Dayang Nur Salmi Dharmiza

Transistor is a VCCS (voltage controlled current source)

To cause changes in current, VBE is changed.

Base or emitter terminals can be used as input terminal Collector is not used as an input terminal because collector voltage has negligible effect on terminal currents

Large changes in Ic or Ie create large voltage drops across collector and emitter resistors
Collector or emitter can be used as ouput terminal Base is not used as output terminal due to small Ib

Constraints for signal injection and extraction yield three families of amplifiers
Type of amplifier Input Output

Steps for using small-signal models:

Determine DC operating point of BJT
Decide the collector current

Calculate small-signal model parameters for this DC operating point Eliminate DC sources
Replace DC voltage sources with short circuits Replace DC current sources with open circuits

Replace BJT with an equivalent small-signal model

Choose most convenient one depending on surrounding circuitry

Analyze
5

Redraw network by replacing capacitors with short circuit and dc voltage to ground.

Substitute with re model

Zi: the figure clearly reveals that = ohms usually RB is greater than re. So, R >10 ohms
B

Zo: output impedance is determined when Vi=0. = ohms usually ro is greater than RC. So, r >10 ohms
o

Av: resistors ro and RC are in parallel, and since = = =-

substitute into =

Thus, =

If 10 , =

Ai: apply current divider rule to the input and output circuits

Therefore,

10

Since = , and = so =
+

and = -

( + )

Replace in Ai above, then

11

Negative sign in the resulting equation for Av reveals that a 180o phase shift occurs between input and output signals

12

Find: (a) re, with ro=, determine (b)Zi, (c)Zo, (d)Av, (e)Ai, Repeat parts (c)-(e) including ro=50 in all calculations and compare results

13

14

Which is only slightly different due to the accuracy carried through the calculations

15

Biased using four-resister network (voltage divider) AC input is injected to base through a coupling capacitor AC output is taken from collector Emitter is grounded

16

All capacitors open circuits, disconnecting Vi, R1 and R3 from circuit Q-point can be found from dc equivalent circuit by using DC model for BJT

17

Replace all capacitors by short circuits, inductors by open circuits Set all independent DC sources to 0. Replace transistor by smallsignal model

Use small-signal AC equivalent to analyze AC characteristics of amplifier

18

19

20

If

ro>10 ,

ro>10

ohms

Av: Since RC and ro are in parallel,

21

If

ro>10 ,

Since the network is so similar with fixed bias CE except for the fact that R=R1||R2=RB, the equation will have the same format

22

Since = , and = so =
+

and = -

( + )

Replace in Ai above, then

23

Find: (a) re, (b)Zi with ro=, determine (c)Zo, (d)Av, (e)Ai, Repeat parts (b)-(e) if ro=1/hoe=50k and compare results

24

25

26

27

-10-10 mins break-

28

CE bias configuration Emitter-follower configuration CB configuration Collector DC feedback configuration

29

30

Apply Kirchhoffs law:

31

Magnitude of BR is often too close to Zb to permit the approximation Ib=Ic. Applying current divider rule to the input will result in

32

The output is taken from emitter terminal

Output voltage is always slightly less than the input signal due to the drop from base to emitter
Voltage is in phase with input signal follower

33

34

Zi (same with CE emitter-bias): Zo: Vi is set to 0V,

Ai: apply voltage divider rule

35

36

37

Zi: Zo: Av:

= =

Ai: assuming
= = 1
38

Employs feedback path from collector to base to increase stability Quite difficult to analyze network

39

40

Determine re, Zi, Zo, Av, Ai Determine again with ro=20k and compare results.

41

DC feedback resistor for increased stability Capacitor C3 shifts portions of the feedback resistance to the input and output

42

43

Determine:

44