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A 'Simple' Solution Proposal for Riverbank Settlement Problems in Surabaya

Ispurwono Soemarno Environment and Urbanization Asia 2010 1: 209 DOI: 10.1177/097542531000100207 The online version of this article can be found at: http://eua.sagepub.com/content/1/2/209

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Article

A Simple Solution Proposal for Riverbank Settlement Problems in Surabaya

Ispurwono Soemarno
Abstract

Environment and Urbanization Asia 1(2) 209222 2010 National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC DOI: 10.1177/097542531000100207 http://eua.sagepub.com

In most large cities of developing countries, rapid urbanization has created many problems concerning the uncontrolled development of informal settlements. Some urban migrants select riverbanks for their settlements because these areas are accessible with very low costs and are strategically located to areas that can support their economic activities. The rapid development of these settlements is supported by the weak control of local authorities. This kind of development has implications for the safety and security of the environment. The uncontrolled development of riverbank settlements could narrow the river and increase the chance of flooding. Riverbank settlements could reduce the river water velocity, resulting in flood control disturbance. They could also cause disruption in river maintenance such as difficulty in deepening the river due to limited available space. In Surabaya, the local government has been making an effort to formulate appropriate policies to deal with riverbank settlements. The local government commissioned a study on riverbank settlements in 2002. The aim of the study was to understand how riverbank settlements developed, the social economic profile of riverbank residents, the residents perception on land tenure, relocation, and so on. The research was done through field observations, respondent identification, interviews with the respondents and aerial photograph support. The research findings and recommendations provided the local government with basic inputs for their policies on riverbank settlements. Reaching an understanding with the riverbank residents was crucial for the successful implementation of the policy. Keywords rapid urbanization, uncontrolled development, riverbank settlements

Introduction
During the period 196090, the urban population in South, South-east and East Asia increased by 560 million people and is predicted to increase by around another 1450 million people during 19902020 (ESCAP, 1997).1 So, by the year 2025, most Asians will be urban dwellers. The cities become sources of economic development and national savings, and urban productivity becomes crucial to national development (Harris, 1992). In developing countries, where cities often double in size and population within

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a decade, land becomes the most critical problem and becomes an important factor in urban development (Dunkerley, 1983). The population of Surabaya itself in 1980 was 2,017,527 and in 2000 became 2,599,796 persons (Surabaya, in figures, 2002). It showed an annual population growth of 1.27 per cent during 19802000. Total area of Surabaya is about 327 km. Rapid urbanization has resulted in increase in the demand for urban land, mainly for settlement purposes. Very often, it has to be met by converting rural land situated at the periphery of existing built-up areas. This expansion is mostly accompanied by an increase in the economic value of the more central locations. Unfortunately, local governments are usually not prepared with necessary regulations for rapid urban development, including urban spatial development planning. Urban land policies are frequently prepared on a piece-meal basis in reaction to specific demands from interest groups or as a reaction to particular urban land problems (ESCAP 1997; Firman, 1998), like the squatter settlements. Squatter settlements are settlements where the land is occupied illegally. They are considered as informal settlements as they are built through informal process such as on unclear land status, informal subdivision of land and no building permit. They are mostly located in marginal or environmentally risky land such as along railway tracks, riverbanks, drainage channels or in land whose ownership is unclear. The common process of these settlements usually started with the establishment of temporary dwellings by a few families on vacant land. As time passes with no eviction occurring, some other families join them and build their own dwellings. By the time the government realizes the circumstances, the settlement is already so large that the social cost of the eviction will be much higher than the legal cost. In 2002, the Laboratory for Housing & Human Settlements of Architecture Department at Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, had the intention to study the riverbank settlement in Surabaya. The proposal of this study was in line with the planning of Water Resources Office (Dinas Pengairan) of East Java Province to widen the Surabaya River (Kali Surabaya) in solving flooding problems in Surabaya. Funding for this study was made available through Human Settlements Office (Dinas Permukiman) of East Java Province. This article describes the above study and is divided into three parts. The first part describes general condition of riverbank settlement along Kali Surabaya where this study was carried out. The second part describes survey preparation and the analysis of surveys conducted at the above location. Finally, this article concludes with the results of the study and implications for future development of riverbank settlements at Kali Surabaya.

General Condition of Riverbank Settlement along Kali Surabaya

The growth of urban settlement plays an important role in urban development as it usually covers a large part of urban areas. Most developing countries are characterized by high-income settlements being located in prime locations of the city, complete with all necessary urban services, while the low-income settlements have to fight for their location even before their dwellings can be built. If they can find a place, in most cases these are in un-serviced urban areas. Kali Surabaya is located in South Surabaya and is stretched out in east-west direction as shown in Figure 1. To the north of this river lies Joyoboyo, a bus terminal, while to the south there is a medium-size

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Figure 1. The Location of Kali Surabaya and Joyoboyo at South Surabaya (Not to Scale)
Source: Scanned from Surabaya, Atlas jalan & index, by Marc Le Moullec, PT Enrique, Jakarta, 1999.

market and Wonokromo train station. Previously, Joyoboyo was a main terminal of public land transportation system in South Surabaya because all vehicles entering Surabaya from the South had to enter this terminal. Since the operation of a regional bus terminal at Bungurasih2 in 1992, Joyoboyo has been changed into a sub-terminal. From the situation described above, one can understand that the area around Joyoboyo is a very busy area. Like in other big cities, this kind of location, where a lot of people gather round at almost every hour, is not only busy in commercial activities but also a place where criminals pursue their activities. For those without enough capital, this area becomes primary choice to live as it is not far away from where they earn their income. Hence, Kali Surabaya has become a kind of low-income urban settlement. The above situation reflects what has been described by some scholars that generally low-income urban settlements have long been seen to be a source of disease (von Faber, 1937) and dens of crime (Drakakis-Smith, 2000; Harris, 1992; Yudohusodo and Salam, 1991) or breeding places for political instability (Doebele, 1983). The corollary is that they should be demolished (Angel and Benyamin, 1976). The urban migrants who lived there were considered as marginal populations, outside the normal organization of society and slowing down the development process. Thus, the early official response was to bulldoze them (Doebele, 1983). The solutions to these kinds of poverty problems are mostly based on notions of charity rather than empowerment (Angel and Benyamin, 1976; ESCAP, 1996).

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The absence of urban infrastructures and services are the main characteristics of these settlements. Somehow, people can find ways in accessing basic services. The need for water could be fulfilled by water vendors who see the above situation as an opportunity for income. Some dwellers could even have electricity installed in their houses. Meanwhile, the river on their backyard can be used for bathing, washing purposes and/or as pit latrines. The housing condition along Kali Surabaya is much diversified. Poor housing lies next to nice brick wall buildings. Building material used is also varied from mixed used wood or bamboo to plastered brick and concrete (see Figures 2 and 3). Most of the dwellers earn their income around Joyoboyo and Wonokromo areas. Their occupations are also varied, such as becak drivers, fishing rod sellers, tailor, welding service, building materials seller. The plot area of each dwelling and land status also varies. All this information was collected during the survey. Survey preparation and steps carried out prior to interview are described in the following section.

Figure 2. Dwelling Condition (on the River Side)

Sources: Field survey by the Laboratory for Housing & Human Settlement, Architecture Department, ITS Surabaya, 2002.

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Figure 3. Dwelling Condition (from the Other Side)

Sources: Field survey by the Laboratory for Housing & Human Settlement, Architecture Department, ITS Surabaya, 2002.

Methodology of Study and Analysis

In general, this study used two sources: first, written and unwritten information from related institutions to the study and second, primary data from the field. Prior to formal visits to the study area, meetings were carried out to discuss further actions. The best ways to communicate the intention of this study to the respondents were also taken into consideration. Steps carried out for this study were as follows: 1. Study area visit and indication of its boundaries. Daily activities of the residents were also noted and photographed. 2. Preparation of questionnaire including maps of study area and survey permit application from related institutions. Here a list of questions was drawn up covering respondents name, occupation, total inhabitants per dwelling, householders monthly income and expenses, plot area, land status, Environment and Urbanization Asia, 1, 2 (2010): 209222
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3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

and so on. An open answer is provided to the question of respondents plan if their settlement is cleared by the government. The intention to this question is to get as much as possible peoples aspirations to solve the riverbank settlement problem. Study area preconditions through information leaflets to the respondents. These leaflets were distributed together with local governments administrative staff. Dwellers identification and first introduction towards questionnaire materials. The respondent should be one of the dwellings inhabitants. This step was also done together with local governments staff. Whenever possible, the respondent who provided the answers to the interviewer was photographed in front of their dwelling. Comparing and improving initial data and maps acquired from related institutions and those collected from the field. All information was then presented in an interim report and discussed in a seminar. The participants were related institutions, the province as well as the city council and representatives of the cities where the riverbank settlers mainly came from. Preparing initial basic concept of riverbank resettlement based on this study. Socialization to the community regarding the above concept and improvement of the riverbank physical condition and environment. Preparation of final report of this study and proposal of resettlement programs.

From the riverbank settlements of Kali Surabaya studied, three areas were indicated as the locations to be interviewed: 1. Gunungsari area which is positioned between the Western side of terminal Joyoboyo until the terminal itself 2. Jagir Wonokromo area which is situated between Jagir Bridge and Nginden Bridge, on the eastern side of the terminal 3. Nginden-Wonorejo area, which is located from the Nginden Bridge to East Surabaya The riverbank settler at the Western part of Gunungsari area was refused to be interviewed. In total, only 415 respondents from Gunungsari area, 1090 respondents from Jagir Wonokromo area and 594 respondents from Wonorejo area were interviewed. Since March 2002, however, the government managed to clear Nginden-Wonorejo area from illegal settlement. This area was relatively easy to handle because the settlement was not so large and the locations of the dwellings were somewhat scattered. To defend their settlement, the people from Gunungsari and Jagir Wonokromo areas took action as follows: 1. Visited the provincial council and asked their representatives to discuss with the government, so that the government could reconsider their plan to clear the riverbank settlement at Kali Surabaya. The results were as follows: a. The government program could still be continued without neglecting the settlers. b. The riverbank settlement would not be cleared without land compensation.

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A Simple Solution Proposal c. d. e. f.

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Land compensation could be in the form of a walk-up apartment. Land for commercial activities would be considered later. Further discussions would be held with related parties. The Kali Surabaya dwellers should submit copies of all their legal documents regarding their settlement status.

2. Lobbied the government to allocate at least 5-year time for them to be relocated. 3. If river maintenance was urgent matter in relation to flooding problem, the government could deepen the river and cut through the backside of their dwelling, but the people hoped that the front should remain as it was, especially for those who have commercial activities. 4. Relocation options should only be done with land compensation, so that they could continue their commercial activities. 5. If the government would not afford to pay the compensation, or to give free land, the settlers were ready to buy the land through instalment process provided that the government guaranteed that the land could be converted into freehold status completely with legal documents.

Interview Results
From the interviews, tables could be prepared. Regarding peoples aspiration for the solution of their settlement, only those who live in Gunungsari and Jagir Wonokromo areas were tabled because NgindenWonorejo area was already cleared. From Table 1 (in Appendix), one can see that the majority of the respondents were not ready to move. Among the dominant answers were the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 266 respondents (17.67 per cent) gave No plan to go answer. 206 respondents (13.69 per cent) were not available during the survey. 179 respondents (11.89 per cent) gave to look for another shelter in Surabaya. 145 respondents (9.63 per cent) preferred to ask for shelter in Surabaya and ready to pay for it (through instalment), but no walk-up apartment. 5. 116 respondents (7.71 per cent) preferred to resist eviction, will fight to stay. The other answers are not that significant in terms of percentage. The interview results also show that the majority of the inhabitants of Kali Surabaya riverbank actually know that they had no right to live there. They try, however, to ask the government to provide them with a sort of compensation, whatever it might be (money or land), so that they can continue with their life. Out of 1055 respondents above, only six respondents gave answers to fight first answer and 116 respondents gave answer to resist eviction and will fight to stay. Tables 2 and 3 (in Appendix) show that the origin and the identity card status of the dwellers were not all from Surabaya. Some of them were from Bangkalan, Jombang, Kediri and Sampang. Besides that, 81 respondents have KIPEM card. This means that they are not the holder of Surabaya identity card. On the other hand, 1398 respondents are Surabaya identity card holders. This fact shows that there is something wrong with the process of identity card granting from the local government itself. Usually, it is not easy for those with unclear settlement status to obtain an identity card.

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Furthermore, with the enactment of Law (UU) no. 22/1999 regarding the Local Government, this law supports fair competition among local governments. Hence, local governments should have good cooperation in solving the socio-economic problem of their border crossing community who temporarily settle in neighbourhood administrative areas. The findings from this study gave reason to invite the above local governments to attend the seminar of this study and share the solutions together.

Conclusions
The interview result shows that the intention to solve the riverbank settlements problem is not a simple matter. The notion that the government knows best to solve the squatter settlements problem (Angel and Benyamin, 1976) and the initial governments solution to demolish them (Doebele, 1983) should not be applied here. It is true that the majority of the dwellers are ready to move from the place they live but the government has to be ready with several solutions, in the form of fund, land for relocation or both. This study also gives good lessons for the government to solve any problem as early as possible, and not let the problem expand until it is difficult to solve. It might not be the best solution for everyone. However, it also shows that discussion and dialogue to find a better solution for every party involved can still be a good way in solving the problem.

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Appendix

Table 1. Response by Kali Surabaya Dwellers to Clearance of Their Settlement Jagir Wonokromo Gunungsari Total % Total % Total Total %

Future Planning

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To fight first To stay with others/relatives To return to their homeland To buy/to pay instalment/to build a shelter in another area To rent in another place To rent in another place within Surabaya area To look for another plot of land or shelter (unclear whether to buy or rent it) To look for another plot of land or shelter (ready to pay for it) To look for a very simple house (RSS) or another place To look for another place to open a small business To look for another shelter in Surabaya (unclear whether to buy or rent it) To look for a temporary shelter To look for a shelter or another business place in Surabaya (unclear whether to buy or rent it) To stop the business/trade To follow the plan of the majority of the people To follow governments policy To return to the previous place To ask for shelter in Sby, ready to rent or buy (through instalment process) To ask for substitution land in Surabaya To ask for compensation To ask for exact date (for moving) To ask for land substitution To ask for postponing the eviction date To ask for a shelter in Surabaya (Sby), and ready to buy through instalment, no to walk-up apartment To move to their own house To accept living in a walk-up apartment To resist eviction, will fight to stay To resist walk-up apartment No plan to go To accept for relocation option Unclear. Respondents were not available during the survey Total 2 5 68 4 210 0 179 1090 0.13 0.33 4.52 0.27 13.95 0 11.89 72.43 2 11 48 10 56 21 27 415

6 4 31 2 35 3 62 35 24 35 74 16 12 1 9 11 7 73 15 3 1 13 5 145

0.40 0.27 2.06 0.13 2.33 0.20 4.12 2.33 1.59 2.33 4.92 1.06 0.80 0.07 0.60 0.73 0.47 4.85 1.00 0.20 0.07 0.86 0.33 9.63

0 7 29 0 23 0 0 0 2 6 105 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 1 24 0 12 0 0

0 0.47 1.93 0 1.53 0 0 0 0.13 0.40 6.98 0 0 0 1.59 0.47 0 0 0.07 1.59 0 0.80 0 0 0.13 0.73 3.19 0.66 3.72 1.40 1.79 27.57

6 11 60 2 58 3 62 35 26 41 179 16 12 1 33 18 7 73 16 27 1 25 5 145 4 16 116 14 266 21 206 1505

0.40 0.73 3.99 0.13 3.85 0.20 4.12 2.33 1.73 2.72 11.89 1.06 0.80 0.07 2.19 1.20 0.47 4.85 1.06 1.79 0.07 1.66 0.33 9.63 0.27 1.06 7.71 0.93 17.67 1.40 13.69 100.00

Source: Survey result, July 2002.

Table 2. The Population of Kali Surabaya Dwellers Based on Identity Card Status, 2002 Gunungsari Total % Total % Total % Total Jagir Wonorejo Total %

No. Identity Card

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Aceh Bangkalan Banyuwangi Blengah Blitar Bogor Bojonegoro Cepu Cirebon Gresik Jember Jombang Kal-Sel Kediri Kertosono KIPEM* Lamongan Lumajang Madiun Madura Magelang Magetan Malang Medan Mojokerto Nganjuk

0 7 (4) 0 0 5 1 1 0 0 1 4 5 1 18 (2) 0 0 7 (4) 1 0 2 0 3 3 0 6 6

0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.19 0.24 0.05 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.29 0.29

1 45 (4) 1 2 5 0 5 0 2 6 14 (5) 14 (5) 0 7 1 80 (2) 4 3 0 7 1 1 8 0 5 5

0.05 2.14 0.05 0.10 0.24 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.10 0.29 0.67 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.05 3.81 0.19 0.14 0.00 0.33 0.05 0.05 0.38 0.00 0.24 0.24

0 30 (3) 4 0 4 0 4 2 0 5 4 8 0 8 0 1 11 9 4 7 0 0 9 1 2 5

0.00 1.43 0.19 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.19 0.10 0.00 0.24 0.19 0.38 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.05 0.52 0.43 0.19 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.05 0.10 0.24

1 82 (3) 5 2 14 1 10 2 2 12 22 27 1 33 1 81 (4) 22 13 4 16 1 4 20 1 13 16

0.05 3.91 0.24 0.10 0.67 0.05 0.48 0.10 0.10 0.57 1.05 1.29 0.05 1.57 0.05 3.86 1.05 0.62 0.19 0.76 0.05 0.19 0.95 0.05 0.62 0.76

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27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Nias, North Sumatra Pacitan Padang Pamekasan Pasuruan Ponorogo Probolinggo Purworejo Rembang Sampang Sampit Semarang Sidoarjo Situbondo Solo Sumbawa Sumenep Surabaya Timor Timur Trenggalek Tuban Tulungagung Yogyakarta Unclear identity Total

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 4 0 0 312 (1) 0 0 0 0 1 13 (3) 415

0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 14.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.62 19.77

1 1 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 8 0 4 10 1 3 0 1 769 (1) 0 4 2 1 1 59 (3) 1090

0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.19 0.48 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.05 36.64 0.00 0.19 0.10 0.05 0.05 2.81 51.93

0 0 1 5 3 5 0 0 2 17 (4) 1 0 13 (5) 0 1 1 0 317 (1) 1 2 0 6 4 97 (2) 594

0.00 0.00 0.05 0.24 0.14 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.81 0.05 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 15.10 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.29 0.19 4.62 28.30

1 2 1 5 7 9 2 1 2 30 (5) 1 4 28 1 8 1 1 1398 (1) 1 6 2 7 6 169 (2) 2099

0.05 0.10 0.05 0.24 0.33 0.43 0.10 0.05 0.10 1.43 0.05 0.19 1.33 0.05 0.38 0.05 0.05 66.60 0.05 0.29 0.10 0.33 0.29 8.05 100.00

Source: Survey result, July 2002. *KIPEM: Kartu Identitas Penduduk Musiman, Temporary ID card for seasonal migrants.

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Table 3. City of Origin and Number of Person of Kali Surabaya Settlements Dwellers, 2002 Gunungsari No. City of Origin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. Aceh Bali Bandung Bangil Bangkalan Banjarmasin Banyuwangi Bawean Bekasi Blengah Blitar Blora Bobokan Bojonegoro Cepu Cirebon Gresik Jakarta Jember Jepara Jombang Kal-Sel Kebumen Kediri Kertosono Klaten Kutoarjo Lamongan Lampung Lumajang Madiun Madura Magelang Magetan Majalengka Malang Martapura Menado Medan Mojokerto Nganjuk Ngawi Nias Pacitan Padang Palangkaraya Total 0 1 0 1 13 1 3 1 1 0 11 0 1 5 0 2 6 1 7 0 21 1 0 41 (2) 2 0 0 25 (4) 2 4 11 10 0 4 0 15 1 0 5 11 23 (5) 0 0 4 1 0 % 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.86 0.07 0.07 0.20 0.67 0.67 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.07 0.33 0.00 0.13 0.40 0.07 0.47 0.00 1.40 0.07 0.00 2.72 0.13 0.00 0.00 1.66 0.13 0.27 0.73 0.66 0.00 0.27 0.00 1.00 0.07 0.00 0.33 0.73 1.53 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.07 0.00 Total 10 1 1 0 80 (3) 3 8 0 0 2 18 2 0 13 4 3 14 2 27 6 59 (4) 0 1 56 3 2 1 26 0 13 23 57 (5) 2 7 1 42 0 1 2 24 38 4 2 8 1 1 Jagir % 0.66 0.07 0.07 0.00 5.32 0.20 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.20 0.13 0.00 0.86 0.27 0.20 0.93 0.13 1.79 0.40 3.92 0.00 0.07 3.72 0.20 0.13 0.07 1.73 0.00 0.86 1.53 3.79 0.13 0.47 0.07 2.79 0.00 0.07 0.13 1.59 2.52 0.27 0.13 0.53 0.07 0.07 Total 10 2 1 1 93 (3) 4 11 1 1 2 29 2 1 18 4 5 20 3 34 6 80 (5) 1 1 97 (2) 5 2 1 51 2 17 34 67 2 11 1 57 1 1 7 35 61 4 2 12 2 1 Total % 0.66 0.13 0.07 0.07 6.18 0.27 0.73 0.07 0.07 0.13 1.93 0.13 1.07 1.20 0.27 0.33 1.33 0.20 2.26 0.40 5.32 0.07 0.07 6.45 0.33 0.13 0.07 3.39 0.13 1.13 2.26 4.45 0.13 0.73 0.07 3.79 0.07 0.07 0.47 2.33 4.05 0.27 0.13 0.80 0.13 0.07

(Table 3 continued )

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A Simple Solution Proposal

(Table 3 continued ) Gunungsari No. City of Origin 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. Palembang Pamekasan Pasuruan Pati Pemalang Ponorogo Pontianak Probolinggo Purwoasri Purworejo Rembang Sampang Semarang Sidoarjo Situbondo Solo Sragen Sukabumi Sumba Sumenep Surabaya Tarutung Ternate Trenggalek Tuban Tulungagung Ujung Pandang Wonogiri Wonosobo Yogyakarta Unclear Total Total 0 2 6 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 28 (3) 0 10 0 8 1 0 0 1 93 (1) 0 1 2 3 6 0 0 0 3 11 415 % 0.00 0.13 0.40 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.86 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.53 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.07 6.18 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.73 27.57 Total 1 1 13 1 0 23 2 2 0 1 1 31 8 26 2 22 0 2 1 2 249 (1) 1 0 16 6 22 1 1 1 5 81 (2) 1090 Jagir % 0.07 0.07 0.86 0.07 0.00 1.53 0.13 0.13 0.00 0.07 0.07 2.06 0.53 1.73 0.13 1.46 0.00 0.13 0.07 0.13 16.54 0.07 0.00 1.06 0.40 1.46 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.33 5.38 72.43 Total 1 3 19 1 1 25 2 3 1 1 1 59 8 36 2 30 1 2 1 3 342 (1) 1 1 18 9 28 1 1 1 8 92 (4) 1505 Total

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% 0.07 0.20 1.26 0.07 0.07 1.66 0.13 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.07 3.92 0.53 2.39 0.13 1.99 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.20 22.72 0.07 0.07 1.20 0.60 1.86 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.53 6.11 100.00

Source: Survey result, July 2002.

Notes
1. This ESCAP report was acquired through Internet: http://www.unescap.org/huset/m_land; however, there was no clear indication of the year it was released. From its content, it is assumed that it was released in late 1997. 2. This intercity and inter-province bus terminal is located near the border of Surabaya and Sidoarjo. Among many reasons of new terminal development at this site are to reduce the traffic congestion at Joyoboyo area and at the same time to open new (commercial) area at North Sidoarjo.

References
Angel, S. and S. Benyamin. 1976. Seventeen reasons why the squatter problem cant be solved, Ekistics, 242: 2026.

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Ispurwono Soemarno is Lecturer and Researcher at the Laboratory for Housing & Human Settlements, Architecture Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: isp4251 @yahoo.com

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