Chang, 8th Edition, Chapter 4, Worksheet #3 Working with Solutions

S. B. Piepho, Fall 2005

Solutions are uniform mixtures on the molecular level of two or more substances. The substance present in largest amount is called the solvent (usually water) and any substance dissolved in the solvent is called a solute. Molarity, M The molar concentration or molarity, M, of a solution is used to indicate the number of moles of solute per liter of solution:

Molarity= M =

mol (no.of moles solute) = L (no. of liters of solution)

The molarity of a solution is often used as a conversion factor between moles of solute and volume of solution: it is a molar density. Dilution One common type of lab assistant problem is the preparation of a dilute solution from a more concentrated solution. For example, we might want to prepare 250 mL of a 0.500 M NaOH solution from a 6.00 M NaOH solution as in exercise 5 below. There is a shortcut way to work dilution problems which is based on the knowledge that the # of moles of solute you need for the dilute solution all come from the concentrated solution. Thus (# moles)concentrated = (# moles)dilute and since M(mol L-1) x V(L) = n (mol), it follows that

Mconcentrated Vconcentrated = Mdilute Vdilute

or, in the notation of Chang, Minitial Vinitial = M final Vfinal In the laboratory this equation is often used to determine the V concentrated that needs to be diluted to give the desired volume of a more dilute solution. Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution Problems involving solutions are very similar to the chemical stoichiometry problems we have discussed earlier. The only difference is that the moles of reactant or product may need to be calculated from a solution volume using the molarity (M = mol/L) as a conversion factor between volume and moles. Lab Assistant Problems The problems below will introduce you to calculations involving molarity. I call these lab assistant problems since we do this kind of calculation all the time when setting up labs! When working these problems, it is useful to recall that 1 L = 1000 mL. _____________________________________________________________________________ _Exercises: 1. What is the molarity of a solution containing 21.0 g NaCl in 200 mL of solution? 1

Chang, 8th Edition, Chapter 4, Worksheet #3

S. B. Piepho, Fall 2005

Answer: 1.80 M NaCl

Chang, 8th Edition, Chapter 4, Worksheet #3

S. B. Piepho, Fall 2005

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 2. What ions exist in a 0.245 M Na2CO3 solution? Give the molar concentration of each ion.

Answer: 0.490 M Na+ and 0.245 M CO32-

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 3. How many mL of a 0.420 M NaCl solution should be measured out to provide 1.5 g NaCl?

Answer: 61 mL of 0.420 M NaCl

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 4. How many grams of CaCl2 are needed to make 200 mL of a 0.500 M Cl- solution? (Note: CaCl2 is a soluble salt. The molar mass of CaCl2 is 110.98 g/mol.)

Answer: 5.55 g CaCl2

_____________________________________________________________________________ _ 5. How do you prepare 250 mL of a 0.500 M NaOH solution from a 6.00 M NaOH solution?

Chang, 8th Edition, Chapter 4, Worksheet #3

S. B. Piepho, Fall 2005

Answer: Take 20.8 mL of 6.00 M NaOH and dilute to a total volume of 250 mL.