R

5.12

Using superposition,
R4
V o1 = ------ V 3
R3
R5
R
V o2 = 1 + -----4- ------------------- V 4
R3 R3 + R5

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Solutions Manual

R4
R5
R
V o = V o1 + V o2 = ------ V 3 + 1 + -----4- ------------------- V 4

R3
R 3 R 3 + R 5
5.13

V+ = V- = 0
dI L
1
V i = L -------- so I L = --- V i dt
L
dt
Vo = V- + IR R
R
but IR = IL, so V o = ---- V i dt
L

5.14
(a)

RF
V o = ------ V i = 2V i
R

(b)

1
V o = -------- V i dt = V i dt
RC

(c)

RF
V o = ------ ( V 1 + V 2 ) = 4V i
R

(d)

V - = V + = 0V
From Ohms Law,
V
V
V
V2
- = --------iI 1 = ------1 = ------i and I 2 = -------5k
5k
10k
10k
From KCL,
1- + -------1 -
I F = I 1 + I 2 = V i ---- 5k 10k
but from Ohms Law,
0V
I F = ---------------o
5k
so
3
V o = 5kI F = V i 1 + 1
--- = --- V i
2
2

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Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement Systems

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5.15
comparator

5V

330

Vin

LED

5.16

330
LED

5V

Vin

5.17

open collector
comparator

The limit on the feedback resistor current is:

V out
10V
I F = ---------= ---------- < 10mA
RF
RF
Therefore,
10V
R F > --------------- = 1k
10mA

5.18

R
closed loop gain = -----F- = 10
R
so the fall-off frequency is 105Hz.

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