Constitution of India Preamble Summary

1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PREAMBLE
WE , T HE PEO PLE O F I ND IA , hav ing sol em nly re solv ed to

c ons titu te Indi a into a SO VE RE IG N SO CI AL IST S EC UL AR DE MO CR AT IC
R EPU BL IC and to se cu re to al l its c iti ze ns :
JU ST IC E, soc ia l, ec onom ic and politi ca l;
LI BERTY of thought, expr es si on, bel ie f, f aith and wo rs hip;
EQ UA LI TY of s ta tus and of opportun ity;
a nd to prom ot e am ong th em all
FR AT ER NI TY as su ring the digni ty of th e ind ividua l and the unity

a nd int eg rity of the N at ion;
IN OU R C ON ST IT UE NT ASS EMB LY thi s t we nty- six th day of

Nov em be r, 1949, do H ER EB Y A DO PT, E NA CT AN D GI VE TO
O UR SE LV ES T HIS C ON ST ITU TI ON .
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
1. Name and t er ri to ry of the Un ion. —(1 ) Indi a, tha t is Bha ra t, s ha ll be
a Un ion of St at es .
(2) The St at es a nd th e te rr itor ie s the re of sh al l b e a s sp ec if ie d in the Fi rs t
S che dule .
(3) The te rr ito ry of Ind ia sh al l c omp ri se —
(a ) the te rr ito rie s of the St at es ;
(b ) the Union t er rito ri es s pe ci fi ed in th e Fir st Sch edu le ; a nd
( c) such oth er t er rito ri es a s ma y be ac qui red .
2. A dmis si on or e st abli sh me nt of n ew S tat es . — Pa rli am en t ma y by la w
a dm it into the Un ion, or e st ab lis h, new St at es on su ch te rm s and condi tion s
a s it think s f it.
2A. [Si kk im to be a sso cia ted with the U nion. ] R ep. by the Cons titu tion
( Thir ty - si xth Am end men t) Ac t, 1975, s. 5 ( w. e. f. 26- 4-1975).
3. Fo rmat ion of n ew S tat es and alt er at ion of a re as , bounda ri es o r
na me s of ex is ting Sta te s. —P ar lia me nt m ay by l aw —
(a ) for m a new St at e by s ep ar at ion of t er ri tory fro m any Sta te or by
unit ing t wo or mo re Sta te s or pa rt s of St at es or by unit ing any t er ri tory
to a pa rt of a ny S ta te ;
(b ) inc re as e th e ar ea of a ny St at e;
( c) dim inis h th e ar ea of a ny St at e;
(d ) alt er th e bounda rie s of any Sta te ;
( e) alt er th e na me of any St at e:
Provid ed tha t no Bil l for the purpo se sh al l be introdu ce d in e ith er Hou se
of P arl ia me nt ex ce pt on th e re co mm end at ion of th e Pre si den t and unle ss ,
wh er e th e propos al con ta ined in the Bi ll affe ct s the a re a, boundar ie s or
n am e of any of th e St at es , th e Bi ll h as bee n re fe rr ed by the P re sid ent to the
L egi sl atu re of th at Sta te fo r expr es si ng its vi ew s the re on w ith in su ch
p eriod a s ma y be spe ci fi ed in the re fe re nc e or w ithin su ch fur the r per iod a s
th e Pre si den t m ay a llo w and the pe riod so spe ci fi ed or al low ed ha s expi red .
Exp lanation I. —In thi s ar ti cl e, in c la us es (a) to (e ) , “ St at e’’ includ es a
Un ion t er rito ry, but in the prov iso , “S ta te ’’ does not inc lude a Un ion
t er ri tory.
Exp lanation II. —Th e pow er con fe rr ed on P arl ia me nt by c la us e (a )
in clud es the powe r to fo rm a new Sta te or Un ion te rr ito ry by uniting a pa rt
of any St at e or U nion te rr itory to any othe r Sta te or Un ion t er ri tory.
4. La ws mad e unde r art ic le s 2 and 3 to p rovi de fo r t he a me ndmen t of
t he Fir st and th e Fou rt h S che du le s and s upp le me nt al , inc id en tal and
c ons eq ue nt ial ma tt er s. —(1 ) Any l aw r ef er re d to in ar ti cl e 2 or ar ti cl e 3
sh al l cont ain su ch provi sion s fo r the a me ndm en t of th e Fir st Sch edu le and
th e Fourth Sch edu le a s ma y be nec es sa ry to giv e effe ct to the provi sion s of
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th e l aw and m ay a ls o con ta in su ch supp le me nt al , inc iden ta l and

c ons eque nti al provi sion s (in clud ing provi sion s a s to r ep re se nt at ion in
P ar lia me nt and in th e L egi sl atu re or L egis la tu re s of th e St at e or Sta te s
a ff ec te d by suc h l aw ) as Pa rli am en t ma y d ee m ne ce ss ar y.
(2) No su ch la w as a fo re sa id sha ll be de em ed to be an a me ndm en t of thi s
Con st itut ion fo r the purpos es of ar tic le 368.
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5. Ci ti ze ns hip at th e co mmen ce me nt of th e Co ns ti tut ion. —A t th e
c om me nc em en t of thi s Cons ti tution , ev ery per son who has his domi ci le in
th e te rr itory of Indi a and—
(a ) who w as born in th e t er ri tory of Indi a; or
(b ) eith er of who se par ent s wa s born in th e te rr ito ry of Indi a; or
( c) who h as be en ordin ar ily re si den t in th e t er ri tory of India fo r not
l es s tha n f ive ye ar s i mm ed ia te ly pre ce ding su ch com me nc em en t,
sh al l be a ci tiz en of Indi a.
6. Rig ht s of c it iz en sh ip of c er ta in p er so ns who hav e mi gr at ed to
I ndia f ro m Pak is tan. —No tw ith st anding any thing in a rt ic le 5, a per son
who ha s mi gr at ed to th e te rri tory of Indi a fro m the t er rito ry now in clud ed
in Pak is tan sh al l be dee me d to b e a c it iz en of Indi a at the co mm en ce me nt
of thi s Cons titu tion if —
(a ) he or e ith er of his pa re nt s or any of his gr andpa re nt s wa s born in
Ind ia a s de fine d in the Gov er nm en t of Indi a Ac t, 1935 ( as or igin al ly
e na ct ed ); and
(b )( i) in the c as e wh er e such per son h as so mi gr at ed be for e th e
nin et ee nth d ay of Ju ly, 1948, he has be en ordin ar ily re sid ent in the
t er ri tory of India s inc e th e d at e of hi s mig ra tion, or
( ii) in the c as e wh er e such per son h as so mi gr at ed on or a ft er the
nin et ee nth day of July, 1948, he has b een r egi st er ed as a cit iz en of Indi a
by an offic er appoin ted in tha t b eha lf by th e Gove rnm en t of th e
Do mi nion of Ind ia on an appli ca ti on m ad e by hi m the re for to suc h
o ff ic er be for e th e co mm en ce me nt of this Cons titu tion in th e fo rm and
m ann er pr es cr ib ed by th at Gove rn me nt:
Prov ided th at no pe rson sh al l be so r eg is te re d unl es s he ha s bee n

r es id ent in th e t er ri tory of India for at l ea st s ix month s i mm ed ia te ly
pr ec ed ing the da te of his app lic at ion.
7. Rig ht s of c it iz en sh ip of c er ta in mig ran ts to Paki st an. —

No tw ith st anding a nything in ar ti cl es 5 and 6, a per son who has af te r th e
f ir st day of Ma rch , 1947, mig ra te d fro m the te rr ito ry of Ind ia to the
t er ri tory now inc luded in Pak is tan sh al l not be de em ed to be a ci ti ze n of
Ind ia :
Provid ed tha t nothing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll app ly to a pe rson who, a ft er
h aving so mig ra te d to the te rr itory now in clud ed in P akis ta n, ha s r etu rne d
to th e t er rito ry of Ind ia unde r a p er mi t for re se tt le me nt or pe rm an ent re turn
i ssu ed by or unde r th e autho ri ty of any l aw and ev er y su ch pe rson sh al l fo r
th e purpo se s of cl au se ( b) of ar ti cl e 6 be dee me d to h ave mig ra te d to th e
t er ri tory of India a ft er th e nine te en th d4ay of Ju ly, 1948.
8. R igh ts of ci ti ze ns hip of ce rt ai n p er so ns of Ind ian orig in re si di ng

ou ts ide Ind ia. — No tw iths ta nding any thing in a rt ic le 5, any p er son who or
e ith er of who se pa ren ts or any of whos e gr andp ar ent s w as born in India as
d efin ed in th e Gov er nm en t of Indi a A ct , 1935 (a s or igin al ly en ac te d), and
who is ord ina ri ly re si ding in a ny count ry out sid e Indi a a s so de fin ed sh al l
b e d ee me d to be a c iti ze n of Ind ia i f h e h as be en re gis te re d as a c it iz en of
Ind ia by th e diplom at ic or c onsu la r rep re se nt at ive of Indi a in th e count ry
wh er e he i s for the tim e being r es iding on a n app lic at ion m ad e by hi m
th er ef or to s uch diplom at ic or c onsu la r r epr es en ta tiv e, w he the r be for e or
a ft er th e com me nc em en t of thi s Cons ti tution, in the fo rm and m ann er
pr es cr ib ed by th e Gov ern me nt of the Dom inion of Indi a or th e Gov er nm ent
of Indi a.
9. P er so ns volun tar ily acq ui ring c it iz en sh ip of a forei gn Sta te not to
b e c iti ze ns .— No p er son sh al l be a ci ti ze n of Ind ia by vi rtue of a rt ic le 5,
or be de em ed to be a ci ti ze n of Ind ia by vi rtue of a rt ic le 6 or a rt ic le 8, if
h e h as volunt ar ily ac qui red th e c it iz en ship of any for eign St at e.
10. Co nt inuan ce of t he r ight s of ci tiz en sh ip. —Ev ery pe rs on who i s or
i s de em ed to be a ci ti ze n of Ind ia under any of th e fo rego ing provi sion s of
thi s Pa rt sh al l, subj ec t to th e provis ions of any l aw th at ma y be ma de by
P ar lia me nt , cont inue to be suc h c it iz en.
11. Pa rlia me nt to reg ul at e the r igh t of c it iz en sh ip by la w. — Noth ing in
th e fo rego ing provi sion s of th is Pa rt sh al l de roga te fro m th e pow er of
P ar lia me nt to ma ke any provis ion w ith r es pe ct to the ac quis it ion and
t er mi na tion of c it iz en ship and al l othe r m at te rs re la ting to ci tiz en ship .
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
G en er al
12. D ef in itio n. — In this P art , unl es s th e c ont ext othe rw is e r equi re s, “ the
St at e’’ in clud es the Gove rn me nt a nd Pa rli am en t of India and th e
Gov er nm en t a nd th e Leg is la tur e of e ac h of the St at es a nd a ll lo ca l or oth er
a uthor iti es w ithin th e t er ri tory of India or unde r th e con trol of the
Gov er nm en t of Indi a.
13. Law s in con si st en t w it h or in d eroga tion of the fun damen ta l
r igh ts . — (1) A ll l aw s in for ce in th e te rr ito ry of Indi a i mm ed ia te ly b efo re
th e co mm en ce me nt of this Cons titu tion, in so f ar as they ar e in cons is te nt
w ith th e prov is ions of this Pa rt, sha ll, to the ext ent of suc h inc ons is ten cy,
b e void.
(2) The St at e sha ll not ma ke any l aw wh ich t ake s aw ay or ab ridg es th e
r ights con fe rr ed by thi s P ar t and a ny la w m ad e in c ont rav ent ion of thi s
c la us e sha ll , to the e xte nt of th e cont ra ven tion, be void.
(3) In this a rt ic le , unle ss th e cont ext oth er wi se r equi re s, —
(a ) “ la w” in clude s any O rdin anc e, orde r, bye- la w, rule , r egul at ion,
noti fi ca tion , c us tom or us age h aving in th e te rr itory of Indi a the fo rc e of
l aw ;
(b ) “l aw s in for ce ” in clude s l aw s pa ss ed or ma de by a L egi sl atu re or
oth er co mp et ent au thor ity in th e te rri tory of Indi a befo re th e
c om me nc em en t of thi s Cons ti tution and not pr eviou sly r ep ea le d,
not with st and ing tha t any s uch la w or a ny pa rt th er eo f ma y not be then in
op er ation e ith er a t a ll or in p ar tic ula r ar ea s.
(4 ) No thing in thi s a rt ic le sha ll apply to any a me ndm en t of thi s
Con st itut ion m ad e unde r a rt ic le 368.
Righ t to Equal ity
14. E quali ty be fore law. — The St at e sha ll not deny to a ny p er son
e qua lity be for e the l aw or the equ al pro te ct ion of th e la ws w ithin th e
t er ri tory of India .
15. Prohi bit ion of d is cr imin atio n on groun ds of re li gio n, rac e, c as te ,
s ex o r plac e of bir th. — (1) Th e St at e sh al l not di sc ri min at e a ga ins t any
c it iz en on ground s only of re lig ion, ra ce , ca st e, sex , pl ac e of bir th or any
of th em .
(2) No ci ti ze n sh al l, on grounds only of r elig ion, r ac e, c as te , s ex, pla ce
of bir th or any of the m, b e s ubje ct to any di sab ili ty, lia bil ity, r es tr ic tion or
c ondit ion w ith re ga rd to—
(a ) ac ce ss to shops , public r es ta ur ant s, hote ls a nd pl ac es of public
e nte rt ai nm ent ; or
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(b ) the us e of w el ls , tank s, bath ing gh at s, road s and pla ce s of publi c

r es or t ma in ta ined wholly or pa rtly out of St at e fund s or d edic at ed to the
us e of the gen er al publ ic .
(3) Nothing in this ar ti cl e sh al l pr eve nt th e St at e f rom ma king a ny
sp ec ia l provi sion fo r w om en and ch ildr en.
(4) No thing in thi s ar ti cl e or in c lau se (2) of ar ti cl e 29 sh all pr eve nt the
St at e f rom m aking any sp ec ia l provis ion fo r the adva nc em en t of any
so ci al ly and educ at ion al ly ba ckw ar d cl as se s of cit iz en s or fo r th e
S che dule d C as te s a nd th e Sch edul ed Trib es .
16. Equa lity of oppor tu ni ty in mat te rs of pu bli c e mp loy me nt . — (1)
Th er e sh all be equ al ity of opportuni ty fo r al l c it iz en s in m at te rs re la ting to
e mp loym en t or appo int me nt to a ny o ff ic e unde r th e Sta te .
(2) No ci ti ze n sh al l, on grounds only of r elig ion, r ac e, c as te , s ex,
d es ce nt, pl ac e of birth , r es id enc e or any of the m, be ine lig ible fo r, or
di sc ri mi na ted ag ain st in re sp ec t of, any e mploy me nt or offi ce under th e
St at e.
(3) Nothing in this ar ti cl e sh al l pr eve nt P ar lia me nt fro m m ak ing any la w
pr es cr ib ing, in r ega rd to a c la ss or c la ss es of em ploy me nt or appoin tm ent
to an offi ce under th e G ove rnm en t of , or any lo ca l or oth er au thor ity
w ithin , a S ta te or Union te rr itory, any r equ ir em en t as to r es ide nc e w ith in
th at St at e or U nion te rr itory prio r to su ch em ploy me nt or appoin tm en t.
(4) Nothing in this ar ti cl e sh al l pr eve nt th e St at e f rom ma king a ny
prov is ion for the r es er va ti on of appo intm en ts or pos ts in favou r of a ny
b ack wa rd cl as s of c iti ze ns wh ic h, in th e opin ion of th e S ta te , i s not
a dequ at ely r epr es en te d in th e s er vi ce s unde r the Sta te .
(4A ) No thing in th is a rt ic le sh al l pre ven t the Sta te fro m m ak ing any
prov is ion for re se rv at ion in m at te rs of pro mot ion, w ith c ons eque nti al
s en iori ty, to a ny cl as s or c la ss es of post s in th e se rv ic es unde r th e St at e in
f avou r of th e S che dule d C as te s a nd th e Sch edul ed Trib es whi ch, in th e
opinion of the St at e, a re not ad equ at ely re pr es en ted in the s er vic es unde r
th e Sta te .
(4B ) No thing in thi s a rt ic le sha ll prev ent the Sta te fro m c ons ide ring a ny
unf ill ed va ca nc ie s of a yea r whi ch ar e r es er ved fo r b eing fil le d up in th at
y ea r in a cc ord an ce wi th any prov is ion fo r re se rv at ion m ad e unde r c la us e
(4 ) or c la us e (4A ) as a s ep ar at e c la ss of v ac an ci es to be fi lle d up in any
su cc ee di ng ye ar or ye ar s a nd su ch c la ss of v ac an ci es sha ll not be
c ons ide re d toge the r w ith th e va ca nc ie s of the yea r in whi ch th ey ar e being
f ill ed up fo r det er mi ning th e c ei ling of fi fty pe r c ent . re se rv at ion on tot al
nu mbe r of v ac an ci es of th at ye ar.
(5) No thing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll a ff ec t the ope ra tion of any la w whi ch
prov ide s th at th e in cum ben t of a n offi ce in conn ec tion wi th the affa ir s of
a ny r el igiou s or deno mi na tion al ins titu tion or any me mb er of th e govern ing
body the reo f sha ll be a pe rson pro fe ss ing a pa rti cul ar r el igion or belonging
to a pa rti cul ar d enom ina tion.
17. Abol it ion of U ntou cha bil it y. —“ Un touch abi lity ’’ i s abo li she d and it s
pr ac ti ce in a ny for m i s fo rbidde n. The enfo rc em en t of any di sa bil ity a ri sing
out of “U ntouc hab ili ty’’ sh al l be an offen ce punish abl e in a cc or dan ce with
l aw.
18. A boli tion of ti tle s. — (1) No tit le , not be ing a m il it ary or ac ad em ic
di stin ct ion, sh all be con fe rr ed by th e Sta te .
(2) No ci ti ze n of Ind ia sh al l a cc ep t any tit le f rom a ny fo re ign Sta te .
(3) No pe rson who i s not a c it iz en of India sh al l, wh ile he hold s any
o ff ic e of prof it or t rus t und er the St at e, a cc ep t wi thout the con se nt of the
P re sid ent any ti tle f rom any for eign Sta te .
(4) No pe rson holding any o ffi ce of pro fi t or tru st unde r the St at e sha ll ,
w ithout th e cons en t of th e P re sid ent , a cc ep t any pr es en t, em olum en t, or
o ff ic e of any kind f rom or unde r any for eign St at e.
Righ t to F re edo m
19. P ro te ct io n of c er ta in righ ts reg ar di ng f re ed om of sp ee ch , et c. — (1 )
A ll ci ti ze ns sh al l h ave th e r ight —
(a ) to f re edo m of spe ec h and exp re ss ion;
(b ) to a ss em bl e p ea ce ab ly and wi thout ar ms ;
( c) to for m as so ci at ion s or union s;
(d ) to m ove f re el y th roughout the t er rito ry of Ind ia ;
( e) to re si de and s et tl e in any pa rt of the t er rito ry of Ind ia ; a nd
* * * * *
(g ) to pr ac ti se any prof es si on, or to ca rr y on any oc cupa tion , t rad e

or bus ine ss .
(2) No thing in sub -c la us e ( a) of c la us e (1) sh al l a ff ec t the ope ra tion of
a ny exi st ing la w, or pr eve nt th e St at e f rom ma king a ny la w, in so f ar as
su ch l aw im pos es re as on abl e r es tr ic tion s on the exe rc is e of th e righ t
c onf er re d by the s ai d sub -c lau se in th e int er es ts of th e sov er ei gnty and
int eg rity of Indi a, the s ec ur ity of the St at e, fr iend ly re la tion s w ith fo re ign
St at es , publ ic orde r, de ce nc y or m or ali ty, or in re la tion to cont em pt of
c ourt , d ef am at ion or inc ite me nt to an offe nc e.
(3) Nothing in sub- cl au se ( b) of th e s aid cl aus e sha ll a ff ec t th e ope ra tion
of any ex is ting la w in so f ar a s it impo se s, or pr ev ent the St at e fro m
m ak ing a ny l aw i mpo sing, in the int er es ts of th e sove re ign ty a nd int eg rity
of India or publi c ord er, re as on abl e r es tr ic tion s on the exe rc is e of th e righ t
c onf er re d by the sa id sub -c lau se .
(4) No thing in sub -c la us e ( c ) of the s aid c lau se sha ll affe ct th e oper at ion
m ak ing a ny l aw i mpo sing, in the int er es ts of th e sove re ign ty a nd int eg rity

of India or publi c ord er or mo ra li ty, r ea son abl e r es tr ic tion s on th e ex er ci se
of th e r ight con fe rr ed by th e s ai d s ub- cl aus e.
(5) Nothing in sub- cl au se s ( d) and ( e ) of the sa id c lau se sh al l affe ct the
op er ation of any e xi sting la w in so fa r a s it impo se s, or pr eve nt th e St at e
f rom m ak ing any la w impo sing, r ea son abl e re st ri ct ions on the ex er ci se of
a ny of th e righ ts c onf er re d by the sa id sub -c la us es ei the r in th e int er es ts of
th e gene ra l publi c or fo r the prot ec tion of the int er es ts of any Sch edul ed
Trib e.
(6) Nothing in sub- cl au se ( g) of th e s aid cl aus e sha ll a ff ec t th e ope ra tion
m ak ing a ny l aw i mpo sing, in the int er es ts of th e gene ra l publi c, re as on abl e
r es tr ic tion s on the ex er ci se of th e righ t con fe rr ed by th e s aid sub- cl au se ,
a nd, in pa rt icu la r, nothing in the sa id sub -c la us e sh al l a ff ec t th e ope ra tion
of any ex is ting la w in so f ar a s it re la te s to, or prev en t th e Sta te f rom
m ak ing a ny l aw r el at ing to,—
( i) th e pro fe ss ion al or te chn ic al qua li fic at ion s n ec es sa ry for
pr ac ti sing any pro fe ss ion or ca rr ying on any oc cupa tion , t rad e or
bus ine ss , or
( ii) th e c ar ry ing on by the St at e, or by a co rpor at ion owne d or
c ontro ll ed by the St at e, of any tr ade , busin es s, indu st ry or s erv ic e,
wh et he r to th e e xc lus ion, co mpl et e or par tia l, of ci ti ze ns or othe rw is e.
20. P ro te ct io n in res pe ct of co nvic ti on for off en ce s. — (1) No pe rson
sh al l be convi ct ed of any o ff enc e exc ep t for viola tion of a l aw in for ce a t
th e ti me of th e co mm is si on of the A ct ch arge d as an offen ce , nor be
sub je ct ed to a pen al ty gr ea te r th an th at w hic h mi ght hav e b een infl ic te d
und er the l aw in for ce a t the ti me of th e com mi ss io n of th e o ff en ce .
(2) No pe rson sha ll b e pros ec ut ed a nd punish ed fo r th e s am e offe nc e
m or e than onc e.
(3) No pe rson a cc us ed of any offe nc e sh all be co mp el led to be a wi tne ss
a ga ins t hi ms el f.
21. Prot ec ti on of lif e and p er so nal li be rt y. — No pe rs on sh all be
d epriv ed of his l if e or p er sona l lib er ty ex ce pt a cc or ding to pro ce dur e
e st ab lis hed by l aw.
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22. P ro te ct io n agains t a rres t and d et en tion in ce rt ai n ca se s. — (1) No
p er son w ho i s ar re st ed sh al l b e d et ain ed in cu stody w ithout be ing in for me d,
a s soon as ma y b e, of th e grounds fo r s uch a rr es t nor sha ll he be deni ed the
r ight to c onsu lt, and to b e d ef ende d by, a l ega l pr ac ti tion er of hi s c hoic e.
(2) Ev ery pe rson who is a rr es te d and det ain ed in c us tody s ha ll be
produ ce d be for e th e ne ar es t ma gi st ra te with in a per iod of t wen ty- four
hour s of s uch a rr es t ex clud ing th e tim e ne ce ss ar y fo r th e journ ey fro m the
pl ac e of ar re st to th e cour t of th e m ag is tr at e and no su ch pe rson sh al l b e
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1.On the commencement of s. 3 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978, art. 22 shall stand amended as
directed in s. 3 of that Act. For the text of s. 3 of that Act, see Appendix III.
d eta ine d in cu stody beyond th e s ai d p eriod w ithout th e a utho rity of a

m ag is tr at e.
(3) No thing in c la us es (1 ) and (2) sh all app ly—
( a) to any pe rs on who fo r th e tim e b eing is an en em y a li en; or
( b) to any per son who is a rr es te d or det ain ed und er a ny la w
prov iding for pre ven tiv e det ent ion.
(4) No la w provid ing fo r prev ent ive d ete ntion sh al l a uthor is e the
d ete ntion of a pe rson for a long er pe riod than th re e month s unle ss —
( a) an A dvis ory Boa rd con si sting of pe rson s who ar e, or hav e bee n,
or ar e qu ali fi ed to be appoin ted as , Judg es of a High Cou rt h as repo rt ed
b efo re th e e xpir at ion of th e sa id per iod of th re e mon ths tha t the re i s in
it s opinion suffi ci en t ca us e for su ch det en tion:
P rovide d tha t nothing in this sub- cl au se sha ll autho ri se the det ent ion
of any pe rson beyond th e ma xim um p eriod pr es cr ib ed by any la w ma de
by Pa rli am en t under sub -c la us e ( b) of cl au se (7 ); or
( b) such pe rs on i s det ain ed in a cc or dan ce with th e provis ions of any
l aw m ad e by P arl ia me nt unde r sub- cl au se s ( a) and (b) of cl au se (7 ).
(5) Wh en any p er son i s det ain ed in pursu anc e of an ord er ma de unde r
a ny la w prov iding fo r pre ven tiv e de ten tion, the a utho rity m ak ing th e orde r
sh al l, a s soon as m ay b e, co mm uni ca te to s uch per son th e ground s on whi ch
th e orde r has b een m ad e and sha ll affo rd hi m th e ea rl ie st oppor tunity of
m ak ing a r ep re se nt at ion a ga ins t th e orde r.
(6) No thing in c la us e (5) sh al l r equi re th e autho rity m ak ing a ny s uch
ord er a s is r ef er re d to in tha t cl aus e to dis clo se f ac ts whi ch suc h a uthor ity
c ons ide rs to be ag ain st the publi c int er es t to di sc los e.
(7) P arl ia me nt m ay by l aw pr es cr ib e—
( a) th e ci rc um st an ce s under whi ch, a nd the cl as s or cl as se s of ca se s
in w hic h, a per son m ay be de ta ine d for a pe riod long er than thre e
m onths unde r any l aw provid ing for prev ent ive det ent ion wi thout
obt ain ing the opinion of a n Advi sory Boa rd in a cc ord an ce wi th the
prov is ions of sub- cl au se ( a) of c la us e (4) ;
( b) th e ma xi mu m pe riod for wh ic h any p er son ma y in a ny cl as s or
c la ss es of ca se s be det ain ed unde r a ny l aw prov iding for pr eve ntiv e
d ete ntion ; a nd
( c ) th e proc edu re to be fo llo we d by an Advi so ry Boa rd in a n inqui ry
und er sub- cl au se ( a) of c la us e (4) .
Right again st Exp loita tion
23. P ro hib itio n of t raf fi c in human b eing s and fo rc ed labou r. —(1 )
Tra ff ic in hum an be ings and b egar and oth er s im il ar for ms of fo rc ed labou r
a re prohib it ed and any con tr ave ntion of this provi sion s ha ll b e an o ff en ce
puni sha ble in ac co rd anc e w ith la w.
(2) Nothing in this ar ti cl e sh al l pr eve nt th e St at e f rom impo sing

c ompu lso ry se rvi ce for publi c purpos es , and in i mpos ing suc h s er vi ce th e
St at e s ha ll not m ak e a ny dis cr im in at ion on grounds only of re lig ion, r ac e,
c as te or cl as s or any of th em .
24. P ro hib itio n of e mp loy me nt of c hild re n in fa ct or ie s, e tc . — No chi ld
b elow the age of fou rte en yea rs sh al l be e mp loye d to wo rk in any f ac to ry
or m ine or eng age d in any oth er ha za rdou s em ploym en t.
Righ t to F re edo m of R el igion

25. F re ed om of con sc ie nc e and free prof es si on, pra ct ic e and
p ro pagatio n of rel ig ion. —(1 ) Subj ec t to publi c ord er, mo ra li ty and h ea lth
a nd to the oth er provi sion s of this P art , a ll pe rs ons ar e equ al ly ent itl ed to
f re edo m of cons ci en ce and the righ t f re el y to pro fe ss , pra ct is e and
prop ag at e re ligion .
(2) No thing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll a ff ec t the ope ra tion of any exi sting l aw
or pr eve nt the St at e fro m ma king any la w—
( a) r egul at ing or r es tr ic ting a ny ec onom ic , f inan ci al , polit ic al or
oth er s ec ul ar a ct ivity wh ich m ay be a ss oc ia te d w ith re lig ious pr ac ti ce ;
( b) provid ing for soc ia l w el fa re a nd re fo rm or the thro wing op en of
H indu re ligiou s ins titu tions of a publi c cha ra ct er to al l c la ss es and
s ec ti ons of Hindu s.
Exp lanation I. — Th e we ar ing and ca rr ying of ki rpan s sha ll be de em ed to
b e in clud ed in th e prof es si on of th e Sikh r el igion.
Exp lanation I I.— In sub- cl au se ( b) of cl au se (2 ), the r ef er en ce to H indus
sh al l be cons tru ed as includ ing a re fe re nc e to per son s pro fe ss ing th e S ikh,
J ai na or Buddhi st re lig ion, and the re fe re nc e to H indu r el igiou s in st itut ions
sh al l be cons tru ed ac co rding ly.
26. F re ed om to manag e re li gi ous af fai rs .— Subje ct to publi c orde r,
m or al ity and hea lth , e ve ry re ligiou s denom in at ion or any s ec tion th er eof
sh al l have th e right —
( a) to e st abl ish and m ai nta in in sti tution s fo r r el igious and c ha rit ab le
purpo se s;
( b) to m an age i ts own affa ir s in m at te rs of re ligion ;
( c ) to own and a cqui re m ovab le a nd i mm ova ble prop er ty; and
( d) to ad mi nis te r su ch prope rty in a cc or dan ce wi th l aw.
27. F re ed om as to paymen t of tax es for promot ion of any par ti cula r
rel ig ion. — No pe rs on s ha ll be com pe ll ed to p ay a ny t axe s, th e proc ee ds of
wh ic h a re spe ci fi ca ll y a pprop ria te d in pay me nt of expe ns es for the
pro mot ion or m ai nt ena nc e of any par tic ul ar r elig ion or r el igiou s
d enom ina tion.
28. F re ed om as to att enda nc e at re li giou s ins tr uc ti on or rel ig iou s

wo rs hi p in c er ta in e du cat ional ins ti tut ions .— (1 ) No r el igiou s in stru ct ion
sh al l be provide d in any educ at iona l in sti tution whol ly ma in ta ined out of
St at e funds .
(2) Nothing in cl au se (1) s ha ll a pply to an educ at ion al in st itut ion whi ch
i s ad min is te re d by the Sta te but ha s be en e st ab lis hed under any endo wm en t
or tru st wh ich r equi re s tha t re ligiou s ins tru ction sh al l be imp ar te d in su ch
in sti tution .
(3) No pe rson at tend ing any e duc at iona l in sti tution re cogni se d by the
St at e or re ce iv ing a id out of St at e funds sh al l b e r equ ir ed to t ake pa rt in
a ny r el igiou s in st ruc tion tha t ma y b e i mp ar ted in suc h in st itut ion or to
a tt end any re ligiou s wo rsh ip th at ma y be condu ct ed in su ch ins titu tion or in
a ny pr em is es a tta ch ed the re to unle ss such pe rs on or, i f s uch pe rson i s a
m inor, hi s guard ian ha s given hi s c ons ent th er eto .
Cu ltur al and Educ ationa l Righ ts
29. Prot ec ti on of int eres ts of mino ri ti es .— (1 ) Any s ec ti on of th e
c it iz en s re si ding in th e t er rito ry of Ind ia or any par t the re of h aving a
di stin ct l angua ge , s cr ipt or cu ltur e of its own sh al l h ave th e right to
c ons erv e the s am e.
(2) No ci ti ze n sh al l be d enie d ad mi ss ion into any edu ca ti ona l ins titu tion
m ai nt ain ed by the Sta te or r ec ei ving a id out of S ta te funds on ground s only
of r elig ion, ra ce , c as te , langu ag e or a ny of th em .
30. R igh t of mino ri ti es to es ta bli sh and admini st er e du cat ional
in st it utio ns . — (1 ) All mino ri tie s, whe th er bas ed on r el igion or l angu age ,
sh al l hav e th e r ight to e st ab lis h and a dm ini st er educ at iona l in sti tution s of
th ei r c hoi ce .
(1A ) In m ak ing any la w provid ing fo r the com pul sory a cqu is ition of any
prop er ty of a n e duc at iona l inst itut ion es ta bli she d a nd a dm ini st er ed by a
m inor ity, r ef er re d to in cl au se (1 ), the St at e sh all en su re th at the a moun t
f ixed by or de te rm in ed under su ch la w for th e a cqu is ition of su ch prope rty
i s such a s would not re st ri ct or ab roga te th e right gua ran te ed unde r that
c la us e.
(2) The St at e sha ll not, in gr ant ing aid to e duc at iona l ins titu tions ,
di sc ri mi na te aga ins t any educ at ion al in st itut ion on the ground tha t it i s
und er the m an age me nt of a m inor ity, wh eth er b as ed on re lig ion or
l angua ge .
* * *
31. [ Com puls or y acqui si tion of p rope rt y. ] Rep . b y th e Cons titu tion
( For ty -fou rth Am endm en t) A ct , 1978, s. 6 ( w. e. f. 20- 6-1979).
Saving of Ce rta in Laws
31A. Saving of law s provid ing for acq uis it ion of e st at es , et c. —
(1 ) Not with st anding any thing cont ai ned in ar ti cl e 13, no l aw prov iding for
—
( a) the ac qui si tion by the St at e of any es ta te or of any righ ts th er ein
or th e e xtingu ish me nt or modi fi ca tion of any su ch right s, or
( b) the tak ing over of the m an age me nt of any prop er ty by the St at e
fo r a lim it ed pe riod eith er in th e publi c int er es t or in orde r to s ec ur e the
prop er m an ag em en t of th e prope rty, or
(c) the amalgamation of two or more corporations either in the public interest or in order to secure the proper
management of any of the corporations, or
( d) the ext ingui shm en t or m odif ic at ion of a ny r ight s of m an aging
a gen ts , s ec re ta ri es a nd t re as ur er s, m an aging dir ec to rs , di re ct or s or
m an ag er s of corpo ra tion s, or of a ny vot ing r ights of sh ar eho lde rs
th er eo f, or
( e ) th e ext ingui shm en t or m odif ic at ion of a ny righ ts a cc ru ing by
vi rtue of any agr ee me nt , l ea se or lic en ce fo r the purpos e of se ar ch ing
fo r, or w inning , a ny m ine ra l or min er al oil, or th e pre ma tu re t er mi na tion
or c an ce ll at ion of any su ch ag re em en t, le as e or li ce nc e,
sh al l be dee me d to be void on the ground tha t it is in cons is te nt w ith, or
t ake s a wa y or ab ridg es a ny of th e right s conf er re d by ar ti cl e 14 or ar ti cl e
19:
P rovide d th at wh er e su ch la w is a la w ma de by the L egis la tu re of a
St at e, the provis ions of thi s a rt ic le sha ll not apply th er et o unle ss su ch l aw,
h aving bee n r es er ve d for the con sid er at ion of the Pr es ide nt, ha s re ce iv ed
hi s as se nt :
Prov ided furth er tha t wh er e any l aw ma ke s a ny provi sion fo r th e
a cqu is ition by th e Sta te of any e st at e and wh er e any land co mp ri sed th er ein
i s held by a pe rs on und er his pe rson al c ult iva tion, it sh all not be la wf ul for
th e Sta te to ac qui re any por tion of s uch l and a s i s w ithin th e ce il ing li mi t
a ppli ca bl e to hi m under any l aw fo r th e tim e be ing in fo rc e or any building
or st ruc tur e s tand ing the re on or a ppurt en ant th er et o, unl es s th e l aw re la ting
to the a cqu is ition of suc h l and, building or st ruc tu re , prov ide s for pay me nt
of co mp ens at ion at a r at e whi ch sha ll not be le ss th an the ma rk et v alue
th er eo f.
(2) In this a rt ic le ,—
( a) th e exp re ss ion ‘‘e st at e’’ sh all , in r el at ion to any lo ca l a re a, hav e
th e sa me me an ing as th at exp re ss ion or its lo ca l equiv al en t h as in the
e xis ting l aw re la ting to land tenu re s in fo rc e in tha t ar ea a nd sh al l al so

in clud e—
( i) any jagi r, inam or mua fi or othe r s im il ar gr ant and in the
St at es of Ta mi l Nadu and K er al a, a ny jan mam r ight;
( ii) any l and h eld under ryo tw ar i se ttl em en t;
( iii ) any land held or le t for purpos es of a gr icu ltur e or for
purpo se s an ci ll ary th er eto , in clud ing w as te land , fo re st l and, land
fo r pas tur e or sit es of build ings and oth er s tru ctu re s oc cupi ed by
c ult iva tor s of l and, ag ric ultu ra l labou re rs a nd vi lla ge a rt is an s;
( b) th e exp re ss ion ‘‘r ight s’’, in r el at ion to an e st at e, sh al l inc lude
a ny right s v es ting in a propr ie tor, sub- propr ie tor, under- propr ie tor,
t enur e- hold er, rai yat , unde r- ra iya t or oth er in te rm ed ia ry and any r ights
or priv il ege s in re spe ct of l and rev enu e.
31B. Vali datio n of c er ta in Ac ts and R egu latio ns . —Wi thout pre judi ce to
th e gene ra li ty of th e provi sion s c ont ain ed in a rt ic le 31A , non e of th e A ct s
a nd Re gula tion s sp ec if ie d in th e Nin th S chedu le nor any of the prov is ions
th er eo f s ha ll be dee me d to be void, or ev er to hav e be com e void, on th e
ground th at suc h A ct , R egu la tion or prov is ion is incon si st ent w ith, or tak es
a wa y or a br idge s any of the right s c onf er re d by, any prov is ions of thi s
P ar t, and notwi ths ta nding any judgm ent , de cr ee or ord er of any cour t or
Tribun al to the cont ra ry, e ac h of the sa id Ac ts and Regu la tion s sh al l,
sub je ct to the pow er of any co mp et ent L egi sl atu re to re pe al or am en d i t,
c ontinu e in fo rc e.
31C. Saving of law s giving ef fe ct to ce rt ain di re ct iv e p ri nc ipl es . —
No tw ith st anding a nything cont ain ed in a rt ic le 13, no la w giving effe ct to
th e polic y of th e St at e to wa rds s ec ur ing 1 [ al l or any of the pr inc ipl es l aid
down in Pa rt IV ] sha ll be de em ed to be void on the ground tha t it is
in cons is te nt wi th, or t ake s a wa y or ab ridg es a ny of th e right s conf er re d by
a rt ic le 14 or ar ti cl e 19; 2 and no la w conta ining a de cla rat ion that i t is for
gi ving e ff ec t to such polic y shall be ca ll ed in que st ion in any cour t on the
g round tha t it doe s not gi ve eff ec t to suc h poli cy :
Provid ed tha t whe re s uch l aw i s m ad e by th e Legi sl at ur e of a St at e, th e
prov is ions of this ar ti cl e s ha ll not a pply th er eto unle ss suc h la w, having
b een r es er ved fo r th e con sid er at ion of th e Pre si den t, has r ec ei ve d hi s
a ss en t.
31D. [ Saving of law s in res pe ct of anti -nationa l a cti vi ti es . ] R ep. by the
Con st itut ion ( For ty -th ird Am end men t) Ac t, 1977 , s.2 (w.e .f . 13- 4-1978 ) .
Righ t to Con sti tutiona l Re me die s
32. Re me di es for e nfo rc e me nt of r ight s c onf er re d by t hi s Par t .— (1)
Th e right to move th e Supr em e Cou rt by app ropr ia te pro ce ed ings fo r th e
e nfo rc em en t of th e right s con fe rr ed by thi s Pa rt is gua ra nte ed .
____________________________________________
1. Subs. by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976, s. 4, for “the principles specified in clause (b)
or clause (c) of article 39” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977). Section 4 has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in
Minerva Mills Ltd. and others vs. Union of India and others (1980) s. 2, S.C.C. 591.
2. In Kesavananda Bharati vs. the State of Kerala (1973),Supp. S.C.R.1., the Supreme Court held the provisions in
italics to be invalid.
(2) Th e Supr em e Cour t sh all have pow er to is sue dir ec tion s or orde rs or
w ri ts , in clud ing w ri ts in the na tur e of hab eas co rpus , mandamu s,
proh ibit ion, quo war ranto and c er ti ora ri , wh ich ev er ma y be a pprop ria te ,
fo r the en for ce me nt of any of the righ ts con fe rr ed by th is P art .
(3) Without pr ejudi ce to th e powe rs c onf er re d on the Supr em e Cou rt by
c la us es (1 ) and (2), P ar lia me nt m ay by l aw e mpo we r any oth er cou rt to
e xe rc is e with in the loc al lim it s of its juri sdi ct ion al l or a ny of th e pow er s
e xe rc is ab le by th e Supre me Cou rt under c lau se (2).
(4) Th e righ t gua ran te ed by thi s a rt ic le sha ll not be su sp ende d ex ce pt a s
oth er wi se provide d fo r by thi s Con st itut ion.
32A. [Con st itut ional val idit y of Sta te law s not to be con sid ered in
p roc ee ding s unde r ar ti cl e 32.] Rep . by th e Con st itut ion (Fo rt y- thi rd
A me ndm ent ) A ct, 1977, s. 3 (w.e .f. 13- 4-1978).
33. Po we r of Pa rl iamen t to mod ify th e rig ht s c onf er red by thi s Par t
in the ir appli cat ion to Force s, e tc . — Pa rli am en t m ay, by la w, det er mi ne to
wh at ext ent any of th e r ights con fe rr ed by thi s P ar t sha ll , in the ir
a ppli ca tion to, —
(a) th e m em be rs of the Ar me d For ce s; or
(b ) th e me mb er s of th e For ce s cha rg ed wi th the ma int en anc e of
publi c orde r; or
( c) pe rson s e mp loye d in any bur ea u or oth er org ani sa tion es ta bli sh ed
by the Sta te for purpos es of in te llig en ce or coun te r inte ll igen ce ; or
(d ) p er sons em ploy ed in, or in conne ct ion w ith, the
t el ec om mun ic at ion sy st em s se t up fo r the purpos es of any Forc e, bure au
or o rgan is at ion re fe rr ed to in c la us es (a ) to ( c ),
b e r es tr ic te d or ab roga te d so a s to ens ur e the prope r dis ch arge of th ei r
duti es and the ma in ten an ce of di sc iplin e am ong the m
34. R es tr ic ti on on righ ts c onf er re d by t his Pa rt w hil e ma rt ial law i s
in force in any a re a. — Not wi ths tand ing any thing in th e fo rego ing
prov is ions of this P ar t, Pa rli am en t ma y by la w inde mn ify any pe rson in the
s er vi ce of th e U nion or of a St at e or any othe r p er son in r es pe ct of any ac t
don e by him in conne ct ion wi th th e ma int en anc e or re st or at ion of ord er in
a ny ar ea w ithin the te rri tory of Indi a wh er e ma rt ia l l aw wa s in for ce or
v alid at e any se nt enc e pa ss ed , puni shm en t infl ic ted , fo rf ei tur e orde re d or
oth er a ct done unde r ma rt ia l la w in s uch a re a.
35. L egi sla tion to give e ff ec t to th e provi sion s of thi s Par t. —
No tw ith st anding any thing in thi s Cons titu tion, —
( a) P arl ia me nt sha ll h ave , and th e L egi sl atu re of a Sta te sha ll not
h ave , pow er to m ak e la ws —
( i) w ith re sp ec t to any of the m at te rs whi ch under c la us e (3) of
a rt ic le 16, cl au se (3) of ar ti cl e 32, a rt ic le 33 and a rti cl e 34 m ay be
prov ided fo r by la w ma de by P ar li am en t; and
( ii) fo r pr es cr ib ing puni shm en t for thos e ac ts whi ch ar e

d ec la re d to be offe nc es under thi s Pa rt;
a nd Pa rli am en t s ha ll, a s soon a s m ay be a ft er the c om me nc em en t of thi s
Con st itut ion, ma ke l aw s for pr es cr ibing puni shm en t fo r the ac ts re fe rr ed
to in s ub- cl aus e ( ii) ;
( b) any la w in fo rc e i mm ed ia te ly b efo re the c om me nc em en t of thi s
Con st itut ion in the t er ri tory of India w ith re sp ec t to any of th e ma tt er s
r ef er re d to in s ub- cl aus e ( i ) of c la us e ( a) or providing for puni shm en t
fo r any ac t re fe rr ed to in sub -c la us e ( ii) of tha t c la us e sh al l, subj ec t to
th e t er ms the re of and to any ada pta tion s a nd modi fi ca tion s th at ma y be
m ad e the re in unde r a rt ic le 372, cont inue in for ce until al te re d or
r ep ea le d or a me nde d by Pa rli am en t.
Exp lanation . — In this a rt ic le , th e expr es si on "la w in fo rc e'' ha s the s am e
m ea ning a s in a rt ic le 372.
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
36. D ef in itio n. — In this P art , unl es s th e c ont ext othe rw is e r equi re s, ‘‘th e
St at e’’ ha s th e sa me m ea ning as in P ar t I II .
37. A ppli ca tion of th e pri nc ipl es c onta in ed in thi s Par t. — The
prov is ions con ta ined in this P ar t s ha ll not b e e nfo rc ea bl e by any cou rt, but
th e prin ci ple s the re in la id down ar e n eve rth el es s funda me nt al in the
gov ern anc e of the coun try and it sh all be th e duty of the St at e to a pply
th es e prin cip le s in ma king la ws .
38. S tat e to s ec ure a so ci al ord er for th e promot ion of w el fa re of th e
p eopl e. —(1 ) Th e S ta te sh al l s tr ive to prom ot e the we lf ar e of th e p eopl e by
s ec ur ing and prote ct ing as e ff ec ti ve ly a s it ma y a soc ia l orde r in w hic h
ju sti ce , so ci al , e cono mi c and polit ic al , sha ll info rm a ll th e in st itut ions of
th e nat iona l l if e.
(2) Th e St at e sh al l, in p art icu la r, s tr ive to mi nim is e the inequ al iti es in
in com e, a nd e nde avou r to e lim in at e inequ al iti es in s ta tus , f ac il it ie s and
oppor tunit ie s, not only a mong st indiv idua ls but al so am ongs t group s of
p eople r es iding in diffe re nt a re as or enga ged in diffe re nt vo ca tions .
39. Ce rt ai n pr inc ip le s of po lic y to b e fol low ed by t he Stat e. — The
St at e sh al l, in pa rt icu la r, dir ec t its poli cy tow ar ds s ec ur ing—
(a ) th at th e c iti ze ns , me n a nd wom en equ all y, hav e th e righ t to an
a dequ at e me an s of liv elihood ;
(b ) tha t th e owne rs hip and con trol of the m at er ia l r esou rc es of the
c om mun ity ar e so dis tribu te d a s be st to subs er ve th e c om mon good;
( c) that th e oper at ion of th e ec onom ic sy st em does not re su lt in th e
c onc ent ra tion of we al th a nd me an s of produc tion to the c om mon
d etr im en t;
(d ) that th er e is equ al pay fo r e qua l w ork for both me n and wom en ;
( e) that th e hea lth and st re ngth of work er s, m en and wo me n, and the
t ende r a ge of chi ldr en a re not abu se d and that ci tiz en s a re not fo rc ed by
e cono mi c ne ce ss it y to en te r avoc at ion s un suit ed to th ei r age or s tr ength;
( f) th at chi ldr en ar e given oppor tunit ie s and fa ci li tie s to deve lop in a
h ea lthy ma nne r and in c ondit ions of fr ee dom a nd dign ity and tha t
c hildhood and youth ar e prot ec te d a ga ins t exploi ta tion and ag ain st mo ra l
a nd m at er ia l ab andon me nt.
39A. Equa l jus ti ce and f re e lega l aid. —Th e Sta te sh al l se cu re th at the
op er ation of the leg al sys te m prom ote s just ic e, on a ba si s of e qua l
oppor tunity, and s ha ll, in par tic ul ar, provid e f re e l ega l a id, by su ita ble
l egi sl at ion or s ch em es or in any oth er wa y, to ensu re th at opportun iti es for
s ec ur ing ju sti ce ar e not deni ed to a ny ci ti ze n by re as on of e cono mi c or
17
oth er di sab ili ti es .
40. O rga nis atio n of vil lage pan chaya ts . — The St at e sha ll t ake s tep s to
o rga nis e vil lag e pan cha ya ts and endo w the m wi th such pow er s and
a uthor ity as m ay b e n ec es sa ry to en abl e the m to func tion as uni ts of se lf -

gov ern me nt.
41. Rig ht to wor k, to e du cat ion and to publ ic ass is tan ce in c er ta in
c as es . — The St at e sha ll , w ith in th e lim it s of i ts e cono mi c ca pa ci ty and
d eve lopm en t, ma ke e ff ec ti ve provis ion for se cu ring th e right to work, to
e duc at ion and to public as si st an ce in c as es of une mploy me nt, old age ,
s ic kne ss a nd di sa ble me nt , and in oth er c as es of undes er ve d w an t.
42. P rov is ion for ju st and human e cond itio ns of wo rk and ma te rn ity
rel ie f. —Th e Sta te sh al l ma ke prov is ion fo r se cu ring jus t a nd hu man e
c ondit ions of work and fo r m at er ni ty r el ie f.
43. L iving wag e, et c. , for wor ke rs . —Th e Sta te sh al l ende avou r to
s ec ur e, by s uit abl e leg is la tion or ec onom ic o rga ni sa tion or in any oth er
w ay, to al l wo rke rs , ag ri cul tur al, indus tri al or othe rw is e, wo rk, a living
w ag e, cond ition s of w ork en sur ing a d ec ent s tand ar d of li fe a nd fu ll
e njoym en t of l ei sur e a nd so ci al a nd cu ltur al opportuni ti es and, in
p art icu la r, the St at e sh al l e nde avou r to prom ot e cott ag e indus tri es on an
indiv idua l or c o- oper at ive b as is in rur al ar ea s.
43A. Pa rt ic ipa tion of wor ke rs in manag emen t of in dus tr ie s. —Th e
St at e sh al l t ake s te ps , by suit abl e le gis la tion or in a ny oth er w ay, to se cu re
th e pa rt ic ipa tion of work er s in th e m an ag em en t of und ert aking s,
e st ab lis hm en ts or othe r org ani sa tion s enga ged in any indus try.
44. Un ifo rm c ivil cod e fo r the ci ti ze ns . — The Sta te sha ll ende avou r to
s ec ur e for th e cit iz en s a unifo rm c ivil cod e throughou t th e te rr itory of
Ind ia .
45. P rov is ion for free and co mp ul sor y e du cat ion for ch ild re n. — The
St at e s ha ll e nde avou r to provid e, w ith in a p eriod of te n ye ar s f rom the
c om me nc em en t of thi s Con st itut ion, for f re e and co mpul sory edu ca ti on fo r
a ll ch ildr en until th ey c om ple te th e ag e of fou rt ee n y ea rs .
46. P ro mo tio n of e duc atio nal and e co nomic int eres ts of S ch edu le d
Ca st es , Sch ed ule d Tr ib es and ot he r we ak er s ec ti on s. — The Sta te sha ll
pro mot e w ith spe ci al ca re th e edu ca ti ona l and e cono mi c inte re st s of the
w ea ke r s ec ti ons of the peopl e, and, in p ar tic ula r, of the Sch edul ed C as te s
a nd the Sch edul ed Tr ibe s, and sh al l prot ec t th em f rom soc ia l inju st ic e and
a ll for ms of e xploi ta tion.
47. Du ty of th e S tat e to r ai se the le ve l of nu tr it ion and t he stan dar d
of living and to i mp rov e pu bli c h eal th. — The Sta te sha ll reg ar d the
r ai sing of the l eve l of nut rit ion a nd th e st and ard of living of its p eople a nd
th e imp rove me nt of publi c hea lth a s am ong its pri ma ry duti es and, in
p art icu la r, th e St at e s ha ll e nde avou r to bring a bout proh ibit ion of th e
c onsu mpt ion ex ce pt fo r m edi ci na l purpos es of in toxic at ing dr inks and of
drug s whi ch ar e inju rious to he al th.
48. Or gani sa tion of agri cu ltu re and ani mal hus band ry. — The Sta te
sh al l end ea vour to org ani se ag ri cul tur e and ani ma l husb and ry on mod ern
a nd sc ie nti fi c lin es and sha ll, in pa rti cul ar, ta ke st eps for pr es er ving and
i mprov ing the bre ed s, and prohib iting th e s la ught er, of co ws a nd c al ve s and
oth er m il ch and draugh t c at tl e.
48A. P ro te ct io n and i mp ro ve me nt of e nvi ro nmen t and saf egua rd ing
of fo re st s and w il d li fe . — The St at e sha ll end ea vour to prot ec t and imp rove
th e envi ronm en t a nd to sa fe gu ard th e fo re st s and w ild lif e of the coun try.
49. Prot ec ti on of mon umen ts and pla ce s and obj ec ts of na tiona l
i mpo rt anc e. — It s ha ll be the obliga tion of the S ta te to prot ec t ev er y
m onum en t or pl ac e or obje ct of ar ti st ic or his tori c in te re st , de cl ar ed by or
und er l aw ma de by Pa rli am en t to b e of na tiona l i mpor ta nc e, fro m
spo li at ion, di sfigu re me nt , de st ruc tion, re mov al , dispo sa l or expor t, a s th e
c as e m ay b e.
50. S epa rat ion of j udi cia ry from ex ec ut ive . —Th e Sta te sh al l tak e st eps
to se pa ra te the judi ci ary f rom th e exe cu tiv e in th e publ ic s er vic es of the
St at e.
51. Promot ion of int er nat ional pea ce and s ec ur it y. — The Sta te sha ll
e nde avou r to —
(a ) promo te int er na tion al pe ac e and s ec ur ity;
(b ) ma in ta in ju st and honora bl e re la tion s b et we en na tions ;
( c) fo st er re spe ct fo r inte rn at iona l la w a nd tr ea ty obl iga tions in the
d ea lings of o rgan iz ed peop le s wi th on e a nothe r; a nd
(d ) enc our age s et tl em en t of in te rna tion al di spute s by a rbi tr at ion.
PART IVA
PART IVA
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A. Fun damen tal du tie s. — It sh all be th e duty of ev ery c iti ze n of Ind ia
—
(a ) to ab ide by th e Cons titu tion and re sp ec t it s id ea ls and

in sti tution s, th e N at ion al Fla g a nd th e Na tion al An the m;
(b ) to ch er is h a nd fo llo w th e noble id ea ls wh ich in spi red our
n ation al s truggl e for f re edo m;
( c) to uphold and prot ec t th e sov er eign ty, uni ty and int eg rity of
Ind ia ;
(d ) to de fe nd th e count ry and rend er n ation al s erv ic e wh en ca ll ed
upon to do s o;
( e) to pro mot e h ar mony and the s pir it of com mo n broth erhood
a mong st a ll the peop le of Indi a tr ans ce nding r el igious , lingui sti c and
r egion al or se ct ion al dive rs iti es ; to r enoun ce pra ct ic es derog ato ry to th e
digni ty of wo me n;
( f) to valu e and pre se rv e the r ich he rit ag e of our co mpo si te cu ltu re ;
(g ) to prot ec t and i mprov e th e na tur al e nvi ronm ent inc luding fo re st s,
l ake s, r ive rs a nd w ild li fe , a nd to hav e com pa ss ion for liv ing c re at ur es ;
(h ) to dev elop th e sc ie nti fi c te mpe r, hum an is m and the sp iri t of
inqui ry and re for m;
( i) to sa fe gua rd public prop er ty and to a bjur e viol enc e;
( j) to st rive tow ar ds exc el le nc e in al l sphe re s of indiv idua l and
c oll ec tiv e a ct ivi ty so th at the n ation cons ta ntly r is es to high er lev el s of
e nde avou r a nd a ch iev em en t.
20
PART V
THE UNION
C H A P T E R I.—T H E E X E C U T I V E
The P re sid en t and Vi ce - Pres id ent
52. Th e Pres id en t of Ind ia. — Th er e sh all be a Pr es id ent of Indi a.

53. Exe cu tiv e po we r of t he Unio n. —(1 ) The e xe cu tive pow er of the
Un ion sha ll be ve st ed in th e Pre si den t a nd s ha ll be exe rc is ed by him e ith er
di re ct ly or th rough o ff ic er s subo rdin at e to hi m in a cc or dan ce with thi s
Con st itut ion.
(2) Withou t pr ejudi ce to th e gen er al ity of the for egoing provis ion, th e
sup re me co mm an d of th e De fe nc e For ce s of the Un ion s ha ll be ve st ed in
th e Pre si den t a nd th e ex er ci se the reo f sha ll be re gul at ed by la w.
(3) No thing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll —
(a ) be dee me d to t ra ns fe r to th e Pre si den t a ny fun ct ions c onf er re d by
a ny e xis ting la w on th e Gove rnm en t of a ny St at e or othe r autho rity ; or
(b ) pr eve nt P arl ia me nt fro m c onf er ring by l aw func tion s on
a uthor iti es othe r th an the Pr es id ent.
54. E le ct ion of Pres id en t. — Th e Pre si den t s ha ll be el ec te d by the
m em be rs of an el ec to ra l c oll eg e cons is ting of—
(a ) the el ec te d me mb er s of both Hous es of P ar li am en t; and
(b ) the el ec te d me mb er s of th e L egi sl at ive A ss em bl ie s of the St at es .
Exp lanation .— In thi s ar ti cl e and in a rt ic le 55, ‘‘ St at e’’ inc lude s the
N at iona l Cap it al Te rr it ory of De lhi and the Un ion t er ri tory of Pondic he rry.
55. Mann er of el ec ti on of P re si de nt . —(1 ) As fa r a s pra ct ic ab le , the re
sh al l be unifor mi ty in th e s ca le of r ep re se nt at ion of th e diffe re nt Sta te s at
th e el ec tion of the Pr es id ent .
(2) For th e purpo se of s ec ur ing such uni for mi ty a mong th e S ta te s int er
s e as w el l as p ar ity bet we en th e S ta te s as a w hole a nd th e Union , th e
nu mbe r of vot es w hic h e ac h el ec te d me mb er of P ar li am en t and of th e
L egi sl at ive A ss em bl y of e ac h St at e is e nti tle d to ca st a t su ch e le ct ion sh al l
b e d ete rm in ed in th e follo wing m ann er :—
(a ) eve ry el ec te d me mb er of th e Leg is la tiv e A ss em bl y of a St at e
sh al l hav e a s ma ny vote s a s the re ar e m ult ipl es of one thou sa nd in th e
quoti en t obta ined by div iding th e popul ation of the Sta te by the to ta l
nu mbe r of th e el ec te d me mb er s of the A ss em bl y;
(b ) if , af te r t aking the s ai d mu ltip le s of one thou sand , the re ma ind er
i s not l es s than fiv e hundre d, then 21 th e vot e of e ac h me mb er re fe rr ed to
in sub -c lau se (a) sh al l be furth er in cr ea se d by on e;
( c) ea ch e le ct ed member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of
votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members
of the Legislative Assemblies of the States under sub-clauses (a) and (b) by the total
number of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one-
half being counted as one and other fractions being disregarded.
(3) The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting at such
election shall be by secret ballot.
Explanation.— In this article, the expression ‘‘population’’ means the population as
ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this Explanation to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed as a reference to the 1971 census.
56. Term of office of President.—(1) The President shall hold office for a term of five
years from the date on which he enters upon his office:
Provided that—
(a ) the Pr es ide nt ma y, by w rit ing under hi s h and a ddr es se d to th e
Vic e- Pre si den t, re si gn hi s offic e;
(b ) the Pr es ide nt ma y, for viol at ion of th e Cons titu tion, be re mov ed
f rom o ff ic e by i mpe ac hm en t in th e ma nne r provid ed in a rt ic le 61;
( c) th e Pr es ide nt sh al l, not with st and ing the expi ra tion of his t er m,
c ontinu e to hold offi ce until his su cc es so r en te rs upon his offi ce .
(2) Any resignation addressed to the Vice-President under clause (a) of the proviso to
clause (1) shall forthwith be communicated by him to the Speaker of the House of the People.
57. Eligibility for re-election.—A person who holds, or who has held, office as President
shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that
office.
58. Qualifications for election as President.—(1) No person shall be eligible for election
as President unless he—
(a ) is a ci ti ze n of Indi a,
(b ) has co mp le ted th e age of thi rty -fiv e ye ar s, and
( c) is qual if ied fo r e le ct ion as a m em be r of th e H ous e of the Peop le .
(2) A p er son sh al l not be e lig ibl e fo r el ec ti on as Pr es ide nt i f he hold s
a ny o ff ic e of prof it under th e G ove rnm en t of Ind ia or the Gov er nm en t of
a ny St at e or under any lo ca l or oth er au thor ity subj ec t to th e cont rol of any
of th e s ai d G ove rnm en ts .
Exp lanation .— Fo r th e purpos es of thi s ar ti cl e, a pe rson sh al l not be
d ee me d to hold a ny offi ce of pro fit by r ea so n only tha t he is th e Pr es id ent
or Vi ce - P re sid ent of the Un ion or th e Gove rnor of any St at e or i s a
Min is te r ei the r for the Un ion or fo r a ny St at e.
59. Cond it ions of P re si de nt 's off ic e. —(1 ) The P re sid en t sha ll not be a
m em be r of ei the r H ous e of P ar li am en t or of a Hou se of th e Le gis la tur e of
a ny Sta te , and if a me mb er of e ith er Hou se of Pa rl ia me nt or of a Hous e of
th e L egi sl atu re of any St at e be e le ct ed P re sid en t, he sha ll b e de em ed to
h ave va ca te d his se at in th at Hou se on th e dat e on wh ich he en te rs upon his
o ff ic e as Pre si den t.
(2) The Pr es ide nt sha ll not hold a ny oth er o ff ic e of profi t.

(3) The Pr es ide nt sha ll be en tit led w ithout pay me nt of re nt to th e use of
hi s offic ia l re si den ce s a nd sh al l be al so ent itl ed to su ch em olu me nt s,
a llo wa nc es and privi leg es as m ay b e de te rm ine d by Pa rli am en t by l aw and,
unti l provis ion in th at beh al f i s so ma de , s uch e mo lum ent s, a llo wan ce s a nd
pr ivil eg es a s ar e sp ec if ie d in th e S ec ond S che dule .
(4) The em olu me nt s and al low an ce s of the Pr es id ent sh all not be
di min ish ed during his t er m of offic e.
60. Oa th o r af fi rmat ion by th e P re si de nt . — Eve ry Pr es id ent a nd ev ery
p er son ac ti ng as Pr es id ent or dis cha rg ing th e fun ct ions of the Pre si den t
sh al l, be for e ent er ing upon his o ffi ce , ma ke and subs cr ibe in th e pr es en ce
of th e Ch ie f Jus ti ce of Ind ia or, in his ab sen ce , the s en ior-m os t Judge of
th e Supr em e Cour t av ai lab le , an oath or affi rm at io n in the follo wing for m,
th at is to sa y—
"I, A. B., do s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d t h a t I w ill f ai thful ly exe cu te
s o l e m n l y a ff i r m
th e o ff ic e of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of India and will to the best of my ability
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being
of the people of India.".
61. Proc ed ure fo r impe ac hmen t of the Pres id en t. — (1) Wh en a
P re sid ent i s to be im pe ac he d fo r viola tion of the Con sti tution , th e cha rg e
sh al l be pre fe rr ed by e ith er Hou se of P ar li am en t.
(2) No su ch cha rg e sh al l be pre fe rr ed unl es s—
(a ) th e propos al to pre fe r suc h ch arge is cont ain ed in a re so lution
wh ic h ha s be en m oved af te r a t le as t fourt ee n day s' noti ce in w ri ting
s igne d by not le ss than one- four th of th e tot al numbe r of me mb er s of the
Hou se has b een giv en of th ei r int en tion to m ove th e r es olut ion, and
(b ) such r es olut ion h as be en pa ss ed by a m aj ori ty of not le ss th an
t wo- third s of the tot al me mb er sh ip of the Hou se .
(3) Wh en a c ha rg e h as bee n so pr ef er re d by e ithe r H ous e of Pa rli am en t,
th e othe r H ous e sha ll inv es tig at e the ch arge or c au se th e ch arge to be
inv es tig at ed a nd the Pre si den t sh al l hav e th e righ t to app ea r a nd to be
r ep re se nt ed at su ch inve stig at ion.
(4) If as a result of the investigation a resolution is passed by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the total membership of the House by which the charge was investigated or
caused to be investigated, declaring that the charge preferred against the President has been
sustained, such resolution shall have the effect of removing the President from his office as
from the date on which the resolution is so passed.
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill
casual vacancy. —(1) An election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration of the term of office of President shall be
completed before the expiration of the term.
(2) An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of his death,
resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible after, and in no case
later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to
fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of article 56, be entitled to hold office for the
full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.
63. The Vice-President of India.—There shall be a Vice-President of India.
64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.—The Vice-
President shall be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States and shall not hold any other
office of profit:
Provided that during any period when the Vice-President acts as President or discharges
the functions of the President under article 65, he shall not perform the duties of the office of
Chairman of the Council of States and shall not be entitled to any salary or allowance payable
to the Chairman of the Council of States under article 97.
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the
office, or during the absence, of President.— (1) In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the
President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President shall act as President until the date
on which a new President elected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter to fill such vacancy enters upon his
office.
(2) When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or
any other cause, the Vice-President shall discharge his functions until the date on which the
President resumes his duties.
(3) The Vice-President shall, during, and in respect of, the period while he is so acting as,
or discharging the functions of, President, have all the powers and immunities of the President
and be entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by
Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments,
allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
66. Election of Vice-President.—(1) The Vice-President shall be elected by the members
of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance
with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and
the voting at such election shall be by secret ballot.
(2) Th e Vi ce - Pr es ide nt sh al l not be a m em be r of ei the r Hou se of
P ar lia me nt or of a Hou se of the L egi sl atu re of any St at e, and if a m em be r
of eith er Hou se of P arl ia me nt or of a Hous e of the Legi sl at ur e of a ny Sta te
b e el ec te d Vi ce - Pr es id ent , he sh al l be dee me d to have va ca te d his se at in
th at H ous e on th e dat e on wh ich he en te rs upon his o ff ic e as Vic e-
P re sid ent .
(3) No pe rson sh al l b e e lig ibl e for el ec ti on a s Vi ce - Pr es ide nt unle ss h e—
(a ) is a ci ti ze n of Indi a;
(b ) has co mp le ted th e age of thi rty -fiv e ye ar s; and
( c) is qual if ied fo r e le ct ion as a m em be r of th e Coun ci l of St at es .
(4) A per son sh al l not be el igibl e fo r e le ct ion a s Vi ce - Pr es id ent if he
hold s any offic e of prof it unde r th e Gove rn me nt of India or th e
Gov er nm en t of any Sta te or unde r any loc al or othe r au thori ty sub je ct to
th e cont rol of any of th e sa id Gove rn me nts .
Exp lanation .— Fo r the purpos es of thi s a rt ic le , a per son sh al l not be

d ee me d to hold a ny offi ce of pro fit by r ea so n only tha t he is th e Pr es id ent
or Vi ce - P re sid ent of the Un ion or th e Gove rnor of any St at e or i s a
Min is te r ei the r for the Un ion or fo r a ny St at e.
67. Ter m of of fi ce of Vi ce - P re si de nt .— The Vic e- Pre si den t sh al l hold
o ff ic e fo r a te rm of fiv e y ea rs fro m th e d ate on whi ch he ent er s upon hi s
o ff ic e:
Provid ed tha t—
(a ) a Vic e- Pre si den t m ay, by wr iting unde r his hand add re ss ed to the
P re sid ent , r es ign his o ff ic e;
(b ) a Vic e- Pr es ide nt ma y b e r em ov ed fro m his offi ce by a re so lution
of th e Coun ci l of St at es pas se d by a ma jo ri ty of a ll the th en m em be rs of
th e Coun ci l and a gr ee d to by the H ous e of the P eopl e; but no r es olut ion
fo r the purpos e of this c la us e sh all be m oved unl es s at l ea st fou rte en
d ays' noti ce h as be en given of the int ent ion to mov e the r es olut ion;
(c ) a Vi ce - P re sid ent sh al l, notw iths ta nding the exp ir at ion of hi s
t er m, con tinu e to hold offi ce unt il his su cc es so r en te rs upon hi s offi ce .
68. Time of holding e le ct ion to fi ll vacan cy in t he of fi ce of Vi ce -
P re si de nt and t he te rm of off ic e of pe rso n el ec te d to fi ll c asua l vaca nc y.
— (1) A n el ec ti on to fi ll a vac an cy c au se d by the expi ra tion of the t er m of
o ff ic e of Vic e- Pre si den t sh al l be c omp le te d be for e th e exp ir ation of the
t er m.
(2 ) An e le ct ion to f ill a va ca nc y in the offi ce of Vi ce - Pr es id ent
o ccu rr ing by re as on of hi s dea th, re si gna tion or re mov al, or othe rw is e sh al l
b e held as soon a s po ss ible af te r th e o ccu rr en ce of th e va ca ncy, and th e
p er son el ec te d to f ill the vac an cy sh al l, s ubje ct to th e provi sion s of a rt ic le
67, be ent itl ed to hold o ffi ce for the fu ll te rm of fiv e ye ar s fro m the d ate
on whi ch he ent er s upon hi s o ff ic e.
69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.—Every Vice-President shall, before
entering upon his office, make and subscribe before the President, or some person appointed
in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation in the following form, that is to say—
"I, A. B., do s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d th at I wi ll be ar true fa ith and
a ll egi an ce to the Con st itut ion of Indi a as by la w es ta bli sh ed and tha t I w ill
f ai thfu lly dis cha rg e th e duty upon w hic h I a m abou t to ent er."
70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.—Parliament may make
such provisions as it thinks fit for the discharge of the functions of the President in any
contingency not provided for in this Chapter.
71. Ma tt er s rel at ing to, o r c onn ec te d w it h, th e e le ct ion of a
P re si de nt or Vi ce - P re si de nt .— (1 ) A ll doubts and di sput es a ri sing out of or
in conn ec tion w ith the el ec ti on of a Pr es id ent or Vic e- Pr es ide nt sha ll be
inqui re d into a nd de cid ed by the Supr em e Court whos e dec is ion sh al l be

f ina l.
(2) If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the
Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of
the office of President or Vice-President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the
decision of the Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law regulate any
matter relating to or connected with the election of a President or Vice-President.
(4) The election of a person as President or Vice-President shall not be called in question
on the ground of the existence of any vacancy for whatever reason among the members of the
electoral college electing him.
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute
sentences in certain cases.— (1) The President shall have the power to grant pardons,
reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence
of any person convicted of any offence—
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Court Martial;
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law
relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends;
(c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.
(2) Nothing in sub-clause (a) of clause (1) shall affect the power conferred by law on any
officer of the Armed Forces of the Union to suspend, remit or commute a sentence passed by
a Court Martial.
(3) Nothing in sub-clause (c) of clause (1) shall affect the power to suspend, remit or
commute a sentence of death exercisable by the Governor of a State under any law for the
time being in force.
73. Extent of executive power of the Union.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this
Constitution, the executive power of the Union shall extend—
(a) to the ma tt er s with re sp ec t to wh ic h Pa rli am en t h as powe r to
m ak e la ws ; and
(b) to the exe rc is e of su ch r ight s, au thor ity and juri sdi ct ion a s a re
e xe rc is ab le by th e Gov er nm en t of Indi a by vir tue of any tre at y or
a gr ee me nt :
P rovide d th at th e e xe cut ive pow er r ef er re d to in sub -c la us e (a) sh al l
not, sa ve as expr es sl y provid ed in this Cons titu tion or in any l aw ma de by
P ar lia me nt , ext end in a ny St at e to ma tt er s wi th re spe ct to wh ich th e
L egi sl atu re of th e St at e ha s al so powe r to m ak e l aw s.
(2 ) Unti l oth er wi se provid ed by Pa rli am en t, a St at e and any offi ce r or
a uthor ity of a Sta te m ay, not wi ths tand ing a nything in this a rt ic le , c ontinu e
to ex er ci se in m at te rs with r es pe ct to whi ch Pa rli am en t ha s powe r to m ak e
l aw s fo r th at St at e such exe cu tiv e pow er or fun ction s a s the St at e or offi ce r
or autho rity the reo f cou ld ex er ci se i mm ed ia te ly be for e th e c om me nc em en t
of thi s Cons titu tion.
Counc il of Min is te rs
74. Co unc il of Min is te rs to aid and advi se Pres id en t. — (1) Th er e
sh al l be a Coun ci l of Mini st er s with the P ri me Mini st er at the h ead to aid
a nd advi se th e Pr es ide nt who sha ll, in the exe rc is e of hi s func tion s, a ct in
a cc or dan ce with su ch advi ce :
P rovide d th at th e P re sid ent m ay r equi re th e Coun ci l of Min is te rs to
r ec ons ide r su ch a dvi ce , e ithe r g ene ra lly or othe rw is e, and th e Pr es id ent
sh al l ac t in a cc or dan ce with th e a dvi ce t ende re d af te r suc h r ec ons ide ra ti on.
(2 ) Th e qu es tion whe th er any, a nd i f s o w ha t, advi ce w as tend er ed by
Min is te rs to the Pr es id ent sh al l not be inqui red into in any cour t.
75. O th er provi sion s as to Min is te rs .— (1 ) The P ri me Mini st er sha ll
b e a ppoint ed by the P re sid ent and th e oth er Min is te rs sh al l be appoin ted by
th e Pre si den t on the adv ic e of the Pr im e Mini st er.
(1A ) The tota l numb er of Min is te rs , inc luding th e P rim e Mini st er, in the
Coun ci l of Min is te rs sh al l not e xc ee d fif te en pe r ce nt. of the tot al nu mbe r
of m em be rs of th e Hous e of the P eople .
(1B ) A m em be r of ei the r Hous e of Pa rli am en t belong ing to any poli tic al
p arty who i s disqu al if ied for b eing a me mb er of th at H ous e und er
p ar agr aph 2 of th e Te nth Sch edul e sh al l a lso be di squa lif ie d to be
a ppoint ed as a Min is te r under c la us e (1) for dur at ion of th e p er iod
c om me nc ing f rom the dat e of his di squa li fi ca tion t ill the d ate on whi ch th e
t er m of his o ff ic e as suc h me mb er w ould exp ir e or w he re he c onte st s any
e le ct ion to e ith er Hous e of Pa rl ia me nt b efo re the expi ry of su ch p eriod , til l
th e dat e on whi ch he is de cl ar ed e le ct ed , w hic hev er i s ea rl ie r.
(2 ) The Min is te rs sh al l hold o ff ic e during the pl ea su re of the P re sid ent .
(3) The Counc il of Minis te rs sh al l be c oll ec ti ve ly re spon sib le to the
Hou se of th e Peop le .
(4 ) B ef or e a Minis te r ent er s upon hi s offi ce , the Pr es ide nt sha ll
a dm ini st er to him the o aths of o ff ic e a nd of s ec re cy ac co rd ing to the for ms
s et out for th e purpo se in th e Thi rd Sch edul e.
(5 ) A Mini st er who fo r a ny p eriod of six con se cu tiv e month s is not a
m em be r of ei the r H ous e of P ar li am en t sh al l at the expi ra tion of that per iod
c ea se to be a Mini st er.
(6) The sa la ri es and al low an ce s of Mini st er s sh al l be such as Pa rl ia me nt
m ay f rom ti me to ti me by l aw de te rm in e and, until P arl ia me nt so
d ete rm in es , sha ll be a s spe ci fi ed in the Se cond Sch edu le .
The Attorney-General for India
76. Attorney-General for India.—(1) The President shall appoint a person who is
qualified to be appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court to be Attorney- General for India.
(2) It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to give advice to the Government of India
upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from
time to time be referred or assigned to him by the President, and to discharge the functions
conferred on him by or under this Constitution or any other law for the time being in force.
(3) In the performance of his duties the Attorney-General shall have right of audience in
all courts in the territory of India.
(4) The Attorney-General shall hold office during the pleasure of the President, and shall
receive such remuneration as the President may determine.
Conduct of Government Business
77. Conduct of business of the Government of India.—(1) All executive action of the
Government of India shall be expressed to be taken in the name of the President.
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the President shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the President, and
the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the President.
(3) The President shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of India, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business.
* * * * *
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the
President, etc.—It shall be the duty of the Prime Minister—
(a) to c om mun ic at e to the P re sid ent al l de ci sion s of th e Coun ci l of
Min is te rs r el at ing to th e a dm ini st ra tion of the affa ir s of the Union and
propo sa ls fo r leg is la tion;
(b) to fu rnis h su ch info rm at ion r el at ing to th e ad min is tr at ion of th e
a ff ai rs of the Un ion a nd propo sa ls for leg is la tion as the Pr es ide nt ma y
c al l for ; a nd
(c ) if the Pr es id ent so re qui re s, to subm it for th e cons ide ra tion of
th e Coun ci l of Mini st er s any m at te r on wh ich a de ci sion has be en t aken
by a Minis te r but w hic h h as not bee n c ons ide re d by the Coun cil .
CHAPTER II.—PARLIAMENT
General
79. Constitution of Parliament.—There shall be a Parliament for the Union which shall
consist of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the Council of States and
the House of the People.
80. Composition of the Council of States.—(1) The Council of States shall consist of—
(a) twelve members to be nominated by the President in accordance with the
provisions of clause (3); and
(b) not more than two hundred and thirty-eight representatives of the States and of
the Union territories.
(2) The allocation of seats in the Council of States to be filled by representatives of the
States and of the Union territories shall be in accordance with the provisions in that behalf
contained in the Fourth Schedule.
(3) The members to be nominated by the President under sub-clause (a) of clause (1)
shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such
matters as the following, namely:—
Literature, science, art and social service.
(4) The representatives of each State in the Council of States shall be elected by the
elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
(5) The representatives of the Union territories in the Council of States shall be chosen in
such manner as Parliament may by law prescribe.
81. Composition of the House of the People.—(1) Subject to the provisions of article
331, the House of the People shall consist of—
(a) not more than five hundred and thirty members chosen by direct election from
territorial constituencies in the States, and
(b) not more than twenty members to represent the Union territories, chosen in such
manner as Parliament may by law provide.
(2) For the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (1),—
(a) there shall be allotted to each State a number of seats in the House of the People
in such manner that the ratio between that number and the population of the State is, so far
as practicable, the same for all States; and
(b) each State shall be divided into territorial constituencies in such manner that the
ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it is,
so far as practicable, the same throughout the State:
Provided that the provisions of sub-clause (a) of this clause shall not be applicable for the
purpose of allotment of seats in the House of the People to any State so long as the population
of that State does not exceed six millions.
(3) In this article, the expression “population” means the population as ascertained at the
last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published:
Provided that the reference in this clause to the last preceding census of which the
relevant figures have been published shall, until the relevant figures for the first census taken
after the year 2026 have been published, be construed, —
(i) for the purposes of sub-clause (a) of clause (2) and the proviso to that clause, as a
reference to the 1971 census; and
(ii) for the purposes of sub-clause (b) of clause (2) as a reference to the 2001 census.
82. Readjustment after each census.—Upon the completion of each census, the
allocation of seats in the House of the People to the States and the division of each State into
territorial constituencies shall be readjusted by such authority and in such manner as
Parliament may by law determine:
Provided that such readjustment shall not affect representation in the House of the People
until the dissolution of the then existing House:
Provided further that such readjustment shall take effect from such date as the President
may, by order, specify and until such readjustment takes effect, any election to the House may
be held on the basis of the territorial constituencies existing before such readjustment:
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the allocation of seats in the House of People to the States as readjusted on
the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of each State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted
on the basis of the 2001 census,
under this article.
83. D ura tio n of Ho us es of Pa rlia me nt .— (1) Th e Counc il of Sta te s
sh al l not be subj ec t to di ss olut ion, but a s n ea rly a s poss ibl e one -thi rd of
th e m em be rs th er eo f sha ll re ti re as soon a s m ay be on the expi ra tion of
e ve ry s ec ond ye ar in ac co rd anc e with the prov is ions ma de in tha t beh al f by
P ar lia me nt by la w.
(2 ) The H ous e of the P eopl e, unl es s soone r di sso lve d, sh al l cont inue
fo r five y ea rs f rom th e dat e appoin ted fo r i ts fi rs t me et ing and no long er
a nd th e expi ra tion of the sa id pe riod of five y ea rs sh al l oper at e as a
di sso lution of the Hou se :
P rovide d tha t th e sa id p eriod ma y, w hil e a Proc la ma ti on of Em erge nc y
i s in ope ra tion , b e e xte nded by P ar li am en t by la w for a pe riod not
e xc ee ding one ye ar a t a t im e and not ext ending in any ca se beyond a per iod
of s ix m onths a ft er th e Pro cl am at ion ha s ce as ed to ope ra te .
84. Qua li fic atio n for me mb er sh ip of Parl iamen t. — A pe rson sha ll not
b e qu ali fi ed to be cho se n to fi ll a se at in P ar lia me nt unl es s he —
(a ) i s a cit iz en of Indi a, a nd ma ke s and sub sc ri be s be for e s om e
p er son a utho ris ed in tha t b eha lf by th e E le ct ion Com mi ss ion an oa th or
a ff ir ma ti on a cc or ding to th e fo rm se t out fo r th e purpos e in the Thi rd
S che dule ;
(b ) is , in the c as e of a s ea t in th e Counc il of Sta te s, not le ss than
thi rty ye ar s of age a nd, in th e ca se of a se at in the Hou se of th e Peopl e,
not le ss than tw enty - fiv e yea rs of ag e; a nd
( c) pos se ss es s uch oth er qual if ic at ions a s ma y be pre sc ri bed in tha t
b eha lf by or unde r a ny l aw m ad e by P ar lia me nt .
85. S es sio ns of Par lia me nt , proroga tion and dis sol utio n.— (1 ) Th e
P re sid ent sha ll f rom ti me to ti me su mm on e ac h Hou se of P ar lia me nt to
m ee t a t such ti me and pla ce as he think s fit , but s ix m onths s ha ll not
int er ven e b et we en i ts la st s it ting in one se ss ion and th e dat e a ppoint ed fo r
it s fi rs t s it ting in th e next se ss io n.
(2) The Pr es ide nt ma y fro m tim e to tim e—
(a ) prorogu e the Hou se s or ei the r Hous e;
(b ) dis solv e the Hou se of th e Peopl e.
86. R igh t of P re si de nt to add re ss and s en d mes sa ge s to Hou se s. — (1)

Th e Pr es id ent m ay add re ss ei the r Hou se of P ar li am en t or both Hou se s
a ss em bl ed toge the r, a nd for tha t purpos e r equ ir e th e at te ndan ce of
m em be rs .
(2) The Pr es ide nt ma y se nd m es sa ge s to e ith er Hou se of P ar lia me nt ,
wh et he r w ith r es pe ct to a B ill th en p ending in P ar lia me nt or oth er wi se , and
a Hou se to wh ich any m es sa ge is so s ent sh al l w ith al l conve nie nt de spa tc h
c ons ide r any ma tt er r equi re d by the me ss ag e to be t ake n into con sid er at ion.
87. Sp ec ial add re ss by th e Pres id en t. — (1) At th e c om me nc em en t of th e
f ir st s es si on a ft er ea ch gen er al el ec tion to the Hous e of the P eopl e a nd at
th e co mm en ce me nt of the fir st se ss ion of ea ch yea r th e P re sid ent sha ll
a ddr es s both H ous es of P ar lia me nt a ss em bl ed tog eth er and in for m
P ar lia me nt of th e c au se s of it s sum mon s.
(2) Provi sion s ha ll be ma de by the ru le s r egul at ing th e proc edu re of
e ith er Hou se for the a llot me nt of tim e fo r dis cus sion of the m at te rs re fe rr ed
to in s uch add re ss .
88. Rig ht s of Mi nis te rs and At tor ney -G en er al as res pe ct s Hou se s. —
Ev ery Minis te r a nd the Atto rne y- Ge ne ra l of Ind ia sha ll have the right to
sp ea k in, and oth er wi se to tak e p ar t in the proc ee ding s of, ei the r Hou se ,
a ny joint sit ting of the H ous es , and any co mm it te e of P arl ia me nt of whi ch
h e m ay be na me d a me mb er, but s ha ll not by virtu e of th is a rti cl e be
e nti tle d to vote .
O ffi ce rs of Parl iam en t
89. Th e Chai rman and De pu ty Chai rman of th e Coun ci l of Sta te s. —
(1 ) Th e Vic e- Pre si den t of Ind ia sh al l b e e x off ic io Cha ir ma n of th e Counc il
of St at es .
(2) Th e Counc il of Sta te s sha ll , as soon a s ma y be, choos e a m em be r of
th e Coun ci l to be D epu ty Cha ir ma n th er eo f and, so oft en a s the o ff ic e of
D epu ty Cha ir ma n be co me s vac an t, th e Coun ci l sha ll choos e anoth er
m em be r to be De puty Cha ir ma n the re of.
90. Vaca tion and re si gn at ion of, and re mo va l f ro m, th e of fic e of
D ep uty Cha ir ma n.— A me mb er hold ing o ff ic e a s De puty Cha ir ma n of th e
Coun ci l of St at es —
(a ) sh al l va ca te hi s offi ce if he c ea se s to b e a m em be r of th e
Coun ci l;
(b ) m ay a t a ny t im e, by w ri ting unde r hi s hand addr es se d to the
Ch ai rm an , r es ign his o ff ic e; and
( c) ma y be re mov ed f rom his offic e by a re so lution of the Counc il
p as se d by a ma jo rity of al l th e then m em be rs of th e Counc il:
Provid ed tha t no re so lution for th e purpos e of c la us e ( c) sh al l be move d
unl es s a t l ea st four te en d ays ’ notic e h as bee n given of the inte ntion to
m ove th e r es olu tion.
91. Po we r of t he D ep uty Cha ir ma n o r oth er pe rs on to pe rfo rm th e

du ti es of th e off ic e of, or to ac t as, Cha ir ma n.— (1) Whil e the o ffi ce of
Ch ai rm an is v ac an t, or dur ing any p eriod whe n the Vic e- Pre si den t i s ac ting
a s, or dis ch arging the fun ct ions of, P re sid ent , the dutie s of the offi ce sha ll
b e pe rfo rm ed by th e De puty Ch ai rm an , or, if th e offi ce of D epu ty Cha ir ma n
i s a lso vac an t, by su ch m em be r of the Counc il of S ta te s a s th e P re sid ent
m ay appo int for th e purpo se .
(2) Dur ing th e ab se nc e of the Ch ai rm an fro m a ny si tting of the Counc il
of Sta te s th e D eputy Cha ir ma n, or, if h e is al so ab se nt, suc h pe rson a s ma y
b e d ete rm in ed by th e ru le s of proc edu re of the Coun ci l, or, if no su ch
p er son i s pre se nt, su ch othe r per son as ma y b e d ete rm in ed by th e Coun ci l,
sh al l ac t as Ch ai rm an .
92. Th e Chai rman o r the D ep uty Cha ir ma n not to p re si de wh ile a
res ol ut ion fo r hi s remov al f ro m off ic e i s und er con sid er at ion. — (1) A t
a ny s itt ing of th e Counc il of Sta te s, wh ile a ny r es olu tion for the r em ova l of
th e Vi ce - Pr es id ent f rom hi s offi ce is under cons ide ra ti on, th e Cha ir ma n, or
wh il e any re solu tion fo r th e re mov al of th e De puty Ch ai rm an fro m hi s
o ff ic e is unde r cons ide ra ti on, the De puty Cha ir ma n, sh al l not , though he is
pr es en t, pre si de , a nd th e provis ions of c lau se (2) of ar ti cl e 91 sh all app ly
in re la tion to eve ry su ch sit ting as they apply in re la tion to a sit ting fro m
wh ic h the Cha ir ma n, or, as the ca se m ay be, th e D epu ty Cha ir ma n, i s
a bs ent .
(2) Th e Cha ir ma n sha ll hav e the righ t to sp ea k in, and oth er wi se to t ake
p art in the pro ce ed ings of, th e Coun ci l of St at es whil e any re so lution fo r
th e re mov al of the Vi ce - Pr es id ent fro m hi s o ff ic e is unde r cons ide ra ti on in
th e Counc il, but, notw ith st anding anyth ing in a rt ic le 100, sha ll not be
e nti tle d to vote a t al l on such r es olut ion or on a ny oth er m at te r during su ch
pro ce ed ings .
93. Th e Sp eak er and De pu ty Spe ake r of t he Hou se of th e P eop le .—
Th e Hou se of th e P eople sh all , as soon as ma y be , choo se two m em be rs of
th e Hou se to be re spe ct iv ely Sp ea ke r and De puty Sp eak er the re of and, so
of ten as the offi ce of Sp eak er or D eputy Spe ake r b eco me s va ca nt, th e
Hou se sh al l choo se anoth er me mb er to b e Spe ak er or De puty Sp ea ke r, a s
th e ca se ma y be.
94. Va cat ion and res ig na tion of, and re mo va l f ro m, th e offi ce s of
Sp eak er and De pu ty Sp eak er.— A m em be r hold ing offi ce a s Sp eak er or
D epu ty Sp ea ke r of th e Hous e of the P eople —
(a ) sha ll va ca te his offi ce if he ce as es to be a me mb er of the Hou se
of th e P eopl e;
(b ) ma y at any ti me , by wr it ing und er his hand add re ss ed , if suc h
m em be r is th e Sp ea ke r, to th e D eputy Spe ake r, and if suc h me mb er i s
th e De puty Spe ake r, to the Spe ak er, r es ign his o ff ic e; and
( c) ma y be re mov ed fro m his o ffi ce by a re so lution of the Hou se of

th e Peopl e pa ss ed by a m aj or ity of a ll th e th en me mb er s of th e H ous e:
Provid ed tha t no re so lution for th e purpos e of c la us e ( c) sh al l be move d
unl es s a t l ea st four te en d ays ’ notic e h as bee n given of the inte ntion to
m ove th e r es olu tion:
Provid ed fu rth er tha t, wh en eve r th e Hou se of th e P eople is dis solv ed, th e
Sp ea ke r sh al l not va ca te hi s offi ce until im me di at ely befo re the fi rs t
m ee ti ng of th e Hous e of the P eople a ft er th e dis solu tion.
95. Pow er of th e De pu ty Sp eak er o r othe r pe rs on to p er fo rm the
du ti es of th e of fi ce of, o r to act as, Sp eak er.— (1 ) Whil e th e o ffi ce of
Sp ea ke r is va ca nt, the duti es of th e offi ce sh al l be per for me d by the D epu ty
Sp ea ke r or, i f th e offi ce of D epu ty Spe ak er is a ls o va ca nt, by su ch m em be r
of th e H ous e of th e Peop le a s the Pr es id ent ma y appoin t fo r the purpo se .
(2) Du ring th e a bs en ce of th e Sp ea ke r fro m any si tting of the Hou se of
th e P eople the De puty Sp ea ke r or, i f he is a ls o ab sen t, su ch p er son a s m ay
b e det er mi ne d by the ru le s of proc edu re of the Hous e, or, i f no such per son
i s pre se nt, su ch othe r per son as m ay be de te rm in ed by the Hou se , sh all a ct
a s Spe ak er.
96. Th e Spea ke r o r th e De pu ty Sp eak er not to pres id e whi le a
a ny s itt ing of th e Hous e of the P eople , whil e any re so lution fo r th e re mov al
of th e Sp ea ke r fro m his offi ce is unde r c ons ide ra tion , th e Spe ake r, or whi le
a ny r es olut ion fo r the r em ova l of th e Depu ty Spe ake r fro m his o ff ic e is
und er c ons ide ra tion, the Depu ty Sp eak er, sh al l not, though he is pr es en t,
pr es id e, a nd the provis ions of c lau se (2 ) of a rt ic le 95 s ha ll app ly in
r el at ion to ev er y s uch s itt ing a s the y a pply in r el at ion to a s itt ing f rom
wh ic h th e Spe ake r, or, as the ca se m ay be, th e Depu ty Spe ake r, is ab se nt.
(2) Th e Sp eak er sh all have the right to spe ak in, and othe rw is e to t ake
p art in the proc ee ding s of, the H ous e of th e P eopl e wh ile any r es olu tion fo r
hi s r em ova l fro m offic e is und er c ons ide ra tion in the Hous e a nd sh all ,
not with st and ing a nything in ar tic le 100, be en tit led to vote only in th e fir st
in st anc e on s uch re solu tion or on any othe r m at te r dur ing su ch pro ce ed ings
but not in th e c as e of a n e qua lity of vote s.
97. Salar ie s and allo wanc es of the Cha ir ma n and D ep uty C hai rman
and th e Spe ake r and D ep uty Sp eak er.— Th er e sh all be pa id to th e
Ch ai rm an and th e Depu ty Cha ir ma n of th e Counc il of S ta te s, and to the
Sp ea ke r and the D epu ty Spe ak er of the Hous e of the Peopl e, suc h sa la ri es
a nd al low an ce s as ma y be re spe ct iv ely f ixe d by Pa rli am en t by la w a nd,
unti l provis ion in th at beh al f i s so ma de , s uch s al ar ie s and a llo wan ce s a s
a re spe ci fi ed in th e Se cond Sch edul e.
98. Se cret ar ia t of Par liamen t. — (1) E ac h H ous e of P ar li am en t sha ll
h ave a s epa ra te se cr et ar ia l s ta ff :
Provid ed th at nothing in thi s c lau se sh al l be c ons tru ed a s pr ev ent ing the

c re at ion of post s com mo n to both H ous es of P ar lia me nt .
(2) P ar lia me nt ma y by la w r egu la te the r ec ru it me nt, and th e condi tion s
of se rvi ce of p er sons appoin ted , to the se cr et ar ia l st aff of e ith er Hous e of
P ar lia me nt .
(3) Un til provi sion i s m ad e by Pa rl ia me nt und er c la us e (2 ), th e P re sid ent
m ay, a ft er consu lt at ion w ith the Sp eak er of th e Hous e of the Peop le or th e
Ch ai rm an of the Counc il of Sta te s, as the ca se m ay be, ma ke rule s
r egul at ing the re cr ui tm ent , a nd th e condi tion s of s er vic e of pe rson s
a ppoint ed, to the se cr et ar ia l st aff of the Hou se of th e Peopl e or the Coun cil
of St at es , and any rule s so m ad e sha ll hav e effe ct sub je ct to the provi sion s
of any l aw m ad e under th e s ai d c la us e.
Conduc t of Bu sin es s
99. Oa th o r af fi rmat ion by membe rs .— Ev ery me mb er of e ith er Hous e
of P arl ia me nt sh al l, befo re t aking hi s s ea t, m ak e and sub sc rib e be for e the
P re sid ent , or so me pe rs on appoin ted in tha t beh al f by him , an o ath or
S che dule .
100. Vo ting in Hou se s, pow er of Hou se s to ac t not wi th stan ding
va canc ie s and quor um.— (1) S ave as othe rw is e provid ed in thi s
Con st itut ion, al l qu es tions a t any sit ting of ei the r Hous e or joint si tting of
th e Hou se s sha ll b e de te rm ine d by a m aj ori ty of vot es of th e me mb er s
pr es en t and voting, othe r than the Sp eak er or pe rs on a ct ing as Ch ai rm an or
Sp ea ke r.
The Cha ir ma n or Sp ea ke r, or p er son a ct ing a s su ch, sha ll not vote in th e
f ir st ins tan ce , but sha ll hav e and exe rc is e a c as ti ng vot e in th e ca se of an
e qua lity of vote s.
(2) Ei the r Hou se of P ar li am en t sh al l hav e pow er to ac t not wi ths tand ing
a ny v ac an cy in th e m em be rs hi p th er eo f, and any proc ee ding s in P ar lia me nt
sh al l be val id notw iths ta nding th at i t is dis cove re d sub se quen tly th at som e
p er son w ho w as not e nti tle d s o to do s at or voted or othe rw is e took pa rt in
th e proc ee ding s.
(3) Un til P ar lia me nt by la w othe rw is e provid es , the quorum to con st itut e
a m ee ti ng of e ith er Hou se of P ar lia me nt s ha ll be one- te nth of th e tota l
nu mbe r of m em be rs of the Hou se .
(4) I f at any ti me dur ing a m ee ti ng of a H ous e the re i s no quorum , it
sh al l be the duty of the Cha ir ma n or Sp ea ke r, or p er son a ct ing a s su ch,
e ith er to adjou rn th e Hou se or to su spe nd the me et ing until th er e i s a
quoru m.
D isqua lif ic ation s of Mem be rs
101. Va cat ion of s ea ts .— (1 ) No pe rs on sh all be a me mb er of both
Hou se s of P arl ia me nt and provi sion sha ll be m ad e by Pa rl ia me nt by l aw for
th e vac at ion by a pe rson who i s c hos en a me mb er of both Hou se s of his

s ea t in one Hous e or the oth er.
(2) No pe rs on s ha ll be a me mb er both of Pa rl ia me nt and of a Hous e of
th e L egi sl atu re of a St at e, and i f a p er son i s cho sen a m em be r both of
P ar lia me nt a nd of a Hou se of th e Legi sl at ur e of a St at e, th en, at th e
e xpir at ion of su ch p er iod as ma y b e spe ci fi ed in rul es ma de by the
P re sid ent , tha t pe rson ’s se at in P arl ia me nt sha ll b eco me v ac ant , unle ss he
h as pre viou sly re si gned hi s s ea t in the Le gis la tur e of the St at e.
(3) I f a me mb er of e ith er Hou se of P ar lia me nt —
(a ) be com es sub je ct to any of the disqu ali fi ca tion s m en tion ed in
c la us e (1) or cl au se (2 ) of a rt ic le 102, or
(b ) re si gns hi s s ea t by w ri ting unde r hi s hand a ddr es se d to th e
Ch ai rm an or the Spe ak er, as the ca se m ay be, a nd his re sign at ion i s
a cc ep te d by the Ch ai rm an or the Sp eak er, as th e ca se ma y be,
hi s se at sh al l the reupon be co me vac an t:
Provid ed th at in the c as e of a ny re si gna tion r ef er re d to in s ub- cl aus e ( b) ,
i f f rom in for ma ti on r ec ei ve d or oth er wi se a nd a ft er m ak ing suc h inqui ry as
h e thinks fi t, th e Cha ir ma n or the Sp ea ke r, a s th e c as e ma y b e, i s sa ti sf ie d
th at su ch re sign at ion is not volun ta ry or g enuine , he sha ll not ac ce pt su ch
r es ign ation .
(4) If fo r a per iod of s ixty day s a me mb er of eith er Hou se of P arl ia me nt
i s w ithout p er mi ss ion of the H ous e ab se nt f rom a ll m ee ti ngs the reo f, th e
Hou se ma y d ec la re his se at vac an t:
Provid ed th at in com puting the s ai d pe riod of sixty days no ac coun t sh all
b e tak en of any pe riod dur ing wh ich the H ous e i s prorogu ed or is a djou rned
fo r mor e than fou r c ons ec ut ive day s.
102. Di squa li fic at ions fo r membe rs hi p. — (1 ) A per son sha ll be
di squa li fi ed fo r being chos en as , and fo r be ing, a me mb er of e ith er Hou se
of P arl ia me nt —
(a ) i f h e hold s any offi ce of pro fit unde r th e Gove rn me nt of India or
th e Gove rn me nt of a ny S ta te , oth er th an an offic e de cl ar ed by
P ar lia me nt by la w not to disqu al ify it s holde r;
(b ) if h e is of unsound m ind and st ands so d ec la re d by a co mp et ent
c ourt ;
( c) if he is an undi sch arge d inso lven t;
(d ) if he is not a ci tiz en of Indi a, or ha s volun ta ri ly a cqu ir ed the
c it iz en ship of a for eign Sta te , or is unde r a ny a ckno wl edg me nt of
a ll egi an ce or adh er en ce to a fo re ign S ta te ;
( e) if he is so di squa lif ie d by or und er any la w ma de by Pa rli am en t.
Exp lanation . —Fo r the purpos es of thi s c la us e a pe rson s ha ll not b e
d ee me d to hold a n offi ce of pro fit under the G ove rnm en t of Ind ia or the
Gov er nm en t of any Sta te by re as on only th at he is a Mini st er ei the r fo r the

Un ion or fo r such St at e.
(2) A per son sh al l be disqu al ifi ed fo r be ing a m em be r of e ith er Hous e of
P ar lia me nt i f h e i s so disqu al ifi ed unde r th e Ten th Sch edul e.
103. D ec is io n on que st ion s as to dis qual if ica tion s of me mb er s.
— (1 ) If any que st ion a ri se s a s to whe the r a me mb er of e ith er H ous e of
P ar lia me nt h as be co me s ubje ct to any of the di squa li fic at ion s m en tion ed in
c la us e (1 ) of a rt ic le 102, the ques tion s ha ll b e re fe rr ed for the d ec is ion of
th e Pre si den t a nd hi s dec is ion sha ll be fin al .
(2 ) B efo re giving any dec is ion on any such ques tion , the Pre si den t
sh al l obta in th e opinion of th e Ele ct ion Com mi ss ion and sh al l a ct ac co rding
to su ch opinion.
104. Pe nalty for s it ting and voting be fore making oath or
af fi rmat ion unde r ar tic le 99 or w he n no t qua li fie d or w he n d isq uali fi ed.
— If a pe rson s it s or vot es a s a me mb er of eith er H ous e of Pa rli am en t
b efo re he ha s co mp lie d wi th th e re quir em en ts of a rt ic le 99, or wh en he
know s tha t he is not qu ali fi ed or th at he i s di squa li fi ed for me mb er sh ip
th er eo f, or th at he i s prohibi te d fro m s o doing by the prov is ions of any l aw
m ad e by P arl ia me nt , h e s ha ll be lia bl e in r es pe ct of ea ch d ay on whi ch he
so s it s or vot es to a pen alty of fiv e hundre d rup ee s to be re cov er ed a s a
d ebt due to th e Union.
Po we rs , Pr iv ile ge s and I mmun iti es of Pa rlia me nt

and it s Me mb er s
105. Pow er s, p riv ile ge s, e tc ., of the H ous es of Parl iamen t and of the
membe rs and c ommi tt ee s t he re of .— (1) Subj ec t to the prov is ions of thi s
Con st itut ion a nd to the ru le s and st anding ord er s re gula ting th e pro ce dur e
of P arl ia me nt , th er e sh al l b e f re edo m of spe ec h in P ar li am en t.
(2) No me mb er of Pa rli am en t sha ll be li abl e to a ny pro ce ed ings in any
c ourt in re sp ec t of a ny thing s ai d or any vote giv en by hi m in P arl ia me nt or
a ny c om mi tt ee th er eo f, and no pe rson sh al l be so l iab le in re sp ec t of the
publi ca ti on by or und er the au thor ity of e ith er H ous e of P ar li am en t of a ny
r epo rt, pap er, vot es or pro ce ed ings .
(3) In othe r re sp ec ts , the pow er s, priv ile ge s and im mun iti es of e ac h
Hou se of P ar li am en t, and of th e me mb er s a nd th e com mi tt ee s of e ac h
Hou se , sh all be su ch as ma y f rom t im e to tim e be de fin ed by Pa rl ia me nt by
l aw, and, until so de fin ed, sh all be tho se of tha t Hous e and of its m em be rs
a nd c om mi tt ee s i mm ed ia te ly befo re th e com ing into for ce of s ec ti on 15 of
th e Cons titu tion (For ty- four th A me ndm en t) Ac t, 1978.
(4) Th e provi sion s of c la us es (1 ), (2 ) and (3 ) sh al l app ly in re la tion to
p er sons who by virtu e of this Cons titu tion h ave the r ight to s pe ak in, and
oth er wi se to t ake pa rt in the proc ee di ngs of, a Hou se of P arl ia me nt or any

c om mi tt ee th er eo f as th ey apply in r el at ion to m em be rs of Pa rli am en t.
106. Salar ie s and allo wanc es of me mb er s. — Me mb er s of e ith er H ous e
of Pa rli am en t sh al l be e nti tl ed to r ec ei ve suc h sa la ri es a nd al low an ce s as
m ay f rom ti me to ti me be det er mi ne d by Pa rli am en t by la w and, unti l
prov is ion in tha t r es pe ct is s o ma de , a llo wan ce s at suc h ra te s and upon
su ch c ondit ions as we re i mm ed ia te ly be for e th e c om me nc em en t of thi s
Con st itut ion a ppli ca bl e in th e ca se of m em be rs of the Con sti tue nt A ss em bl y
of th e D om inion of India .
L egi slat iv e P roc edu re
107. Provi sio ns a s to in trod uc tion and pas si ng of Bi ll s.— (1 ) Subje ct
to the prov is ions of ar ti cl es 109 and 117 w ith re sp ec t to Mon ey B ill s and
oth er fin an ci al Bi ll s, a Bil l ma y or igin at e in e ith er Hou se of P ar lia me nt .
(2) Subje ct to the provis ions of a rt ic le s 108 and 109, a Bi ll sh al l not be
d ee me d to hav e b een pas se d by th e Hou se s of Pa rli am en t unl es s i t ha s be en
a gr ee d to by both Hous es , e ith er wi thout a me nd me nt or with suc h
a me nd me nt s only a s ar e ag re ed to by both H ous es .
(3) A Bil l pending in Pa rli am en t s ha ll not l aps e by r ea son of the
pro roga tion of the Hou se s.
(4) A Bil l p ending in th e Counc il of Sta te s whi ch ha s not be en pa ss ed by
th e Hou se of th e P eople sh all not lap se on a di sso lution of the Hous e of the
P eopl e.
(5) A Bil l w hic h i s pending in the Hou se of the P eopl e, or whi ch having
b een pas se d by the Hous e of the Peopl e i s pend ing in th e Counc il of Sta te s,
sh al l, subj ec t to the provi sion s of a rt ic le 108, lap se on a dis solu tion of the
Hou se of th e Peop le .
108. Joint s it ting of both Ho us es in c er ta in ca se s. — (1) I f af te r a Bil l
h as be en pas se d by one Hou se a nd t ran sm it te d to th e oth er Hou se —
( a) the Bi ll is r ej ec te d by the oth er Hou se ; or
( b) the Hou se s hav e fin al ly di sa gr ee d a s to the am en dm en ts to be
m ad e in th e Bil l; or
( c ) mo re than s ix m onths el ap se fro m th e da te of th e re ce pt ion of th e
B ill by th e othe r H ous e wi thout the Bi ll being pa ss ed by i t,
th e Pr es id ent m ay, unl es s th e Bi ll h as el aps ed by r ea son of a di ss olut ion of
th e Hou se of th e P eople , noti fy to th e Hou se s by m es sa ge i f the y ar e sit ting
or by publi c noti fic at ion if the y a re not s itt ing, his int ention to sum mo n
th em to m ee t in a join t si tting for th e purpo se of de libe ra ti ng and vot ing on
th e Bil l:
Provid ed tha t nothing in thi s cl aus e sh al l a pply to a Mon ey Bil l.
(2) In re ckon ing any s uch per iod of s ix mon ths a s is r ef er re d to in cl aus e
(1 ), no a cc ount s ha ll be tak en of any pe riod dur ing whi ch th e Hou se
r ef er re d to in s ub- cl aus e ( c ) of th at c la us e i s pro rogued or ad journ ed fo r
m or e than four con se cu tiv e day s.
(3) Whe re th e P re sid en t h as unde r c la us e (1) noti fi ed his int ent ion of
su mm oning the Hous es to m ee t in a join t si tting , nei the r Hou se sh al l
pro ce ed fu rth er w ith the Bi ll, but the Pr es ide nt ma y at any ti me a ft er the
d ate of hi s not ifi ca ti on su mm on the Hou se s to me et in a join t sit ting for th e
purpo se sp ec if ie d in the notif ic at ion and , if h e doe s so , the Hous es sh al l
m ee t a cc ord ingly.
(4) I f a t the joint s itt ing of th e two Hous es the Bi ll, w ith suc h
a me nd me nt s, i f any, as ar e agr ee d to in join t si tting , is pas se d by a
m aj or ity of th e tot al numb er of me mb er s of both Hou se s pre se nt a nd
voting , it s ha ll be dee me d for th e purpo se s of this Cons titu tion to h ave
b een pa ss ed by both Hou se s:
Provid ed tha t at a joint s itt ing—
( a) if th e B ill, having bee n pa ss ed by one Hous e, has not be en
p as se d by the oth er Hous e with am en dm ent s a nd re turn ed to the H ous e
in whi ch it origin at ed , no am end me nt sh al l b e propo se d to th e B ill oth er
th an suc h a me nd me nt s ( if any ) as a re m ad e ne ce ss ar y by th e del ay in th e
p as sa ge of the B ill ;
( b) if the B ill has be en so pas se d and re turn ed, only such
a me nd me nt s a s a for es ai d sha ll be propos ed to the Bi ll and suc h oth er
a me nd me nt s as a re re le van t to th e ma tt er s wi th re sp ec t to whi ch th e
Hou se s have not ag re ed;
a nd the dec is ion of th e p er son pre si ding a s to the a me nd me nt s wh ich ar e
a dm is sib le unde r this c la us e sha ll be fin al .
(5) A joint s it ting m ay b e he ld unde r this ar ti cl e a nd a B ill pas se d
th er ea t, not with st anding th at a dis solu tion of the Hou se of the P eopl e has
int er ven ed s inc e the Pre si den t noti fie d his inte ntion to sum mon the H ous es
to me et the re in.
109. Spe ci al p ro ce du re in re sp ec t of Mone y Bi lls .— (1) A Money B ill
sh al l not be int roduc ed in the Coun cil of St at es .
(2) Af te r a Money Bi ll ha s b een pa ss ed by the Hou se of the P eopl e it
sh al l be tra ns mi tt ed to th e Counc il of Sta te s for it s re co mm en da tion s a nd
th e Counc il of Sta te s sh all w ithin a pe riod of four te en day s f rom the dat e
of its re ce ip t of th e Bi ll r etu rn the Bil l to th e Hou se of th e Peop le wi th its
r ec om me nd at ions and th e H ous e of th e Peop le m ay the re upon eith er a cc ep t
or r ej ec t al l or any of the r ec om me nd at ions of the Coun cil of St at es .
(3) If th e Hou se of th e P eople ac ce pt s any of th e r ec om me nd at ions of the
Coun ci l of St at es , th e Mon ey Bil l sh al l be d ee me d to h ave bee n pa ss ed by
both Hou se s wi th th e am en dm en ts re co mm en de d by the Counc il of Sta te s
a nd a cc ep te d by the Hou se of th e Peopl e.
(4) If th e Hou se of th e P eople doe s not a cc ep t any of the
r ec om me nd at ions of the Counc il of Sta te s, the Mon ey Bi ll s ha ll be dee me d
to h ave bee n pa ss ed by both Hou se s in the for m in w hic h it w as pa ss ed by
th e Hou se of th e P eople wi thout a ny of th e am en dm en ts re co mm end ed by
th e Counc il of Sta te s.
(5) If a Money B ill pas se d by th e Hou se of the Peop le and tr an sm it ted to

th e Coun ci l of St at es for its re co mm en da tion s is not re turn ed to th e Hou se
of the P eopl e w ithin the s ai d pe riod of fourt ee n day s, it sh al l be d ee me d to
h ave be en pa ss ed by both Hous es at th e e xpir at ion of th e sa id per iod in th e
fo rm in whi ch it wa s pa ss ed by the Hou se of the P eopl e.
110. D ef in itio n of "Mon ey Bi lls ''. — (1) For th e purpo se s of thi s
Ch apt er, a Bil l sha ll be de em ed to be a Money Bil l if it con ta ins only
prov is ions de al ing w ith a ll or a ny of th e follo wing ma tt er s, nam el y: —
( a) the im pos ition, abo lit ion, re mi ss ion , a lt er at ion or r egu la tion of
a ny t ax;
( b) th e re gula tion of the borro wing of mon ey or th e giving of any
gu ar ant ee by the G ove rnm en t of Ind ia , or th e am en dm en t of th e l aw with
r es pe ct to any f inan ci al oblig ation s und ert ak en or to be unde rt ake n by
th e Gove rn me nt of Ind ia ;
( c ) th e cu stody of the Con sol ida te d Fund or th e Cont ingen cy Fund of
Ind ia , th e paym en t of m oney s into or the wi thdr aw al of m oney s fro m any
su ch Fund;
( d) the app ropri at ion of m oney s out of th e Conso lida te d Fund of
Ind ia ;
( e ) th e de cl ar ing of a ny exp enditu re to be expe nditu re cha rg ed on
th e Con solid at ed Fund of Indi a or th e in cr ea si ng of th e a moun t of any
su ch exp endi tur e;
( f) the r ec ei pt of mon ey on ac co unt of th e Con sol ida ted Fund of
Ind ia or the public ac co unt of Ind ia or th e cu stody or is sue of su ch
m oney or the aud it of the ac co unt s of th e Union or of a St at e; or
( g) any ma tt er inc iden ta l to any of the ma tt er s spe ci fi ed in sub-
c la us es ( a) to ( f) .
(2) A Bil l s ha ll not b e d ee me d to be a Mon ey B ill by r ea so n only tha t it
prov ide s for th e i mpo sit ion of f ine s or oth er p ecun ia ry pena lt ie s, or for th e
d em and or paym en t of f ee s fo r l ic en ce s or fe es for se rv ic es rend er ed , or by
r ea son th at it provid es fo r the im pos ition, abo lit ion, re mi ss ion , a lt er at ion
or r egul at ion of any t ax by any loc al au thori ty or body for loc al purpo se s.
(3) I f a ny qu es tion ar is es whe the r a Bil l is a Money Bi ll or not , th e
d ec is ion of th e Sp ea ke r of th e Hous e of the P eopl e the reon sh al l b e f ina l.
(4) Th er e sh al l be endor se d on eve ry Mon ey Bi ll w hen it is tr ans mi tt ed
to th e Coun ci l of St at es unde r ar ti cl e 109, a nd wh en it is pr es en te d to the
P re sid ent for a ss en t und er a rt ic le 111, th e ce rt if ic at e of th e Spe ak er of the
Hou se of th e Peop le s igned by hi m tha t i t i s a Money Bil l.
111. A ss en t to Bil ls .— When a Bi ll h as b een pas se d by th e Hou se s of
P ar lia me nt , it sha ll be pre se nt ed to th e Pr es ide nt, and the Pr es id ent sh al l
d ec la re e ith er th at he as se nt s to the Bi ll, or tha t h e w ithho lds as se nt
th er ef ro m:
Provid ed tha t the Pr es ide nt ma y, as soon a s pos sib le a ft er th e

pr es en ta tion to him of a Bil l fo r as se nt , r etu rn the Bi ll if it is not a Money
B ill to the Hou se s wi th a me ss ag e r eque st ing tha t th ey wi ll re con sid er th e
B ill or any spe ci fi ed provi sion s the re of and, in pa rti cul ar, w il l c ons ide r the
d es ir abil ity of introdu cing any su ch a me nd me nt s as he ma y re co mm en d in
hi s me ss ag e, a nd w hen a Bi ll is so r etu rned , th e Hous es sha ll r ec ons ide r the
B ill a cc ord ingly, and if th e B ill i s p as se d aga in by the Hou se s w ith or
w ithout am en dm ent and pr es en ted to the Pre si den t for as se nt , the Pre si den t
sh al l not w ithhold a ss en t the re fro m.
Pro ce dure in Finan cial Matt er s
112. A nnua l f inan cia l s tat emen t. — (1) The Pr es ide nt sha ll in re sp ec t of
e ve ry fina nc ia l yea r ca us e to be laid be for e both the Hou se s of Pa rli am en t
a s ta te me nt of th e e st im at ed r ec ei pt s and expe nditu re of th e G ove rnm en t of
Ind ia for th at yea r, in this Pa rt r ef er re d to a s th e " annua l fin an ci al
s ta te me nt ''.
(2) The es ti ma te s of e xpend itu re e mbodi ed in the annu al fin an ci al
s ta te me nt sh al l show s ep ar at el y—
( a) the su ms r equi re d to me et exp endi tur e des cr ib ed by this
Con st itut ion as exp endi tur e ch arge d upon th e Cons olid at ed Fund of
Ind ia ; a nd
( b) the su ms r equi re d to me et othe r expe nditu re propo se d to be m ad e
f rom th e Conso lid at ed Fund of Indi a,
a nd sh al l dist ingui sh expe nditu re on r ev enue a cc oun t f rom oth er
e xpend itur e.
(3) The following expenditure shall be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of
India—
(a) the emoluments and allowances of the President and other expenditure relating to
his office;
(b) the salaries and allowances of the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People;
(c) debt charges for which the Government of India is liable including interest,
sinking fund charges and redemption charges, and other expenditure relating to the raising
of loans and the service and redemption of debt;
(d) (i) the salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the
Supreme Court;
(ii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of the Federal Court;
(iii) the pensions payable to or in respect of Judges of any High Court which
exercises jurisdiction in relation to any area included in the territory of India or which at
any time before the commencement of this Constitution exercised jurisdiction in relation
to any area included in a Governor's Province of the Dominion of India;
(e) the salary, allowances and pension payable to or in respect of the Comptroller and
Auditor-General of India;
(f) any sums required to satisfy any judgment, decree or award of any court or arbitral
tribunal;
(g) any other expenditure declared by this Constitution or by Parliament by law to be
so charged.
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.—(1) So much of the estimates
as relates to expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be submitted
to the vote of Parliament, but nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the
discussion in either House of Parliament of any of those estimates.
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the House of the People, and the House of the People shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the President.
114. Appropriation Bills.— (1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 113 have
been made by the House of the People, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the
appropriation out of the Consolidated Fund of India of all moneys required to meet—
(a) the grants so made by the House of th e Peopl e; a nd
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India but not exceeding in
any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before Parliament.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in either House of Parliament which
will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the destination of any grant so made or
of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, and the
decision of the person presiding as to whether an amendment is inadmissible under this clause
shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 115 and 116, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of India except under appropriation made by law passed in accordance
with the provisions of this article.
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.— (1) The President shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 114 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before both the Houses of Parliament another statement showing the
estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the House of the People a
demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 112, 113 and 114 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India to meet such expenditure or
the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India
to meet such expenditure or grant.
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the House of the People shall have
power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in res pe ct of th e es ti ma te d e xpend itu re for
a pa rt of a ny fin anc ia l y ea r pend ing the co mpl et ion of th e proc edu re
pr es cr ib ed in a rt ic le 113 for th e vot ing of su ch gran t and the pa ss ing of
th e la w in a cc ord an ce w ith th e prov is ions of ar ti cl e 114 in re la tion to
th at exp endi tur e;
( b) to m ak e a gran t fo r me et ing an unexp ec te d de ma nd upon the
r es our ce s of Indi a whe n on ac coun t of th e ma gnitud e or the inde fin ite
c ha ra ct er of th e se rvi ce the de ma nd ca nnot be st at ed wi th th e det ai ls
ord ina ri ly giv en in an annu al f inan ci al s ta te me nt ;
( c ) to m ak e an exc ep tion al gra nt whi ch for ms no pa rt of th e cur re nt
s er vi ce of any fin an ci al ye ar ;
a nd P ar lia me nt s ha ll have po we r to au thor is e by l aw th e w ithd ra wa l of
m oney s f rom the Conso lid at ed Fund of Ind ia for th e purpo se s for w hic h the
s ai d gr ant s ar e m ad e.
(2) The provi sion s of a rt ic le s 113 and 114 sh al l h ave e ff ec t in r el at ion to
th e ma king of any gran t und er cl au se (1 ) and to any l aw to be ma de und er
th at c la us e a s they h ave effe ct in re la tion to the m ak ing of a gra nt w ith
r eg ard to any expe nditu re m en tion ed in th e a nnua l fina nc ia l st at em en t and
th e la w to be m ad e for th e a uthor is at ion of a pprop ria tion of mon eys out of
th e Conso lida te d Fund of Indi a to m ee t su ch exp enditu re .
117. Sp ec ial provi sion s as to fi nanc ial B ill s. — (1) A Bil l or a me ndm en t
m ak ing prov is ion for any of the ma tt er s sp ec if ie d in sub -c la us es ( a) to ( f )
of c lau se (1) of ar tic le 110 sh al l not be int roduc ed or move d e xc ept on th e
r ec om me nd at ion of th e P re sid en t a nd a B ill m aking su ch provi sion sh al l
not be int roduc ed in th e Counc il of Sta te s:
Provid ed tha t no re co mm en da tion sh all be r equi re d und er this c la us e for
th e moving of an am en dm en t m ak ing prov is ion for the r educ tion or
a boli tion of a ny t ax.
(2) A Bil l or a me ndm en t sha ll not be dee me d to m ak e provi sion fo r a ny
of the m at te rs a fo re sa id by r ea son only that it provid es fo r the impo si tion
of fin es or oth er pe cuni ar y p ena lti es , or for the de ma nd or paym en t of f ee s
fo r li ce nc es or f ee s for se rvi ce s rend er ed , or by re as on th at it provid es for
th e impo si tion, abo lit ion, re mi ss ion, a lt er at ion or r egul at ion of any t ax by
a ny lo ca l autho rity or body fo r lo ca l purpos es .
(3) A Bil l whi ch, if en ac te d a nd brought in to ope ra tion, w ould involv e
e xpend itur e f rom th e Cons olid at ed Fund of India sh all not be p as se d by
e ith er Hou se of P ar lia me nt unl es s th e P re sid ent ha s re co mm en de d to tha t
Hou se the con sid er at ion of th e Bil l.
P roc edu re Ge ne ral ly

118. R ul es of proc ed ure. — (1 ) E ach Hous e of Pa rli am en t m ay ma ke
ru le s fo r r egul at ing, sub je ct to the provis ions of thi s Con sti tution , it s
pro ce dur e and the condu ct of it s busin es s.
(2) Unti l rul es ar e ma de unde r cl au se (1) , the rule s of proc edu re and
s ta nding orde rs in for ce im me di at ely be for e the co mm en ce me nt of this
Con st itut ion w ith re sp ec t to the Leg is la tur e of the Do min ion of Indi a sh al l
h ave effe ct in re la tion to P ar li am en t subj ec t to suc h modi fi ca tion s a nd
a dap ta tion s as m ay b e ma de th er ein by th e Ch ai rm an of the Counc il of
St at es or th e Spe ake r of the Hou se of th e P eopl e, a s the c as e m ay be .
(3) Th e Pr es ide nt, af te r con sul ta tion w ith th e Ch ai rm an of the Counc il of
St at es and the Sp ea ke r of th e Hou se of th e P eopl e, m ay ma ke rul es as to
th e pro ce dur e w ith r es pe ct to joint sit ting s of, a nd co mm uni ca tion s
b etw ee n, th e t wo Hous es .
(4) A t a joint s it ting of th e t wo Hou se s th e Sp ea ke r of th e Hou se of th e
P eopl e, or in his a bs en ce su ch pe rson as ma y be det er mi ned by ru le s of
pro ce dur e ma de und er cl au se (3 ), sh all pr es ide .
119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.—
Parliament may, for the purpose of the timely completion of financial business, regulate by
law the procedure of, and the conduct of business in, each House of Parliament in relation to
any financial matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated
Fund of India, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any
rule made by a House of Parliament under clause (1) of article 118 or with any rule or
standing order having effect in relation to Parliament under clause (2) of that article, such
provision shall prevail.
120. Language to be used in Parliament.— (1) Notwithstanding anything in Part XVII,
but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in Parliament shall be transacted in Hindi
or in English:
Provided that the Chairman of the Council of States or Speaker of the House of the People,
or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot adequately
express himself in Hindi or in English to address the House in his mother-tongue.
(2) Unless Parliament by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after the expiration of a
period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have effect as if the
words “or in English” were omitted therefrom.
121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament.— No discussion shall take place in
Parliament with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of a High Court
in the discharge of his duties except upon a motion for presenting an address to the President
praying for the removal of the Judge as hereinafter provided.
122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.— (1) The validity of any
proceedings in Parliament shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged
irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of Parliament in whom powers are vested by or under this
Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining order, in
Parliament shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the exercise by him of
those powers.
CHAPTER III—LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.—(1)
If at any time, except when both Houses of Parliament are in session, the President is satisfied
that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action, he may
promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an
Act of Parliament, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament and shall cease to operate at the
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament, or, if before the expiration of
that period resolutions disapproving it are passed by both Houses, upon the passing of the
second of those resolutions; and
( b) ma y b e w ithd ra wn at any ti me by the P re sid ent .
Exp lanation . — Whe re th e Hous es of P ar li am en t a re sum mo ned to
r ea ss em bl e on diffe re nt d ate s, th e per iod of s ix w ee ks sha ll be re ckon ed
f rom th e la te r of tho se d ate s fo r th e purpos es of thi s cl au se .
(3) I f a nd so f ar a s an Or dina nc e unde r th is ar ti cl e ma ke s any prov is ion
wh ic h P ar lia me nt w ould not unde r this Con st itut ion b e c omp et en t to en ac t,
it sh al l be void.
* * * * *
C H A P T E R IV.— T H E U N I O N J U D I C I A RY
124. Es tab lis hmen t and con st it utio n of Sup re me C our t. — (1 ) The re
sh al l be a Supr em e Cour t of Ind ia cons is ting of a Ch ie f Ju st ic e of India
a nd, unti l Pa rli am en t by l aw pre sc ri be s a la rg er numb er, of not m or e th an
s ev en 1 oth er Judg es .
(2) Ev ery Judg e of th e Supre me Cour t sha ll be appoin te d by the
P re sid ent by w ar ra nt under his h and and s ea l af te r con sul ta tion w ith such
of th e J udge s of th e Supr em e Cou rt and of th e High Cou rts in the St at es as
th e Pre si den t m ay d ee m ne ce ss ar y for th e purpos e and sha ll hold offi ce
unti l he att ai ns the a ge of six ty- five y ea rs :
Provid ed th at in the c as e of a ppoint me nt of a Judg e oth er than the Ch ie f
Ju st ic e, th e Chie f Ju sti ce of Ind ia sh al l al wa ys be con sul ted :
Provid ed fur the r tha t—
(a) a Judg e m ay, by wr iting under his h and add re ss ed to the Pre si den t,
re si gn hi s offic e;
(b) a Judg e ma y be re mov ed fro m his offi ce in th e ma nne r provide d in
cl au se (4 ).
(2A ) Th e age of a Judg e of the Supr em e Cou rt sha ll be de te rm in ed by

su ch au thori ty a nd in su ch ma nne r as P ar li am en t ma y by la w provide .
(3) A per son sha ll not be qual ifi ed for appo int me nt as a J udge of the
Sup re me Court unl es s he is a c iti ze n of Ind ia and —
( a) ha s bee n fo r at l ea st fiv e ye ar s a Judg e of a H igh Court or of two
or mor e su ch Court s in s uc ce ss ion ; or
( b) ha s bee n fo r at l ea st t en y ea rs a n a dvoc at e of a High Cour t or of
two or mo re su ch Cour ts in suc ce ss io n; or
(c ) i s, in th e opin ion of th e P re sid en t, a dist ingui shed ju ris t.
Exp lanation I .— In thi s cl au se " High Cour t'' m ea ns a High Cour t w hic h
e xe rc is es , or whi ch at any ti me befo re th e com me nc em en t of thi s
Con st itut ion e xe rc is ed , ju ri sdi ction in any pa rt of th e te rr itory of Indi a.
Exp lanation II .— In co mput ing for the purpo se of thi s c la us e th e pe riod
dur ing w hic h a p er son has be en an advo ca te , any pe riod during whi ch a
_______________________________________________
p er son h as he ld jud ic ia l offic e not inf er ior to that of a dis tr ic t judg e af te r
1. Now “twenty-five”, vide Act 22 of 1986, s. 2
h e b ec am e a n a dvoc at e sh al l b e in clud ed.
(4) A Judge of th e Supr em e Cour t sha ll not be r em ove d fro m hi s o ff ic e
e xc ept by a n orde r of the P re sid en t pa ss ed a ft er an a ddr es s by e ac h Hou se
of P arl ia me nt suppo rt ed by a ma jo rity of the tot al m em be rs hip of tha t
Hou se and by a ma jo rity of not le ss th an two -thi rds of the m em be rs of that
Hou se pre se nt and voting ha s b een pr es en ted to the Pr es id ent in the sa me
s es si on for su ch re mov al on th e ground of prov ed mi sbe hav iour or
in ca pa ci ty.
(5) Pa rli am en t m ay by l aw regu la te the proc edu re for th e pr es en ta tion of
a n a ddr es s and for th e inv es tig at ion and proof of the mi sb eha viou r or
in ca pa ci ty of a Judg e unde r c la us e (4) .
(6) Eve ry pe rson appoint ed to be a Judge of the Supr em e Court sha ll ,
b efo re he en te rs upon his offi ce , ma ke a nd sub sc ri be be for e the P re sid ent ,
or som e per son appo int ed in th at b eha lf by hi m, a n oath or affi rm at io n
a cc or ding to th e for m se t out fo r th e purpos e in the Th ird Sch edul e.
(7) No pe rson who ha s held o ffi ce as a J udge of the Supr em e Cou rt sh al l
pl ea d or a ct in any cou rt or b efo re any au thor ity with in the te rr ito ry of
Ind ia .
125. Salar ie s, et c. , of Judg es .— (1) Th er e sh al l be paid to th e Judg es of
th e Supre me Cour t such s al ar ie s a s ma y be det er mi ned by P ar li am en t by
l aw a nd, until provi sion in th at beh al f is so ma de , suc h s al ar ie s a s a re
sp ec if ie d in th e Se cond Sch edul e.
(2) Eve ry Judg e sh al l be e nti tle d to su ch pr ivil ege s and a llo wan ce s and
to su ch right s in r es pe ct of le av e of abs en ce a nd p ens ion a s m ay fro m ti me
to ti me b e d ete rm in ed by or unde r l aw m ad e by P ar lia me nt a nd, until so
d ete rm in ed, to suc h privi le ge s, a llo wa nc es and right s a s a re sp ec if ie d in
th e Se cond Sch edul e:
Provid ed tha t neith er th e privi le ge s nor th e al low an ce s of a Judge nor hi s

r ights in re sp ec t of le av e of a bs enc e or pen sion s ha ll b e va rie d to his
di sa dvan tag e af te r his appo int me nt.
126. Appo int me nt of a cti ng Ch ie f Ju sti ce .— When the o ff ic e of Chi ef
Ju st ic e of Indi a is va ca nt or w hen th e Ch ie f Jus ti ce is, by r ea son of ab se nc e
or oth er wi se , unabl e to pe rfo rm the duti es of his o ff ic e, th e dut ie s of the
o ff ic e s ha ll b e pe rfo rm ed by su ch on e of th e othe r Judg es of th e Cou rt a s
th e Pre si den t m ay a ppoint for th e purpos e.
127. Appo int me nt of ad hoc Judge s. —(1 ) If at a ny ti me the re should
not b e a quoru m of the Judge s of the Sup re me Cou rt a va il abl e to hold or
c ontinu e any se ss ion of the Cou rt, the Ch ie f Jus ti ce of Indi a ma y, w ith the
pr eviou s c ons ent of the Pre si den t and a ft er con sul ta tion w ith th e
Ch ie f Ju st ic e of the H igh Cou rt c onc er ned , re que st in wr iting the
a tt enda nc e a t th e s itt ings of the Court , as an ad hoc Judge , for suc h pe riod
a s ma y be ne ce ss ar y, of a Judg e of a H igh Court duly qual if ied fo r
a ppoint me nt a s a Judg e of th e Sup re me Cou rt to b e de sign at ed by the Chi ef
Ju st ic e of Indi a.
(2) It sh al l be th e duty of the J udge who ha s be en s o de sign at ed, in
pr iori ty to oth er dut ie s of his o ff ic e, to at tend the sit ting s of th e Supr em e
Cou rt a t th e ti me and for th e pe riod fo r wh ich his a tt end anc e is r equi re d,
a nd whi le so a tte nding h e sha ll have al l th e jur isd ic tion, po we rs and
pr ivil eg es , a nd s ha ll dis ch arge th e dutie s, of a Judg e of th e Supr em e Cou rt.
128. A tt en danc e of re ti red Judg es at s it ting s of t he Sup re me Co ur t.
— Not wi ths tand ing any thing in thi s Ch apt er, th e Chi ef Jus ti ce of Ind ia ma y
a t any tim e, wi th the pre vious con sen t of th e Pr es id ent, requ es t a ny pe rson
who ha s held th e offic e of a Judg e of th e Supre me Cou rt or of th e F ede ra l
Cou rt or who has he ld the offi ce of a Judg e of a High Cour t and is duly
qu ali fi ed for appoin tm en t a s a Judg e of th e Supr em e Cou rt to s it and ac t as
a Judg e of the Supr em e Cou rt, and ev er y s uch pe rs on so r eque st ed sh al l,
wh il e so sit ting and ac ting , b e e nti tl ed to su ch al low an ce s a s the Pr es id ent
m ay by ord er det er mi ne and h ave al l the juri sdi ct ion, pow er s and priv il ege s
of , but sh all not othe rw is e be de em ed to be, a Judg e of tha t Cou rt:
Provid ed tha t nothing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll be de em ed to re quir e any su ch
p er son as a for es ai d to s it a nd ac t a s a Judg e of th at Court unle ss he
c ons ent s so to do.
129. Su preme Co ur t to b e a cou rt of rec or d. — The Supr em e Cou rt sh al l
b e a c ourt of re co rd and sha ll h ave al l the powe rs of su ch a cou rt in clud ing
th e powe r to puni sh for cont em pt of it se lf .
130. Sea t of Su preme Cou rt .— Th e Supr em e Cour t sh al l si t in D elh i or
in su ch othe r pl ac e or pla ce s, as th e Chi ef Ju st ic e of India m ay, with th e
a pprov al of the Pr es ide nt, f rom ti me to ti me , appo int.
131. Or ig inal j ur is dic ti on of t he Supreme Cou rt .— Subj ec t to the

prov is ions of this Con st itut ion, the Supr em e Cou rt sh al l, to th e e xc lus ion
of any oth er cou rt, hav e origin al ju ris dic tion in any disput e—
( a) bet we en th e G ove rnm en t of Ind ia and one or mo re St at es ; or
( b) bet we en th e G ove rnm en t of Ind ia and any St at e or S ta te s on one
s ide a nd on e or mo re oth er St at es on the oth er ; or
( c ) bet we en t wo or mo re St at es ,
i f a nd in so fa r as the dispu te involv es any ques tion (w he the r of l aw or
f ac t) on whi ch the ex is ten ce or e xte nt of a l eg al righ t d epend s:
Prov ided th at the s aid jur isd ic tion sh al l not ext end to a disput e ar is ing
out of any tr ea ty, ag re em en t, cove nan t, eng ag em en t, sanad or othe r s im il ar
in st rum en t wh ic h, having be en ent er ed into or exe cu ted be for e the
c om me nc em en t of thi s Cons ti tution , cont inue s in op er at ion af te r s uch
c om me nc em en t, or wh ich provid es tha t th e sa id juri sdi ct ion s ha ll not
e xte nd to su ch a disput e.
131A. [ Ex clu si ve ju ri sdi ction of the Supre me Cou rt in re gard to
qu es tions as to con sti tutiona l v alid it y of C ent ral law s. ] Rep . b y th e
Con st itut ion ( For ty -th ird Am end men t) Ac t, 1977 , s . 4 (w.e .f. 13- 4-1978 ) .
132. App el lat e ju ri sdi ct ion of Sup re me Cou rt in appe als f ro m H igh
Co ur ts in c er ta in ca se s. — (1 ) A n a ppe al sh al l l ie to the Supr em e Cou rt
f rom a ny judg me nt, de cr ee or fina l orde r of a High Cour t in the t er ri tory of
Ind ia , w he the r in a c ivil , c ri mi na l or oth er pro ce ed ing, if the H igh Cou rt
c er ti fi es unde r ar ti cl e 134 A tha t the ca se invo lve s a subs ta nti al ques tion of
l aw a s to the int erp re ta tion of this Con st itut ion.
* * * * *
(3) Wh er e su ch a ce rt if ic at e is giv en, a ny pa rty in th e c as e ma y app ea l to
th e Supre me Cour t on the ground tha t any such que st ion as a for es ai d has
b een w rongly de cid ed.
Exp lanation .— For th e purpo se s of this ar ti cl e, the e xpr es si on “f ina l
ord er ” includ es an orde r de cid ing an is sue whi ch, i f de cid ed in f avou r of
th e appe ll ant , w ould be suffi ci en t for the f ina l di spos al of th e c as e.
133. App el lat e ju ri sdi ct ion of Sup re me Cou rt in appe als f ro m H igh
Co ur ts in reg ar d to c ivi l ma tt er s. — (1) A n app ea l sh al l li e to th e
Sup re me Cou rt f rom any judg me nt, dec re e or fin al orde r in a civ il
pro ce ed ing of a High Court in the te rr itory of Indi a i f the High Cou rt
c er ti fi es und er ar ti cl e 134A —
( a) th at th e c as e involve s a sub st ant ia l que st ion of l aw of gen er al
i mpor ta nc e; and
( b) that in the opinion of the H igh Cou rt the s ai d qu es tion nee ds to
b e d ec ided by th e Supre me Cou rt.
(2) No tw iths ta nding anyth ing in ar ti cl e 132, a ny p ar ty a ppe al ing to th e

Sup re me Cou rt unde r c la us e (1 ) ma y u rge as one of the grounds in suc h
a ppe al th at a subs ta nti al que st ion of l aw a s to the int erp re ta tion of this
Con st itut ion h as be en wrong ly dec ide d.
(3) Not with st anding anyth ing in thi s a rti cl e, no appe al sh all , unle ss
P ar lia me nt by la w oth er wi se provid es , li e to th e Supr em e Cou rt f rom the
judg me nt, de cr ee or fina l orde r of on e J udge of a High Cou rt.
134. A ppe lla te ju ri sd ic tio n of Sup re me Cou rt in reg ar d to c ri mi na l
mat te rs .— (1 ) An a ppe al sha ll l ie to the Supre me Cou rt f rom any judgm ent ,
f ina l orde r or se nte nc e in a c ri min al proc ee ding of a H igh Cour t in th e
t er ri tory of India i f th e High Cou rt —
(a) ha s on app ea l re ve rs ed an orde r of ac quit ta l of a n a cc us ed
p er son a nd s en ten ce d him to dea th; or
(b) ha s wi thdr awn fo r t ri al be for e its el f any ca se f rom any cou rt
subo rdin at e to i ts autho rity and ha s in su ch t ri al c onvi ct ed th e ac cu se d
p er son a nd s en ten ce d him to dea th; or
( c ) ce rt if ie s under a rt ic le 134 A tha t the ca se i s a f it one for app ea l
to the Supr em e Court :
Provid ed tha t an appe al und er sub -c lau se ( c ) sh al l l ie sub je ct to suc h
prov is ions a s ma y be ma de in tha t b eha lf unde r c la us e (1) of ar ti cl e 145
a nd to su ch condit ions a s the H igh Cou rt m ay es ta bl ish or requ ir e.
(2) Pa rli am en t m ay by l aw conf er on the Supre me Cou rt a ny fur the r
pow er s to ent er ta in and hea r app ea ls f rom any judgm ent , f ina l ord er or
s en ten ce in a c ri min al pro ce ed ing of a H igh Court in the t er rito ry of Ind ia
sub je ct to su ch condi tions a nd li mi ta tion s as m ay b e sp ec if ie d in su ch la w.
134A. C er ti fi ca te fo r appea l to th e Su preme Cou rt .— Eve ry H igh
Cou rt, pa ss ing or ma king a judgm ent , d ec re e, f ina l orde r, or sen te nc e,
r ef er re d to in cl au se (1 ) of a rt ic le 132 or c la us e (1) of ar ti cl e 133, or
c la us e (1) of ar ti cl e 134, —
( a) ma y, if it dee ms fi t s o to do, on its own mo tion; and
( b) sh al l, if an or al appli ca ti on is ma de , by or on beha lf of th e pa rty
a ggri ev ed, i mm ed ia te ly a ft er the pa ss ing or m ak ing of su ch judg me nt,
d ec re e, f ina l ord er or s ent en ce ,
d ete rm in e, as soon a s m ay be a ft er suc h pa ss ing or m ak ing, th e que st ion
wh et he r a ce rt if ic at e of the n atu re re fe rr ed to in cl au se (1) of ar ti cl e 132,
or c lau se (1) of ar tic le 133 or, as th e ca se ma y be, sub -c lau se ( c ) of cl au se
(1 ) of a rt ic le 134, ma y be given in re spe ct of th at ca se .
135. Jur is dic tio n and po we rs of t he F ede ra l C our t und er ex is ting la w
to be e xe rc is ab le by th e Sup re me Cour t. — Un til Pa rli am en t by l aw
oth er wi se provide s, th e Supre me Cour t sha ll al so hav e juri sdi ct ion a nd
pow er s with re sp ec t to a ny ma tt er to wh ich the prov is ions of ar ti cl e 133 or
a rt ic le 134 do not a pply i f juri sdi ct ion and powe rs in r el at ion to tha t m at te r
w er e exe rc is ab le by the Fed er al Cour t im me di at el y be for e th e

c om me nc em en t of thi s Con st itut ion under any ex is ting la w.
136. Spe ci al l eave to app eal by t he Supreme Cou rt .— (1 )
No tw ith st anding any thing in thi s Cha pte r, th e Sup re me Cour t m ay, in it s
di sc re tion , gr an t sp ec ia l l eav e to appe al f rom a ny judg me nt, de cr ee ,
d ete rm in at ion, se nte nc e or orde r in a ny c au se or m at te r pa ss ed or ma de by
a ny c ourt or tr ibuna l in the t er ri tory of India .
(2) Nothing in cl au se (1) s ha ll a pply to any judgm ent , de te rm ina tion ,
s en ten ce or ord er p as se d or m ad e by any cou rt or tribun al con st itut ed by or
und er any la w re la ting to the Ar me d For ce s.
137. Re vi ew of judg me nt s or ord er s by th e Sup re me C our t. — Subj ec t
to the prov is ions of any la w ma de by Pa rli am en t or a ny ru le s ma de und er
a rt ic le 145, the Supr em e Cou rt sh al l h ave pow er to re vie w any judg me nt
pronoun ce d or ord er m ad e by it .
138. E nlar ge me nt of t he ju ri sd ic tio n of th e Sup re me Cou rt .— (1 ) Th e
Sup re me Cou rt sh al l hav e su ch fu rth er juri sdi ct ion and powe rs wi th r esp ec t
to any of the ma tt er s in the Un ion Lis t a s P arl ia me nt m ay by l aw c onf er.
(2) Th e Supr em e Cour t sh all have su ch fu rthe r ju ri sdi ct ion and pow er s
w ith r es pe ct to any m at te r as the Gove rn me nt of India and th e Gov er nm en t
of any St at e m ay by sp ec ia l agr ee me nt con fe r, i f P arl ia me nt by l aw
prov ide s fo r th e ex er ci se of s uch juri sdi ct ion and po we rs by th e Sup re me
Cou rt.
139. Co nf er me nt on t he Sup re me Cou rt of po we rs to i ss ue c er ta in
w ri ts .— P ar lia me nt m ay by l aw c onf er on th e Supr em e Cou rt powe r to
i ssu e di re ct ions , ord er s or wr its , in cluding wr its in the natu re of habea s
c orpu s, m andamu s, prohibi tion, quo war ranto and c er ti ora ri , or any of
th em , fo r any purpo se s othe r th an thos e m en tion ed in c la us e (2 ) of a rt ic le
32.
139A. Tr ans fe r of ce rt ai n c as es .— (1) Whe re c as es involving th e sa me
or sub st ant ia lly the s am e qu es tions of l aw a re p ending befo re th e Supr em e
Cou rt and one or mor e High Cou rt s or be for e two or mo re H igh Court s and
th e Supre me Cour t is sa ti sf ie d on its own mo tion or on an appl ic at ion ma de
by th e At torn ey- Ge ne ra l of India or by a p arty to any su ch c as e th at su ch
qu es tions a re subs tan ti al que st ions of gene ra l i mpor tan ce , the Supr em e
Cou rt m ay wi thdr aw the ca se or c as es pending befo re the High Cou rt or the
H igh Court s and dispo se of a ll the c as es it se lf :
Provid ed tha t the Supr em e Cou rt ma y af te r det er mi ning the s aid
qu es tions of l aw r etu rn a ny c as e so w ithd ra wn toge the r wi th a c opy of it s
judg me nt on su ch ques tion s to th e High Cour t f rom whi ch the ca se ha s bee n
w ithd ra wn, and th e High Court sha ll on r ec ei pt th er eo f, pro ce ed to dispo se
of th e c as e in con for mi ty with su ch judgm en t.
(2) The Supr em e Cou rt ma y, if it de em s it exp ed ien t s o to do fo r th e ends

of ju sti ce , tr ans fe r any ca se , a ppe al or othe r proc ee ding s pending be for e
a ny H igh Court to any othe r High Cour t.
140. A nc illa ry pow er s of Sup re me Cou rt .— P ar lia me nt m ay by l aw
m ak e prov is ion for conf er ri ng upon the Sup re me Cou rt su ch s upple me nt al
pow er s not incon si st ent w ith any of th e provi sion s of thi s Cons ti tution as
m ay appe ar to be nec es sa ry or des ir abl e fo r th e purpos e of en abl ing the
Cou rt mo re e ff ec ti ve ly to exe rc is e th e juri sdi ct ion conf er re d upon it by or
und er this Con st itut ion.
141. Law de cla re d by Sup re me Co ur t to b e bin ding on all cou rt s. —
Th e la w dec la re d by the Sup re me Court sh al l be binding on al l c ourt s
w ithin th e te rri tory of Indi a.
142. En force men t of d ec re e s and ord er s of Sup re me Co ur t and o rde rs
as to di scov er y, e tc .— (1) Th e Supr em e Cour t in the ex er ci se of it s
ju ris dic tion ma y pa ss suc h de cr ee or m ak e such orde r a s i s ne ce ss ar y for
doing co mpl et e jus ti ce in any ca us e or ma tt er pending be for e it, and any
d ec re e so pa ss ed or orde r so ma de sha ll be en for ce ab le throughou t the
t er ri tory of India in su ch m ann er as ma y be pre sc ri bed by or under any l aw
m ad e by P arl ia me nt and, unt il prov is ion in tha t beh al f i s so m ad e, in suc h
m ann er a s th e P re sid ent m ay by ord er pr es cr ib e.
(2) Subj ec t to th e provis ions of any l aw m ad e in thi s beh al f by
P ar lia me nt , the Supr em e Cou rt sh all , a s r es pe ct s the who le of the t er rito ry
of Indi a, hav e al l and eve ry powe r to ma ke any ord er fo r th e purpos e of
s ec ur ing th e at te ndan ce of a ny pe rson, the dis cove ry or produc tion of a ny
do cum ent s, or the inv es tig at ion or puni shm ent of any con te mpt of it se lf .
143. Po we r of P re si de nt to con sul t Supreme C our t. — (1) If a t a ny t im e
it appe ar s to the Pr es ide nt th at a que stion of la w or fa ct has ar is en , or i s
lik el y to ar is e, whi ch i s of s uch a na tur e and of su ch publi c i mpor tan ce th at
it is e xped ie nt to obt ain th e opinion of the Supre me Court upon i t, he ma y
r ef er the que stion to tha t Cou rt fo r c ons ide ra tion and the Cou rt ma y, a ft er
su ch he ar ing as it think s fit , r epo rt to th e Pre si den t i ts opinion the re on.
(2) Th e Pr es ide nt m ay, notw ith st anding a nything in the provis o to ar ti cl e
131, re fe r a di spute of th e kind m ent ione d in the s aid prov iso to the
Sup re me Cou rt fo r opinion a nd the Supre me Court sha ll, af te r su ch h ea ring
a s it think s f it, r epor t to th e P re sid ent it s opinion the re on.
144. Civ il and j udi cia l autho ri ti es to a ct in aid of th e Su preme Cou rt .
— Al l autho ri tie s, civ il a nd judi ci al, in the te rr itory of Indi a sh al l a ct in aid
of th e Sup re me Cour t.
144A. [Spe ci al pro vi sion s as to di sposa l of que st ions rela ting to
c ons titu tional v alid it y of law s. ] R ep. b y the Cons titu tion ( For ty -th ird
A me ndm ent ) A ct, 1977 , s. 5 ( w. e. f. 13- 4-1978).
145. R ul es of Cou rt , et c. — (1) Subj ec t to th e provis ions of any l aw
m ad e by P arl ia me nt , the Supr em e Court ma y f rom tim e to tim e, wi th th e
a pprov al of the Pr es ide nt, m ak e rule s fo r r egul at ing gene ra ll y th e pra ct ic e

a nd pro ce dur e of the Cour t in clud ing—
( a) rule s a s to th e per son s pr ac ti si ng b efo re th e Cou rt ;
( b) rul es a s to th e pro ce dur e fo r he ar ing app ea ls and oth er ma tt er s
p ert ain ing to app ea ls in cluding the t im e w ith in whi ch a ppe al s to th e
Cou rt ar e to be ent er ed ;
( c ) rul es a s to th e pro ce ed ings in the Court for th e en for ce me nt of
a ny of th e r ight s c onf er re d by Pa rt II I;
( cc ) rul es as to the pro ce ed ings in the Cou rt under a rt ic le 139A ;
( d) rule s a s to th e ent er ta inm en t of a ppe al s unde r sub -c la us e ( c ) of
c la us e (1) of ar ti cl e 134;
( e ) rul es a s to th e cond ition s sub je ct to whi ch a ny judgm en t
pronoun ce d or ord er ma de by the Cou rt ma y be r evi ew ed and th e
pro ce dur e fo r su ch r evi ew inc luding th e ti me w ithin whi ch app li ca tion s
to the Cou rt for su ch rev ie w ar e to be ent er ed ;
( f) rule s as to the cos ts of and incid en ta l to any pro ce ed ing s in th e
Cou rt and as to th e f ee s to be ch arge d in r es pe ct of proc ee ding s the re in;
( g) rule s a s to th e gran ting of bail ;
( h) rule s a s to s ta y of pro ce ed ings ;
( i) rul es providing for th e sum ma ry d ete rm in at ion of a ny a ppe al
wh ic h a ppe ar s to the Cour t to be f rivolou s or v exa tiou s or brough t fo r
th e purpos e of del ay;
( j) rul es as to the pro ce dur e for inqui rie s r ef er re d to in cl au se (1 ) of
a rt ic le 317.
(2) Subje ct to the provis ions of c lau se (3 ), rul es m ad e unde r thi s a rt ic le
m ay fix th e min imu m numb er of Judg es w ho a re to s it for any purpos e, a nd
m ay provid e for th e powe rs of s ingle J udge s and Div is ion Cou rt s.
(3) The mi nim um nu mbe r of J udge s who ar e to sit fo r th e purpos e of
d ec iding any ca se involving a sub st ant ia l ques tion of la w as to the
int er pr et at ion of thi s Cons titu tion or for the purpo se of he ar ing any
r ef er en ce unde r a rt ic le 143 sha ll be fiv e:
Provid ed th at, whe re the Cour t he ar ing an a ppe al unde r any of the
prov is ions of this Cha pte r oth er than ar ti cl e 132 con si st s of l es s th an f ive
Judg es and in the cour se of th e he ar ing of th e app ea l the Cou rt i s s at is fi ed
th at th e a ppe al involve s a sub st ant ia l que stion of la w a s to the
int er pr et at ion of thi s Cons titu tion the de te rm in at ion of wh ich i s n ec es sa ry
fo r th e dispo sa l of the a ppe al , su ch Cou rt sh al l r ef er the ques tion for
opinion to a Cour t c ons titu ted a s re quir ed by thi s cl au se fo r th e purpos e of
d ec iding any ca se invo lving su ch a que stion and sh al l on re ce ip t of th e
opinion di spos e of the app ea l in c onfo rm ity wi th s uch opinion .
(4) No judgm en t s ha ll be del ive re d by the Supr em e Cou rt sa ve in open

Cou rt, and no re port sha ll be m ad e unde r a rt ic le 143 s av e in a cc or dan ce
w ith an opinion al so del ive re d in open Cou rt.
(5) No judgm en t a nd no suc h opin ion sh al l be del ive re d by the Supr em e
Cou rt s av e w ith th e con cu rr enc e of a m aj or ity of the J udge s pr es en t at the
h ea ring of the c as e, but noth ing in thi s c lau se sh al l be d ee me d to pr ev ent a
Judg e w ho doe s not con cu r fro m d eliv er ing a dis se nting judgm ent or
opinion .
146. Of fi ce rs and se rv ant s and t he exp en se s of th e Sup re me C our t. —
(1 ) Appoin tm en ts of offi ce rs and se rv ant s of th e Supr em e Cour t sh al l be
m ad e by th e Ch ie f Jus ti ce of Ind ia or su ch othe r J udge or offi ce r of the
Cou rt as he ma y di re ct :
Provid ed tha t the Pr es ide nt ma y by rul e requ ir e tha t in su ch ca se s a s m ay
b e spe ci fi ed in the rule , no pe rson not al re ady a tt ac he d to the Cour t sh all
b e a ppoint ed to a ny o ff ic e conn ec te d with th e Cou rt , s av e af te r
c onsu lta tion w ith the Union Publ ic S ervi ce Com mi ss ion .
(2) Subje ct to the provis ions of any la w m ad e by Pa rl ia me nt , the
c ondit ions of se rvi ce of o ff ic er s a nd s er van ts of the Sup re me Court sh al l be
su ch as ma y b e pr es cr ib ed by ru le s ma de by the Chi ef J us tic e of Indi a or
by som e oth er Judg e or o ff ic er of th e Court au thor is ed by the Ch ie f Jus ti ce
of Indi a to m ak e rul es for the purpo se :
Provid ed tha t the rul es m ad e unde r th is c lau se sha ll, so f ar a s they r el at e
to sa la ri es , a llo wan ce s, le ave or pen sion s, r equi re th e approv al of the
P re sid ent .
(3) The ad min is tr at ive exp en se s of the Supr em e Cou rt, in cluding a ll
s al ar ie s, allo wa nc es and pen sion s p ayab le to or in r es pe ct of the o ff ic er s
a nd s er van ts of the Cou rt, sh al l b e c ha rg ed upon th e Conso lida te d Fund of
Ind ia , a nd a ny f ee s or oth er mon eys t ake n by the Cou rt sha ll for m pa rt of
th at Fund.
147. I nt er pret at io n. — In this Ch apt er and in Cha pte r V of Pa rt V I,
r ef er en ce s to any subs tan ti al qu es tion of la w a s to th e int er pr et at ion of thi s
Con st itut ion sh all be con st rue d as in cluding re fe re nc es to a ny sub st anti al
qu es tion of l aw a s to the int erp re ta tion of the Gov er nm en t of Indi a Ac t,
1935 (in clud ing any ena ct me nt am en ding or s upple me nt ing th at A ct ), or of
a ny Ord er in Coun cil or orde r m ad e the reund er, or of the Ind ian
Ind ep ende nc e Ac t, 1947, or of any orde r ma de th er eund er.
C H A P T E R V.—C O M P T RO L L E R AND A U D I TO R -G E N E RA L OF INDIA

148. Co mp trol le r and Aud ito r- G en er al of Ind ia. —(1 ) Th er e sha ll be a
Co mpt rol le r and A udito r- G en er al of Indi a who sha ll be appo inte d by the
P re sid ent by w ar ra nt unde r his hand and se al and sha ll only be re mov ed
f rom o ff ic e in like m ann er a nd on the lik e grounds a s a Judge of th e
Sup re me Court .
(2) Ev ery pe rson appo inte d to be th e Co mp trol le r and Audito r- G en er al of

Ind ia sha ll, befo re he e nt er s upon his offi ce , m ak e and subs cr ib e be for e th e
P re sid ent , or so me pe rs on appoin ted in tha t beh al f by him , an o ath or
S che dule .
(3) The sa la ry and oth er cond ition s of s er vi ce of th e Comp tro lle r and
Aud ito r- Ge ne ra l sh al l be suc h as ma y b e det er mi ne d by Pa rli am en t by la w
a nd, unti l they ar e s o det er mi ne d, sh al l be a s spe ci fi ed in th e S ec ond
S che dule :
Provid ed th at neith er the sa la ry of a Co mpt rol le r and A udito r- G en er al
nor hi s r ights in re sp ec t of le av e of a bs enc e, p ens ion or ag e of re ti re me nt
sh al l be var ied to his di sadv ant ag e af te r his appo intm en t.
(4) Th e Com pt roll er and Aud itor- Ge ne ra l s ha ll not b e el igibl e fo r fu rthe r
o ff ic e ei the r unde r th e Gove rn me nt of India or unde r the Gov ern me nt of
a ny St at e af te r he ha s ce as ed to hold his o ffi ce .
(5) Subje ct to the provis ions of thi s Con st itut ion and of any l aw ma de by
P ar lia me nt , th e cond ition s of s er vi ce of pe rs ons s er ving in the Ind ian Audit
a nd A cc ount s Dep ar tm en t and the ad min is tr at ive pow er s of the Co mpt roll er
a nd Aud itor- Ge ne ra l sh all be su ch as ma y b e pr es cr ib ed by rul es ma de by
th e Pre si den t a ft er consu lt at ion w ith the Co mpt rol le r and A udito r- G en er al .
(6) Th e ad min is tr at ive expe ns es of th e o ffi ce of th e Co mpt rol le r and
Aud ito r- Ge ne ra l, includ ing a ll s al ar ie s, al low an ce s and pen sion s p ayab le
to or in re sp ec t of p er sons se rv ing in tha t o ffi ce , s ha ll b e ch arge d upon the
Con sol ida ted Fund of Ind ia .
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.—The Comptroller
and Auditor-General shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the
accounts of the Union and of the States and of any other authority or body as may be
prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so
made, shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in relation to the accounts of the
Union and of the States as were conferred on or exercisable by the Auditor-General of India
immediately before the commencement of this Constitution in relation to the accounts of the
Dominion of India and of the Provinces respectively.
150. For m of ac coun ts of th e U nion and of th e S tat es . — The ac coun ts
of the U nion and of the Sta te s sha ll b e kept in suc h for m as the Pre si den t
m ay, on the advi ce of th e Com pt roll er and Aud itor- Ge ne ra l of India ,
pr es cr ib e.
151. Aud it rep or ts . — (1) Th e re por ts of the Comp tro lle r a nd Audi tor-
G en er al of Indi a re la ting to the a cc ount s of th e Union sh all be sub mi tt ed to
th e Pr es id ent, who sh al l ca us e the m to b e la id be for e e ac h Hou se of
P ar lia me nt .
(2) Th e re por ts of the Comp tro lle r a nd Audi tor-G en er al of Ind ia re la ting
to the a cc ount s of a S ta te sh al l b e s ubm itt ed to the Gov erno r of th e Sta te ,
who sh al l ca us e the m to b e l aid be for e the L egi sl atu re of the St at e.
PART VI
THE STATES
C H A P T E R I.—G E N E R A L
152. De fi ni tion. — In this Pa rt, unl es s the c ont ext oth er wi se r equi re s, the
e xpr es sion “ St at e” do es not inc lude th e St at e of Ja mm u and K as hm ir.
C H A P T E R I I.— T H E E X E C U T I V E
The Go ve rno r
153. G ove rno rs of S tat es .— The re s ha ll be a Gove rno r fo r ea ch St at e:
Provid ed th at nothing in thi s a rt ic le sha ll pr ev ent the a ppoint me nt of the
s am e per son as G ove rnor fo r t wo or m or e Sta te s.
154. Exe cu tiv e po we r of S tat e. — (1) Th e ex ec utiv e po we r of th e St at e
sh al l be ves te d in the Gov er nor and sh al l b e e xe rc is ed by hi m ei the r
di re ct ly or th rough o ff ic er s subo rdin at e to hi m in a cc or dan ce with thi s
Con st itut ion.
(2) No thing in thi s ar ti cl e sha ll —
( a) be dee me d to t ra ns fe r to th e Gove rno r a ny fun ct ions con fe rr ed by
a ny e xis ting la w on any oth er au thori ty; or
( b) pr eve nt P arl ia me nt or the Leg is la tur e of the St at e fro m
c onf er ring by l aw func tion s on any au thor ity subo rdin at e to th e
Gov er nor.
155. Appo int me nt of G ove rno r. —Th e Gov er nor of a St at e sh al l be
a ppoint ed by the P re sid ent by w ar ra nt unde r his hand and se al .
156. Te rm of off ic e of Gov er nor.— (1 ) Th e G ove rnor sh al l hold o ffi ce
dur ing th e ple as ur e of th e Pr es ide nt.
(2) Th e Gov erno r m ay, by wr iting und er hi s hand addr es se d to the
P re sid ent , r es ign his o ff ic e.
(3) Subje ct to the for egoing prov is ions of thi s a rti cl e, a Gov er nor s ha ll
hold offi ce for a te rm of f ive ye ar s fro m th e d ate on whi ch he ent er s upon
hi s offic e:
Provid ed tha t a Gove rnor sh al l, notw iths ta nding the exp ir at ion of hi s
t er m, con tinu e to hold offi ce unt il his su cc es so r en te rs upon hi s offi ce .
157. Q ual ifi ca tion s for appoin tmen t as Gov er no r. — No pe rs on s ha ll be
e lig ible fo r appoin tm ent a s Gov erno r unle ss he i s a c it iz en of Indi a and has
c omp le te d th e age of thi rty -fiv e ye ar s.
158. Co ndi tion s of Gove rn or 's of fic e. — (1) The Gov erno r sha ll not be a
m em be r of ei the r H ous e of P ar li am en t or of a Hou se of th e Le gis la tur e of
a ny St at e sp ec if ie d in the Fi rs t Sch edul e, and if a me mb er of ei the r Hous e
of Pa rli am en t or of a Hou se of th e L egis la tu re of any su ch S ta te be
55
a ppoint ed Gove rno r, he sha ll be de em ed to hav e vac at ed hi s s ea t in tha t

Hou se on the da te on whi ch he ent er s upon hi s o ff ic e as Gove rno r.
(2) The Gov erno r sha ll not hold any oth er offi ce of pro fi t.
(3) The Gov erno r sha ll be en tit led w ithout pay me nt of ren t to th e u se of
hi s offic ia l re si den ce s a nd sh al l be al so ent itl ed to su ch em olu me nt s,
a llo wa nc es and privi leg es as m ay b e de te rm ine d by Pa rli am en t by l aw and,
unti l provis ion in th at beh al f i s so ma de , s uch e mo lum ent s, a llo wan ce s a nd
pr ivil eg es a s ar e sp ec if ie d in th e S ec ond S che dule .
(3A ) Wh er e the s am e p er son is appoin ted a s Gov erno r of t wo or m or e
St at es , the e mo lum en ts and al low an ce s pay ab le to the Gov erno r sha ll be
a llo ca te d a mong th e St at es in su ch propo rtion as the Pre si den t m ay by
ord er d ete rm in e.
(4) Th e em olu me nt s and al low an ce s of the Gove rnor sha ll not be
di min ish ed during his t er m of offic e.
159. O ath o r aff ir ma tion by the G ove rno r. — Ev ery Gov er nor and ev ery
p er son dis ch arging the fun ct ions of th e Gov erno r sh al l, be for e e nte ri ng
upon hi s offi ce , m ak e a nd subs cr ib e in th e pr es en ce of th e Chi ef Ju sti ce of
th e High Cour t e xe rc is ing juri sdi ct ion in r el at ion to th e St at e, or, in his
a bs enc e, th e se nio r m os t J udge of tha t Cou rt av ai lab le , an oath or
a ff ir ma ti on in the fol low ing fo rm , tha t i s to s ay —
“ I, A. B. , do s w e a r i n t h e n a m e o f G o d th at I w il l
f ai thfu lly ex ec ut e th e o ffi ce of G ove rnor (or di sc ha rg e th e fun ct ions of the
Gov er nor ) of ... .... .... .. (na me of th e Sta te ) a nd wil l to the be st of
m y a bil ity pre se rv e, prot ec t and de fe nd th e Cons titu tion and the
l aw a nd th at I wi ll devot e my se lf to the se rv ic e and we ll - being of the
p eople of .. …… … (na me of th e Sta te ) .”
160. Di sc har ge of th e fu nc tio ns of the Gov er no r in ce rt ai n
c ont inge nc ie s. — The Pr es id ent ma y ma ke s uch provi sion a s he thinks f it
fo r the dis ch arge of th e func tions of th e G ove rnor of a Sta te in any
c onting enc y not provid ed for in this Ch apt er.
161. Po we r of G ove rno r to g rant pa rdon s, et c. , and to su sp en d, re mi t
o r c ommu te s en te nc es i n ce rt ai n ca se s. — The Gove rno r of a Sta te sha ll
h ave th e po we r to gr ant pa rdons , r ep rie ve s, r es pit es or r em is si ons of
puni shm en t or to su sp end, r em it or co mm ut e th e s ent en ce of any per son
c onvic te d of any offe nc e a ga ins t any l aw re la ting to a m at te r to whi ch th e
e xe cut ive pow er of th e S ta te ex tend s.
162. Ext en t of e xe cu tiv e po we r of Sta te .— Subj ec t to the prov is ions of
thi s Con st itut ion, th e ex ec utiv e po we r of a Sta te sh al l ext end to the m at te rs
w ith re sp ec t to w hic h th e Leg is la tur e of the Sta te has pow er to ma ke la ws :
P rovide d th at in any ma tt er w ith re sp ec t to whi ch the Leg is la tur e of a
St at e and Pa rl ia me nt hav e powe r to ma ke l aw s, th e e xe cut ive pow er of th e
St at e sh al l b e sub je ct to, and li mi te d by, the e xe cut ive pow er e xpr es sl y
c onf er re d by this Cons titu tion or by any la w m ad e by P arl ia me nt upon th e

Un ion or a uthor iti es the reo f.
Counc il of Min is te rs
163. Coun ci l of Min is te rs to aid and advi se G ove rn or.— (1 ) Th er e
sh al l be a Coun ci l of Mini st er s with the Ch ie f Min is te r a t the he ad to a id
a nd advi se th e Gov erno r in th e ex er ci se of hi s fun ct ions , ex ce pt in so fa r a s
h e i s by or under thi s Cons titu tion requ ir ed to e xe rc is e hi s fun ct ions or any
of th em in his di sc re tion.
(2) I f a ny qu es tion ar is es whe the r any ma tt er is or is not a m at te r a s
r es pe ct s whi ch the Gov er nor is by or unde r this Con st itut ion r equi re d to a ct
in his di sc re tion , th e dec is ion of th e Gove rno r in hi s di sc re tion sh al l be
f ina l, and the valid ity of anyth ing done by th e Gov erno r sh al l not be c al le d
in qu es tion on the ground th at he ought or ought not to h ave ac te d in his
di sc re tion .
(3) The que st ion wh et he r any, and if so wh at, adv ic e wa s t ende re d by
Min is te rs to the Gov er nor sh all not be inquir ed into in a ny c our t.
164. Ot he r p rov is ions as to M ini st er s. — (1) Th e Chi ef Mini st er sha ll b e
a ppoint ed by the Gove rno r and th e oth er Minis te rs sh al l be a ppoint ed by
th e Gov er nor on th e advi ce of th e Ch ie f Mini st er, and the Min is te rs sh al l
hold offi ce during the ple as ur e of the Gov erno r:
Provid ed tha t in th e S ta te s of Biha r, Madhy a Pr ade sh and O ri ss a, th er e
sh al l be a Minis te r in cha rg e of tr iba l w el fa re who ma y in add ition be in
c ha rg e of the w el fa re of the Sch edul ed C as te s and ba ck wa rd c la ss es or any
oth er wo rk.
(1A ) Th e tota l numbe r of Mini st er s, inc luding the Ch ie f Mini st er, in the
Coun ci l of Min is te rs in a St at e sha ll not exc ee d fi ft ee n p er ce nt. of th e
tot al nu mbe r of m em be rs of the L egis la tiv e As se mb ly of tha t St at e:
Prov ided th at the numb er of Min is te rs , in clud ing th e Chi ef Mini st er in a
St at e sh al l not be le ss than tw elv e:
Provid ed fu rthe r th at whe re th e tot al nu mbe r of Min is te rs inc luding th e
Ch ie f Mini st er in th e Counc il of Mini st er s in a ny Sta te a t the
c om me nc em en t of the Con st itut ion ( Nin ety -f ir st Am en dm ent ) Ac t, 2003
e xc ee ds the sa id fi ft ee n pe r ce nt . or the numbe r s pe ci fi ed in th e f ir st
prov iso , a s the c as e m ay b e, then the tot al nu mbe r of Min is te rs in tha t Sta te
sh al l be brought in c onfo rm ity wi th th e provi sion s of thi s cl au se w ithin s ix
m onths fro m s uch dat e * a s th e Pr es id ent m ay by publ ic notif ic at ion
a ppoint.
(1B ) A me mb er of the L egi sl at ive As se mb ly of a St at e or e ith er Hous e
of th e L egi sl atu re of a St at e having L egi sl ativ e Counc il be longing to a ny
poli ti ca l par ty who i s disqu al ifi ed for be ing a me mb er of th at Hou se unde r
p ar agr aph 2 of th e Ten th S che dule sh al l al so b e disqu al if ied to be
a ppoint ed as a Min is te r under c la us e (1) for dur at ion of th e p er iod
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*7.1.2004: vide Notification No. S.O. 21(E), dated 7.1.2004.
c om me nc ing f rom the dat e of his di squa li fi ca tion t ill the d ate on whi ch th e
t er m of his o ff ic e as suc h me mb er w ould exp ir e or w he re he c onte st s any
e le ct ion to th e L egi sl at ive A ss em bl y of a Sta te or ei the r H ous e of th e
L egi sl atu re of a Sta te having Legi sl at ive Counc il , as the ca se m ay be,
b efo re the e xpiry of su ch pe riod, til l the dat e on whi ch h e is dec la re d
e le ct ed , w hic hev er i s ea rl ie r.
(2) Th e Counc il of Mini st er s s ha ll be col le ct ive ly r es pons ible to the
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly of the St at e.
(3) Be for e a Mini st er ent er s upon hi s offi ce , th e Gov er nor sh al l
a dm ini st er to him the o aths of o ff ic e a nd of s ec re cy ac co rd ing to the for ms
s et out for th e purpo se in th e Thi rd Sch edul e.
(4) A Minis te r w ho for any pe riod of six c ons ec ut ive month s i s not a
m em be r of the L egi sl atu re of th e St at e sh al l a t the exp ir at ion of th at per iod
c ea se to be a Mini st er.
(5) The sa la ri es and al low an ce s of Mini st er s sh al l b e su ch as the
L egi sl atu re of th e Sta te m ay f rom ti me to ti me by la w d ete rm in e a nd, unti l
th e Leg is la tur e of th e Sta te s o d ete rm in es , sha ll be a s spe ci fi ed in the
S ec ond S che dule .
Th e Ad voca te - Gen er al for th e State
165. Advo cat e- G en er al fo r th e S tat e. — (1 ) The G ove rnor of ea ch Sta te
sh al l appoin t a p er son w ho i s qual ifi ed to b e a ppoint ed a Judg e of a H igh
Cou rt to b e Advo ca te - G ene ra l fo r th e Sta te .
(2) It sh al l b e th e duty of th e Advo ca te - G ene ra l to give adv ic e to th e
Gov er nm en t of th e S ta te upon s uch l ega l m at te rs , and to per for m su ch othe r
duti es of a l ega l ch ar ac te r, a s ma y fro m ti me to ti me b e r ef er re d or
a ss ign ed to hi m by the Gov er nor, and to dis cha rg e th e func tion s c onf er re d
on hi m by or unde r thi s Con sti tution or any oth er la w fo r the tim e being in
fo rc e.
(3) Th e Advoc at e- Gen er al sh al l hold offi ce during the ple as ur e of th e
Gov er nor, and sh al l re ce iv e such re mun er at ion a s th e Gov er nor m ay
d ete rm in e.
Conduc t of Go ve rn me nt Bu sine ss
166. Co ndu ct of bus in es s of th e Gove rn me nt of a Sta te .— (1) Al l
e xe cut ive ac tion of the Gove rn me nt of a St at e sh al l b e expressed to be taken in
the name of the Governor.
(2) Orders and other instruments made and executed in the name of the Governor shall be
authenticated in such manner as may be specified in rules to be made by the Governor, and
the validity of an order or instrument which is so authenticated shall not be called in question
on the ground that it is not an order or instrument made or executed by the Governor.
(3) The Governor shall make rules for the more convenient transaction of the business of
the Government of the State, and for the allocation among Ministers of the said business in so
far as it is not business with respect to which the Governor is by or under this Constitution
required to act in his discretion.
* * * * *
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor,
etc.—It shall be the duty of the Chief Minister of each State—
(a) to communicate to the Governor of the State all decisions of the Council of
Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the State and proposals for
legislation;
(b) to furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the State
and proposals for legislation as the Governor may call for; and
(c) if the Governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the Council of
Ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a Minister but which has not
been considered by the Council.
CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.—(1) For every State there shall be a
Legislature which shall consist of the Governor, and—
(a) in the States of Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, two Houses;
(b) in other States, one House.
(2) Where there are two Houses of the Legislature of a State, one shall be known as the
Legislative Council and the other as the Legislative Assembly, and where there is only one
House, it shall be known as the Legislative Assembly.
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in article 168, Parliament may by law provide for the abolition of the Legislative
Council of a State having such a Council or for the creation of such a Council in a State
having no such Council, if the Legislative Assembly of the State passes a resolution to that
effect by a majority of the tot al me mb er sh ip of th e A ss em bl y and by a ma jor ity
of not le ss than two -thi rds of the me mb er s of th e As se mb ly pr es en t and
voting .
(2) Any la w re fe rr ed to in c la us e (1) sh al l cont ain su ch provis ions fo r
th e a me ndm en t of th is Con st itut ion a s m ay be ne ce ss ar y to give effe ct to
th e provi sion s of the l aw and m ay al so c onta in su ch s upple me nt al ,
in cid ent al and con se que nti al provi sion s as P ar li am en t ma y d ee m ne ce ss ar y.
(3) No su ch la w as a fo re sa id sha ll be de em ed to be an a me ndm en t of thi s
Con st itut ion fo r the purpos es of ar tic le 368.
170. Compo si tion of th e L egi sla tive As se mb li es .— (1 ) Subj ec t to th e
prov is ions of ar ti cl e 333, th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y of e ac h Sta te s ha ll
c ons is t of not mo re tha n fiv e hundr ed, a nd not le ss th an six ty, m em be rs
c hos en by dir ec t el ec ti on f rom t er ri tor ia l c ons titu en ci es in the St at e.
(2) For th e purpos es of c la us e (1 ), e ac h S ta te sha ll b e divid ed into

t er ri tori al con st itu enc ie s in suc h m ann er th at th e r at io bet we en th e
popul at ion of e ac h con st itue ncy and th e numb er of s ea ts a llot ted to it sh al l,
so f ar a s pra ct ic ab le , be the sa me th roughout the St at e.
E xplanat ion.— In this c lau se , the exp re ss ion “popu la tion ” me an s the
popul at ion a s as ce rt ai ne d at th e l as t pre ce ding c en sus of whi ch the r el ev ant
f igur es h ave be en publis hed :
Provid ed th at th e r ef er en ce in thi s E xplana tion to th e l as t pr ec ed ing
c en sus of wh ich the r el ev ant figur es hav e b een publish ed s ha ll, until th e
r el ev ant figu re s for th e fir st c en sus t ake n a ft er th e yea r 2026 hav e be en
publi sh ed, be con st rued a s a re fe re nc e to the 2001 c en su s.
(3) Upon the c omp le tion of ea ch c en sus , th e tota l numb er of se at s in the
L egi sl at ive A ss em bl y of e ac h St at e and th e divi sion of ea ch Sta te into
t er ri tori al con st itu enc ie s sh al l b e r ea dju st ed by su ch autho rity and in suc h
m ann er a s P arl ia me nt m ay by l aw de te rm in e:
Prov ided th at suc h r ea dju st me nt sh al l not affe ct r ep re se nt ation in the
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly unti l th e dis solu tion of th e then ex is ting As se mb ly:
Provid ed fu rthe r th at suc h re ad jus tm en t sha ll tak e e ff ec t f rom suc h dat e
a s th e P re sid ent ma y, by ord er, spe ci fy a nd until suc h re ad jus tm en t tak es
e ff ec t, any el ec ti on to th e L egi sl at ive A ss em bly m ay be he ld on the ba si s of
th e te rr itor ia l cons titu en ci es e xi sting be for e su ch re adju st me nt :
Provided also that until the relevant figures for the first census taken after the year 2026
have been published, it shall not be necessary to readjust—
(i) the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of each State as readjusted
on the basis of the 1971 census; and
(ii) the division of such State into territorial constituencies as may be readjusted on
the basis of the 2001 census,
under this clause.
171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.—(1) The total number of members in the
Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one third of the total
number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State:
Provid ed th at th e tot al numbe r of me mb er s in the Leg is la tiv e Coun cil of
a St at e sh al l in no c as e b e l es s tha n fo rty.
(2) Unti l Pa rl ia me nt by l aw othe rw is e provide s, the com pos ition of the
L egi sl at ive Coun ci l of a St at e sha ll be a s provid ed in c lau se (3).
(3) O f th e tota l numb er of me mb er s of th e Legi sl at ive Coun ci l of a St at e
—
( a) as ne ar ly as m ay b e, one- third sh al l be el ec te d by el ec to ra te s
c ons is ting of m em be rs of muni cip al it ie s, di st ri ct bo ard s and suc h othe r
lo ca l autho rit ie s in the Sta te as P ar lia me nt m ay by l aw s pe ci fy;
( b) a s ne ar ly a s m ay be, one- tw el fth s ha ll b e el ec te d by el ec to ra te s

c ons is ting of p er sons r es iding in the St at e who have b een fo r a t le as t
th re e ye ar s gra dua te s of any unive rs ity in th e te rr itory of Indi a or h ave
b een for a t l ea st thr ee ye ar s in pos se ss io n of qua lif ic at ions pre sc ri be d
by or und er a ny la w m ad e by P arl ia me nt as equiv al en t to tha t of a
gr adu at e of a ny s uch univ er sity ;
( c ) a s ne ar ly a s m ay be, one- tw el fth s ha ll b e el ec te d by el ec to ra te s
c ons is ting of p er sons who hav e b een for a t l ea st thr ee ye ar s e ngag ed in
t ea ch ing in su ch educ at ion al ins titu tion s with in th e Sta te , not lo we r in
s ta nda rd than tha t of a s ec onda ry sc hool, a s ma y be pre sc ri bed by or
und er any la w ma de by Pa rli am en t;
( d) as ne ar ly as m ay b e, one- third sh al l be el ec te d by the m em be rs of
th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y of th e Sta te f rom a mong st pe rs ons who ar e not
m em be rs of the As se mb ly ;
( e ) the re ma in de r sha ll be nom ina ted by th e Gove rno r in ac co rd anc e
w ith the prov is ions of cl au se (5 ).
(4) The me mb er s to be e le ct ed unde r sub- cl au se s ( a) , ( b) and ( c ) of
c la us e (3) sh al l b e c hos en in s uch t er rito ri al con st itue nc ie s as ma y b e
pr es cr ib ed by or unde r a ny l aw m ad e by P arl ia me nt , a nd th e el ec ti ons unde r
th e sa id sub- cl au se s and unde r s ub- cl aus e ( d) of the s aid c lau se sha ll be
h eld in a cc ord an ce w ith th e s ys te m of proport iona l rep re se nt at ion by me an s
of th e s ingl e tr ans fe ra bl e vote .
(5) The me mb er s to be nom ina te d by the Gov erno r under sub -c la us e ( e )
of cl aus e (3) sh al l con si st of pe rson s hav ing sp ec ia l kno wle dge or pra ct ic al
e xpe ri enc e in re sp ec t of s uch m at te rs as th e follo wing, na me ly :—
Li te ra tu re , s ci en ce , ar t, co -ope ra tiv e mov em en t and soc ia l se rvi ce .
172. Duration of State Legislatures.—(1) Every Legislative Assembly of every State,
unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first
meeting and no longer and the expiration of the said period of five years shall operate as a
dissolution of the Assembly:
Provid ed th at th e s aid per iod ma y, whil e a Pro cl am at ion of Em erge nc y
i s in ope ra tion , b e e xte nded by P ar li am en t by la w for a pe riod not
e xc ee ding one ye ar a t a t im e and not ext ending in any ca se beyond a per iod
of s ix m onths a ft er th e Pro cl am at ion ha s ce as ed to ope ra te .
(2) Th e Le gis la tiv e Coun ci l of a Sta te sh all not be sub je ct to dis solu tion,
but as nea rly a s poss ibl e one -thi rd of th e me mb er s th er eof sh al l re tir e as
soon a s ma y be on the e xpir at ion of e ve ry se cond ye ar in ac co rd anc e w ith
th e provis ions m ad e in that beh al f by P arl ia me nt by l aw.
173. Qua li fic atio n for me mb er sh ip of the Sta te Leg is latu re .— A per son
sh al l not be qual ifi ed to be cho se n to fi ll a se at in th e Le gis la tur e of a
St at e unle ss he—
( a) i s a c it iz en of India , and ma ke s a nd sub sc rib es be for e so me

p er son a utho ris ed in tha t b eha lf by th e E le ct ion Com mi ss ion an oa th or
S che dule ;
( b) is, in the ca se of a se at in th e Legi sl at ive A ss em bl y, not l es s tha n
t we nty- fiv e yea rs of a ge and , in the c as e of a s ea t in the Leg is la tiv e
Coun ci l, not l es s tha n thi rty ye ar s of age ; and
( c ) poss es se s suc h oth er qua li fic at ion s a s m ay be pre sc ri be d in th at
b eha lf by or unde r a ny l aw m ad e by P ar lia me nt .
174. S es sio ns of th e Stat e Le gis lat ure, proroga tion and dis so lut ion. —
(1 ) The G ove rnor sha ll f rom ti me to ti me su mm on th e Hou se or e ac h Hou se
of the L egi sl atu re of th e St at e to m ee t at s uch tim e and pl ac e a s he think s
f it, but six month s sh all not inte rv ene b et we en it s la st si tting in one
s es si on and the da te appo inte d fo r its f ir st si tting in the nex t s es si on.
(2) The Gov erno r ma y f rom tim e to tim e—
( a) prorogu e the Hou se or ei the r Hou se ;
( b) dis solv e the Leg is la tiv e As se mb ly.
175. Rig ht of Gove rn or to add re ss and s en d mes sa ge s to the Hou se or
H ous es .— (1 ) The G ove rnor ma y add re ss th e Leg is la tiv e A ss em bly or, in
th e c as e of a Sta te having a L egis la tiv e Coun ci l, e ith er Hous e of the
L egi sl atu re of th e St at e, or both Hous es as se mb le d toge the r, and ma y for
th at purpos e r equi re th e att end anc e of me mb er s.
(2) The Gov erno r ma y s end m es sa ge s to th e H ous e or H ous es of th e
L egi sl atu re of th e Sta te , wh et he r w ith r es pe ct to a B ill th en p ending in th e
L egi sl atu re or oth er wi se , and a Hous e to w hic h a ny m es sa ge i s s o s en t sh al l
w ith al l conve nie nt des pa tch con sid er a ny m at te r r equi re d by the me ss ag e
to be tak en into con sid er at ion.
176. Spe ci al add re ss by th e Gov er no r. — (1) A t th e co mm en ce me nt of
th e fir st s es si on af te r ea ch gen er al e le ct ion to the Leg is la tiv e As se mb ly and
a t the co mm en ce me nt of the fi rs t s es si on of ea ch ye ar, th e Gove rno r s ha ll
a ddr es s the L egi sl at ive As se mb ly or, in the ca se of a Sta te h aving a
L egi sl at ive Counc il, both Hous es a ss em bl ed toge the r and infor m th e
L egi sl atu re of th e c au se s of it s sum mon s.
(2) Prov is ion s ha ll be ma de by the rul es r egul at ing the proc edu re of th e
Hou se or e ith er Hou se for the a llot me nt of ti me fo r dis cus si on of th e
m at te rs re fe rr ed to in s uch add re ss .
177. R igh ts of Mini st er s and Advo ca te -G en er al a s res pe ct s th e
H ous es .— Ev ery Minis te r a nd the Advoc at e- G en er al for a St at e sh al l hav e
th e righ t to sp ea k in, a nd othe rw is e to tak e p art in the proc ee ding s of, the
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly of the St at e or, in th e ca se of a Sta te h aving a
L egi sl at ive Counc il, both Hous es , a nd to sp ea k in, and othe rw is e to tak e
p art in the proc ee ding s of, any co mm it te e of the Leg is la tur e of whi ch he
m ay be na me d a me mb er, but s ha ll not, by virtu e of this a rt ic le , be enti tl ed

to vote .
Of fic er s of th e Sta te L egis latu re
178. T he Spea ke r and D ep uty Sp eak er of th e L egi sla tiv e As se mb ly.—
Ev ery L egi sl ativ e As se mb ly of a Sta te s ha ll, as soon as m ay be , c hoos e two
m em be rs of the As se mb ly to be re spe ct iv ely Spe ak er and D eputy Sp eak er
th er eo f and, so oft en a s the o ff ic e of Spe ak er or De puty Sp ea ke r be co me s
v ac ant , th e As se mb ly sha ll choo se a noth er m em be r to be Spe ake r or Depu ty
Sp ea ke r, as th e ca se ma y be.
179. Vaca tion and re si gn at ion of, and re mo va l f ro m, th e of fic es of
Sp eak er and De pu ty Sp eak er.— A m em be r hold ing offi ce a s Sp eak er or
D epu ty Sp ea ke r of a n A ss em bl y—
( a) sh al l va ca te his offi ce if h e ce as es to be a m em be r of the
A ss em bl y;
( b) ma y a t any tim e by w ri ting unde r hi s hand addr es se d, i f su ch
m em be r is th e Sp ea ke r, to th e D eputy Spe ake r, and if suc h me mb er i s
th e De puty Spe ake r, to the Spe ak er, r es ign his o ff ic e; and
( c ) ma y b e r em ove d f rom his offi ce by a re solu tion of the As se mb ly
p as se d by a ma jo rity of al l th e then m em be rs of th e As se mb ly:
Provid ed tha t no re so lution for th e purpos e of c la us e ( c ) sha ll be mov ed
unl es s at l ea st fou rt ee n d ays' noti ce has be en give n of th e in ten tion to
m ove th e r es olu tion:
Provid ed fu rth er tha t, wh en eve r th e As se mb ly is di ss olve d, th e Spe ak er
sh al l not va ca te hi s o ffi ce unti l im me di at el y be for e th e fi rs t m ee ti ng of th e
A ss em bl y a ft er the dis solu tion.
180. Po we r of t he D ep uty Spe ake r or oth er p er son to pe rf or m th e
du ti es of th e of fi ce of, o r to act as, Sp eak er.— (1) Whi le the o ff ic e of
Sp ea ke r is va ca nt, the duti es of th e offi ce sh al l be per for me d by the D epu ty
Sp ea ke r or, i f th e offi ce of D epu ty Spe ak er is a ls o va ca nt, by su ch m em be r
of th e A ss em bl y a s th e G ove rnor m ay appoin t for the purpo se .
(2) During the absence of the Speaker from any sitting of the Assembly the Deputy
Speaker or, if he is also absent, such person as may be determined by the rules of procedure
of the Assembly, or, if no such person is present, such other person as may be determined by
the Assembly, shall act as Speaker.
181. T he Spea ke r or th e D ep uty Sp eak er not to pres id e whi le a
a ny s itt ing of th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y, whi le any r es olut ion fo r the
r em ova l of th e Spe ak er f rom hi s o ff ic e i s und er con sid er at ion, the Sp eak er,
or whil e a ny re so lution for th e r em ova l of th e D eputy Spe ake r f rom his
o ff ic e is unde r cons ide ra ti on, the De puty Spe ak er, s ha ll not, though he i s
pr es en t, pr es id e, a nd the provis ions of c lau se (2 ) of a rt ic le 180 s ha ll app ly
in re la tion to eve ry su ch sit ting as they apply in re la tion to a sit ting fro m
wh ic h th e Spe ake r or, as th e ca se ma y be, th e D epu ty Sp ea ke r, is ab se nt.
(2) Th e Spe ak er sha ll have the right to spe ak in, and oth er wi se to t ake
p art in the proc ee ding s of, the L egi sl at ive As se mb ly wh il e any re solu tion
fo r hi s re mov al fro m o ff ic e i s unde r con sid er at ion in th e A ss em bl y and
sh al l, not wi ths tand ing anyth ing in a rt ic le 189, be en tit led to vote only in
th e fi rs t in st anc e on su ch r es olu tion or on any othe r ma tt er dur ing suc h
pro ce ed ings but not in th e c as e of a n e qua lity of vote s.
182. T he Chai rman and De pu ty Cha ir ma n of t he Leg is lativ e C oun ci l.
— The Leg is la tive Counc il of ev ery Sta te having suc h Counc il s ha ll, as
soon as ma y be , choo se two me mb er s of the Counc il to be r esp ec ti ve ly
Ch ai rm an and D eputy Ch ai rm an th er eof and , s o of ten a s the o ff ic e of
Ch ai rm an or De puty Cha ir ma n be com es va ca nt, the Coun ci l s ha ll choo se
a nothe r me mb er to b e Ch ai rm an or D eputy Ch ai rm an, a s the c as e m ay be .
183. Vaca tion and re si gn at ion of, and re mo va l f ro m, th e of fic es of
C hai rman and De puty C hair ma n. — A m em be r holding offi ce as Ch ai rm an
or D eputy Ch ai rm an of a Leg is la tiv e Counc il—
( a) sh al l va ca te his offi ce if h e ce as es to be a m em be r of the
Coun ci l;
( b) ma y a t any tim e by w ri ting unde r hi s hand addr es se d, i f su ch
m em be r is th e Ch ai rm an , to th e De puty Ch ai rm an , and if su ch m em be r is
th e De puty Cha ir ma n, to th e Cha ir ma n, re si gn hi s offi ce ; and
( c ) m ay b e re mov ed f rom hi s offi ce by a r es olut ion of th e Counc il
p as se d by a ma jo rity of al l th e then m em be rs of th e Counc il:
Provid ed tha t no re so lution for th e purpos e of c la us e ( c ) sha ll be mov ed
unl es s at l ea st fou rt ee n d ays' noti ce has be en give n of th e in ten tion to
m ove th e r es olu tion.
184. Po we r of t he D ep uty Cha ir ma n o r oth er pe rs on to pe rfo rm th e
du ti es of th e off ic e of, or to ac t as, Cha ir ma n.— (1) Whil e the offi ce of
Ch ai rm an is v ac an t, th e duti es of the offi ce sh al l be p er for me d by the
D epu ty Ch ai rm an or, if th e offic e of De puty Cha ir ma n is a lso va ca nt, by
su ch me mb er of the Counc il a s the Gov er nor ma y appoin t fo r the purpos e.
(2) Dur ing the abs en ce of th e Ch ai rm an fro m any sit ting of the Coun ci l
th e D eputy Cha ir ma n or, i f he is a ls o ab sen t, su ch p er son a s m ay be
d ete rm in ed by th e ru le s of proc edu re of the Coun ci l, or, if no su ch per son
i s pr es en t, su ch oth er per son a s m ay be de te rm in ed by the Counc il, sha ll
a ct a s Ch ai rm an.
185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his
removal from office is under consideration.—(1) At any sitting of the Legislative Council,
while any resolution for the removal of the Chairman from his office is under consideration,
the Chairman, or while any resolution for the removal of the Deputy Chairman from his office
is under consideration, the Deputy Chairman, shall not, though he is present, preside, and the
provisions of clause (2) of article 184 shall apply in relation to every such sitting as they
apply in relation to a sitting from which the Chairman or, as the case may be, the Deputy
Chairman is absent.
(2) The Cha ir ma n sh all hav e the r ight to sp ea k in, and othe rw is e to t ake
p art in the pro ce ed ings of, th e L egi sl at ive Coun ci l w hil e any re solu tion for
hi s re mov al fro m o ffi ce is unde r c ons ide ra tion in the Coun cil and sh al l,
not with st and ing a nything in ar tic le 189, be en tit led to vote only in th e fir st
in st anc e on s uch re solu tion or on any othe r m at te r dur ing su ch pro ce ed ings
but not in th e c as e of a n e qua lity of vote s.
186. Salar ie s and allo wanc es of the Spe ake r and D ep uty Spea ke r and
t he Cha ir ma n and D ep uty Cha ir ma n.— Th er e sh all be pa id to th e Sp ea ke r
a nd the De puty Sp eak er of th e Le gis la tiv e A ss em bl y, and to the Cha ir ma n
a nd th e De puty Cha ir ma n of th e Leg is la tive Coun ci l, su ch sa la ri es and
a llo wa nc es as m ay be r esp ec ti ve ly f ixe d by the Leg is la tur e of the St at e by
l aw and, until prov is ion in tha t beh al f i s so m ad e, suc h sa la ri es a nd
a llo wa nc es as a re s pe ci fi ed in th e Se cond Sch edul e.
187. Se cret ar ia t of Stat e L eg is latu re .— (1) Th e Hou se or e ac h Hou se of
th e Leg is la tur e of a St at e sh al l h ave a s ep ar at e se cr et ar ia l st aff:
Provid ed tha t nothing in thi s cl aus e sh al l, in th e ca se of the Leg is la tur e
of a St at e having a L egis la tiv e Counc il , b e c ons tru ed as pr eve nting th e
c re at ion of post s com mo n to both H ous es of su ch Leg is la tur e.
(2) Th e Le gis la tur e of a St at e m ay by l aw re gul at e th e re cr ui tm en t, and
th e cond ition s of se rvi ce of p er sons appoin ted , to the se cr et ar ia l st aff of
th e Hous e or Hous es of th e Leg is la tur e of the Sta te .
(3) Un til provi sion i s m ad e by th e L egi sl atu re of th e Sta te unde r cl au se
(2 ), th e Gov er nor m ay, af te r consu lt at ion wi th the Spe ake r of the
L egi sl at ive A ss em bl y or th e Ch ai rm an of the Leg is la tiv e Coun cil , as th e
c as e m ay b e, ma ke rul es regu la ting the r ec ru itm en t, and the cond ition s of
s er vi ce of pe rson s a ppoint ed, to the s ec re ta ri al st aff of the As se mb ly or the
Coun ci l, and any ru le s so ma de sha ll have effe ct subj ec t to th e prov is ions
of any l aw m ad e under th e s ai d c la us e.
Conduc t of Bu sin es s
188. O ath o r aff ir ma tion by me mb er s. — Ev ery m em be r of the
L egi sl at ive A ss em bl y or th e L egi sl at ive Counc il of a St at e sh al l, be for e
t aking his s ea t, m ak e and subs cr ib e befo re th e Gove rno r, or s om e pe rson
a ppoint ed in th at b eha lf by hi m, a n oa th or a ff ir ma ti on a cc ord ing to th e
fo rm s et out for th e purpos e in th e Thi rd Sch edul e.
189. Voti ng in H ous es , po we r of H ou se s to act notw it hs tand ing
va canc ie s and quor um.— (1 ) S ave as othe rw is e prov ide d in thi s
Con st itut ion, al l qu es tions a t any sit ting of a Hous e of the L egis la tu re of a
St at e s ha ll b e det er mi ne d by a m ajo ri ty of vot es of the me mb er s pre se nt
a nd voting , oth er th an the Spe ak er or Cha ir ma n, or pe rson a ct ing a s su ch.
The Sp eak er or Ch ai rm an , or pe rson a ct ing as su ch, sh al l not vot e in th e

f ir st ins tan ce , but sha ll hav e and exe rc is e a c as ti ng vot e in th e ca se of an
e qua lity of vote s.
(2) A Hous e of the Legi sl at ur e of a Sta te sh al l hav e pow er to ac t
not with st and ing any v ac an cy in th e me mb er sh ip th er eo f, and any
pro ce ed ings in the Leg is la tur e of a St at e sh al l be v alid notwi ths ta nding
th at it is di scov er ed sub se quen tly tha t som e pe rson who w as not en tit led so
to do s at or voted or othe rw is e took pa rt in th e proc ee ding s.
(3) Un til the L egi sl atu re of th e St at e by l aw oth er wi se provide s, th e
quoru m to c ons titu te a m ee ti ng of a Hous e of the Leg is la tur e of a Sta te
sh al l be ten m em be rs or one -t enth of th e tot al numb er of me mb er s of th e
Hou se , whi ch eve r is gr ea te r.
(4) I f a t any tim e during a m ee ti ng of th e Legi sl at ive A ss em bl y or th e
L egi sl at ive Counc il of a St at e th er e i s no quorum , it sha ll b e the duty of
th e Spe ake r or Cha ir ma n, or per son ac ting a s suc h, ei the r to ad journ th e
Hou se or to su spe nd th e me et ing until th er e is a quorum .
D isqua lif ic ation s of Mem be rs
190. Va cat ion of s ea ts . — (1) No pe rson sh al l b e a m em be r of both
Hou se s of th e Leg is la tur e of a St at e a nd provi sion s ha ll be ma de by the
L egi sl atu re of th e Sta te by la w fo r th e va ca tion by a pe rson w ho is chos en
a m em be r of both Hous es of hi s se at in one hous e or th e othe r.
(2) No pe rson sh al l b e a m em be r of th e L egi sl atu re s of two or mo re
St at es spe ci fi ed in the Fir st S chedu le a nd i f a p er son is cho sen a m em be r of
th e Leg is la tur es of t wo or mo re s uch St at es , then, a t the expi ra tion of su ch
p eriod a s ma y be spe ci fi ed in rule s m ad e by the Pr es id ent , th at pe rson' s
s ea t in the Le gis la tur es of a ll su ch Sta te s sh al l b eco me vac an t, unle ss h e
h as pr ev ious ly re si gned his s ea t in the L egi sl atu re s of al l but one of the
St at es .
(3) I f a m em be r of a Hou se of th e L egi sl atu re of a St at e—
( a) be co me s subj ec t to any of the disqu al if ic at ions me ntion ed in
c la us e (1) or cl au se (2 ) of a rt ic le 191; or
(b) r es igns hi s s ea t by w ri ting unde r hi s hand addr es se d to the
sp ea ke r or the Cha ir ma n, a s th e c as e ma y be , and hi s r es igna tion is
a cc ep te d by the Sp eak er or th e Cha ir ma n, as th e ca se ma y be,
hi s se at sh al l the reupon be co me vac an t:
Provid ed th at in the c as e of a ny re si gna tion r ef er re d to in s ub- cl aus e ( b) ,
i f f rom in for ma ti on r ec ei ve d or oth er wi se a nd a ft er m ak ing suc h inqui ry as
h e think s fi t, the Spe ak er or the Ch ai rm an , a s th e c as e ma y b e, is sa ti sf ie d
th at su ch re sign at ion is not volun ta ry or g enuine , he sha ll not ac ce pt su ch
r es ign ation .
(4) If fo r a per iod of s ixty day s a me mb er of a Hou se of th e Le gis la tur e

of a St at e i s wi thout p er mi ss ion of th e Hou se ab se nt f rom al l m ee ti ngs
th er eo f, the Hou se m ay de cl ar e hi s s ea t va ca nt :
Provid ed th at in com puting the s ai d pe riod of sixty days no ac coun t sh all
b e tak en of any pe riod dur ing wh ich the H ous e i s prorogu ed or is a djou rned
fo r mor e than fou r c ons ec ut ive day s.
191. D is qual ifi ca tion s for me mb er sh ip .— (1) A per son sha ll be
di squa li fi ed fo r being chos en as , and fo r be ing, a me mb er of th e
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly or Leg is la tiv e Counc il of a Sta te —
( a) if he holds any offi ce of pro fit unde r the Gov ern me nt of Indi a or
th e Gove rn me nt of a ny S ta te sp ec if ie d in th e Fi rs t Sch edul e, oth er than
a n offi ce de cl ar ed by th e L egi sl atu re of the Sta te by la w not to
di squa li fy i ts hold er;
( b) if he is of unsound mind and st and s so dec la re d by a co mpe te nt
c ourt ;
(c ) if he i s a n undi sc ha rg ed inso lve nt;
(d) if he i s not a ci ti ze n of Ind ia , or ha s volunta ri ly ac quir ed the
c it iz en ship of a for eign Sta te , or is unde r a ny a ckno wl edg me nt of
a ll egi an ce or adh er en ce to a fo re ign S ta te ;
(e ) if he i s s o di squa li fi ed by or under any l aw m ad e by Pa rl ia me nt.
Explana tion. —Fo r the purpos es of thi s c la us e, a pe rson sha ll not be
d ee me d to hold a n offi ce of pro fit under the G ove rnm en t of Ind ia or the
Gov er nm en t of any St at e spe ci fi ed in the Fi rs t S che dule by re as on only th at
h e i s a Minis te r ei the r for th e U nion or fo r suc h St at e.
(2 ) A pe rson sh al l b e di squa li fi ed for being a m em be r of the L egi sl at ive
A ss em bl y or L egi sl at ive Counc il of a St at e if he i s so di squa li fi ed unde r
th e Ten th Sch edul e.
192. De ci si on on qu es tio ns as to dis qual ifi ca tion s of membe r s. — (1) I f
a ny que stion ar is es a s to wh et he r a me mb er of a Hous e of the Leg is la tur e
of a St at e has b eco me subj ec t to a ny of th e di squa li fi ca tion s me nt ioned in
c la us e (1 ) of a rt ic le 191, the ques tion s ha ll b e re fe rr ed for the d ec is ion of
th e Gove rno r a nd hi s dec is ion sha ll be fin al .
(2) B ef or e giving a ny de ci sion on a ny suc h que st ion, th e Gov erno r sh al l
obt ain th e opinion of the Ele ct ion Co mm is si on a nd sha ll ac t a cc ord ing to
su ch opinion.
193. Pena lty for s it ting and voting be fore ma king oath or
af fi rmat ion und er ar tic le 188 or wh en no t qual ifi ed or wh en
di sq uali fi ed. — I f a per son si ts or vote s as a m em be r of th e L egi sl at ive
A ss em bl y or th e L egis la tiv e Coun ci l of a Sta te be for e he has co mpl ied with
th e r equi re me nt s of ar tic le 188, or wh en h e know s th at he is not quali fi ed
or that he i s disqu al if ied for m em be rs hi p the re of, or tha t he is proh ibit ed
f rom s o doing by th e prov is ions of any la w ma de by Pa rli am en t or the
L egi sl atu re of th e St at e, h e sh al l be lia ble in re sp ec t of ea ch day on w hic h

h e so s it s or vot es to a pen alty of fiv e hundre d rup ee s to be re cov er ed a s a
d ebt due to th e Sta te .
Pow er s, P ri vil eg es and Im muni tie s of State L egi sla tures
and thei r Me mb er s
194. Po we rs , pr ivil eg es , et c. , of th e Hou se s of L egi sla tures and of th e
membe rs and c ommi tt ee s t he re of .— (1 ) Subj ec t to th e provi sion s of this
Con st itut ion a nd to the ru le s and st anding ord er s re gula ting th e pro ce dur e
of the L egi sl atu re , th er e sh al l be fr ee dom of sp ee ch in the L egi sl atu re of
e ve ry Sta te .
(2 ) No m em be r of the L egi sl atu re of a St at e sha ll be li abl e to a ny
pro ce ed ings in any c ourt in re sp ec t of anything sa id or a ny vote given by
hi m in th e Leg is la tur e or a ny c om mi tt ee the reo f, and no pe rs on sh al l be so
li ab le in re sp ec t of th e publi ca ti on by or unde r the autho rity of a H ous e of
su ch a Le gis la tur e of any repo rt , p ape r, vote s or pro ce ed ing s.
(3) In other respects, the powers, privileges and immunities of a House of the Legislature
of a State, and of the members and the committees of a House of such Legislature, shall be
such as may from time to time be defined by the Legislature by law, and, until so defined,
shall be those of that House and of its members and committees immediately before the
coming into force of section 26 of the Constitution (Forty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978.
(4) The provisions of clauses (1), (2) and (3) shall apply in relation to persons who by
virtue of this Constitution have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the
proceedings of, a House of the Legislature of a State or any committee thereof as they apply
in relation to members of that Legislature.
195. Salaries and allowances of members.—Members of the Legislative Assembly and
the Legislative Council of a State shall be entitled to receive such salaries and allowances as
may from time to time be determined, by the Legislature of the State by law and, until
provision in that respect is so made, salaries and allowances at such rates and upon such
conditions as were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution applicable in
the case of members of the Legislative Assembly of the corresponding Province.
Legislative Procedure
196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.—(1) Subject to the provisions of
articles 198 and 207 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may
originate in either House of the Legislature of a State which has a Legislative Council.
(2) Subject to the provisions of articles 197 and 198, a Bill shall not be deemed to have
been passed by the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council unless it
has been agreed to by both Houses, either without amendment or with such amendments only
as are agreed to by both Houses.
(3) A Bill pending in the Legislature of a State shall not lapse by reason of the prorogation
of the House or Houses thereof.
(4) A Bill pending in the Legislative Council of a State which has not been passed by the
Legislative Assembly shall not lapse on a dissolution of the Assembly.
(5) A Bill which is pending in the Legislative Assembly of a State, or which having been
passed by the Legislative Assembly is pending in the Legislative Council, shall lapse on a
dissolution of the Assembly.
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
—(1) If after a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State having a
Legislative Council and transmitted to the Legislative Council—
(a) the Bill is rejected by the Council; or
(b) more than three months elapse from the date on which the Bill is laid before the
Council without the Bill being passed by it; or
(c) the Bill is passed by the Council with amendments to which the Legislative
Assembly does not agree;
th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y m ay, subj ec t to th e rule s r egul at ing i ts proc edu re ,
p as s th e Bi ll ag ai n in the sa me or in any sub se que nt s es si on w ith or
w ithout su ch am en dm en ts , i f a ny, as h ave be en ma de , sugge st ed or ag re ed
to by th e Le gis la tiv e Coun ci l and th en t ran sm it the Bil l as so p as se d to th e
L egi sl at ive Coun ci l.
(2 ) I f af te r a Bil l h as be en so pas se d for th e s ec ond tim e by the
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly and tr an sm it ted to the L egi sl ativ e Counc il —
(a) th e B ill i s r ej ec te d by th e Coun ci l; or
(b) mo re th an one month e lap se s f rom th e dat e on wh ich th e B ill
i s laid be for e the Coun ci l w ithou t th e Bil l b eing pa ss ed by it ; or
(c ) the B ill is p as se d by the Counc il w ith a me nd me nt s to wh ich
th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y do es not agr ee ;
th e Bi ll s ha ll be dee me d to have be en pa ss ed by th e Hou se s of th e
L egi sl atu re of th e St at e in the for m in whi ch it wa s pa ss ed by th e
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly fo r th e se cond ti me with su ch am en dm en ts , i f a ny, as
h ave be en ma de or sugg es te d by the L egi sl ativ e Counc il and ag re ed to by
th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y.
(3 ) No thing in th is a rti cl e sh al l a pply to a Mon ey B ill .
198. Spe ci al proc ed ure in res pe ct of Mon ey Bi lls .— (1 ) A Mon ey B ill
sh al l not be int roduc ed in a Leg is la tiv e Counc il.
(2) A ft er a Mon ey Bil l ha s be en p as se d by the Leg is la tive As se mb ly of a
St at e h aving a Leg is la tiv e Coun ci l, it s ha ll b e tr ans mi tt ed to th e
L egi sl at ive Counc il fo r it s r ec om me nd ation s, and th e Le gis la tiv e Coun ci l
sh al l with in a per iod of fou rte en day s fro m the d ate of it s re ce ip t of th e
B ill r etu rn th e Bil l to th e L egi sl at ive A ss em bly w ith its r ec om me nd at ions ,
a nd the Leg is la tive As se mb ly m ay the re upon ei the r a cc ep t or re je ct al l or
a ny of th e r ec om me nd at ions of the L egi sl at ive Coun cil .
(3) I f th e Leg is la tiv e A ss em bly ac ce pt s a ny of th e r ec om me nda tion s of

th e Leg is la tive Coun ci l, the Mon ey B ill sh al l b e d ee me d to h ave be en
p as se d by both Hous es w ith th e a me ndm en ts re co mm en ded by th e
L egi sl at ive Coun ci l a nd a cc ep te d by the L egi sl at ive As se mb ly.
(4) I f th e Leg is la tiv e A ss em bly does not ac ce pt any of the
r ec om me nd at ions of the Leg is la tive Counc il , the Money B ill sha ll b e
d ee me d to hav e be en pas se d by both Hous es in th e for m in wh ich it w as
p as se d by the L egi sl at ive As se mb ly w ithout any of th e a me nd me nt s
r ec om me nd ed by the L egi sl at ive Coun ci l.
(5 ) I f a Money Bil l p as se d by the L egi sl ativ e As se mb ly and tr an sm it ted
to the L egi sl at ive Coun cil fo r i ts r ec om me nda tion s is not re turn ed to th e
L egi sl at ive As se mb ly w ithin th e s ai d p eriod of four te en day s, it sh all be
d ee me d to hav e be en pas se d by both Hous es at the e xpir at ion of th e sa id
p eriod in the fo rm in whi ch it wa s pa ss ed by th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y.
199. Definition of “Money Bills”.—(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be
deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the
following matters, namely:—
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the
State, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or
to be undertaken by the State;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of the State, the
payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated
Fund of the State, or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of the State or the
public account of the State or the custody or issue of such money; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f).
(2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it provides for the
imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for
licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the imposition,
abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for
local purposes.
(3) If any question arises whether a Bill introduced in the Legislature of a State which has
a Legislative Council is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly of such State thereon shall be final.
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Legislative
Council under article 198, and when it is presented to the Governor for assent under article
200, the certificate of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly signed by him that it is a
Money Bill.
200. Assent to Bills.—When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State
or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the
Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor and the Governor shall declare
either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent therefrom or that he reserves the
Bill for the consideration of the President:
Provided that the Governor may, as soon as possible after the presentation to him of the
Bill for assent, return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill together with a message requesting that
the House or Houses will reconsider the Bill or any specified provisions thereof and, in
particular, will consider the desirability of introducing any such amendments as he may
recommend in his message and, wh en a Bi ll i s so r etu rne d, th e Hou se or Hou se s
sh al l r ec ons ide r th e Bi ll a cc ord ingly, and i f the Bil l is pas se d ag ai n by the
Hou se or H ous es w ith or wi thout am end me nt and pr es en ted to the Gov erno r
fo r as se nt, th e Gove rnor sh al l not w ithhold a ss en t th er ef ro m:
Provid ed fu rthe r th at the G ove rnor sha ll not as se nt to , but sh all re se rv e
fo r th e con sid er at ion of th e Pr es id ent, any B ill w hic h in th e opinion of the
Gov er nor would , i f it b ec am e la w, so de roga te f rom th e powe rs of th e H igh
Cou rt as to end ang er th e po sit ion w hic h th at Cou rt is by thi s Cons titu tion
d es igned to fil l.
201. Bil ls re se rv ed for c ons id er atio n.— When a Bi ll i s r es er ved by a
Gov er nor fo r th e con sid er at ion of th e P re sid ent , the Pre si den t sh al l de cl ar e
e ith er th at he as se nt s to the Bi ll or th at he w ithhold s as se nt th er ef rom :
Provid ed tha t, whe re the Bi ll is not a Money Bil l, the Pr es id ent ma y
di re ct th e Gove rnor to re turn th e B ill to the Hou se or, a s th e c as e ma y b e,
th e Hou se s of the Leg is la tur e of th e St at e tog eth er wi th su ch a me ss ag e as
i s me ntion ed in th e fi rs t prov iso to ar ti cl e 200 and, wh en a Bil l is so
r etu rne d, the Hou se or Hou se s sh al l r ec ons ide r it ac co rding ly w ith in a
p eriod of six month s f rom the dat e of r ec ei pt of su ch m es sa ge and , if it is
a ga in p as se d by the Hou se or Hou se s w ith or w ithou t a me nd me nt, it sh al l
b e pr es en te d a ga in to the P re sid ent fo r hi s cons ide ra ti on.
Pro ce dure in Finan cial Matt er s
202. Ann ual fi nanc ial sta te me nt .— (1 ) The G ove rnor sha ll in re spe ct of
e ve ry fin an ci al yea r c au se to be laid befo re the Hous e or Hou se s of the
L egi sl atu re of th e Sta te a st at em en t of th e e st im at ed re ce ip ts a nd
e xpend itur e of the Sta te for th at yea r, in this Pa rt r ef er re d to a s the “ annu al
f inan ci al s ta te me nt ".
(2) The es ti ma te s of e xpend itu re e mbodi ed in the annu al fin an ci al
s ta te me nt sh al l show s ep ar at el y—
(a) th e s um s re quir ed to m ee t e xpend itu re de sc ri bed by thi s
Con st itut ion a s exp endi tur e cha rg ed upon the Cons olid at ed Fund of th e
St at e; a nd
(b ) the sum s requ ir ed to m ee t othe r exp endi tur e propo se d to be
m ad e fro m the Con sol ida ted Fund of the St at e;
a nd sh al l dist ingui sh expe nditu re on r ev enue a cc oun t f rom oth er

e xpend itur e.
(3) Th e fol low ing exp endi tur e sh al l be e xpend itu re cha rg ed on th e
Con sol ida ted Fund of e ac h St at e—
( a) th e e mo lum ent s a nd al low an ce s of the Gove rno r and oth er
e xpend itur e re la ting to his o ffi ce ;
( b) th e s al ar ie s and a llo wan ce s of th e Spe ak er and th e D eputy
Sp ea ke r of th e Leg is la tive A ss em bl y a nd, in th e ca se of a Sta te hav ing a
L egi sl at ive Coun ci l, al so of th e Cha ir ma n and the De puty Cha ir ma n of
th e Leg is la tive Coun ci l;
( c ) d ebt ch arge s for whi ch th e St at e i s li abl e in cluding inte re st ,
s inking fund cha rg es and re de mp tion cha rg es , and oth er exp endi tur e
r el at ing to th e r ai si ng of lo ans and th e s er vi ce a nd r ed em ption of debt ;
(d) exp enditu re in r esp ec t of the s al ar ie s and a llo wan ce s of Judg es
of any H igh Cou rt;
(e ) a ny su ms requ ir ed to s at is fy any judgm en t, dec re e or a wa rd of
a ny c ourt or ar bit ra l tribun al ;
(f ) any oth er expe nditu re de cl ar ed by thi s Con st itut ion, or by th e
L egi sl atu re of th e St at e by l aw, to be so ch arge d.
203. Proc ed ure in Leg is latu re wi th res pe ct to e st imat es .— (1) So muc h
of th e e st im at es a s re la te s to expe nditu re c ha rg ed upon th e Con sol ida te d
Fund of a Sta te sh al l not be sub mi tt ed to th e vote of the Le gis la tiv e
A ss em bl y, but noth ing in thi s c la us e sh al l b e c ons tru ed as pr eve nting th e
di sc us sion in the Leg is la tur e of any of tho se e st im at es .
(2) So much of the said estimates as relates to other expenditure shall be submitted in the
form of demands for grants to the Legislative Assembly, and the Legislative Assembly shall
have power to assent, or to refuse to assent, to any demand, or to assent to any demand
subject to a reduction of the amount specified therein.
(3) No demand for a grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the Governor.
204. Appropriation Bills.—(1) As soon as may be after the grants under article 203 have
been made by the Assembly, there shall be introduced a Bill to provide for the appropriation
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State of all moneys required to meet—
(a) the grants so made by the Assembly; and
(b) the expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State but not exceeding
in any case the amount shown in the statement previously laid before the House or
Houses.
(2) No amendment shall be proposed to any such Bill in the House or either House of the
Legislature of the State which will have the effect of varying the amount or altering the
destination of any grant so made or of varying the amount of any expenditure charged on the
Consolidated Fund of the State, and the decision of the person presiding as to whether an
amendment is inadmissible under this clause shall be final.
(3) Subject to the provisions of articles 205 and 206, no money shall be withdrawn from
the Consolidated Fund of the State except under appropriation made by law passed in
accordance with the provisions of this article.
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.—(1) The Governor shall—
(a) if the amount authorised by any law made in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 to be expended for a particular service for the current financial year is found to
be insufficient for the purposes of that year or when a need has arisen during the current
financial year for supplementary or additional expenditure upon some new service not
contemplated in the annual financial statement for that year, or
(b) if any money has been spent on any service during a financial year in excess of
the amount granted for that service and for that year,
cause to be laid before the House or the Houses of the Legislature of the State another
statement showing the estimated amount of that expenditure or cause to be presented to the
Legislative Assembly of the State a demand for such excess, as the case may be.
(2) The provisions of articles 202, 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to any such
statement and expenditure or demand and also to any law to be made authorising the
appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure
or the grant in respect of such demand as they have effect in relation to the annual financial
statement and the expenditure mentioned therein or to a demand for a grant and the law to be
made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State to meet such expenditure or grant.
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.—(1) Notwithstanding
anything in the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, the Legislative Assembly of a State shall
have power—
(a) to make any grant in advance in respect of the estimated expenditure for a part of
any financial year pending the completion of the procedure prescribed in article 203 for
the voting of such grant and the passing of the law in accordance with the provisions of
article 204 in relation to that expenditure;
(b) to make a grant for meeting an unexpected demand upon the resources of the
State when on account of the magnitude or the indefinite character of the service the
demand cannot be stated with the details ordinarily given in an annual financial statement;
(c) to make an exceptional grant which forms no part of the current service of any
financial year;
and the Legislature of the State shall have power to authorise by law the withdrawal of
moneys from the Consolidated Fund of the State for the purposes for which the said grants
are made.
(2) The provisions of articles 203 and 204 shall have effect in relation to the making of any
grant under clause (1) and to any law to be made under that clause as they have effect in
relation to the making of a grant with regard to any expenditure mentioned in the annual
financial statement and the law to be made for the authorisation of appropriation of moneys
out of the Consolidated Fund of the State to meet such expenditure.
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment making provision

for any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f) of clause (1) of article 199 shall not
be introduced or moved except on the recommendation of the Governor, and a Bill making
such provision shall not be introduced in a Legislative Council:
Provided that no recommendation shall be required under this clause for the moving of an
amendment making provision for the reduction or abolition of any tax.
(2) A Bill or amendment shall not be deemed to make provision for any of the matters
aforesaid by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or
by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of
any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from
the Consolidated Fund of a State shall not be passed by a House of the Legislature of the
State unless the Governor has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill.
Procedure Generally
208. Rules of procedure.—(1) A House of the Legislature of a State may make rules for
regulating, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its
business.
(2) Until rules are made under clause (1), the rules of procedure and standing orders in
force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution with respect to the
Legislature for the corresponding Province shall have effect in relation to the Legislature of
the State subject to such modifications and adaptations as may be made therein by the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, or the Chairman of the Legislative Council, as the case
may be.
(3) In a State having a Legislative Council the Governor, after consultation with the
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman of the Legislative Council, may make
rules as to the procedure with respect to communications between the two Houses.
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to
financial business. —The Legislature of a State may, for the purpose of the timely
completion of financial business, regulate by law the procedure of, and the conduct of
business in, the House or Houses of the Legislature of the State in relation to any financial
matter or to any Bill for the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of the
State, and, if and so far as any provision of any law so made is inconsistent with any rule
made by the House or either House of the Legislature of the State under clause (1) of article
208 or with any rule or standing order having effect in relation to the Legislature of the State
under clause (2) of that article, such provision shall prevail.
210. Language to be used in the Legislature.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in Part
XVII, but subject to the provisions of article 348, business in the Legislature of a State shall
be transacted in the official language or languages of the State or in Hindi or in English:
Provided that the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly or Chairman of the Legislative
Council, or person acting as such, as the case may be, may permit any member who cannot
adequately express himself in any of the languages aforesaid to address the House in his
mother-tongue.
(2) Unless the Legislature of the State by law otherwise provides, this article shall, after
the expiration of a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, have
effect as if the words “or in English” were omitted therefrom:
Provided that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur,
Meghalaya and Tripura this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen" years
occurring therein, the words "twenty-five years" were substituted:
Provided further that in relation to the Legislatures of the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Goa and Mizoram, this clause shall have effect as if for the words "fifteen years" occurring
therein, the words "forty years" were substituted.
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. —No discussion shall take place in
the Legislature of a State with respect to the conduct of any Judge of the Supreme Court or of
a High Court in the discharge of his duties.
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.—(1) The validity of
any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of
any alleged irregularity of procedure.
(2) No officer or member of the Legislature of a State in whom powers are vested by or
under this Constitution for regulating procedure or the conduct of business, or for maintaining
order, in the Legislature shall be subject to the jurisdiction of any court in respect of the
exercise by him of those powers.
CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.—(1)
If at any time, except when the Legislative Assembly of a State is in session, or where there is
a Legislative Council in a State, except when both Houses of the Legislature are in session,
the Governor is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take
immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to
require:
Provided that the Governor shall not, without instructions from the President, promulgate
any such Ordinance if—
(a) a Bill containing the same provisions would under this Constitution have required
the previous sanction of the President for the introduction thereof into the Legislature; or
(b) he would have deemed it necessary to reserve a Bill containing the same
provisions for the consideration of the President; or
(c) an Act of the Legislature of the State containing the same provisions would under
this Constitution have been invalid unless, having been reserved for the consideration of
the President, it had received the assent of the President.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article shall have the same force and effect as an
Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before the Legislative Assembly of the State, or where there is a
Legislative Council in the State, before both the Houses, and shall cease to operate at the
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature, or if before the expiration
of that period a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislative Assembly and
agreed to by the Legislative Council, if any, upon the passing of the resolution or, as the
case may be, on the resolution being agreed to by the Council; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the Governor.
Explanation.—Where the Houses of the Legislature of a State having a Legislative Council
are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks shall be reckoned
from the later of those dates for the purposes of this clause.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the State assented to by the Governor, it
shall be void:
Provided that, for the purposes of the provisions of this Constitution relating to the effect
of an Act of the Legislature of a State which is repugnant to an Act of Parliament or an
existing law with respect to a matter enumerated in the Concurrent List, an Ordinance
promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the President shall be deemed
to be an Act of the Legislature of the State which has been reserved for the consideration of
the President and assented to by him.
* * * * *
CHAPTER V.—THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214. High Courts for States.—There shall be a High Court for each State.
* * * * *
215. High Courts to be courts of record.—Every High Court shall be a court of record
and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of
itself.
216. Constitution of High Courts.—Every High Court shall consist of a Chief Justice
and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
* * * * *
217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.—(1) Every
Judge of a High Court shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal
after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, the Governor of the State, and, in the case of
appointment of a Judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court, and
shall hold office, in the case of an additional or acting Judge, as provided in article 224, and
in any other case, until he attains the age of sixty-two years:
Provided that—
(a) a Judge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the President, resign his
office;
(b) a Judge may be removed from his office by the President in the manner provided
in clause (4) of article 124 for the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court;
(c) the office of a Judge shall be vacated by his being appointed by the President to
be a Judge of the Supreme Court or by his being transferred by the President to any other
High Court within the territory of India.
(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court unless he is
a citizen of India and—
(a) has for at least ten years held a judicial office in the territory of India; or
(b) has for at least ten years been an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession.
* * * * *
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause—
(a) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India, there shall be included any period, after he has held any judicial office,
during which the person has been an advocate of a High Court or has held the office of a
member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring special knowledge
of law;
(aa) in computing the period during which a person has been an advocate of a High
Court, there shall be included any period during which the person has held judicial office or
the office of a member of a tribunal or any post, under the Union or a State, requiring
special knowledge of law after he became an advocate;
(b) in computing the period during which a person has held judicial office in the
territory of India or been an advocate of a High Court, there shall be included any period
before the commencement of this Constitution during which he has held judicial office in
any area which was comprised before the fifteenth day of August, 1947, within India as
defined by the Government of India Act, 1935, or has been an advocate of any High Court
in any such area, as the case may be.
(3) If any question arises as to the age of a Judge of a High Court, the question shall be
decided by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the decision of
the President shall be final.
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.—
The provisions of clauses (4) and (5) of article 124 shall apply in relation to a High Court as
they apply in relation to the Supreme Court with the substitution of references to the High
Court for references to the Supreme Court.
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.—Every person appointed to be a
Judge of a High Court shall, before he enters upon his office, make and subscribe before the
Governor of the State, or some person appointed in that behalf by him, an oath or affirmation
according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.—No person who, after the
commencement of this Constitution, has held office as a permanent Judge of a High Court
shall plead or act in any court or before any authority in India except the Supreme Court and
the other High Courts.
Explanation.—In this article, the expression “High Court” does not include a High Court
for a State specified in Part B of the First Schedule as it existed before the commencement of
the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.—(1) There shall be paid to the Judges of each High Court
such salaries as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until provision in that behalf is
so made, such salaries as are specified in the Second Schedule.
(2) Every Judge shall be entitled to such allowances and to such rights in respect of leave
of absence and pension as may from time to time be determined by or under law made by
Parliament and, until so determined, to such allowances and rights as are specified in the
Second Schedule:
Provided that neither the allowances of a Judge nor his rights in respect of leave of
absence or pension shall be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.—(1) The President may,
after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, transfer a Judge from one High Court to any
other High Court.
(2) When a Judge has been or is so transferred, he shall, during the period he serves, after
the commencement of the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 1963, as a Judge of the
other High Court, be entitled to receive in addition to his salary such compensatory allowance
as may be determined by Parliament by law and, until so determined, such compensatory
allowance as the President may by order fix.
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.—When the office of Chief Justice of a High
Court is vacant or when any such Chief Justice is, by reason of absence or otherwise, unable
to perform the duties of his office, the duties of the office shall be performed by such one of
the other Judges of the Court as the President may appoint for the purpose.
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.—(1) If by reason of any temporary
increase in the business of a High Court or by reason of arrears of work therein, it appears to
the President that the number of the Judges of that Court should be for the time being
increased, the President may appoint duly qualified persons to be additional Judges of the
Court for such period not exceeding two years as he may specify.
(2) When any Judge of a High Court other than the Chief Justice is by reason of absence
or for any other reason unable to perform the duties of his office or is appointed to act
temporarily as Chief Justice, the President may appoint a duly qualified person to act as a
Judge of that Court until the permanent Judge has resumed his duties.
(3) No person appointed as an additional or acting Judge of a High Court shall hold office
after attaining the age of sixty-two years.
224A. Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Chapter, the Chief Justice of a High Court for any State may at any time, with
the previous consent of the President, request any person who has held the office of a Judge
of that Court or of any other High Court to sit and act as a Judge of the High Court for that
State, and every such person so requested shall, while so sitting and acting, be entitled to such
allowances as the President may by order determine and have all the jurisdiction, powers and
privileges of, but shall not otherwise be deemed to be, a Judge of that High Court:
Provided that nothing in this article shall be deemed to require any such person as
aforesaid to sit and act as a Judge of that High Court unless he consents so to do.
225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.—Subject to the provisions of this Constitution
and to the provisions of any law of the appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers
conferred on that Legislature by this Constitution, the jurisdiction of, and the law
administered in, any existing High Court, and the respective powers of the Judges thereof in
relation to the administration of justice in the Court, including any power to make rules of
Court and to regulate the sittings of the Court and of members thereof sitting alone or in
Division Courts, shall be the same as immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution:
Provided that any restriction to which the exercise of original jurisdiction by any of the
High Courts with respect to any matter concerning the revenue or concerning any act ordered
or done in the collection thereof was subject immediately before the commencement of this
Constitution shall no longer apply to the exercise of such jurisdiction.
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in
article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it
exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any
Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature
of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for
the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.
(2) The power conferred by clause (1) to issue directions, orders or writs to any
Government, authority or person may also be exercised by any High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to the territories within which the cause of action, wholly or in part,
arises for the exercise of such power, notwithstanding that the seat of such Government or
authority or the residence of such person is not within those territories.
(3) Where any party against whom an interim order, whether by way of injunction or stay
or in any other manner, is made on, or in any proceedings relating to, a petition under clause
(1), without—
(a) furnishing to such party copies of such petition and all documents in support of
the plea for such interim order; and
(b) giving such party an opportunity of being heard,
makes an application to the High Court for the vacation of such order and furnishes a copy of
such application to the party in whose favour such order has been made or the counsel of such
party, the High Court shall dispose of the application within a period of two weeks from the
date on which it is received or from the date on which the copy of such application is so
furnished, whichever is later, or where the High Court is closed on the last day of that period,
before the expiry of the next day afterwards on which the High Court is open; and if the
application is not so disposed of, the interim order shall, on the expiry of that period, or, as
the case may be, the expiry of the said next day, stand vacated.
(4) The power conferred on a High Court by this article shall not be in derogation of the
power conferred on the Supreme Court by clause (2) of article 32.
226A. [Constitutional validity of Central laws not to be considered in proceedings under

article 226.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 8 (w.e.f. 13-4-
1978).
227. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.—(1) Every High
Court shall have superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout the territories in
relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing provision, the High Court may—
(a) call for returns from such courts;
(b) make and issue general rules and prescribe forms for regulating the practice and
proceedings of such courts; and
(c) prescribe forms in which books, entries and accounts shall be kept by the officers
of any such courts.
(3) The High Court may also settle tables of fees to be allowed to the sheriff and all clerks
and officers of such courts and to attorneys, advocates and pleaders practising therein:
Provided that any rules made, forms prescribed or tables settled under clause (2) or clause
(3) shall not be inconsistent with the provision of any law for the time being in force, and
shall require the previous approval of the Governor.
(4) Nothing in this article shall be deemed to confer on a High Court powers of
superintendence over any court or tribunal constituted by or under any law relating to the
Armed Forces.
* * * * *
228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court.—If the High Court is satisfied that a case
pending in a court subordinate to it involves a substantial question of law as to the
interpretation of this Constitution the determination of which is necessary for the disposal of
the case, it shall withdraw the case and may—
(a) either dispose of the case itself, or
(b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the court from which the
case has been so withdrawn together with a copy of its judgment on such question, and the
said court shall on receipt thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such
judgment.
228A. [Special provisions as to disposal of questions relating to constitutional validity of
State laws.] Rep. by the Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977, s. 10 (w.e.f. 13-4-
1978).
229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.—(1) Appointments of
officers and servants of a High Court shall be made by the Chief Justice of the Court or such
other Judge or officer of the Court as he may direct:
Provided that the Governor of the State may by rule require that in such cases as may be
specified in the rule no person not already attached to the Court shall be appointed to any
office connected with the Court save after consultation with the State Public Service
Commission.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made by the Legislature of the State, the
conditions of service of officers and servants of a High Court shall be such as may be
prescribed by rules made by the Chief Justice of the Court or by some other Judge or officer
of the Court authorised by the Chief Justice to make rules for the purpose:
Provided that the rules made under this clause shall, so far as they relate to salaries,
allowances, leave or pensions, require the approval of the Governor of the State.
(3) The administrative expenses of a High Court, including all salaries, allowances and
pensions payable to or in respect of the officers and servants of the Court, shall be charged
upon the Consolidated Fund of the State, and any fees or other moneys taken by the Court
shall form part of that Fund.
230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.— (1) Parliament
may by law extend the jurisdiction of a High Court to, or exclude the jurisdiction of a High
Court from, any Union territory.
(2) Where the High Court of a State exercises jurisdiction in relation to a Union territory,
—
( a) nothing in this Cons titu tion sh al l be cons tru ed a s e mp ow er ing
th e Leg is la tur e of th e Sta te to inc re as e, re st ri ct or abo li sh th at
ju ris dic tion ; a nd
( b) the re fe re nc e in ar ti cl e 227 to the Gov er nor sha ll , in re la tion to
a ny rul es , fo rm s or tabl es fo r subo rdina te cou rt s in th at t er rito ry, be
c ons tru ed as a r ef er en ce to th e Pre si den t.
231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.—(1)
Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this Chapter, Parliament
may by law establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more States
and a Union territory.
(2) In relation to any such High Court,—
(a) the reference in article 217 to the Governor of the State shall be construed as a
reference to the Governors of all the States in relation to which the High Court exercises
jurisdiction;
(b) the reference in article 227 to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules, forms or
tables for subordinate courts, be construed as a reference to the Governor of the State in
which the subordinate courts are situate; and
(c) the references in articles 219 and 229 to the State shall be construed as a reference
to the State in which the High Court has its principal seat:
Provided that if such principal seat is in a Union territory, the references in articles 219 and
229 to the Governor, Public Service Commission, Legislature and Consolidated Fund of the
State shall be construed respectively as references to the President, Union Public Service
Commission, Parliament and Consolidated Fund of India.
CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS

233. Appointment of district judges.—(1) Appointments of persons to be, and the

posting and promotion of, district judges in any State shall be made by the Governor of the
State in consultation with the High Court exercising jurisdiction in relation to such State.
(2) A person not already in the service of the Union or of the State shall only be eligible to
be appointed a district judge if he has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a
pleader and is recommended by the High Court for appointment.
233A. Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain
district judges. —Notwithstanding any judgment, decree or order of any court,—
(a) (i) no appointment of any person already in the judicial service of a State or of
any person who has been for not less than seven years an advocate or a pleader, to be a
district judge in that State, and
(ii) no posting, promotion or transfer of any such person as a district judge,
made at any time before the commencement of the Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act,
1966, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be
deemed to be illegal or void or ever to have become illegal or void by reason only of the fact
that such appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the
said provisions;
(b) no jurisdiction exercised, no judgment, decree, sentence or order passed or made,
and no other act or proceedings done or taken, before the commencement of the
Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 by, or before, any person appointed,
posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in
accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 shall be deemed to be illegal
or invalid or ever to have become illegal or invalid by reason only of the fact that such
appointment, posting, promotion or transfer was not made in accordance with the said
provisions.
234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.—
Appointments of persons other than district judges to the judicial service of a State shall be
made by the Governor of the State in accordance with rules made by him in that behalf after
consultation with the State Public Service Commission and with the High Court exercising
jurisdiction in relation to such State.
235. Control over subordinate courts.— The control over district courts and courts
subordinate thereto including the posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons
belonging to the judicial service of a State and holding any post inferior to the post of district
judge shall be vested in the High Court, but nothing in this article shall be construed as taking
away from any such person any right of appeal which he may have under the law regulating
the conditions of his service or as authorising the High Court to deal with him otherwise than
in accordance with the conditions of his service prescribed under such law.
236. Interpretation.— In this Chapter—
(a) the expression “district judge” includes judge of a city civil court, additional
district judge, joint district judge, assistant district judge, chief judge of a small cause
court, chief presidency magistrate, additional chief presidency magistrate, sessions judge,
additional sessions judge and assistant sessions Judge;
(b) the expression “judicial service” means a service consisting exclusively of

persons intended to fill the post of district judge and other civil judicial posts inferior to
the post of district judge.
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of
magistrates.—The Governor may by public notification direct that the foregoing provisions
of this Chapter and any rules made thereunder shall with effect from such date as may be
fixed by him in that behalf apply in relation to any class or classes of magistrates in the State
as they apply in relation to persons appointed to the judicial service of the State subject to
such exceptions and modifications as may be specified in the notification.
PART VII.—[The States in Part B of the First Schedule]. Rep. by the

Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.
84
PART VIII
THE UNION TERRITORIES
239. Administration of Union territories.—(1) Save as otherwise provided by
Parliament by law, every Union territory shall be administered by the President acting, to such
extent as he thinks fit, through an administrator to be appointed by him with such designation
as he may specify.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Part VI, the President my appoint the Governor
of a State as the administrator of an adjoining Union territory, and where a Governor is so
appointed, he shall exercise his functions as such administrator independently of his Council
of Ministers.
239A. Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union
territories.—(1) Parliament may by law create for the Union territory of Pondicherry—
(a) a body, whether elected or partly nominated and partly elected, to function as a
Legislature for the Union territory, or
(b) a Council of Ministers,
or both with such constitution, powers and functions, in each case, as may be specified in the
law.
(2) Any such law as is referred to in clause (1) shall not be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it contains any provision
which amends or has the effect of amending this Constitution.
239AA. Special provisions with respect to Delhi.—(1) As from the date of
commencement of the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991, the Union territory
of Delhi shall be called the National Capital Territory of Delhi (hereafter in this Part referred
to as the National Capital Territory) and the administrator thereof appointed under article 239
shall be designated as the Lieutenant Governor.
(2)(a) There shall be a Legislative Assembly for the National Capital Territory and the
seats in such Assembly shall be filled by members chosen by direct election from territorial
constituencies in the National Capital Territory.
(b) The total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the number of seats reserved for
Scheduled Castes, the division of the National Capital Territory into territorial constituencies
(including the basis for such division) and all other matters relating to the functioning of the
Legislative Assembly shall be regulated by law made by Parliament.
(c) The provisions of articles 324 to 327 and 329 shall apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory and the members
thereof as they apply, in relation to a State, the Legislative Assembly of a State and the
members thereof respectively; and any reference in articles 326 and 329 to “appropriate
Legislature” shall be deemed to be a reference to Parliament.
(3) (a) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Legislative Assembly shall have
power to make laws for the whole or any part of the National Capital Territory with respect to
any of the matters enumerated in the State List or in the Concurrent List in so far as any such
matter is applicable to Union territories except85matters with respect to Entries 1, 2 and 18 of
the State List and Entries 64, 65 and 66 of that List in so far as they relate to the said Entries
1, 2 and 18.
(b) Nothing in sub-clause (a) shall derogate from the powers of Parliament under this
Constitution to make laws with respect to any matter for a Union territory or any part thereof.
(c) If any provision of a law made by the Legislative Assembly with respect to any matter
is repugnant to any provision of a law made by Parliament with respect to that matter,
whether passed before or after the law made by the Legislative Assembly, or of an earlier law,
other than a law made by the Legislative Assembly, then, in either case, the law made by
Parliament, or, as the case may be, such earlier law, shall prevail and the law made by the
Legislative Assembly shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void:
Provided that if any such law made by the Legislative Assembly has been reserved for the
consideration of the President and has received his assent, such law shall prevail in the
National Capital Territory:
Provided further that nothing in this sub-clause shall prevent Parliament from enacting at
any time any law with respect to the same matter including a law adding to, amending,
varying or repealing the law so made by the Legislative Assembly.
(4) There shall be a Council of Ministers consisting of not more than ten per cent. of the
total number of members in the Legislative Assembly, with the Chief Minister at the head to
aid and advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of his functions in relation to matters
with respect to which the Legislative Assembly has power to make laws, except in so far as he
is, by or under any law, required to act in his discretion:
Provided that in the case of difference of opinion between the Lieutenant Governor and his
Ministers on any matter, the Lieutenant Governor shall refer it to the President for decision
and act according to the decision given thereon by the President and pending such decision it
shall be competent for the Lieutenant Governor in any case where the matter, in his opinion,
is so urgent that it is necessary for him to take immediate action, to take such action or to give
such direction in the matter as he deems necessary.
(5) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the President and other Ministers shall be
appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Ministers shall hold
office during the pleasure of the President.
(6) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly.
(7) (a) Parliament may, by law, make provisions for giving effect to, or supplementing the
provisions contained in the foregoing clauses and for all matters incidental or consequential
thereto.
(b) Any such law as is referred to in sub-clause (a) shall not be deemed to be an
amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368 notwithstanding that it
contains any provision which amends or has the effect of amending, this Constitution.
(8) The provisions of article 239B shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to the National
Capital Territory, the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, as they apply in
relation to the Union territory of Pondicherry, the administrator and its Legislature,
respectively; and any reference in that article to “clause (1) of article 239A” shall be deemed
to be a reference to this article or article 239AB, as the case may be.
239AB. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.—If the President, on

receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital
Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of
any law made in pursuance of that article; or
(b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary
or expedient so to do,
the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of article 239AA or of all
or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and
subject to such conditions as may be specified in such law and make such incidental and
consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article
239AA.
239B. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
—(1) If at any time, except when the Legislature of the Union territory of Pondicherry is in
session, the administrator thereof is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it
necessary for him to take immediate action, he may promulgate such Ordinances as the
circumstances appear to him to require:
Provided that no such Ordinance shall be promulgated by the administrator except after
obtaining instructions from the President in that behalf:
Provided further that whenever the said Legislature is dissolved, or its functioning
remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as is referred to in
clause (1) of article 239A, the administrator shall not promulgate any Ordinance during the
period of such dissolution or suspension.
(2) An Ordinance promulgated under this article in pursuance of instructions from the
President shall be deemed to be an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory which has
been duly enacted after complying with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such
law as is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, but every such Ordinance—
(a) shall be laid before the Legislature of the Union territory and shall cease to
operate at the expiration of six weeks from the reassembly of the Legislature or if, before
the expiration of that period, a resolution disapproving it is passed by the Legislature,
upon the passing of the resolution; and
(b) may be withdrawn at any time by the administrator after obtaining instructions
from the President in that behalf.
(3) If and so far as an Ordinance under this article makes any provision which would not
be valid if enacted in an Act of the Legislature of the Union territory made after complying
with the provisions in that behalf contained in any such law as is referred to in clause (1) of
article 239A, it shall be void.
* * * * *
240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.— (1) The
President may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the Union
territory of—
( a) the Anda ma n and Ni cob ar I sl ands ;

( b) Lak sha dw ee p;
( c ) Dad ra a nd N ag ar H av el i;
( d) Da ma n and Diu ;
( e ) Pondich er ry:
Provided that when any body is created under article 239A to function as a Legislature for
the Union territory of Pondicherry, the President shall not make any regulation for the peace,
progress and good government of that Union territory with effect from the date appointed for
the first meeting of the Legislature:
Provided further that whenever the body functioning as a Legislature for the Union territory of Pondicherry is dissolved,
or the functioning of that body as such Legislature remains suspended on account of any action taken under any such law as
is referred to in clause (1) of article 239A, the President may, during the period of such dissolution or suspension, make
regulations for the peace, progress and good government of that Union territory.
(2) Any regulation so made may repeal or amend any Act made by Parliament or any other
law which is for the time being applicable to the Union territory and, when promulgated by
the President, shall have the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament which applies to
that territory.
241. High Courts for Union territories—(1) Parliament may by law constitute a High
Court for a Union territory or declare any court in any such territory to be a High Court for all
or any of the purposes of this Constitution.
(2) The provisions of Chapter V of Part VI shall apply in relation to every High Court
referred to in clause (1) as they apply in relation to a High Court referred to in article 214
subject to such modifications or exceptions as Parliament may by law provide.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and to the provisions of any law of the
appropriate Legislature made by virtue of powers conferred on that Legislature by or under
this Constitution, every High Court exercising jurisdiction immediately before the
commencement of the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, in relation to any Union
territory shall continue to exercise such jurisdiction in relation to that territory after such
commencement.
(4) Nothing in this article derogates from the power of Parliament to extend or exclude the
jurisdiction of a High Court for a State to, or from, any Union territory or part thereof.
242. [Coorg.] Rep. by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, s. 29 and Sch.

Constitution of India Preamble Summary

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1 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

WE , T HE PEO PLE O F I ND IA , hav ing sol em nly re solv ed to

JU ST IC E, soc ia l, ec onom ic and politi ca l;

LI BERTY of thought, expr es si on, bel ie f, f aith and wo rs hip;

EQ UA LI TY of s ta tus and of opportun ity;

a nd to prom ot e am ong th em all

FR AT ER NI TY as su ring the digni ty of th e ind ividua l and the unity

IN OU R C ON ST IT UE NT ASS EMB LY thi s t we nty- six th day of

th e l aw and m ay a ls o con ta in su ch supp le me nt al , inc iden ta l and

Prov ided th at no pe rson sh al l be so r eg is te re d unl es s he ha s bee n

7. Rig ht s of c it iz en sh ip of c er ta in mig ran ts to Paki st an. —

8. R igh ts of ci ti ze ns hip of ce rt ai n p er so ns of Ind ian orig in re si di ng

(b ) the us e of w el ls , tank s, bath ing gh at s, road s and pla ce s of publi c

(g ) to pr ac ti se any prof es si on, or to ca rr y on any oc cupa tion , t rad e

m ak ing a ny l aw i mpo sing, in the int er es ts of th e sove re ign ty a nd int eg rity

d eta ine d in cu stody beyond th e s ai d p eriod w ithout th e a utho rity of a

(2) Nothing in this ar ti cl e sh al l pr eve nt th e St at e f rom impo sing

Righ t to F re edo m of R el igion

28. F re ed om as to att enda nc e at re li giou s ins tr uc ti on or rel ig iou s

e xis ting l aw re la ting to land tenu re s in fo rc e in tha t ar ea a nd sh al l al so

( ii) fo r pr es cr ib ing puni shm en t for thos e ac ts whi ch ar e

a uthor ity as m ay b e n ec es sa ry to en abl e the m to func tion as uni ts of se lf -

(a ) to ab ide by th e Cons titu tion and re sp ec t it s id ea ls and

52. Th e Pres id en t of Ind ia. — Th er e sh all be a Pr es id ent of Indi a.

(2) The Pr es ide nt sha ll not hold a ny oth er o ff ic e of profi t.

Exp lanation .— Fo r the purpos es of thi s a rt ic le , a per son sh al l not be

inqui re d into a nd de cid ed by the Supr em e Court whos e dec is ion sh al l be

86. R igh t of P re si de nt to add re ss and s en d mes sa ge s to Hou se s. — (1)

91. Po we r of t he D ep uty Cha ir ma n o r oth er pe rs on to pe rfo rm th e

( c) ma y be re mov ed fro m his o ffi ce by a re so lution of the Hou se of

Provid ed th at nothing in thi s c lau se sh al l be c ons tru ed a s pr ev ent ing the

th e vac at ion by a pe rson who i s c hos en a me mb er of both Hou se s of his

Gov er nm en t of any Sta te by re as on only th at he is a Mini st er ei the r fo r the

Po we rs , Pr iv ile ge s and I mmun iti es of Pa rlia me nt

oth er wi se to t ake pa rt in the proc ee di ngs of, a Hou se of P arl ia me nt or any

(5) If a Money B ill pas se d by th e Hou se of the Peop le and tr an sm it ted to

Provid ed tha t the Pr es ide nt ma y, as soon a s pos sib le a ft er th e

P roc edu re Ge ne ral ly

(2A ) Th e age of a Judg e of the Supr em e Cou rt sha ll be de te rm in ed by

Provid ed tha t neith er th e privi le ge s nor th e al low an ce s of a Judge nor hi s

131. Or ig inal j ur is dic ti on of t he Supreme Cou rt .— Subj ec t to the

(2) No tw iths ta nding anyth ing in ar ti cl e 132, a ny p ar ty a ppe al ing to th e

w er e exe rc is ab le by the Fed er al Cour t im me di at el y be for e th e

(2) The Supr em e Cou rt ma y, if it de em s it exp ed ien t s o to do fo r th e ends

a pprov al of the Pr es ide nt, m ak e rule s fo r r egul at ing gene ra ll y th e pra ct ic e

(4) No judgm en t s ha ll be del ive re d by the Supr em e Cou rt sa ve in open

C H A P T E R V.—C O M P T RO L L E R AND A U D I TO R -G E N E RA L OF INDIA

(2) Ev ery pe rson appo inte d to be th e Co mp trol le r and Audito r- G en er al of

a ppoint ed Gove rno r, he sha ll be de em ed to hav e vac at ed hi s s ea t in tha t

c onf er re d by this Cons titu tion or by any la w m ad e by P arl ia me nt upon th e

(2) For th e purpos es of c la us e (1 ), e ac h S ta te sha ll b e divid ed into

( b) a s ne ar ly a s m ay be, one- tw el fth s ha ll b e el ec te d by el ec to ra te s

( a) i s a c it iz en of India , and ma ke s a nd sub sc rib es be for e so me

m ay be na me d a me mb er, but s ha ll not, by virtu e of this a rt ic le , be enti tl ed

The Sp eak er or Ch ai rm an , or pe rson a ct ing as su ch, sh al l not vot e in th e

(4) If fo r a per iod of s ixty day s a me mb er of a Hou se of th e Le gis la tur e

L egi sl atu re of th e St at e, h e sh al l be lia ble in re sp ec t of ea ch day on w hic h

(3) I f th e Leg is la tiv e A ss em bly ac ce pt s a ny of th e r ec om me nda tion s of

a nd sh al l dist ingui sh expe nditu re on r ev enue a cc oun t f rom oth er

207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.—(1) A Bill or amendment making provision

CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

CHAPTER V.—THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES