Oscillations Oscillations

1. 2. Oscillations Simple Harmonic Motion Velocity of SHM Acceleration of SHM The Force Law for SHM Energy in SHM An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator Pendulums The Simple Pendulum The Physical Pendulum Measuring g SHM & Uniform Circular Motion Damped SHM Forced Oscillations & Resonance

3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

mywbut.com

Oscillations
Oscillations - motions that repeat themselves. Oscillation occurs when a system is disturbed from a position of stable equilibrium. Clock pendulums swing Boats bob up and down Guitar strings vibrate Diaphragms in speakers Quartz crystals in watches Air molecules Electrons Etc.

mywbut.com

Oscillations
Oscillations - motions that repeat themselves.

mywbut.com

Simple Harmonic Motion

Harmonic Motion - repeats itself at regular intervals (periodic). Frequency - # of oscillations per second 1 oscillation / s = 1 hertz (Hz) Period - time for one complete oscillation (one cycle)

T! T

1 f

mywbut.com

Simple Harmonic Motion

Position

mywbut.com

Simple Harmonic Motion

[ ! 2T f
radians
cycles radians ! s cycle s

1 f

[T ! 2T

Angles are in radians.

mywbut.com

Amplitude, Frequency & Phase

d xm " xm

x ! xm cos [ t

d x ! xm cos [ t

x ! xm c

2 [ t

The frequency of SHM is independent of the amplitude.

x co

[ t  T / 4

mywbut.com

Velocity & Acceleration of SHM

x ! xm cos [ t  J dx dx d v! ! xm cos [ t  J dt dt dt
T vmax ! [ xm

v !  [ xm sin [ t  J
The phase of v(t) is shifted period relative to x(t),

T amax !  [ 2 xm

dv a ! dt a !  [ 2 xm cos [ t  J
a !  [ 2 xt

In SHM, a(t) is proportional to x(t) but opposite in sign.

mywbut.com

The Force Law for SHM

Simple Harmonic Motion is the motion executed by a particle of mass m subject to a force proportional to the displacement of the particle but opposite in sign.

Hookes Law:

k

Linear Oscillator:

F ~ -x

Si pleHar onicMotion/HorizSpring.ht l

mywbut.com

The Differential Equation that Describes SHM

F ! k x
Simple Harmonic Motion is the motion executed by a particle of mass m subject to a force proportional to the displacement of the particle but opposite in sign. Hookes Law!

Newtons 2nd Law:

F ! ma

d 2x m 2 ! k x dt d 2x 2  [ x ! 0 2 dt where [ 2 ! k m

The general solution of this differential equation is:

xt

xm cos [ t  J

mywbut.com

10

dy = d (a sin t) dt dt

mywbut.com

11

Simple Harmonic Motion

Si pleHar onicMotion/HorizSpring.ht l

mywbut.com

12

Vertical Spring Oscillations

mywbut.com

13

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

K !
1 2

v2 E ! K U

U !

x2

K t !
K t !

 [
! [
2

x sin [ t  J
2

U t ! U t !

1 1

2 2

x sin

t 

x cos[ t  J 2 2 x cos 2 [ t  J

@ E !

2 k x 2 m ! constant

mywbut.com

14

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

U !
range of motion

2 k x 2

E !

2 k x 2 m ! constant

turning point

turning point

mywbut.com

15

Gravitational Pendulum

Simple Pendulum: a bob of mass m hung on an unstretchable massless string of length L.

SimpleHarmonicMotion/pendulum

mywbut.com

16

Simple Pendulum
Simple Pendulum: a bob of mass m hung on an unstretchable massless string of length L.

X ! L X ! IE

sin }  L mg L I

E !

I ! m L2

acceleration ~ - displacement SHM

at !  T! 2T
2

xt

T ! 2T

SHM for small U

L g

mywbut.com

17

Physical Pendulum
A rigid body pivoted about a point other than its center of mass (com). small U SHM for

X !  h Fg sin U }  h Fg U X ! IE

Pivot Point

gh U I acceleration ~ - displacement SHM E !

Center of Mass

a t !  [ 2 xt 2T T! [

quick method to measure g

T ! 2T

I mg h

mywbut.com

19

Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Torsion Pendulum: X bU

X !OU

Hookes Law

d 2U X ! IE ! I ! OU 2 dt
T ! 2T I O

Spring:

m I k O

mywbut.com

20

Simple Harmonic Motion

T ! 2T

m k

T ! 2T

L g

T ! 2T

I mgh

T ! 2T

I O

Any Oscillating System: inertia versus springiness

T ! 2T

inertia springiness

mywbut.com

21

SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The projection of a point moving in uniform circular motion on a diameter of the circle in which the motion occurs executes SHM.

The execution of uniform circular motion describes SHM.

http://positron.ps.uci.edu/~dkirkby/music/html/demos/SimpleHarmonicMotion/Circular.html

mywbut.com

22

SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The reference point P moves on a circle of radius xm. The projection of xm on a diameter of the circle executes SHM.

radius = xm

ngle ! [ t  J
x(t)

xt ! xm cos [ t  J
UC Irvine Physics of Music Simple H rmonic Motion Applet Demonstrtions

mywbut.com

23

SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The reference point P moves on a circle of radius xm. The projection of xm on a diameter of the circle executes SHM.

a(t)

xt

x c s  t

vt !  [ x sin [ t 

radius = xm

T v ! [ xm

at

T a !  [ 2 xm

x c s  t

mywbut.com

24

SHM & Uniform Circular Motion

The projection of a point moving in uniform circular motion on a diameter of the circle in which the motion occurs executes SHM. Measurements of the angle between Callisto and Jupiter: Galileo (1610)

planet

earth

mywbut.com

25

Damped SHM
SHM in which each oscillation is reduced by an external force. Restoring Force SHM

F ! k x

F !  b v

Damping Force In opposite direction to velocity Does negative work Reduces the mechanical energy

mywbut.com

26

Damped SHM

net

! ma

k x bv ! m a

dx d 2x k x b ! m 2 dt dt

differential equation

mywbut.com

27

Damped Oscillations
2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x dx m 2  kx b ! 0 dt dt
Solution of Differential Equation:

Eq. 15-41

x ( t ) ! xm e
where:

b t 2m

cos[ d t J
k b2  m 4 m2

[d !

b=0

SHM

mywbut.com

28

Damped Oscillations

x (t ) ! xm e

b t 2m

t J cos[ d

b [d [ 1  2 m[

[ !

k m

b m[

} [ small damping [d

the natural frequency

b } 1 2m[

[d } 0 " critically damped "

b "1 2m[

[2

0 "overdamped "

Exponential solution to the DE

mywbut.com

29

Auto Shock Absorbers

Typical automobile shock absorbers are designed to produce slightly under-damped motion

mywbut.com

30

Forced Oscillations
Each oscillation is driven by an external force to maintain motion in the presence of damping:

F0 cos [ d t
[d = driving frequency

mywbut.com

31

Forced Oscillations
Each oscillation is driven by an external force to maintain motion in the presence of damping.

Fnet ! m a  k x  b v  F0 cos [d t ! m a
2nd Order Inhomogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x dx ! m 2  k x  m[ 2 dt dt
k m the natural frequency [ !

cos[ d t

mywbut.com

32

Forced Oscillations & Resonance

2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:

d 2x dx ! m 2  k x  m[ 2 dt dt

cos[ d t

Steady-State Solution of Differential Equation:

x ( t ) ! x m cos [ t  H
xm !
2 0

where:
[ !

m [  [d
2

b[
2

2 d

k m

tan H !

b[ d 2 m [ 2  [d

[ = natural frequency [d = driving frequency

mywbut.com

33

Forced Oscillations & Resonance

The natural frequency, [, is the frequency of oscillation when there is no external driving force or damping.

xm !
2

F0 m [  [d
[ ! k m

b[
2

less damping
2 d

[ = natural frequency [d = driving frequency

more damping

When [ = [d resonance occurs!

mywbut.com

34

OSCILLATIONS

ysics 2111, 2008

mywbut.com

Fundamentals of

ysics

RESONANCE

ysics 2111, 2008

mywbut.com

Fundamentals of

ysics

Stop the SHM caused by winds on a high-rise building

400 ton weight mounted on a spring on a high floor of the Citicorp building in New York.

The weight is forced to oscillate at the same frequency as the building but 180 degrees out of phase.

mywbut.com

37

Forced Oscillations & Resonance

Mechanical Systems

d 2x 2 dx m 2  k x  m[ ! dt dt

cos[ d t

e.g. the forced motion of a mass on a spring

Electrical Systems

d 2q dq 1 L 2 R  q ! E m sin [ d t dt dt C

e.g. the charge on a capacitor in an LRC circuit

mywbut.com

38

W hat is the frequency?

k = 7580 N/m m = 0.245 kg f=?

mywbut.com

39

xm without m falling off?

m = 1.0 kg M = 10 kg k = 200 N/m Qs = 0.40 Maximum xm without slipping

mywbut.com

40