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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 8, AUGUST 2012

SIW-Based Array Antennas With Sequential Feeding for X-Band Satellite Communication
Eun-Young Jung, Jae W. Lee, Member, IEEE, Taek K. Lee, Member, IEEE, and Woo-Kyung Lee, Member, IEEE
AbstractNovel phased array antennas suitable for X-band satellite communication are introduced and investigated for right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) in a multi-layered fabrication. The primary function of the proposed antennas is to transmit high quality data obtained from satellites and the ground station systems with the lowest amount of loss. For accurate data transmission, the important parameters regarding antenna specications and electrical performance are the antenna gain and the high-purity polarization. Hence, this paper describes novel procedures for gain enhancements of the array antennas working at X-band (from 8.0 to 8.5 GHz) with an RHCP characteristic, including a single element, 2 2 array, and 2 4 array with four-way and eight-way power dividers, respectively. Taking into consideration the long-distance communication between a satellite and ground station, a substrate-integrated waveguide structure has been proposed, in particular because it is known to have low radiation loss and a low weight comparable to that of a microstrip, as well as low material loss similar to that of a metal-surrounded waveguide. Index TermsArray antenna, right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), sequential feeding, substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW).

I. INTRODUCTION S INTEREST in satellite communication systems has increased in modern satellite-related industries, it has become more difcult to obtain cutting-edge technology for payload and ground systems from other countries. Most X-band satellite antennas are usually employed to undertake the data transmission of high resolution captured and detected images from a satellite to a ground station. In this paper, with consideration given to the light weight, easy integration, and low radiation loss requirements that are inherent in long-distance communication, a novel substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW)-based array antenna as a preferred choice over the conventional microstrip line has been proposed and analyzed with several congurations. In particular, this proposed SIW-based structure as a replacement for a microstrip line has been applied for many passive and active devices by researchers [1][4].
Manuscript received March 01, 2011; revised January 26, 2012; accepted February 15, 2012. Date of publication May 22, 2012; date of current version July 31, 2012. This work was supported in by the National Space Laboratory (NSL) Program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology under Grant S10801000159-08A0100-15910. The authors are with the School of Electronics, Telecommunication, and Computer Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 412-791, Korea (e-mail: jeysh@naver.com; jwlee1@kau.ac.kr; tklee@kau.ac.kr; wklee@kau.ac.kr). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TAP.2012.2201075

Fig. 1. Electrical characteristics of an SIW-based single antenna. (a) Reection coefcients. (b) RHCP gain and axial ratio.

As a candidate for possessing the necessary high power transmission and low loss characteristics, SIW structures using via arrays to replace the side walls show similar characteristics as metallic rectangular waveguide encompassed by metals [5], [6]. In order to properly verify the low radiation loss from an SIW-based transmission line, the crosstalk problem between two transmission lines has been treated with comparison data in [6]. In order to increase the transmission efciency between satellite and ground system and enhance the antenna gain, the design procedure, simulation, and measured data of SIW-based 2 2 and 2 4 array antennas have been introduced with a single element operating at X-band from 8 to 8.5 GHz as shown in Fig. 1. The electrical performances depicted in Fig. 1 show the reection coefcient, right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) gain, and axial ratio bandwidths of a single antenna. In a single structure shown in Fig. 1(a), to overcome problems

0018-926X/$31.00 2012 IEEE

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such as feeding loss, undesirable radiation, and reduced efciency caused by using a hybrid coupled and series microstrip feeding structure, novel SIW-based and cavity-backed ring-slot antenna unied with a SIW and coaxial feeding network having low-loss and broadband impedance matching characteristics has been proposed for RHCP generation. In order to improve the narrow bandwidth in terms of axial ratio and enhance the CP-gain, SIW-based 2 2 and 2 4 array antennas with a sequential feeding scheme having a phase delay characteristic and low radiation loss have been designed and investigated for the application of X-band satellite communication antennas. In Section II, the design of the 2 2 array antenna and four-way power divider embedded into substrate are discussed. Also in Section III, the detailed design procedure of the 2 4 array antenna and eight-way power divider are dealt with, and the electrical characteristics are discussed. Finally, in Section IV, the effects of a sequential feeding scheme on the axial ratio and a simple operating principle of the proposed phased array are summarized, and this is followed by a brief conclusion in Section V. II. SIW-BASED 2 2 ARRAY ANTENNA

A. Four-Way Power Divider in the Bottom Layer In order to design the 2 2 array antenna using a single element shown in Fig. 1, it was necessary to design a power divider providing equal amplitude at each output port in the 2 2 array. For radiation efciency and easy fabrication in multi-layers, the SIW-based four-way equal power divider was designed and measured as a replacement for the microstrip structures [7][10]. Fig. 2 depicts the conguration and electrical performances of the four-way power divider embedded into substrate. In general, the operating frequency of the proposed four-way power divider is dependent on the separated distance parameter, fd, between the central feeding point and the extended guiding via. Hence, the center frequency, 8.25 GHz within 88.5 GHz, results in the determination of optimum parameter value, fd equal to 8.2 mm. As estimated from the data shown in Fig. 2(b), it is guaranteed that the simulated bandwidth of the reection coefcients amounts to 2.5 GHz ranging from 7.0 to 9.5 GHz, covering all the required impedance bandwidth from 8.0 to 8.5 GHz. B. 2 2 Array Antenna in the Top Layer By increasing the number of single antennas shown in Fig. 1 and incorporating the array antenna with the four-way power divider shown in Fig. 2 in a double layer, a novel SIW-based 2 2 array antenna has been designed as shown in Fig. 3, and the parameter values have been optimized for the best electrical performances. While four radiating elements and 90 phase-delay lines with a progressive phase shift for sequential feeding are aligned in the top layer, the SIW-embedded four-way power divider and additional phase-delay lines occupy the bottom layer. For an equal ground effect between the grounds of the two layers and signal transitions between the two layers, ground vias and the RF signal via transition for signal transmission without loss, as shown in Fig. 3, are employed, respectively. The overall resonant frequency of the 2 2 array antenna shown in Fig. 3(a)

Fig. 2. SIW-based four-way equal power divider. (a) Structure of four-way power divider. (b) Characteristic of -parameter.

is determined by controlling the radius R1 of the circular patch with the cavity under the patch antenna as follows [11]: (1) (2)

(3) where CF and K11 refer to the correction factor and the rst root of the rst-kind differentiated Bessel function of TM11 mode, respectively. The constant, , and parameter, , are the speed of light and the radius of the circular patch, respectively. As mentioned previously, one of the requirements of the 2 2 array antenna for satellite communication is the generation of the RHCP characteristic. This RHCP/left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) generation is usually dependent on the location of the shorting via inside the circular patch and the rotation angle of the shorting via [12], [13]. As important parameters for

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TABLE I SIMULATED DESIGN PARAMETERS AND VALUES OF 2

2 ARRAY ANTENNA

Fig. 4. Simulated and measured reection coefcients of 2

2 array antenna.

Fig. 3. Structure of SIW-based 2 2 array antenna. (a) Radiating antennas in the top layer. (b) Power divider in the bottom layer.

impedance matching, the parameters, gr and gw, can be modeled as asymmetrical inductive diaphragms changing the inductance and leading to the satisfaction of the matching condition at the input port [14]. The nal optimized parameter values are summarized in Table I for the best performances. In Table I, parameters and are essential for the sequential feeding to generate a progressive phase shift in the top and bottom layers. In the conguration depicted in Fig. 3(a) and (b), are set to be equal to for easy fabrication, and the difference between the nearest phase-delay lines has been determined to be equal to 9.56 mm accounting for the 90 phase shift. Contrary to a single antenna, the separated distance of the nearest radiating slot antenna plays an important

role in determining the number and magnitude of sidelobes and the mainlobe level, which affects the overall radiation pattern and total gain. In general, it is well known that the optimized separated distance between the radiating elements is dependent on the alignment of the array structure and the main beam direction. In this paper, the minimum separated distance between radiating elements has been set up to be optimized as by applying the rule of thumb of [15][17]. The employed substrate for the fabricated 2 2 array antenna in Fig. 3 is an RT/Duroid 5880 having a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 1.57 mm. For a perfect ground connection between the two layers, several ground vias have been adopted. Under the criterion that the reection coefcient must be less than dB, it is observed from Fig. 4 that the measured and simulated results show wide input impedance bandwidths covering 1.1 GHz from 7.74 to 8.84 GHz and 1.3 GHz from 7.4 to 8.7 GHz, respectively. As important electrical characteristics, the RHCP gain and axial ratio of the proposed antenna have been investigated by using simulations and measurements, as shown in Fig. 5. There is a discrepancy, which appears as a frequency shift in the data, due to the tolerance error in the manufacturing process of the radius of the radiating circular elements. Fig. 6 delineates simultaneously the RHCP and LHCP gains in - and -planes at 8.3 and 8.4 GHz of the 2 2 array antenna. It is expected that the cross-polarization level describing the relative ratio of RHCP (Co-pol.) to LHCP is above 15 dB in the mainbeam direction of from Fig. 6. This indicates of that the proper position and the optimized rotating angle

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Fig. 5. RHCP gain and axial ratio result of 2

2 array antenna. Fig. 7. -parameter characteristics of eight-way equal power divider.

III. SIW-BASED 2

4 ARRAY ANTENNA

A. Eight-Way Power Divider in the Bottom Layer As the next step to increase the antenna gain and improve RHCP purity, a 2 4 array antenna with a novel eight-way power divider was designed and investigated. The power divider was installed in the bottom layer fed by the input source in the overall antenna structure. By selecting the optimum value of the parameter, fd, to resonate at the operating frequency of 9.3 mm, the SIW-embedded eight-way power divider satisfying equal division at all output ports was designed, fabricated, and measured for comparison. Fig. 7 shows the simulated -parameter characteristics of the eight-way power divider. B. 2 4 Array Antenna in the Top Layer

Fig. 6. Measured radiation patterns of 2 plane, plane). (b) 8.4 GHz ( plane,

2 array antenna. (a) 8.3 GHz ( plane).

shorting via in the radiating elements have been attained and a reasonable solution has been conrmed.

With the high data rate required in X-band satellite communication and the extending 2 2 array antenna taken into consideration, a novel 2 4 array antenna has been proposed to improve RHCP gain and enhance the CP-purity with an optimized sequential feeding scheme. In a similar conguration to the 2 2 array antenna described in Section II, the proposed 2 4 array antenna has eight radiating elements in the top layer [shown in Fig. 8(a)], an eight-way power divider, and phasedelay lines in the bottom layer [in Fig. 8(b)]. In order to maintain the electrical performance, the parameters R1 (slot radius) and ad (the separate distance) have been newly optimized while the other parameters are nearly the same as those of the 2 2 array antenna. For sequential feeding which protects the electric eld from being canceled in the opposite elements, the eight elements have been divided into four groups, namely A, B, C, and D, as shown in Fig. 9(a) and (b), and each group is fed by a 90 phase-delayed line and equal magnitude. However, the feeding signals of the two elements inside each group are provided by equal phase and equal amplitude. For example, the total lengths of the delay lines of the two elements in group A are equal to each other, as in . At this time, and are not equal to and , respectively. In a similar way, the total phase-delay line of one radiating element in group B is which is equal to the sum of and . The total difference of the phase-delay line between groups A and B

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 8, AUGUST 2012

Fig. 9. Simulated and measured reection coefcients of 2

4 array antenna.

Fig. 10. RHCP gain and axial ratio results of 2

4 array antenna.

Fig. 8. Structure of SIW-based 2 4 array antenna. (a) Top layer. (b) Bottom layer. (c) Fabricated 2 4 array antenna.

RHCP in simulation and measured data are 15.2 and 14.6 dBic at 8.3 and 8.4 GHz, respectively, which represents a 100 MHz frequency deviation between the two results. However, the deviation is small enough to be neglected because of the 1-dB tolerance. Meanwhile, it is observed from Fig. 10 that the simulated axial ratio bandwidth covers 600 MHz from 7.9 to 8.5 GHz under the criterion of 3 dB, and the measured results reach 550 MHz from 8.1 to 8.65 GHz. The radiation patterns described in Fig. 11 show that the beam patterns of the -plane are sharper than those of the -plane. This phenomenon is due to the number of array elements in the -plane being longer than that of the array elements in the -plane. In Table II, the electrical performances of the proposed three antennas focused on the SIW-based structure are listed for easy comparison. As expected, it is seen that the increase of antenna elements and the employment of sequential feeding result in the high gain and wide bandwidth with high CP-purity. IV. EFFECTS OF SEQUENTIAL FEEDING SCHEME In general, it is well known that the sequential feeding scheme previously applied in the 2 2 and 2 4 array antenna is useful, with respect to feeding, for an equal amplitude and a progressive phase shift between the nearest radiating elements at the output ports. This feeding scheme leads to an enhancement of axial ratio bandwidth in the CP-generation of an array antenna and an improvement of CP-purity [18][20].

can be calculated as , which results in the phase difference of 90 . Fig. 8(c) shows the fabricated 2 4 array antenna which measures 141 mm (length) by 109 mm (width). In terms of the reection coefcients, Fig. 9 depicts a good agreement between the simulated and measured data covering the required bandwidth from 8 to 8.45 GHz under the criterion of less than dB. Fig. 10 shows the measured and simulated data of RHCP gains and axial ratio of the 2 4 array antenna. From Fig. 10, it is seen that the peak gains of

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Fig. 12. Example of the generated E-eld direction for 2

2 array antenna.

Fig. 11. Measured radiation patterns of 2 plane, plane). (b) 8.4 GHz ( plane,

4 array antenna. (a) 8.3 GHz ( plane).

TABLE II SUMMARY OF MEASURED ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DESIGNED AND FABRICATED SIW-BASED ANTENNAS

Fig. 13. Radiation pattern variations of array antenna according to sequential feeding. (a) 2 2 array antenna. (b) 2 4 array antenna.

In this paper, a 90 phase delay line has been employed for sequential feeding. As a simple principle of high-purity CP-generation in the proposed SIW-based array antenna, each component of the generated electric elds in each radiating element

fed from the power divider has considerable importance in the overall operation as shown in Fig. 12. If elements No. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are fed by an equal amplitude and equal phase reference, the electric elds at the opposite position will be cancelled out like the E1s of No. 1 and No. 3 and E1s of No.2 and No. 4. However,

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 8, AUGUST 2012

V. CONCLUSION In this paper, a single element and two types of novel array antennas focused on the SIW-based design have been suggested, designed, and investigated in terms of electrical performances. In particular, in order to minimize the radiation loss for longdistance communication, novel SIW-based array antennas have been employed and sequential feeding has been adopted for an enhancement of RHCP characteristics. As a systematical design procedure of the SIW-based array antenna, a single element operating at X-band ranging from 8.0 to 8.5 GHz, a 2 2 array antenna with double layers including a four-way power divider, and 2 4 array antennas with different sequential phase progression have been designed, fabricated, and measured for verication between simulation and measured results, and an improvement in electrical performance has been obtained, particularly with respect to reection coefcient bandwidth, antenna gain, and axial ratio bandwidth. In addition, it is ensured from the data that the proposed novel structure could be particularly useful for a small satellite with limitations regarding weight and size. REFERENCES
[1] F. Xu and K. Wu, Guided-wave and leakage characteristics of substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 6673, Jan. 2005. [2] W. Che, K. Dong, D. Wang, and Y. L. Chow, Analytical equivalence between substrate-integrated waveguide and rectangular waveguide, IET Microw. Antenna Propag., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3541, Feb. 2008. [3] J. Xu, W. Hong, H. Tang, Z. Kuai, and K. Wu, Half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) leaky-wave antenna for millimeterwave applications, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 8588, 2008. [4] D. Deslandes and K. Wu, Substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antenna: Concept and design considerations, presented at the AsiaPacic Microw. Conf. (APMC), Sochou, China, Dec. 2005. [5] C. A. Balanis, Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley, 1989. [6] A. C. Scogna and A. Orlandi, Systematic analysis of the signal integrity performance of substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs), in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., Jul. 2010, pp. 784789. [7] S. Chen, A radial waveguide power divider for Ka-band phased array antenna, in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Microw. Millimeter Wave Tech. (ICMMT), Aug. 2002, pp. 948951. [8] T. Seo, J. W. Lee, and C. S. Cho, Radial guided 4-way unequal power divider using substrate integrated waveguide with center-fed structure, presented at the Proc. AsiaPacic Microw. Conf., APMC2009, Singapore, Dec. 2009. [9] E. Y. Jung, T. Y. Seo, J. H. Kang, J. W. Lee, T. K. Lee, and W. K. Lee, A novel circular-polarized array antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide for satellite communication, presented at the 4th Eur. Conf. Antenna Propag. (EuCAP), Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2010. [10] K. Song, Y. Fan, and Y. Zhang, Eight-way substrate integrated waveguide power divider with low insertion loss, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 14731477, Jun. 2008. [11] N. C. Karmakar, Investigations into a cavity-backed circular-patch antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 17061715, Dec. 2002. [12] D. Kim, J. W. Lee, C. S. Cho, and T. K. Lee, X-band circular ringslot antenna embedded in single-layered SIW for circular polarization, Electron. Lett., vol. 45, pp. 668669, 2009. [13] D. Kim, J. W. Lee, T. K. Lee, and C. S. Cho, Design of SIW cavitybacked circular-polarized antennas using two different feeding transitions, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 13981403, Apr. 2011. [14] N. Marcuvitz, Waveguide Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951. [15] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley Interscience, 2005. [16] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998. [17] R. Garg, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook. Norwood, MA: Aretch House, 2000.

Fig. 14. Axial ratio variations of array antenna according to sequential feeding. (a) 2 2 array antenna. (b) 2 4 array antenna.

this problem can be overcome by feeding each element with progressively different phases. Depending on the phase difference in each element, the electric eld E1 generated at No. 1 will be combined with the electric eld E4 generated at No.4 of a 90 phase delayed. From the entire structure shown in Fig. 12, it is conrmed that all the generated electric elds at an instance have the same direction by the generation of E1 at No. 1, E4 at No. 2, E3 at No. 3, and E2 at No. 4. Because of the feeding of equal phases, eld cancellation can be properly avoided. In order to check the effects of the sequential feeding scheme on the 2 2 and 2 4 array antenna, the variation of radiation patterns and axial ratios with/without the phase delay lines have been simulated and evaluated. In the case with/without phase delay line, which is shown in Figs. 13(a) and (b), it is observed that there is a null point due to the eld cancellation at the direction of , and a similar phenomenon occurs in both the 2 2 and 2 4 array antennas. In addition, a sequential feeding scheme affects the axial ratio characteristic as well as the radiation patterns in the array antennas. Hence, Fig. 14 depicts the axial ratio characteristics before and after a sequential feeding and phase-delay lines are applied in the case of 2 2 and 2 4 array antennas. It is seen from Fig. 14 that the electrical performance with respect to axial ratio without phase delay lines becomes about 10 dB worse than those with phase delay lines. The reason is thought to be the eld cancellation generated from the radiating elements located at the opposite sides when the phase delay line is not employed.

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[18] P. S. Hall, J. S. Dahele, and J. R. James, Design principles of sequentially fed, wide bandwidth, circularly polarized microstrip antennas, in IEE Proc., Oct. 1989, vol. 136, pt. H, no. 5, pp. 381389. [19] P. S. Hall, Application of sequential feeding to wide bandwidth, circularly polarised microstrip patch arrays, in IEE Proc., Oct. 1989, vol. 136, pt. H, no. 5, pp. 390398. [20] P. S. Hall, Feed radiation effects in sequentially rotated microstrip patch arrays, Electron. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 877878, 1978.

Eun-Young Jung received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electronics, telecommunications, and computer engineering from Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Korea, in 2009 and 2011. Her research interests include UWB antenna design and array antenna design for satellite communication.

Taek K. Lee (S83M90) was born in Gyeongbuk, Korea, on January 11, 1958. He received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Korea University, Seoul, Korea, in 1983, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, Korea, in 1985 and 1990, respectively. From May 1990 to April 1991, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with The University of Texas at Austin (under a grant from the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation). From August 1991 to February 1992, he was with KAIST. In March 1992, he joined the faculty of Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Korea, where he is currently a Professor with the School of Electronics, Telecommunication, and Computer Engineering. From July 2001 to July 2002, he was an Associate Visiting Research Professor with the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. His research interests include computational electromagnetics, antennas, analysis and design of microwave passive circuits, and geophysical scattering.

Jae W. Lee (S92M98) received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1992, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering (with an emphasis in electromagnetics) from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Taejon, Korea, 1994, and 1998, respectively. From 1998 to 2004, he was a Senior Member in the Advanced Radio Technology Department, Radio and Broadcasting Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Taejon, Korea. He later joined the School of Electronics, Telecommunications and Computer Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang, Korea, where he is currently an Associate Professor. From January 2011 to January 2012, he was a Visiting Scholar with Clemson University, SC. His research interests include high power amplier design, computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility analysis on printed circuit board, and component design in microwave and millimeter-wave.

Woo-Kyung Lee (S94M00) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Seoul, Korea, in 1990 and 1994, and the Ph.D. degree from the University College London, United Kingdom, in 2000, all in electrical engineering. From 1999 to 2002, he worked as a Research Professor at SaTReC, KAIST, and was involved in developing communication and antenna systems for small satellite systems. From 2003 to 2004, he worked at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology for UWB, antenna, communication system researches. In 2004, he joined the Electrical Engineering and Avionics Department, Korea Aerospace University, Seoul, Korea, where he currently works as an Associate Professor. His research interests are in the area of communication and radar system design, spaceborne antenna development, image processing, and electronic counter measure and electronic counter counter measure techniques.