Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus

Department of Power Distribution and High-Voltage Technology

Dr. Klaus Pfeiffer

Electrical Distribution Systems I

LG 3 Walther-Pauer-Strae 5 03046 Cottbus Phone: (0355) 69-4035 klaus.pfeiffer@tu-cottbus.de

September, 2005

Script M.V. and L.V. electrical equipment

Contents 1 2 3 4 5 M.V. switching devices L.V. switching devices M.V switchgears L.V. switchgears Example short-circuit calculation

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1. Medium-voltage switching devices

1.1 Overview Switching capacity Short-circuit current Switching device Circuit breaker Switch Switch disconnector Fuse-switch disconnector Disconnector Vacuum contactor Earthing switch H.V. HRC fuse Operating current X X X X
___

Breaking capacity X
___ ___

Making capacity X X X X
___ ___ ___ ___

Isolating distance X
___

Symbol

X X X
___ ___ ___

X
___ ___ ___

X
___ ___

1.2

Medium-voltage circuit breaker

Rated values English Rated operating voltage Rated operational current Rated short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-circuit making capacity Rated short-time withstand current Rated short-circuit duration German Bemessungsbetriebsspannung Bemessungsbetriebsstrom Bemessungskurzschlussausschaltstrom Bemessungskurzschlusseinschaltvermgen Bemessungskurzzeitstrom fr 1s Bemessungskurzschlussdauer Ue Ie Iar Icm Icw(1s) tkr

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Standard medium-voltage circuit breaker (commercially available) Rated operating voltage Rated operational current Rated short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-circuit making capacity Rated short-time withstand current Rated short-circuit duration Ue = (3,6 36) kV Ie = (630 2500) A Iar = (16 50) kA Icm = (40 125) kA Icw(1s) = Iar tkr = (1 3) s

Stress values Ib ip I k Ia Ith(1s) tk operational current prospective peak short-circuit current prospective initial short-circuit alternating current prospective symmetrical short-circuit current at breaking time thermal equivalent short-circuit current for 1s short-circuit duration

Ia = I k
m + n t k Ith(1s) = Ik

m,n

Factor according VDE 0102 Factors according VDE 0102

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Selection of M.V. circuit breakers

Withstand > Stress Ue > Ub Ie > Ib Iar > Ia Icm > ip Icw(1s) > Ith(1s) tkr > tk

Illustration of isolating distance

U = U Ygrid 1 U Ygrid 2
Umax in case of phase opposition At Umax no flash-over across the isolating distance between open contacts has to occur.

Arc quenching Vacuum circuit breaker

vacuum is the arc quenching medium hermetically closed arc quenching chamber pressure: (10-3 10-6) Pa distance between the contact elements: about 6 mm recovery strength of the isolating distance between contacts of about 50 kV in 10 s after current zero current chopping (some Amps) before current zero possible in that case switching overvoltages occur

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Oil-blast circuit breaker

thermal decomposition of the oil due to the arc hydrogen is produced (gas-vapourbubble) hydrogen has a very good thermal conductivity cooling of the arc and heat dissipation from the arc column several designs: a) arc columns is blown crosswise b) arc column is blown lengthwise

Main difference between the two arc quenching principles: An arc needs a plasma and therewith an ionized gas. This ionized gas isnt available in a vacuum. The vacuum arc is a complete metal vapour arc (metal vapour from the contact material surface).

1.3 M.V. HRC fuses

(HRC = High Rupturing Capacity)

Rated values
English Nominal current Minimum breaking current Nominal breaking current German Nennstrom Mindestausschaltstrom Nennausschaltstrom In Iamin Ia

Note: The term rated (Bemessung) instead of nominal (Nenn) is not yet adopted for fuses.

Fields of application

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Time-current-characteristics

Current limitation characteristics

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Nominal current of M.V. HRC fuses in dependency of the rated apparent transformer power rated percentage impedance: ukr = 4% (with exception of SrT = 1000 kVA: ukr = 6%) Rated apparent transformer power SrT [kVA] 100 Um [kV] 12 24 16 10 250 40 25 630 100 50 1000 160 80 Nominal current of the M.V. HRC fuse In [A]

Nominal current of H.R.C.-fuses in dependency on the motor parameters Motor start-up duration ta [s] 15 15 15 Number of start-ups per hour 2 8 16 Maximum permissible motor start-up current [A] at nominal current of M.V. HRC fuse 50 A 85 70 60 160 A 310 260 235 250 A 635 530 475

2. Low-voltage switching devices

2.1 Overview Switching capacity Short-circuit current Operating current Air circuit breaker Moulded-case circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breaker Switch disconnector Fuse-switch disconnector L.V. HRC fuse X X X X X
___

Breaking capacity X X X
___

Making capacity X X X X X
___

Symbol

X X

Note: The term air circuit breaker is derived from the arc chamber, which is not completely closed but opened to the ambient.

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2.2 Differences between air circuit breaker and moulded-case circuit breaker

Air circuit breaker

circuit breaking after a certain time delay is possible no short-circuit limitation category B (according to EN 60947-2) particularly suitable for selectivity

Moulded-case circuit breaker

undelayed circuit breaking short-circuit limitation category A (according to EN 60947-2) unsuitable or only restricted suitable for selectivity Category Circuit breaker type Breaking capacity Short-time withstand current Time delay A Moulded-case circuit breaker high 0 not possible (or only few ms) B Air circuit breaker lower than at category A breaking capacity possible

Note: Moulded-case circuit breaker for category B are also available. For these circuit breakers Icw(1s) = 12 Iu applies.

2.3 Air circuit breakers

Rated values
English Rated continuous current (at 40C) Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacitiy Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-time withstand current for 0,3s or 1s or 3s Rated short-circuit making capacity (peak value) German Bemessungsdauerstrom (bei 40C) Bemessungsgrenzkurzschlussausschaltvermgen Bemessungsbetriebskurzschlussausschaltvermgen Bemessungskurzzeitstrom for 0,3s oder 1s oder 3s Bemessungskurzschlusseinschaltvermgen Iu Icu Ics Icw Icm

Note: Number of circuit breakings - at ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity Icu - at service short-circuit breaking capacity Ics
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Dependence of the short-circuit breaking capacity on the rated operation voltage

Ue = 400 V Ue = 690 V Air circuit breaker Moulded-case circuit breaker slight decrease strong decrease

Standard L.V. circuit breakers (commercially available)

Rated operating voltage Rated continuous current Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity Rated ultimate short-circuit breaking capacity Rated short-circuit making capacity Rated short-time withstand current Ue = (230 , 400 , 690) kV Iu = (100 6300) A Ics = (16 150) kA Icu Ics Icm = (55 300) kA Icw = (5 100) kA (for category B)

Selection of L.V. circuit breakers

Selection of category (A or B) Iu > Ib

Ics > I k
Icm > ip

or Icu > I k

Icw(1s) > Ith(1s)

2.6 L.V. HRC fuses

Current limitation

ts tLi ta iD

pre-arcing time (melting time) arcing time clearing time (total operation time) cut-off current

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Cut-off characteristics
Utilization category gL/gG for cable and line protection (general power supply application) full range breaking capacity for overload protection and short-circuit protection Utilization category aM for protection of motor circuits partial range breaking capacity only short-circuit protection no operation at motor start-up currents

Rated voltages
AC DC 400 V , 500 V , 690 V 250 V , 440 V , 750 V

Sizes
Nominal current [A] Size 00 0 1 2 3 4a
1)

500 V AC / 440 V DC 6 100 6 160 1) 80 250 125 400 315 630 500 1250

690 V AC 6 100 ---80 200 125 315 315 500 500 - 800

Not permitted for new plants.

Time-current-characteristics

Note: In time-current-characteristics the manufacturer always gives the prearcing time.

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Time-current-characteristics

Current limitation characteristics

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Breaking capacity
Un 690 V AC Un 750 V DC Ics = 120 kA (minimum value Ics = 50 kA) Ics = 25 kA

Fields of application

3. Medium-voltage switchgears
Rated values
English Rated operational current Rated short-time withstand current Rated peak short-circuit current German Bemessungsbetriebsstrom Bemessungskurzzeitstrom fr 1s Bemessungsstostrom Ie Icw(1s) Ipk

Standard M.V. switchgear (commercially available)

Rated operational current Rated short-time withstand current Rated peak short-circuit current Ie = (630 1250) A Icw(1s) = (16 50) kA Ipk = (40 125) kA

Note: These parameters are applied for busbars and outgoing feeders.

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Selection of M.V. switchgears

Ie > Ib Icw(1s) > Ith(1s) Ipk > ip

3.1 Air-insulated medium-voltage switchgears

Unit design

The units consist of functional compartments, segregated from each other by means of metal partitions: - Busbar compartment - Apparatus compartment - Feeder compartment (the feeder compartment sometimes is subdivided into two partitions, so that an additional transformer compartment results) - Auxiliary compartment or Low-voltage compartment (for protection devices, control and measurement equipment) The pressure-resistant compartments have been created as barriers to avoid the movement of an internal arc, which means to avoid the arc, pass over from one compartment into another. This internal subdivision reduces the effect of arc faults outside their point of origin to a minimum.

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Switching devices - Circuit breaker - Fuse-switch disconnector - Switch-disconnector-fuse - Switch disconnector

Example: Outgoing feeder to a transformer in a wind turbine - Fuse-switch disconnector or - Switch-disconnector-fuse

Busbar bushing

1 2 4

5 7 8 9 10 11

Low-voltage compartment Circuit breaker Withdrawable unit for moving the circuit breaker in disconnected position Measuring sockets for capacitive voltage indicator system Bar connection from busbar to break contact Circuit breaker Earthing switch Current transformer Cable termination

Switchgear unit (circuit breaker unit) without compartments

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Switchgear (circuit breaker units) with removed circuit breaker. In this figure the circuit breaker is placed onto a handling truck. The truck is provided with a wheel system which makes the operations for racking the circuit breaker into and out of the switchgear unit possible.

3.2 Gas-insulated medium-voltage switchgears All live parts (busbar, apparatus, current- and voltage transformer etc.) are arranged in a gas-filled chamber. This chamber has to be hermetically sealed and gas-tight. SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) is used as insulating gas with a slight overpressure (p (2 3) bar; for comparison: air pressure: p 1 bar).

Advantages of the SF6-insulation

higher withstand voltage compared with air switchgear units can be designed with smaller dimensions protection against moisture and contamination the risk of arc occurrence is reduced

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Unit design
Switchgear unit (Circuit breaker)

Switchgear unit (switch disconnector)

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3.3 Arc protection The outer enclosure has to resist the very high pressures due to arcing faults. Arc tests are carried out to proof the following issues: - the compartment doors will remain closed - no components will be ejected from the switchgear - no flames or toxic gases will come out - no holes caused by a burning arc will appear in the outer enclosure Otherwise the requirements for operator protection are not met. = 15 kA: PB = 13 MW Approximate value for arc power in a 10-kV-switchgear at I k

For stressing the switchgear the arc energy WB is decisive:

WB = PB tag

For limiting the arc energy the total fault duration has to be minimised as low as possible. With special arc detection devices the total fault duration can be decreased to tag 100 ms. These arc detection devices respond to pressure or light due to the arc. For our example the arc energy is WB = 13 MW 100 ms = 1,3 MWs. This arc energy is still unacceptable high.

3.4 Some information about arcs

Core temperature Possible ambient temperature Speed (Assumption: 15 m/s in 100 ms a distance of 1,5 m) Illuminance (for comparison the illuminance in a office is about 500 Lux) Possible arc energy Possible forces onto the cubicle enclosure Pressure maximum

(15.000 20.000)C 5000C (15 50) m/s 106 Lux some Megawattseconds
100 kN (5 10) ms after fault begin

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4. Low-voltage switchgears
In L.V.-switchgears several function modules (outgoing feeders) are placed into one cubicle. Each cubicle with outgoing feeders is connected to the main busbar and has its own distribution bar. The distribution bar provides the connection link between the main busbar and the function modules, which contains the electrical components belonging to one function unit.

Three versions of function modules are available: - Fixed Technique - Plug-in-technique - Withdrawable technique

Rated values

Busbars, circuit breakers and function modules (withdrawable-technique or fixed-technique) have to be rated according to the following parameters: English Rated operational current Rated short-time withstand current Rated peak current German Bemessungsbetriebsstrom Bemessungskurzzeitstrom fr 1s Bemessungsstostrom Ie Icw(1s) Ipk

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Standard L.V. switchgear

Maximum rated values for busbars

Main busbar Distribution bar for connection of Circuit breaker Withdraw. technique Plug-in technique

R. operational current R. short-time withstand current R. peak current

Ie Ipk

[A] [kA]

6300 100 250

6300 100 220

1000 50 110

2000 50 110

Icw(1s) [kA]

Maximum permissible operational currents of - Distribution modules Ie = 800 A - Motor starter modules Ie = 630 A

Selection of L.V. switchgears

Ie > Ib Icw(1s) > Ith(1s) Ipk > ip

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4.1 Plug-in-technique

Basic elements for this technique are supporting plates, where the electrical components are placed. Such a unit is called function module. Depending on the application the components in the module are installed in various combinations. The module height depends on the equipment (components) and the rated power. The modules are installed horizontally at the module frame in the equipment compartment of the cubicle. The removable modules have plug-in connections to the incoming supply from the distribution bar, whereas the outgoing cables are connected permanently direct to the module terminals. The auxiliary circuits are connected via multi-pole plug-in contact units. The modules can be combined with front modules for indicating, measuring, signalling and operating equipment. The distribution bars are arranged vertically. When modules will be replaced, retrofitted, or a module extension is carried out (e.g. subsequent installation in spare modules), the cubicle must be disconnected from the mains.

Standard plug-in modules as motor starters, above two fuseless modules with currentlimiting circuit breakers, below two modules with fuse-switch disconnector

Replacing of a plug-in module with distribution bars dead

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Strip-type outgoing energy modules

Strip-type modules consist of a switch disconnector and L.V. HRC fuses. The switch disconnector is equipped with a spring-assisted mechanism, and the switching speed does not depend on the operation speed of the handle at the front. The switch is found on both sides of the fuses so that the fuses can be replaced under dead conditions. The modules are installed horizontally in the switchgear cubicle. The complete unit is mounted directly on the frame and connected through its own contact elements to the distribution bar. The outgoing cable connection is made with brackets or cable terminals. The switching state can be observed from outside through a transparent front cover and by the position of the handle. An interlocking device between the switch-disconnector and the front cover prevents the cover from being opened when the switch is closed.

Switchgear cubicle with strip-type energy modules

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4.2 Withdrawable technique

In this technique, components belonging to one functional group are assembled to form a single mechanical and electrical module as withdrawable type. Depending on the requirements or design the cubicles are divided into functional compartments.
Cubicle with incoming feeder

Busbar compartment Circuit breaker compartment Cable compartment

Cubicle with outgoing feeders

Busbar compartment The busbar compartment contains - busbars - distribution bars Equipment compartment The withdrawable function modules are situated there. Each module is a compartment themselves. Cable compartment The cable compartment contains - incoming and outgoing cables - appropriate accessories for interconnecting the modules - auxiliary accessories (cable clamps, cable connectors, wiring ducts, etc.

The busbars are arranged horizontally in the rear section of the cubicle.

Busbar system with four conductors per phase

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The distribution bar is embedded into a multi-function separator made of insulating material and held in place and covered by distribution bar covers. The multi-functional separator is resistant to accidental arcs and thus constitutes a partition between the equipment compartment and the busbar compartment.

Withdrawable module compartment with multi-function separator and distribution bar covers

Multi-functional separator with distribution bar covers and cable connection units (right side)

Withdrawable modules consist of a compartment bottom plate, guide rails, front posts and the contacts. These modules have plug-in contact units at both, the incoming (from distribution bar) and outgoing sides. The module size depends on the rated power and the equipment.

Standardized withdrawable modules are: Energy distribution by means of switch disconnector or moulded-case circuit breaker Motor starter with fuses Motor starter without fuses

The maximum rated current for withdrawable modules is Iemax = 630 A.

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The withdrawable modules can be withdrawn when connected to mains.

Single-line diagram for motor starter with fuses

Description of the operating handle positions of a module

Position of switch ON OFF TEST

Position of module in cubicle in cubicle in cubicle in cubicle -Isolated position -not in cubicle The module is 30 mm drawn out of the cubicle

Main- and control circuits All main- and control-circuits are connected All main- and control-circuits are disconnected All main-circuits are disconnected, the control-circuits are connected

MOVE

All main- and control-circuits are disconnected

ISOLATED

All main- and control-circuits are disconnected and the isolated requirements are met

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4.3 Arc protection

In low-voltage switchgears very high arc energies occur. The arc energy depends on the prospective short-circuit current and the total fault duration (see chapter 3.3).

Limit values for permissible arc energy

for switchgear protection for operator protection

WB = 100 kWs WB = 250 kWs

For decreasing the arc energy it is necessary to reduce the total fault duration at least to tag 100 ms. For fault locations onto the busbar it is impossible to achieve this very short fault duration when using time selectivity (time staggering). Only application of the reversed interlocking selectivity (zone selectivity) yields to total fault durations of about 100 ms for all fault locations. To reduce the effects of arc faults outside to their point of origin, several versions of compartments / internal subdivision of the cubicle are suggested in German Standard VDE 0660 Part 500.

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Version 1

Version 2

Version 3a

Version 3b

Version 4 Version 1 doesnt have any compartments. This version should not be applied.

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5. Example short-circuit calculation

Given:

Grid Q

Nominal voltage Short-circuit power R/X

Un S k

[kV] [MVA]

20 6286 0,035

Transformer

Rated voltage (H.V.)

Rated voltage (L.V.) Rated apparent power Vector group Rated percentage impedance Rated percentage resistance R0/R1 X0/X1

UrT UrT SrT ukr uRr

H.V.

[kV] [kV] [MVA] [%] [%]

20 10,5 45 Yy0 10,8 0,4 1 1 5 150 0,056

L.V.

Cable

Number of parallel systems Length R

[m] [/km] [/km]

X C b C 0 R0/R1 X0/X1
Find: (according to standard DIN EN 60909-0 / VDE 0102:2002-07)

0,099 613 613 10 4

[nF/km] [nF/km]

Maximum three-phase initial short-circuit current Peak short-circuit current

3 max I k
ip

Fault location: Busbar at the end of the cable

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Solution:

Grid:

c UnQ 1,1 (20 kV )2 ZQ = = = 69,99 m S 6286 MVA kQ

XQ =

ZQ RQ 1+ X Q
2 2

69,99 m 1 + 0,035 2

= 69,947 m

R Q = Z Q XQ =
2

(69,99m )2 (69,947m )2

= 2,45 m

Transformer:

10 ZT

(10,5 kV )2 = 0,2646 u U = kr rT = 0,108 100 SrT 45 MVA

kT = 0,95 cmax 1 + 0,6 xT

VDE 0102: correction factor kT for transformer impedances

ZTk = kT ZT

c-factors according to VDE 0102 Nominal voltage (100 1000) V > 1kV
1) 2)

cmax 1,05 1,10 1,10

1) 2)

cmin 0,95 1,0

Tolerance of nominal voltage: 6% Tolerance of nominal voltage: 10%

cmax 1,1 = 0,95 = 0,981 1 + 0,6 xT 1 + (0,6 0,108)

kT = 0,95

10 ZTk = 0,981 0,2646 = 0,2597 10 RT =

0,004 (10,5 kV ) = 0,0098 45 MVA

2
2 2

10 10 10 XT = ZTk RT

(0,2597 )2 (0,0098 )2

= 0,25957

Cable:

RK = XK =

1 0,056 0,15 km = 1,68 m 5 km 1 0,099 0,15 km = 2,97 m 5 km

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R Grid, referred to 20-kV-side 2,45 m

X 69,95 m

20 = 1,905 10,5

2 = 3,628 0,67 m 9,80 m 1,68 m 12,15 m 19,28 m 259,57 m 2,97 m 281,82 m Zk = 282,1 m

Grid, referred to 10-kV-side Transformer, referred to 10-kV-side Cable

I = k3max

c max Un = 3 Zk

1,1 10 kV = 22,5 kA 3 282,1 m

i p = 2 Ik3max

= 1,02 + 0,98 = 1,02

R 3 e X

12,15 3 + 0,98 e 281,82

= 1,88

i p = 2 1,88 22,6 kA = 60,1 kA

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