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PHNG PHP NHN T LAGRANGE
1
-METHOD OF LAGRANGE
MULTIPLIERS
Trn Trung Kin
TP. H Ch Minh- Ngy 30 thng 9 nm 2012
Phng php nhn t Lagrange (s c hc trong chng trnh ton cao cp ca bc i hc)
kh hiu qu trong nhng bi ton cc tr c iu kin rng buc ngoi ra cn c th dng tm
iu kin xy ra du bng ca bt ng thc.
nh ngha
Cc tr (cc i hoc cc tiu) c iu kin ca hm hai bin z = f(x; y) l cc tr ca hm ny vi
iu kin l cc bin x, y phi tha rng buc bi phng trnh (x; y) = 0.
tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm z = f(x; y) khi hin hu phng trnh rng buc (x; y) = 0,
ngi ta thit lp mt hm b tr l hm Lagrange:
L(x; y) = f(x; y)+(x; y), trong l mt nhn t hng cha xc nh, gi l nhn t Lagrange.
iu kin cn ca cc tr l h ba phng trnh. L

x
(x; y; ) = f

x
(x; y) +

x
(x; y) = 0
L

y
(x; y; ) = f

y
(x; y) +

y
(x; y) = 0
(x; y) = 0
Gii h trn ta tm c nghim l x
0
; y
0
;
0
. Vn tn ti v c tnh ca cc tr c iu kin c
gii bng cch xt du vi phn cp 2 ca hm Lagrange ti im P
0
(x
0
; y
0
) v
0
- nghim ca h
phng trnh trn. P
0
(x
0
; y
0
) l im dng ca hm L.
d
2
L = L

xx
dx
2
+ 2L

xy
dxdy + L

yy
dy
2
Trong dx; dy tha mn rng buc biu th bng phng trnh

x
dx +

y
dy = 0(dx
2
+ dy
2
= 0)
C th xt hm f(x; y) t cc i c iu kin nu d
2
L < 0 v t cc tiu c iu kin nu d
2
L > 0
ti im dng P
0
(x
0
; y
0
) v nhn t
0
.
Cc bc c bn ca phng php nhn t Lagrange
1. Pht biu bi ton di dng m hnh ton hc. Cc i hoc cc tiu ca hm z = f(x; y) vi
iu kin rng buc (x; y) = 0
2. Thit lp hm Lagrange L(x; y; ) = f(x; y) + (x; y)
3. Tm im dng ca L, tc l gii h phng trnh
_

_
L

x
(x; y; ) = 0
L

y
(x; y; ) = 0
L

(x; y; ) = 0
4. Xt du d
2
L ti im (x
0
; y
0
) m (x
0
; y
0
;
0
) l nghim ca h phng trnh bc 3.
Nu d
2
L(x
0
; y
0
;
0
) < 0z
max
= f(x
0
; y
0
)
Nu d
2
L(x
0
; y
0
;
0
) > 0z
min
= f(x
0
; y
0
)
nm vng phng php trn ta quan st bi ton n gin sau:
1
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) l nh ton hc v thin vn hc ngi Php.
1
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1 Cho hai s thc x, y tha mn iu kin x + y = 10. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
f(x; y) = x
2
+ y
2
Gii
Bc 1: Tm cc tiu i vi f(x; y) = x
2
+ y
2
tha mn iu kin (x; y) = x + y 10 = 0
Bc 2: L(x; y; ) = x
2
+ y
2
+ (x + y 10)
Bc 3:
f
x
= 2x + = 0 x =

2
f
y
= 2y + = 0 y =

2
f

= x + y 10 = 0

2
.2 = 10 = 10
im dng (5; 5; 10)
Bc 4: L

xx
= 2; L

yy
= 2; L

xy
= 0; d
2
L(5; 5; 10) = 2(dx
2
+ dy
2
) > 0
f
min
= f(5; 5) = 5
2
+ 5
2
= 25
Qua bi ton 1 chng ta phn no nm c "t tng" phng php ny. hiu su hn
ta tm hi qua cc bi ton kh hn sau y.
2 Nu a v b l cc s thc dng tha mn a
14
+ b
14
= 2 . Chng minh rng:
5a
2
b
+
3b
3
a
2
8
Gii
Thit lp hm Lagrange L(a, b) = 5
a
2
b
+ 3
b
3
a
2
(a
14
+ b
14
2).
im cc tr l nghim ca h:
_

_
L
a
=
10a
b
6
b
3
a
3
14a
13
= 0
L
b
=
5a
2
b
2
+ 9
b
2
a
2
14b
13
= 0
a
14
+ b
14
= 2
t x =
a
b
, ta quy c mu s bng 0 th t bng 0 t P(x) = 5x
18
9x
14
+ 10x
4
6 = 0.
P(x) = (x
2
1)Q(x), vi Q(x) khng c nghim thc.
Vy a, b > 0 khi x = 1, im cc tr ti a = b = 1,ta c gi tr nh nht bng 8.
3 (British Mathematical Olympiad 1986) Cho a, b, c thc tha a +b +c = 0 v a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 6.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
A = a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
Bi ton ny du bng xy ra kh c bit khi x = 2cos
2
9
; y = 2cos
4
9
; z = 2cos
8
9
.
Chnh v th nn bi ton gy kh d cho cc phng php ta bit, thm ch l phng php
mnh nh S.O.S, UMV,.... Trong quyn s dng phng php Cauchy Schwarz chng minh
bt ng thc anh Cn c mt li gii kh c o nh sau:
Gii
Xt hm nhn t Lagrange nh sau:
f (a; b; c) = a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a +
1
(a + b + c) +
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
6
_
Cc im cc tr l nghim h phng trnh:
_

_
f
a
=
f
b
=
f
c
= 0
a + b + c = 0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 6
2
T
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_
2ab + c
2
+
1
+ 2
2
a = 0
2bc + a
2
+
1
+ 2
2
b = 0
2ca + b
2
+
1
+ 2
2
c = 0
a + b + c = 0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 6
Cng v vi v ca phng trnh th nht, th hai, th ba ta c
(a + b + c)
2
+ 3
1
+ 2
2
(a + b + c) = 0
1
= 0
n y ta c
_

_
2ab + c
2
+ 2
2
a = 0
2bc + a
2
+ 2
2
b = 0
2ca + b
2
+ 2
2
c = 0
a + b + c = 0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 6
T y ta c
2ab + c
2
a
=
2bc + a
2
b
=
2ca + b
2
c
= 2
2
y l iu kin ca du ng thc trong bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz nn ta s chng minh
bi ton nh sau:
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz ta c
[a(2ab + c
2
) + b(2bc + a
2
) + c(2ac + b
2
)]
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)[(2ab + c
2
)
2
+ (2bc + a
2
)
2
+ (2ac + b
2
)
2
]
Mt khc ta c: a(2ab + c
2
) + b(2bc + a
2
) + c(2ac + b
2
) = 3(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a) v

(2ab + c
2
)
2
= 2(ab + bc + ca)
2
+ (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= 54
Nn do A = a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a 6.
Du "=" xy ra khi x = 2cos
2
9
; y = 2cos
4
9
; z = 2cos
8
9
4 Cho x, y, z thc tha x + y + z = 0 v x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc:
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
Gii
t f(x; y; z) = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+
1
(x + y + z) +
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2) im cc tr l nghim ca h
_

_
f
x
=
f
y
=
f
z
= 0
x + y + z = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2
Hay
_

_
3x
2
+
1
+ 2
2
x = 0
3y
2
+
1
+ 2
2
y = 0
3z
2
+
1
+ 2
2
z = 0
x + y + z = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2
Cng li ta c 3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 3
1
+ 2(x + y + z) = 0
1
= 2 Thay vo h trn ta c
_

_
3x
2
+ 2
2
x 2 = 0
3y
2
+ 2
2
y 2 = 0
3z
2
+ 2
2
z 2 = 0
3
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y ta quy c nu mu bng 0 th t bng 0
3x
2
2
x
=
3y
2
2
y
=
3z
2
2
z
= 2
2
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
[x(3x
2
2) + y(3y
2
2) + z(3z
2
z)]
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)[(3x
2
2)
2
+ (3y
2
2)
2
+ (3z
2
2)
2
]
= 2.[9(x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
) 12] = 12
Do x
4
+y
4
+z
4
= (x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
2[(xy)
2
+(yz)
2
+(xz)
2
] = 42[(xy+xz +yz)
2
2xzy(x+y+z)] M
xy +xz +yz =
(x + y + z)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
= 1 Do . x
4
+y
4
+z
4
= 2 Vy
2

3
3
P
2

3
3
min P =
2

3
3
khi (x; y; z) =
_
1

3
;
1

3
;
2

3
_
v cc hon v.
max P =
2

3
3
khi (x; y; z) =
_

3
;
1

3
;
2

3
_
v cc hon v.
5 Cho a; b; c thc tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc = 4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
D = a + b + c
Gii
t f(a; b; c) = a + b + c; g(a; b; c) = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
4 + abc
L = f g = a + b + c (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc 4)
im cc tr l nghim ca h
_

_
L
a
= 1 a bc = 0
L
b
= 1 b ac = 0
L
c
= 1 c ba = 0

_
=
1
2a + bc
=
1
2b + ac
=
1
2c + ba
Do
1
2a + bc
=
1
2b + ac
(a b)(2 c) = 0 . Tng t ta c (b c)(2 a) = 0 v (c a)(2 b) = 0
Nu a = b = 2 t a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc = 4 ta tm c c = 2 v v vy a + b + c = 6
Nu a = b = c = 2 ta c 3a
2
+ a
3
= 4 (a 1)(a + 2)
2
= 0
Vy ta c a = b = c = 1 hoc a = b = c 2 v t a +b +c = 3 hoc a +b +c = 6 ta c gi tr nh
nht ca D = 6
6 Cho a, b, c thc dng tha a + b + c + d = 1. Chng minh rng:
abc + bcd + cda + dab
1
27
+
176
27
abcd
Gii
t f = abc + bcd + cda + dab ta s chng minh f
1
27
.
t g = a + b + c + d 1
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = f g = abc + bcd + cda + dab
126
27
abcd (a + b + c + d 1)
4
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Ta c:
_

_
L
a
= bc + cd + db
176
27
bcd = 0
L
b
= ac + cd + da
176
27
acd = 0
L
c
= ba + ad + db
176
27
bad = 0
L
d
= bc + ca + ab
176
27
bca = 0
T h ta tm c:
= bc +cd +db
176
27
bcd = ac +cd +da
176
27
acd = ab +bd +da
176
27
abd = bc +ac +ab
176
27
abc.
T bc +cd +bd
176
27
bcd = ac +cd +da
176
27
acd ta c (b a)(c +d
127
27
cd) = 0. Thit lp tng
t:
(b c)(a + d
127
27
ad) = 0
(b d)(a + c
176
27
ac) = 0
(a c)(b + d
176
27
bd) = 0
Gii phng trnh ny ta c a = b = c = d v t a + b + c + d = 1 nn a = b = c = d =
1
4
. Vy
f
_
1
4
;
1
4
;
1
4
;
1
4
_
=
1
27
. T y ta c iu cn chng minh.
7 Cho a, b, c thc tha a + b + c > 0. Chng minh rng:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3/2
+ 3abc
Trong bi ton ny ta s tm cch t n thch hp to thm iu kin rng buc cho cc bin
s dng phng php nhn t Lagrange.
Gii
t
x =
a

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
; y =
b

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
; z =
c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Bt ng thc cn chng minh vit li thnh
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3/2
+ 3xyz vi x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
t
f = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc; g = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = f g = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1)
Ta c h sau:
_

_
L
a
= 3a
2
3bc 2a = 0
L
b
= 3b
2
3ac 2b = 0
L
a
= 3c
2
3ba 2c = 0
=
3(a
2
bc)
2a
=
3(b
2
ac)
2b
=
3(c
2
ab)
2c
5
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T trn ta c
3(a
2
bc)
2a
=
3(b
2
ac)
2b
(a b)(ab + bc + ac) = 0
Tng t ta c (b c)(ab + bc + ac) = 0 v (c a)(ab + bc + ac) = 0.
Gii phng trnh ny ta thu c a = b = c hoc ab + bc + ac = 0.
Nu a = b = c th f(a; a; a) = 0 < 1
Nu ab + bc + ac = 0 th (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ac) = 1
V t a + b + c > 0 ta c a + b + c = 1
V vy
f(a; b; c) = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ac) = 1
Php chng minh hon tt.
8 (China TST -2004)Cho a, b, c, d thc dng tha abcd = 1. Chng minh rng:
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2
+
1
(1 + c)
2
+
1
(1 + d)
2
1
Gii
t f(a; b; c; d) =
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2
+
1
(1 + c)
2
+
1
(1 + d)
2
v g(a; b; c; d) = abcd 1
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = f g =
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2
+
1
(1 + c)
2
+
1
(1 + d)
2
(abcd 1).
Ta c h sau
_

_
L
a
=
4
(1 + a)
2


a
= 0
L
b
=
4
(1 + b)
2


b
= 0
L
c
=
4
(1 + c)
2


c
= 0
L
c
=
4
(1 + c)
2


c
= 0

_
=
4a
(1 + a)
2
=
4b
(1 + b)
2
=
4c
(1 + c)
2
=
4d
(1 + d)
2
T h ta thu c
4a
(1 + a)
2
=
4b
(1 + b)
2
=
4c
(1 + c)
2
=
4d
(1 + d)
2
=
Ta c:
(a b)(1 ab) = 0; (a c)(1 ac) = 0; (a d)(1 ad) = 0
(b c)(1 bc) = 0; (b d)(1 bd) = 0; (c d)(1 cd) = 0
Gii phng trnh ta thu c a = b = c = d v t abcd = 1 nn a = b = c = d = 1 v vy ta c
f(1; 1; 1; 1) =
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
4
= 1
T
f(1; 1;
1
2
; 2) =
1
4
+
1
4
+
1
9
+
4
9
=
1
2
+
5
9
> 1
Nn theo phng php nhn t Lagrange ta kt lun c f(a; b; c; d) 1. Vy bi ton c chng
minh.
6
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9 Cho a, b, c, d l nhng s thc dng tha a + b + c + d = 4. Chng minh rng:
27
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
_
9 (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ d
3
) + 8.
Gii
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange ly v tri tr v phi, v t g l a +b +c +d 4 = 0. Ta d dng thy
(
f
a
)
a
< 0,nn n tn ti gi tr cc tiu.
Nn n tn ti hng s tha mn
f
a
=
g
a
.
27(
1
a
2
+ a
2
) =
T trn ta c a, b, c, d = k hoc
1
k
.
1) Nu a, b, c, d = k th k = 1, ta tm c f > 0.
2) Nu a, b, c = k v d =
1
k
, th k =
1
3
v f = 0.
3) Nu a, b = k v c, d =
1
k
, th k = 1, v f > 0.
T 1) 2) 3) ta c iu cn chng minh.
10 Cho a, b, c, d thc dng tha a + b + c + d + abcd = 5. Chng minh rng:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
4
Gii
t f(a; b; c; d) =
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
v g(a; b; c; d) = a + b + c + d + abcd 5 = 0
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = f g =
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
(a + b + c + d + abcd 5)
_

_
L
a
=
1
a
2
(1 + bcd) = 0
L
b
=
1
b
2
(1 + acd) = 0
L
c
=
1
c
2
(1 + bad) = 0
L
d
=
1
d
2
(1 + bca) = 0
=
1
a
2
(1 + bcd)
=
1
b
2
(1 + acd)
=
1
c
2
(1 + abd)
=
1
1 + d
2
(acb)
T 2 phng trnh u ta c:
a
2
(1 + bcd) = b
2
(1 + cad) (a b)(a + b + abcd) = 0
T a + b + abcd > 0 ta c a = b. Tng t ta c a = c = d nn a = b = c = d
S dng gi thit a+b+c+d+abcd = 5 ta thu c a
4
+4a5 = 0 (a1)(a
3
+a
2
+a+5) = 0 gii
phng trnh ny ta tm c a = 1. Do a = b = c = d = 1. Nn f(1, 1, 1, 1) = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
vy ta c iu cn chng minh.
11 Cho a, b, c thc dng tha a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
7(ab + bc + ac) 9abc + 2
Gii
t f(a; b; c) = 7(ab + cb + ac) 9abc 2 , g(a; b; c) = a + b + c 1 Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = f g = 7(ab + bc + ac) 9abc 2 (a + b + c 1)
7
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im cc tr l nghim ca h
_

_
L
a
= 7(b + c) 9bc = 0
L
b
= 7(c + a) 9ac
L
c
= 7(a + b) 9ab = 0

_
= 7(b + c) 9bc
= 7(a + c) 9ac
= 7(b + a) 9ba
Nn
7(b + c) 9bc = 7(c + a) 9ac = (b a)(7 9c) = 0(1)
Thit lp tng t ta cng c (c a)(7 9a) = 0(2) v (a c)(7 9b) = 0(3) gii phng trnh ta
c a = b = c =
1
3
v
f(a; b; c) = 7(ab + bc + ac) 9abc 2 =
21
9

9
27
2 = 0
T (1) nu a = b v b = c th t phng trnh trn ta c a =
7
9
= b v a +b =
14
9
> 1 iu ny mu
thun do a + b < a + b + c = 1
Nu 7 9c = 0 th ta khng th c 7 9a = 0 hoc 7 9b = 0 nn t (2); (3) ta phi c b = c v
a = c nn a = b = c =
7
9
.
Vy gi tr nh nht L = 0 hay 7(ab + ac + bc) 9abc + 2
12 Cho a, b, c thc tha a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
= 1 chng minh rng:
A = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ abc + bcd + cda + dab 1
Gii
Ta thit lp hm Lagrange
L = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ d
3
+ abc + bcd + cda + dab 1 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ a
2
1)
im cc tr l nghim ca h
_

_
f
a
= 3a
2
+ bc + cd + bd 2a = 0
f
b
= 3b
2
+ ac + cd + ad 2b = 0
f
c
= 3c
2
+ ba + bd + ad 2c = 0
f
d
= 3d
2
+ bc + ca + ba 2d = 0
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
= 1

_
2 =
3a
2
+ bc + ac + bd
a
2 =
3b
2
+ ac + cd + ad
b
2 =
3c
2
+ ba + bd + ad
c
2 =
3d
2
+ ca + bc + ab
d
Ta quy c nu mu bng 0 th t bng 0 T y ta c:
3a
2
+ bc + ac + bd
a
=
3b
2
+ ac + cd + ad
b
8
T
T
K
=
3c
2
+ ba + bd + ad
c
=
3d
2
+ ca + bc + ab
d
= 2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz ta c:
9V T
2
= [

a(3a
2
+ bc + cd + db)]
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)[

(3a
2
+ bc + cd + db)
2
]
= 9(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
)
2
2(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ d
2
a
2
+ d
2
b
2
+ c
2
d
2
) abc(a + b + c)
bcd(b + c + d) cda(c + d + a) bab(b + d + a) 9
Tht vy bt ng thc cui tng ng:
2
_
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ d
2
a
2
+ d
2
b
2
+ c
2
d
2
_
abc (a + b + c)+bcd (b + c + d)+cda (c + d + a)+dab (d + b + a)
Lun ng do AM GM. (b [2; 2; 0; 0] [2; 1; 1; 0] Bt ng thc c chng minh.
12 (IMO Shortlist 2007) Cho a
1
; a
2
; ...a
100
0 tha a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ ... + a
2
100
= 1 chng minh rng:
a
2
1
a
2
+ a
2
2
a
3
+ ... + a
2
100
a
1
Gii
thun tin bin i ta t a
101
= a
1
; a
102
= a
2
v S = a
2
1
a
2
+a
2
2
a
3
+... +a
2
100
a
1
p dng bt ng
thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
9S
2
=
_
100

k=1
a
k+1
(a
k
2
+ 2a
k+1
a
k+2
)
_
2

_
100

k=1
a
k+1
2
_
_
_
100

k=1
(a
k
2
+ 2a
k+1
a
k+2
)
2
_
_
=
100

k=1
(a
k
2
+ 2a
k+1
a
k+2
)
2
=
100

k=1
(a
k
4
+ 4a
k
2
a
k+1
a
k+2
+ 4a
k+1
2
a
k+2
2
)
2
Mt khc theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
4a
k
2
a
k+1
a
k+2
2a
2
k
(a
2
k+1
+ a
2
k+1
)
T trn ta c
9S
2

100

k=1
_
a
4
k
+ 2a
2
k
(a
2
k+1
+ a
2
k+2
) + 4a
2
k+1
a
2
k+2

=
100

k=1
_
a
4
k
+ 6a
2
k+1
a
2
k
+ 2a
2
k
a
2
k+2

S dng cc nh gi n gin
100

k=1
_
a
4
k
+ 2a
2
k+1
a
2
k
+ 2a
2
k
a
2
k+2

_
100

k=1
a
2
k
_
2
= 1
100

k=1
a
2
k
a
2
k+1

_
50

i=1
a
2
2i1
__
50

j=1
a
2
2j
_
Ta c:
9S
2
1 + 4
_
50

i=1
a
2
2i1
__
50

j=1
a
2
2j
_
1 +
_
50

i=1
a
2
2i1
+
50

j=1
a
2
2j
_
2
= 2
T y suy ra S

2
3
<
12
25
. Vy bi ton c chng minh
9
T
T
K
BI TP
Bi 1: Cho x, y, z thc thuc on [0; 1], chng minh rng
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1 + x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x
Bi 2: Cho x; y; z thc dng. Chng minh rng:
x
1 + x + xy
+
y
1 + y + yz
+
z
1 + z + xz
1
Bi 3: (USAMO -1997)Cho a; b; c; d thc dng. Chng minh rng:
25 (a + b + c + d + e)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d
+
1
e
_
25 + 6
__
p
q

_
q
p
_
2
Bi 4: (USAMO 2001) Cho a, b, c thc dng tha a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc = 4 chng minh rng
ab + bc + ac abc 2
Bi 5: (1999 Canada Math Olympiad) Cho x, y, z l nhng s thc khng m tha x + y + z = 1.
Chng minh rng
x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x
4
27
Bi 6: (Bt ng thc Schur) Cho a, b, c 0.Chng minh
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 3abc ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
Bi 7: (Romanian IMO-BMO TST -2007)Cho cc s thc a
1
; a
2
; ...a
n
; b
1
; b
2
; ...b
n
(n 2) tha mn
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+ ... + a
2
n
= b
2
1
+ b
2
2
+ ... + b
2
n
= 1; a
1
b
1
+ a
2
b
2
+ ... + a
n
b
n
= 0. Chng minh rng
(a
1
+ a
2
+ ... + a
n
)
2
+ (b
1
+ b
2
+ ... + b
n
)
2
n
Bi 8: Cho a
1
, a
2
, ...., a
n
> 0 v a
1
.a
2
....a
n
= 1.Chng minh
1
(1 + a
1
)
k
+
1
(1 + a
2
)
k
+ ...... +
1
(1 + a
n
)
k
min
_
1;
n
2
k
_
k 0
Bi 9: (VMEO II)Cho a, b, c, x, y, z tha ax + by + cz = xyz. Chng minh
x + y + z
_
4(a + b + c) +
_
8(ab + bc + ca)
Bi 10: Cho a, b, c > 0 tha a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh:
2(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a) + 15 3(a + b + c) + 4(ab + bc + ca)
Bi 11: Cho a, b, c R tha 2a
3
+ 2b
3
+ c
3
= 4.Tm GTLN v GTNN ca
c
2
2ab
Bi 12:Cho a, b, c 0, a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ ab + bc + ca 6
10
T
T
K
Bi vit xin kt thc ti y. Nhn y, ti xin cm n anh Hong Quc Vit-sinh vin trng
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni c nhng kin ng gp hon thin chuyn ny.
Vic bin son khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, rt mong nhng kin ng gp ca cc bn
chuyn c hon thin hn! Mi ng gp xin gi v a ch: manmelody193@yahoo.com
Ti liu
[1] V Quc B Cn -Trn Quc Anh S dng phng Php Cauchy-Schwarz chng minh bt
ng thc.
[2] www.diendantoanhoc.net
[3] www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum
[4] Ng Thnh Phong Gio trnh gin yu gii tch ton hc - HKHTN -HQG TPHCM
[5] Zdravko Cvetkovski Inequalities theorems, techniques and Selected Problems
11